七
赵简子(zi)(zi)(zi)围(wei)卫(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)郛郭,犀(xi)盾、犀(xi)橹,立于矢石(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)所及,鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)而士(shi)(shi)(shi)不起(qi)。简子(zi)(zi)(zi)投枹曰:“乌乎!吾(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)数弊也。”行(xing)人(ren)烛(zhu)过免胄而对(dui)曰:“臣(chen)闻之(zhi)(zhi):亦有君之(zhi)(zhi)不能(neng)(neng)士(shi)(shi)(shi)耳,士(shi)(shi)(shi)无弊者(zhe)。昔者(zhe)吾(wu)先君献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)并国(guo)十(shi)七(qi),服国(guo)三十(shi)八,战十(shi)有二(er)胜,是(shi)民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)用也。献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)没,惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位,淫衍暴乱,身(shen)好玉女,秦人(ren)恣(zi)侵(qin),去(qu)绛十(shi)七(qi)里,亦是(shi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)用也。惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)没,文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)授(shou)之(zhi)(zhi),围(wei)卫(wei),取邺,城濮之(zhi)(zhi)战,五败荆人(ren),取尊名(ming)于天下,亦此人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)用也。亦有君不能(neng)(neng)士(shi)(shi)(shi)耳,士(shi)(shi)(shi)无弊也。”简子(zi)(zi)(zi)乃去(qu)盾、橹,立矢石(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)所及,鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)而士(shi)(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi),战大(da)胜。简子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:“与吾(wu)得(de)革(ge)车千乘(cheng)(cheng),不如闻行(xing)人(ren)烛(zhu)过之(zhi)(zhi)一言(yan)也。”
七
赵简子(zi)包围卫(wei)国国都的(de)外城(cheng),拿(na)着用犀牛皮做的(de)大(da)小盾牌,站在箭和(he)滚石达(da)不(bu)到(dao)地方(fang),击鼓(gu)奋进,然而战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士却(que)不(bu)响应。简子(zi)扔了鼓(gu)槌(chui)说(shuo)(shuo):“哎呀!我(wo)的(de)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士这么快就疲(pi)(pi)困了。”外交官烛过脱下头盔回答说(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)听说(shuo)(shuo):只有君(jun)主(zhu)不(bu)会(hui)(hui)使用战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士的(de),战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士没有会(hui)(hui)疲(pi)(pi)困的(de)。过去我(wo)们的(de)先君(jun)晋(jin)献公(gong)吞并了十(shi)(shi)七(qi)个(ge)国家,迫使三十(shi)(shi)八个(ge)国家顺服(fu),打了十(shi)(shi)二次胜仗,用的(de)是(shi)(shi)这些民众。献公(gong)死了,惠公(gong)即位,他荒淫无度(du),残暴昏乱,喜欢美女,秦人(ren)肆意入侵(qin),离(li)晋(jin)都绛城(cheng)只有十(shi)(shi)七(qi)里,用的(de)也是(shi)(shi)这些民众。惠公(gong)死,文(wen)公(gong)继承君(jun)位,围攻卫(wei)国,得到(dao)邺地;城(cheng)濮(pu)之(zhi)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),五次打败楚(chu)军(jun),在天下得到(dao)霸主(zhu)之(zhi)名(ming),用的(de)也还是(shi)(shi)这些民众。只有君(jun)主(zhu)不(bu)会(hui)(hui)使用战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士的(de),战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士没有会(hui)(hui)疲(pi)(pi)困的(de)。”简子(zi)于是(shi)(shi)拿(na)下大(da)小盾牌,站在箭和(he)滚石够得着的(de)地方(fang),击鼓(gu)奋进,战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士闻(wen)声(sheng)响应,打了个(ge)大(da)胜仗。简子(zi)说(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)与其得到(dao)一千辆(liang)兵车(che),还不(bu)如听到(dao)外交官烛过的(de)一番话。”
或曰:行人(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)有(you)以(yi)(yi)说也(ye),乃(nai)道惠公以(yi)(yi)此人(ren)(ren)(ren)是败,文公以(yi)(yi)此人(ren)(ren)(ren)是霸,未(wei)(wei)见所以(yi)(yi)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。简(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)未(wei)(wei)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)速去盾(dun)、橹也(ye)。严亲(qin)在围,轻(qing)犯矢石,孝(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)所爱(ai)亲(qin)也(ye)。孝(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)爱(ai)亲(qin),百数之(zhi)(zhi)一也(ye)。今以(yi)(yi)为身处(chu)危(wei)而人(ren)(ren)(ren)尚可(ke)战,是以(yi)(yi)百族之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)于上皆若(ruo)孝(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)爱(ai)亲(qin)也(ye),是行人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)诬也(ye)。好利(li)恶害,夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所有(you)也(ye)。赏厚而信,人(ren)(ren)(ren)轻(qing)敌矣;刑重而必(bi),失(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)比(bi)矣。长行徇(xun)上,数百不(bu)一失(shi)(shi);喜利(li)畏罪,人(ren)(ren)(ren)莫(mo)不(bu)然(ran)。将众者不(bu)出(chu)乎莫(mo)不(bu)然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)数,而道乎百无失(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)行,人(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)知众之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)。
有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)说(shuo)(shuo):外(wai)(wai)交官(guan)(guan)烛过没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)拿(na)出(chu)什么道理来(lai)进说(shuo)(shuo),只(zhi)是说(shuo)(shuo)晋惠公用这(zhei)些人(ren)(ren)而失败,晋文(wen)公用这(zhei)些人(ren)(ren)而称霸,没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)指出(chu)用人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)。简(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)该(gai)这(zhei)么快(kuai)就(jiu)丢(diu)掉大小盾(dun)牌。父(fu)(fu)亲被包(bao)围,儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)怕(pa)箭和(he)滚石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)危险去救的(de)(de)(de),是因为(wei)孝子(zi)(zi)(zi)爱父(fu)(fu)。孝子(zi)(zi)(zi)爱父(fu)(fu),百人(ren)(ren)中才有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)。现(xian)在(zai)(zai)认为(wei)君(jun)主处在(zai)(zai)危险之中而战士尚可打仗(zhang),就(jiu)是认为(wei)分属于各(ge)个(ge)宗(zong)族的(de)(de)(de)战士对(dui)于君(jun)主,都(dou)像孝子(zi)(zi)(zi)爱父(fu)(fu)一(yi)(yi)样,这(zhei)是外(wai)(wai)交官(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)谎言。好利恶害(hai)(hai),是人(ren)(ren)固有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)本性。赏(shang)赐多而严守信用,人(ren)(ren)们就(jiu)不(bu)怕(pa)敌人(ren)(ren);刑罚重而一(yi)(yi)定实(shi)行,人(ren)(ren)们就(jiu)不(bu)敢败逃了(le)。为(wei)了(le)君(jun)主而义(yi)无(wu)反顾地牺牲自己(ji),几百人(ren)(ren)中挑不(bu)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)个(ge);喜欢得(de)赏(shang)而害(hai)(hai)怕(pa)犯(fan)罪(zui),没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)是这(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)。统率士兵的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)采用必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)术数,而根(gen)据百人(ren)(ren)中没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)能做到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)行为(wei),说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)外(wai)(wai)交官(guan)(guan)并(bing)不(bu)懂(dong)得(de)使用战士的(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)。