史记·匈奴列传原文、注释与翻译
简析:
本文是记述匈奴(nu)与(yu)(yu)中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)关(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)传文。全文共四(si)段(duan)(duan),首(shou)段(duan)(duan)记述匈奴(nu)的(de)(de)(de)历(li)史(shi)演变及其同中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)历(li)史(shi)关(guan)系(xi)(xi),以及他(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)风俗、社会组(zu)织形态等;第二(er)段(duan)(duan)写汉朝初年,匈奴(nu)与(yu)(yu)汉朝的(de)(de)(de)和亲关(guan)系(xi)(xi)和反复无常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)现(xian);第三段(duan)(duan)是本文的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心,记述汉武帝时代,汉朝与(yu)(yu)匈奴(nu)之(zhi)间长(zhang)期的(de)(de)(de)以战争(zheng)为主的(de)(de)(de)紧张关(guan)系(xi)(xi)。第四(si)段(duan)(duan)记述太史(shi)公对武帝同匈奴(nu)战争(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)看法。
同(tong)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)战(zhan)争(zheng)是(shi)汉(han)(han)(han)武(wu)帝(di)一生(sheng)政治(zhi)生(sheng)涯中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一件大(da)事,从元(yuan)光二(er)年到元(yuan)狩四(si)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)十四(si)年当中(zhong)(zhong),汉(han)(han)(han)与匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)始终处于(yu)时(shi)战(zhan)时(shi)休、战(zhan)多于(yu)休的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敌(di)对(dui)(dui)状(zhuang)态(tai)。在作者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客观叙述中(zhong)(zhong),对(dui)(dui)于(yu)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)奴(nu)隶主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不守(shou)信义,不遵礼法(fa)、侵扰边(bian)境,破坏和(he)平(ping)、好杀成(cheng)性等,都(dou)做了(le)(le)含蓄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批评和(he)指责;同(tong)时(shi)也(ye)对(dui)(dui)汉(han)(han)(han)武(wu)帝(di)不停地进行征战(zhan),耗费人力(li)物(wu)力(li),特别是(shi)对(dui)(dui)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不知择(ze)贤、任人失当等,做了(le)(le)含蓄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)讥讽,显示(shi)了(le)(le)作者(zhe)对(dui)(dui)汉(han)(han)(han)武(wu)帝(di)这位雄才大(da)略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公允的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)态(tai)度,和(he)对(dui)(dui)历史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深刻认识(shi)。
因为本文涉及对当时政治的评述,论述的又是一些敏感的政治问题,所以作者采用了寓论于叙的写法,又在“大史公曰”中连用两句“唯在择任将相哉”,“隐然言外”(何焯《义门读书记·史记》),“微旨实寓讥”(《史记评林》引余有丁语),使本(ben)文在《史记》中显示出不同的叙(xu)事言(yan)志的特色。
另外本文(wen)较详细地记(ji)述(shu)了匈奴的世(shi)俗风情,文(wen)字简约,颇似一篇(pian)风俗书,很有(you)文(wen)献史料的价值,是(shi)《史记(ji)》的名篇(pian)。
原文、注释与翻译:
匈奴,其先祖夏后氏之苗裔也①,曰淳维。唐虞以上有山戎、猃狁、荤粥②,居于北蛮,随畜牧而转移。其畜之所多则马、牛、羊,其奇畜则橐駞③、驴、④、駃騠⑤、騊駼⑥、騨騱⑦。逐水草迁徙,毋城郭常处耕田之业⑧,然亦各有分地。毋文书⑨,以言语为约束。儿能骑羊,引弓射鸟鼠,少长则射狐兔,用为食。士力能毌弓⑩,尽为甲骑。其俗,宽则随畜(11),因射猎禽兽为生业,急则人习战攻以侵伐,其天性也。其长兵则弓矢,短兵则刀铤(12)。利则进,不利则退,不羞遁走。苟利所在,不知礼义。自君王以下,咸食畜肉,衣其皮革,被旃裘(13)。壮者食肥美,老者食其余,贵壮健,贼老弱。父死,妻其后母;兄弟死,皆取其妻妻之(14)。其俗有名不讳,而无姓字。
①苗裔(yi):后代子孙。②唐(tang):陶唐(tang)氏,即尧。虞(yu):即虞(yu)舜。③橐駞(tuó tuó,驼(tuo)驼(tuo)):同“橐驼(tuo)”,即骆驼(tuo)。④(luó,罗):通(tong)“骡(luo)”,母马与公(gong)驴杂交(jiao)而生(sheng)者。⑤駃騠(jué tí,决提):母驴与公(gong)马杂交(jiao)而生(sheng)的驴骡(luo)。⑥騊駼:一(yi)种(zhong)良马。⑦騨騱(tuó xí,驼(tuo)席):野马名(ming)。⑧毋:通(tong)“无”。处:居。⑨文书(shu):文字书(shu)籍(ji)。⑩毌弓:通(tong)“贯弓”,拉开弓。(11)宽:不(bu)打仗(zhang)之时。(12)亶(chán,馋(chan)):铁把小(xiao)矛(mao)。(13)被(bei):通(tong)“披”。旃(zhān,沾)裘:用兽毛(mao)兽皮所制之衣。(14)取:同“娶(qu)”。
匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)的(de)祖先是夏后氏的(de)后代(dai)子(zi)(zi)孙,叫(jiao)淳维。唐尧、虞(yu)舜以(yi)前就有(you)(you)山戎、猃狁(yun)、荤粥居(ju)住在北方蛮荒之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),随(sui)着畜(chu)牧(mu)活(huo)动而(er)迁移。他们(men)的(de)牲(sheng)畜(chu)较多是马(ma)、牛、羊,他们(men)的(de)奇(qi)特牲(sheng)畜(chu)是骆驼、驴、骡、駃騠、騊(tao)駼、騨(tuo)騱。他们(men)追(zhui)寻着水(shui)草(cao)而(er)迁徙,没(mei)有(you)(you)城郭和(he)经常居(ju)住的(de)地(di)方,不(bu)搞农业生产,但(dan)是也有(you)(you)各自(zi)分占的(de)土(tu)地(di)。没(mei)有(you)(you)文字和(he)书(shu)籍,用(yong)言语(yu)来(lai)约(yue)束人(ren)(ren)们(men)的(de)行(xing)动。儿童(tong)即能(neng)骑(qi)羊,拉(la)(la)弓射击(ji)鸟和(he)鼠,稍微(wei)长大就能(neng)射击(ji)狐兔,用(yong)作食(shi)物。成年男(nan)子(zi)(zi)都(dou)能(neng)拉(la)(la)开弓,全都(dou)披挂铠甲,骑(qi)着战(zhan)马(ma)。匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)的(de)风俗,平常无战(zhan)事时,则(ze)随(sui)意(yi)游牧(mu),以(yi)射猎飞禽走(zou)兽为职业;形(xing)势紧(jin)急时,则(ze)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)练(lian)习(xi)攻(gong)战(zhan)本领,以(yi)便侵袭掠夺,这是他们(men)的(de)天性。他们(men)的(de)长兵器有(you)(you)弓和(he)箭(jian),短兵器有(you)(you)刀和(he)铤。形(xing)势有(you)(you)利就进攻(gong),不(bu)利就后退,不(bu)以(yi)逃跑(pao)为羞(xiu)耻(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)事。只要有(you)(you)利可得,就不(bu)管礼(li)义是否允许(xu)。自(zi)君王以(yi)下,都(dou)以(yi)牲(sheng)畜(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)肉为主食(shi),皆穿皮革(ge)衣服,披着带(dai)毛的(de)皮袄。强壮(zhuang)的(de)人(ren)(ren)吃肥美食(shi)物,老年人(ren)(ren)则(ze)吃剩(sheng)馀之(zhi)(zhi)物。他们(men)看重壮(zhuang)健之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),轻视老弱(ruo)者。父亲死去,儿子(zi)(zi)则(ze)以(yi)后母为妻;兄弟死去,活(huo)着的(de)兄弟就娶他的(de)妻子(zi)(zi)为妻。匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)名(ming)却不(bu)避讳,但(dan)没(mei)有(you)(you)姓和(he)字。
夏道衰,而(er)公(gong)刘失其稷(ji)官,变于(yu)(yu)(yu)西戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),邑(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)豳①。其后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)三百有(you)(you)(you)(you)余岁,戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)攻大王(wang)(wang)(wang)亶(dan)父(fu)②,亶(dan)父(fu)亡走(zou)岐(qi)下(xia)③,而(er)豳人悉从亶(dan)父(fu)而(er)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)焉(yan),作周(zhou)(zhou)。其后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)百有(you)(you)(you)(you)余岁,周(zhou)(zhou)西伯昌伐(fa)(fa)畎(quan)夷氏④。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)余年,武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)伐(fa)(fa)纣(zhou)而(er)营洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)⑤,复居于(yu)(yu)(yu)酆鄗,放逐(zhu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)夷泾、洛(luo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北,以时入(ru)贡(gong),命曰(yue)“荒服”⑥。其后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)二百有(you)(you)(you)(you)余年,周(zhou)(zhou)道衰,而(er)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)伐(fa)(fa)犬戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)⑦,得(de)四(si)白狼四(si)白鹿以归。自(zi)是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),荒服不至。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)遂作《甫(fu)刑》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辟⑧。穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)二百有(you)(you)(you)(you)余年,周(zhou)(zhou)幽(you)王(wang)(wang)(wang)用宠姬褒姒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故⑨,与(yu)申(shen)侯有(you)(you)(you)(you)郤⑩。申(shen)侯怒而(er)与(yu)犬戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)共攻杀周(zhou)(zhou)幽(you)王(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)骊山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),遂取周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焦(jiao)获,而(er)居于(yu)(yu)(yu)泾、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),侵暴中国(11)。秦(qin)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)救周(zhou)(zhou),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)去酆鄗而(er)东徙洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)。当是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,秦(qin)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)伐(fa)(fa)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)至岐(qi),始列为诸侯。是(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)六十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)五年。而(er)山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越燕(yan)而(er)伐(fa)(fa)齐,齐釐公(gong)与(yu)战于(yu)(yu)(yu)齐郊(jiao)。