名实第十
名之(zhi)与实,犹形(xing)之(zhi)与影也(ye)。德艺周厚,则名必善焉;容(rong)色姝丽,则影必美焉。今不(bu)修(xiu)身而求(qiu)令名于世者(zhe),犹貌甚恶而责妍(yan)影于镜也(ye)。上士(shi)忘(wang)名,中士(shi)立名,下士(shi)窃名。忘(wang)名者(zhe),体(ti)道合德,享鬼神之(zhi)福祐,非(fei)(fei)所以(yi)求(qiu)名也(ye);立名者(zhe),修(xiu)身慎行,惧荣(rong)观之(zhi)不(bu)显,非(fei)(fei)所以(yi)让名也(ye);窃名者(zhe),厚貌深奸(jian),干(gan)浮华之(zhi)虚称,非(fei)(fei)所以(yi)得名也(ye)。
吾(wu)见(jian)世(shi)人,清(qing)名登而金(jin)贝入,信誉(yu)显而然诺亏,不知後之(zhi)(zhi)矛(mao)戟,毁前之(zhi)(zhi)干橹也。虙子(zi)贱云:“诚于此者形于彼。”人之(zhi)(zhi)虚实真伪(wei)在乎(hu)心(xin),无不见(jian)乎(hu)迹,但察之(zhi)(zhi)未熟(shu)耳(er)。一(yi)为察之(zhi)(zhi)所鉴,巧伪(wei)不如拙诚,承之(zhi)(zhi)以羞大矣(yi)。
或问曰:“夫(fu)神灭形消(xiao),遗(yi)(yi)声余价(jia),亦(yi)犹蝉壳蛇皮,兽迒鸟迹耳(er),何预(yu)于死者(zhe)(zhe),而(er)(er)圣人以为名(ming)教乎?”对曰:“劝(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)也,劝(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)立(li)(li)名(ming),则获其(qi)(qi)(qi)实。”且(qie)劝(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)伯夷(yi),而(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)万(wan)(wan)人立(li)(li)清风矣(yi);劝(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)季札,而(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)万(wan)(wan)人立(li)(li)仁(ren)风矣(yi);劝(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)柳下惠,而(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)万(wan)(wan)人立(li)(li)贞风矣(yi);劝(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)史(shi)鱼(yu)(yu),而(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)万(wan)(wan)人立(li)(li)直风矣(yi)。故(gu)圣人欲其(qi)(qi)(qi)鱼(yu)(yu)鳞凤(feng)翼,杂(za)沓参差(cha),不绝于世,岂不弘哉?四海悠(you)悠(you),皆慕(mu)名(ming)者(zhe)(zhe),盖因(yin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)情而(er)(er)致(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)善耳(er)。抑又论之(zhi),祖考之(zhi)嘉名(ming)美誉,亦(yi)子孙(sun)之(zhi)冕服墙(qiang)宇也,自古及今,获其(qi)(qi)(qi)庇廕者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)众(zhong)矣(yi)。夫(fu)修善立(li)(li)名(ming)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)犹筑室树(shu)果,生则获其(qi)(qi)(qi)利,死则遗(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)泽。世之(zhi)汲(ji)汲(ji)者(zhe)(zhe),不达此意,若其(qi)(qi)(qi)与魂爽俱升(sheng),松柏偕茂者(zhe)(zhe),惑(huo)矣(yi)哉!