②南宋词(ci)论家沈义父《乐府指迷》中(zhong)的观点(dian):“语句(ju)须(xu)用(yong)代字(zi)”条云:“炼句(ju)下(xia)语,最是紧要。如(ru)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)桃(tao),不(bu)可(ke)直(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)破(po)(po)(po)桃(tao),须(xu)用(yong)‘红雨’‘刘郎’等字(zi);说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)柳,不(bu)可(ke)直(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)破(po)(po)(po)柳,须(xu)用(yong)‘章(zhang)台’‘灞岸(an)’等字(zi)。又用(yong)事(shi),如(ru)曰‘银钩空满’,便是书字(zi)了(le),不(bu)必更说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)书字(zi),‘玉箸双垂(chui)’,便是泪了(le),不(bu)必更说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)泪。如(ru)‘绿(lv)云缭绕(rao)’,隐然髻发,‘困便湘(xiang)竹’,分明是簟,正(zheng)不(bu)必分晓,如(ru)教初学小儿,说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)破(po)(po)(po)这是甚物(wu)事(shi)夕方见妙处。往往浅(qian)学俗流,多不(bu)晓此妙用(yong),指为不(bu)分晓,乃(nai)欲直(zhi)捷说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)破(po)(po)(po),却是市井赚人与(yu)耍曲矣。如(ru)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)情,不(bu)可(ke)太露。”
③《四库全书总(zong)目提(ti)要》“乐府(fu)指迷”条云(yun):“又谓说(shuo)(shuo)桃须(xu)(xu)(xu)用‘红(hong)雨’‘刘郎(lang)’等(deng)字,说(shuo)(shuo)柳须(xu)(xu)(xu)用‘章台’‘灞(ba)岸(an)’等(deng)字,说(shuo)(shuo)书须(xu)(xu)(xu)用‘银钩’等(deng)字,说(shuo)(shuo)泪(lei)须(xu)(xu)(xu)用‘玉箸’等(deng)字,说(shuo)(shuo)发须(xu)(xu)(xu)用‘绿云(yun)’等(deng)字,说(shuo)(shuo)簟须(xu)(xu)(xu)用‘湘(xiang)竹’等(deng)字,不可直捷(jie)说(shuo)(shuo)破。其(qi)意欲避鄙(bi)俗(su),而不知(zhi)转成涂(tu)饰,亦非(fei)确论(lun)。”(据(ju)商务印书馆本)
④蔡蒿(hao)云(yun)《乐府指迷笺(jian)释(shi)》引《人(ren)间(jian)词(ci)话》上条(tiao)和此(ci)条(tiao)后,云(yun):“说(shuo)(shuo)某物,有(you)时(shi)直(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)破,便了无余味,倘(tang)用(yong)一二(er)典故(gu)印证(zheng),反觉别增境(jing)界。但斟酌题情(qing),揣摩辞气,亦有(you)时(shi)以直(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)破为(wei)显豁者。谓词(ci)必(bi)须用(yong)替(ti)代字(zi),因失(shi)(shi)之拘(ju),谓词(ci)必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可用(yong)替(ti)代字(zi),亦未(wei)免失(shi)(shi)之迂矣。美成《解语花》‘桂华(hua)流瓦’句,单看似欠分晓,然合下(xia)句‘纤云(yun)散,耿(geng)耿(geng)素娥(e)欲下(xia)’观之,则写元夜(ye)明月,而(er)兼用(yong)双关之笔,何(he)等精妙!虽用(yong)替(ti)代字(zi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)害其(qi)为(wei)佳。《人(ren)间(jian)词(ci)话》,称其(qi)造境(jing),而(er)惜其(qi)以桂华(hua)二(er)字(zi)代月,语殊未(wei)然。至(zhi)于说(shuo)(shuo)某物,既用(yong)事暗(an)点,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)更(geng)明说(shuo)(shuo)。若已(yi)暗(an)点,又用(yong)明说(shuo)(shuo),叠床架屋,成何(he)章法?而(er)市井赚人(ren)耍曲(qu),其(qi)词(ci)往往如此(ci)。彼只知说(shuo)(shuo)破为(wei)妙,而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)晓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo)(shuo)破之妙。”