其后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)四(si)十(shi)四(si)年,而(er)山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)伐(fa)(fa)燕(yan)。燕(yan)告(gao)急(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)齐,齐桓公(gong)北伐(fa)(fa)山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)走(zou)(12)。其后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)二十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)余年,而(er)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)至洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi)(yi),伐(fa)(fa)周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang),襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)奔于(yu)(yu)(yu)郑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氾邑(yi)(yi)(yi)。初(chu),周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)欲(yu)伐(fa)(fa)郑,故娶戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)女为后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),与(yu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)兵共伐(fa)(fa)郑。已而(er)黜狄(di)(di)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(13),狄(di)(di)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)怨,而(er)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)母曰(yue)惠(hui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),有(you)(you)(you)(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)带,欲(yu)立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)惠(hui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)与(yu)狄(di)(di)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、子(zi)(zi)(zi)带为内应,开戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(14),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)以故得(de)入(ru),破逐(zhu)周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang),而(er)立子(zi)(zi)(zi)带为天子(zi)(zi)(zi)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)或居于(yu)(yu)(yu)陆(lu)浑,东至于(yu)(yu)(yu)卫,侵盗暴虐中国。中国疾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(15),故诗人歌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)“戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)是(shi)应”(16),“薄伐(fa)(fa)猃狁,至于(yu)(yu)(yu)大原”(17),“出舆彭彭,坡彼朔方”(18)。周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)既居外四(si)年,乃使(shi)使(shi)告(gao)急(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)晋(jin)。晋(jin)文公(gong)初(chu)立,欲(yu)修霸(ba)业,乃兴(xing)师伐(fa)(fa)逐(zhu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翟(19),诛子(zi)(zi)(zi)带,迎内周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(20),居于(yu)(yu)(yu)洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)。
①邑:聚(ju)居(ju)之(zhi)地(di)。此指(zhi)建(jian)立都(dou)邑。②大(tài,太(tai))王亶父:即古(gu)公(gong)亶父。③亡走:逃跑。④西(xi)(xi)伯(bo)(bà,坝):通(tong)“西(xi)(xi)霸”,西(xi)(xi)方(fang)诸侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)长。昌(chang):即周(zhou)(zhou)文王姬(ji)昌(chang)。⑤营:建(jian)造。⑥荒(huang)服(fu)(fu):离(li)王都(dou)最远之(zhi)地(di)。按:《尚书·禹贡》把古(gu)代王都(dou)以(yi)外的(de)地(di)方(fang)分(fen)为五服(fu)(fu),即甸(dian)服(fu)(fu)、侯(hou)(hou)服(fu)(fu)、绥(sui)服(fu)(fu)、要服(fu)(fu)、荒(huang)服(fu)(fu)。每服(fu)(fu)五百(bai)里,则荒(huang)服(fu)(fu)离(li)王都(dou)二千五百(bai)里。⑦穆王:即周(zhou)(zhou)穆王姬(ji)满。⑧《甫刑(xing)》:《尚书》作(zuo)(zuo)《吕(lv)刑(xing)》,乃(nai)周(zhou)(zhou)穆王命其相(xiang)吕(lv)侯(hou)(hou)所制定的(de)刑(xing)律。吕(lv)侯(hou)(hou)后来为甫侯(hou)(hou),故又称《甫刑(xing)》辟:法。⑨用(yong):因(yin)。⑩申(shen)(shen)侯(hou)(hou):西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)末年申(shen)(shen)国之(zhi)君。其女(nv)为周(zhou)(zhou)幽(you)王之(zhi)后,后幽(you)王宠爱褒姒,废(fei)申(shen)(shen)后及(ji)太(tai)子宜臼。申(shen)(shen)侯(hou)(hou)便(bian)暗结(jie)缯(zeng)国与犬(quan)戎,攻杀了幽(you)王,俘获了褒姒,拥立平王为帝。见卷(juan)四《周(zhou)(zhou)本纪》。郤(xi):通(tong)“隙(xi)”,私仇。(11)侵暴:侵犯(fan)。中(zhong)国:指(zhi)中(zhong)原地(di)区。(12)走:逃跑。(13)黜:废(fei)除。(14)开(kai)戎狄:打(da)(da)开(kai)城门(men),放进戎狄。(15)疾:痛恨。(16)诗(shi)(shi)人:指(zhi)《诗(shi)(shi)经(jing)》的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)。此处所引“戎狄是(shi)应”诗(shi)(shi)句(ju)引自(zi)《诗(shi)(shi)经(jing)·鲁颂(song)·宫》,原文“应”作(zuo)(zuo)“膺”,打(da)(da)击之(zhi)意。全(quan)句(ju)意思(si)是(shi)“打(da)(da)击戎狄”。(17)薄(bo)(bo)伐:讨伐。“薄(bo)(bo)”为语首(shou)助动词。此句(ju)引自(zi)《诗(shi)(shi)经(jing)·小(xiao)雅·六月(yue)》。(18)彭彭:通(tong)“(peng,朋)”,马盛多的(de)样子。城:筑城。朔方(fang):北方(fang)。(19)戎翟:通(tong)“戎狄”。(20)内(nei):同“纳(na)”。
