韩非子·饬令原文与翻译
饬(chi)令(ling),则法(fa)不迁(qian);法(fa)平,则吏(li)无奸。法(fa)已定矣,不以善(shan)言(yan)售法(fa)。任功,则民少言(yan);任善(shan),则民多言(yan)。行法(fa)曲断(duan),以五里(li)断(duan)者王,以九里(li)断(duan)者强,宿治者削。
整饬法令(ling)(ling),法令(ling)(ling)就(jiu)(jiu)不会(hui)随意改(gai)变;法令(ling)(ling)公正,官吏(li)就(jiu)(jiu)无从成奸(jian)。法令(ling)(ling)既经确定(ding),就(jiu)(jiu)不要因为(wei)善(shan)良言论来(lai)损害法令(ling)(ling)。按(an)功劳(lao)来(lai)任用,民众就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)祟尚空谈(tan)。执行法令(ling)(ling),实行乡里断案制度。以五个乡里为(wei)断案单(dan)位(wei)的国(guo)(guo)家,能(neng)够称王天(tian)下;以九个乡里为(wei)断案单(dan)位(wei)的国(guo)(guo)家,能(neng)够强(qiang)盛起来(lai);而案子得不到及时处理的国(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)削弱(ruo)。
以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刑治(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赏战(zhan)、厚禄,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)用术。行都之(zhi)(zhi)过,则都无奸(jian)市(shi)。物多(duo)者(zhe)众,农(nong)弛奸(jian)胜,则国(guo)(guo)必(bi)削。民有余食(shi),使以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)粟出爵(jue),必(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)力(li)(li),则震不(bu)(bu)(bu)怠。三寸之(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)毋当,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可满也(ye)。授官(guan)(guan)爵(jue)出利禄不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)功(gong),是无当也(ye)。国(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)功(gong)授官(guan)(guan)与爵(jue),此(ci)谓以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)智谋,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)威(wei)勇战(zhan),其(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)无敌。国(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)功(gong)授官(guan)(guan)与爵(jue),则治(zhi)见者(zhe)省,言(yan)有塞(sai),此(ci)谓以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)去治(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)去言(yan),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)功(gong)与爵(jue)者(zhe)也(ye)。故(gu)国(guo)(guo)多(duo)力(li)(li),而天下莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)能侵也(ye)。兵(bing)出必(bi)取,取必(bi)能有之(zhi)(zhi);案兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)攻(gong)必(bi)当。朝廷之(zhi)(zhi)事,小者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)毁,效功(gong)取官(guan)(guan)爵(jue),廷虽有辟言(yan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相干(gan)也(ye),是谓以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)数治(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)力(li)(li)攻(gong)者(zhe),出一(yi)取十;以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)攻(gong)者(zhe),出十丧百。国(guo)(guo)好(hao)力(li)(li),此(ci)谓以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)难攻(gong);国(guo)(guo)好(hao)言(yan),此(ci)谓以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)易(yi)攻(gong)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)能胜其(qi)(qi)(qi)害(hai),轻其(qi)(qi)(qi)任,而道坏余力(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)心(xin),莫(mo)负乘宫之(zhi)(zhi)责于(yu)(yu)君(jun)。内无伏(fu)怨,使明者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相干(gan),故(gu)莫(mo)讼;使士不(bu)(bu)(bu)兼(jian)官(guan)(guan),故(gu)技长;使人不(bu)(bu)(bu)同功(gong),故(gu)莫(mo)争。言(yan)此(ci)谓易(yi)攻(gong)。
要(yao)用(yong)刑罚(fa)来(lai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),用(yong)赏赐来(lai)鼓(gu)励(li)作战,实(shi)行厚禄(lu)制度,注意政治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策略。巡查都(dou)邑(yi)(yi)中的(de)(de)(de)违法(fa)行为(wei)(wei),都(dou)邑(yi)(yi)中就(jiu)没有(you)(you)违法(fa)买卖(mai)。奢侈物品多,工(gong)商(shang)业(ye)者多,农事放松,奸邪势盛,国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)必定削弱。民(min)众有(you)(you)了余(yu)粮(liang),就(jiu)让(rang)他们用(yong)粮(liang)食捐取(qu)(qu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)爵(jue)(jue);官(guan)(guan)(guan)爵(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)得一(yi)定得凭(ping)(ping)自己的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang),农事就(jiu)不(bu)会懈怠了。三(san)寸长的(de)(de)(de)竹管如果没有(you)(you)底子,是(shi)装不(bu)满的(de)(de)(de);授给官(guan)(guan)(guan)爵(jue)(jue)和(he)(he)俸禄(lu)如果不(bu)根据(ju)(ju)功(gong)劳,也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)像没有(you)(you)底子的(de)(de)(de)竹管一(yi)样。