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[移动版] 作者:颜之推

 

音辞第十八

夫九(jiu)州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),言(yan)(yan)语不(bu)同(tong),生民(min)已来,固(gu)常(chang)然矣(yi)。自(zi)《春秋》标(biao)齐言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传,《离骚》目《楚词》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经,此盖其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)较明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初也(ye)。後有(you)(you)扬雄著《方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)大备。然皆考名(ming)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)异(yi)(yi),不(bu)显(xian)声读之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)非也(ye)。逮郑玄注《六经》,高诱解《吕览(lan)》、《淮南(nan)(nan)》,许慎(shen)造《说文(wen)》,刘(liu)熹制(zhi)《释名(ming)》,始有(you)(you)譬况假(jia)借以(yi)证音(yin)(yin)字耳(er)。而古(gu)语与今殊(shu)别(bie),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)间轻(qing)重清(qing)浊,犹未可晓;加以(yi)内言(yan)(yan)外言(yan)(yan),急言(yan)(yan)徐言(yan)(yan)、读若之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,益使人(ren)疑(yi)。孙(sun)叔言(yan)(yan)创(chuang)《尔(er)雅(ya)音(yin)(yin)义》,是(shi)汉(han)末人(ren)独知(zhi)(zhi)反语。至(zhi)于魏(wei)世,此事大行(xing)。高贵乡公(gong)不(bu)解反语,以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)怪(guai)异(yi)(yi)。自(zi)兹厥(jue)後,音(yin)(yin)韵锋出(chu),各有(you)(you)土风,递相非笑,指马之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谕,未知(zhi)(zhi)孰是(shi)。共以(yi)帝王都邑(yi),参校方(fang)(fang)(fang)俗,考核古(gu)今,为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)折衷。搉而量之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),独金陵与洛(luo)下耳(er)。南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)土和(he)柔,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)音(yin)(yin)清(qing)举(ju)而切诣,失(shi)在浮浅,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)辞多(duo)(duo)鄙俗。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)山(shan)川深厚,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)音(yin)(yin)沈浊而鈋钝(dun),得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)质直,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)辞多(duo)(duo)古(gu)语。然冠冕(mian)君子,南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)优;闾里小人(ren),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)愈。易服而与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谈,南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)士(shi)庶(shu)(shu),数言(yan)(yan)可辩;隔垣而听(ting)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)语,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)朝野,终日难分。而南(nan)(nan)染吴、越,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)杂夷虏,皆有(you)(you)深弊,不(bu)可具论。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)谬失(shi)轻(qing)微者(zhe),则南(nan)(nan)人(ren)以(yi)钱为(wei)(wei)(wei)涎,以(yi)石为(wei)(wei)(wei)射,以(yi)贱为(wei)(wei)(wei)羡,以(yi)是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)舐;北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)以(yi)庶(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)戍,以(yi)如为(wei)(wei)(wei)儒,以(yi)紫为(wei)(wei)(wei)姊,以(yi)洽(qia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)狎。如此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例,两失(shi)甚多(duo)(duo)。至(zhi)鄴已来,唯见崔(cui)子约、崔(cui)瞻叔侄,李祖(zu)仁、李蔚(yu)兄弟,颇(po)事言(yan)(yan)词,少为(wei)(wei)(wei)切正。李季节著《音(yin)(yin)韵决(jue)疑(yi)》,时有(you)(you)错失(shi);阳休之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造《切韵》,殊(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)疏野。吾家兒女,虽(sui)在孩稚(zhi),便渐督正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);一(yi)言(yan)(yan)讹替,以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)己罪(zui)矣(yi)。云为(wei)(wei)(wei)品物(wu),未考书(shu)记者(zhe),不(bu)敢辄名(ming),汝曹所知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。

杂艺第十九

真草真草书(shu)迹,微须(xu)留意(yi)。江南谚云(yun):“尺(chi)牍书(shu)疏(shu),千(qian)里面目也(ye)。”承晋、宋(song)馀俗,相与事之,故无(wu)顿狼狈者。吾幼承门(men)业,加性爱重,所见法书(shu)亦多,而玩习功(gong)夫颇至(zhi),遂不能(neng)佳者,良由无(wu)分故也(ye)。然而此艺不须(xu)过精。夫巧者劳而智者忧,常为人所役使(shi),更觉为累;韦仲将遗(yi)戒,深(shen)有以也(ye)。

终制第二十

死者,人之常(chang)分,不可免也。吾(wu)年十九,值梁家丧(sang)乱,基间(jian)与(yu)白刃为(wei)伍者,亦常(chang)数辈(bei);幸承余福,得至于今(jin)。古人云:“五十不为(wei)夭(yao)。”吾(wu)已六十余,故心坦(tan)然(ran),不以残年为(wei)念。先有风(feng)气之疾,常(chang)疑奄然(ran),聊书素(su)怀,以为(wei)汝(ru)诫。

孔子之葬亲也(ye)(ye),云(yun):“古者墓(mu)(mu)而(er)不(bu)坟(fen)。丘东西南北之人也(ye)(ye),不(bu)可(ke)以弗识也(ye)(ye)。”于是(shi)封之崇四尺。然则君子应世行道,亦有不(bu)守坟(fen)墓(mu)(mu)之时,况为事际(ji)所逼也(ye)(ye)!吾今羁旅,身(shen)若浮云(yun),竟未知(zhi)何乡是(shi)吾葬地;唯当气绝便(bian)埋之耳(er)。汝曹宜以传业扬(yang)名为务,不(bu)可(ke)顾恋朽(xiu)壤(rang),以取(qu)堙没也(ye)(ye)。

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