夏朝政治衰微(wei)时,公刘失去他的(de)稷官之(zhi)职(zhi),改变了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)西戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)风俗(su),在(zai)(zai)豳(bin)地建起(qi)都(dou)邑(yi)住(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)下来。这(zhei)(zhei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)三百(bai)(bai)多年(nian)(nian),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)族(zu)进攻(gong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)太王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)亶父,亶父逃(tao)跑到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)歧(qi)山(shan)(shan)脚下,而豳(bin)地民(min)众都(dou)跟随(sui)亶父来到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)歧(qi)山(shan)(shan)下,在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)营造城邑(yi),创建周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。这(zhei)(zhei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)又过了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)百(bai)(bai)余年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)西伯姬昌(chang)讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)畎夷(yi)氏。其(qi)后(hou)(hou)十(shi)多年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)商(shang)纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),并营建洛(luo)邑(yi),重(zhong)又回(hui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)酆京(jing)(jing)、镐(hao)京(jing)(jing)居住(zhu)(zhu),把戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)夷(yi)驱逐到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)泾水和洛(luo)水以(yi)(yi)(yi)北(bei),让他们按时向(xiang)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)进贡(gong),叫做(zuo)“荒(huang)服”。其(qi)后(hou)(hou)二百(bai)(bai)余年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝政治衰微(wei),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)大(da)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),获得(de)四(si)条(tiao)白狼和四(si)只(zhi)白鹿就回(hui)来了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。从此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),荒(huang)服的(de)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)夷(yi)之(zhi)人不再来镐(hao)京(jing)(jing)进贡(gong)。于(yu)是周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝就制定了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《甫(fu)刑》的(de)法规。穆(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)二百(bai)(bai)余年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)因(yin)为(wei)宠幸褒(bao)姒(si)的(de)缘故,与申侯有了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)仇怨。申侯动(dong)怒,就和犬(quan)(quan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)起(qi)在(zai)(zai)骊山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)下攻(gong)击并杀死了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),犬(quan)(quan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就夺(duo)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝的(de)焦获之(zhi)地,居住(zhu)(zhu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)泾水和渭水之(zhi)间,侵犯中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原地区。这(zhei)(zhei)时秦(qin)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公援(yuan)救周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝,于(yu)是周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)离开(kai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)酆京(jing)(jing)、镐(hao)京(jing)(jing),向(xiang)东迁(qian)徙到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)洛(luo)邑(yi)。