国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)根据(ju)(ju)功(gong)劳授予官(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)爵(jue)(jue),这(zhei)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)绩来(lai)集中智谋(mou),用(yong)威(wei)势来(lai)鼓(gu)励(li)勇敢作战,而这(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)无敌的(de)(de)(de)。国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)根据(ju)(ju)功(gong)劳授予官(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)爵(jue)(jue),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)省事,空话就(jiu)被杜绝,这(zhei)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)以(yi)简明(ming)法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)排除(chu)繁琐(suo)人(ren)(ren)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)法(fa)律条文排除(chu)无用(yong)言论,因为(wei)(wei)是(shi)按功(gong)劳授予官(guan)(guan)(guan)爵(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)。正(zheng)因如此,国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)实(shi)力(li)雄厚,天下就(jiu)没有(you)(you)哪个能(neng)(neng)(neng)侵犯了。出(chu)(chu)兵一(yi)定有(you)(you)所攻取(qu)(qu)。攻取(qu)(qu)以(yi)后一(yi)定能(neng)(neng)(neng)够长期占有(you)(you);按兵不(bu)动(dong)的(de)(de)(de)话。国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)也(ye)(ye)必定富强。朝廷(ting)政事,小的(de)(de)(de)方面也(ye)(ye)不(bu)准(zhun)诽谤,只有(you)(you)立功(gong)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)取(qu)(qu)得官(guan)(guan)(guan)爵(jue)(jue)。朝廷(ting)上即使有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)说坏(huai)话,也(ye)(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)干扰这(zhei)种(zhong)做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)。这(zhei)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)规章(zhang)制度治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)。凭(ping)(ping)实(shi)力(li)进攻敌人(ren)(ren),出(chu)(chu)分力(li)可取(qu)(qu)得十(shi)分的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果;凭(ping)(ping)空话进攻敌人(ren)(ren)。出(chu)(chu)十(shi)分力(li)会受(shou)到百分的(de)(de)(de)损失。国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)崇尚(shang)实(shi)力(li),这(zhei)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)从难(nan)处着眼(yan)准(zhun)备进攻;国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)崇尚(shang)空谈,这(zhei)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)从易(yi)处着眼(yan)准(zhun)备进攻。
重刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)少赏,上爱(ai)民(min),民(min)死赏;多赏轻刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),上不(bu)爱(ai)民(min),民(min)不(bu)死赏。利(li)出(chu)(chu)一空者,其国(guo)无敌;利(li)出(chu)(chu)二空者,其兵半用;利(li)出(chu)(chu)十空者,民(min)不(bu)守。重刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)明(ming)民(min),大(da)制使人,则(ze)上利(li)。行刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),重其轻者,轻者不(bu)至,重者不(bu)来,此(ci)谓(wei)以(yi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)去刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。罪重而刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)轻。刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)轻则(ze)事生(sheng),此(ci)谓(wei)以(yi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)致刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),其国(guo)必(bi)削。
刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)(fa)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),赏(shang)赐轻,这(zhei)(zhei)是君主爱(ai)护臣民(min)(min),臣民(min)(min)就拼死立功求赏(shang);赏(shang)赐重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)(fa)轻,这(zhei)(zhei)是君主不(bu)(bu)爱(ai)护臣民(min)(min),臣民(min)(min)就不(bu)(bu)会拼死大(da)功求赏(shang)。赏(shang)赐的唯(wei)一(yi)来(lai)源在于召主,这(zhei)(zhei)个(ge)国家就无敌(di)于天下;赏(shang)赐的来(lai)源一(yi)分为二,军队就只有半数听用;赏(shang)赐出于十个(ge)地方(fang),民(min)(min)众(zhong)就保不(bu)(bu)住了。用重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)刑(xing)(xing)促使民(min)(min)众(zhong)明白取(qu)舍,用大(da)法驱使人(ren)们为国尽力(li),对(dui)(dui)君主就有利。执(zhi)行刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)(fa)时,对(dui)(dui)轻罪(zui)要(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)罚(fa)(fa),这(zhei)(zhei)样人(ren)们轻罪(zui)就不(bu)(bu)敢犯(fan),重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)罪(zui)吏(li)不(bu)(bu)敢碰。这(zhei)(zhei)叫(jiao)做“以刑(xing)(xing)除刑(xing)(xing)”。要(yao)是对(dui)(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)罪(zui)用轻刑(xing)(xing)的话,刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)(fa)轻了,犯(fan)法的事就容易发生。这(zhei)(zhei)叫(jiao)做“以刑(xing)(xing)招(zhao)刑(xing)(xing)”,而这(zhei)(zhei)样的国家必(bi)致削弱。