就在(zai)(zai)这(zhei)(zhei)时,秦(qin)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公攻(gong)打戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)人来到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)歧(qi)山(shan)(shan),开(kai)始被(bei)封为(wei)诸侯。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)后(hou)(hou)六十(shi)五年(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越(yue)过燕国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)进攻(gong)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),齐(qi)(qi)釐公同(tong)山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)在(zai)(zai)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)城外交战。其(qi)后(hou)(hou)四(si)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)进攻(gong)燕国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。燕国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)向(xiang)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)告急,齐(qi)(qi)桓公北(bei)上讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)逃(tao)跑。这(zhei)(zhei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)二十(shi)多年(nian)(nian),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)来到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)洛(luo)邑(yi),攻(gong)打周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)逃(tao)奔到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)氾邑(yi)。最初,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)想讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)娶(qu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)的(de)姑娘(niang)作(zuo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou),同(tong)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)之(zhi)兵一(yi)起(qi)讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不久,襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)废(fei)黜了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)狄(di)后(hou)(hou),狄(di)后(hou)(hou)怨恨(hen);襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)后(hou)(hou)母叫惠后(hou)(hou),有个儿子(zi)(zi)叫子(zi)(zi)带(dai),想立(li)(li)他为(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),于(yu)是惠后(hou)(hou)同(tong)狄(di)后(hou)(hou)、子(zi)(zi)带(dai)为(wei)内应,为(wei)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)打开(kai)城门(men),因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)才能进城,打败周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)军(jun),赶走周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而立(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)带(dai)为(wei)天子(zi)(zi)。于(yu)是戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一(yi)些人就住(zhu)(zhu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)陆浑,东部到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)达(da)(da)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)卫国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),侵犯虐害中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原人民(min),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原人痛恨(hen)他们,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)《诗经》的(de)作(zuo)者们作(zuo)诗说“打击戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)”,“讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)猃(xian)狁,到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)达(da)(da)大(da)原”,“出动(dong)军(jun)车,战马盛多”,“在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方筑城”。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)外住(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)四(si)年(nian)(nian),于(yu)是派(pai)使(shi)者向(xiang)晋国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)告急。当时晋文(wen)公刚刚即位执(zhi)政,想要创建霸业,就发兵讨(tao)伐(fa)(fa)并驱逐了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di),杀了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)子(zi)(zi)带(dai),迎回(hui)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),居住(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)洛(luo)邑(yi)。