陶渊明《拟古(其九)》原诗、注释、翻译、阅读训练附答案
【原文】:
拟古九(jiu)首(其九(jiu))①
【晋】陶渊明
种桑(sang)长江边,三年望当(dang)采(cai)。枝条始欲茂,忽(hu)值山河改。
柯叶自摧折,根株浮(fu)沧海。春蚕既无食,寒衣欲谁待。
本不植高原,今日复何悔(hui)。
[注释]:
①公元418年刘(liu)裕扶(fu)持晋(jin)恭(gong)帝(di)登基,隔年又(you)逼晋(jin)恭(gong)帝(di)退位(wei),改(gai)晋(jin)为宋。有人认为这首诗暗(an)喻晋(jin)亡(wang)的一段历(li)史。
(1)这首诗(shi)具有明显(xian)的政治寓意。诗(shi)人以桑喻晋,言(yan)晋恭帝为(wei)刘裕(yu)所立,犹如“种(zhong)桑长(zhang)江(jiang)边”,
植根(gen)不固,依非其(qi)人,最终(zhong)是山(shan)河(he)改变(bian),自取灭亡。
(2)种桑(sang)长江边:喻(yu)恭帝为刘裕所立,终受其祸(huo)。桑(sang):暗指(zhi)晋(jin)。西(xi)晋(jin)初,人们曾(ceng)以桑(sang)作为晋(jin)朝(chao)的
祥瑞之(zhi)物。傅咸(xian)《桑树赋》序文说:“世祖(晋武帝司马炎,西晋开国之(zhi)君)昔为中垒将(jiang),于直庐种
桑一株,迄今(jin)三十余(yu)年,其茂盛不衰。”又赋(fu)中说(shuo):“惟皇晋之基(ji)命,爱于斯而发祥。”此外,陆(lu)机
《桑赋(fu)》、潘尼《桑树(shu)赋(fu)》亦皆(jie)咏皇(huang)晋(jin)兴起之端。陶(tao)诗句意本此(ci)而(er)引申指晋(jin)恭(gong)帝。三年望当(dang)采(cai):三年
后希望能(neng)采桑叶(ye)。寓(yu)言晋恭帝既(ji)已继位三年,应当做出(chu)些成绩(ji)。
(3)忽值:忽然遇(yu)到。山河改(gai):山川(chuan)河流(liu)的变迁(qian)。喻刘宋更(geng)替司马氏晋朝。
(4)柯:树(shu)枝。株:树(shu)干。沧海(hai):指东海(hai)。
(5)无食:无桑(sang)叶可食。欲准待:即“欲待谁”,指望靠(kao)谁来吐丝(si)做棉衣(yi)。
(6)本:植(zhi)物的(de)根(gen),这里指桑根(gen)。植(zhi):种,栽植(zhi)。这两句是说,桑树本应植(zhi)根(gen)于高原,却被种在
长江边,自取(qu)毁(hui)灭,现在后悔又有何用。
【翻译】
种植桑树在江边,
指望三年叶可采。
枝叶长出将茂盛,
忽然遇到山河改。
树枝树叶被摧折,
树干树根浮大海。
春蚕无叶不得食,
无茧寒衣哪里来?
不把根植在高原,
如今后悔亦无奈!
【赏析】
陶(tao)渊明发舒归隐(yin)之志的诗歌,往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)畅(chang)所(suo)(suo)欲言,而寄(ji)托(tuo)故国(guo)之思(si)的诗歌,则往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)微(wei)婉(wan)其辞。其中如《述酒(jiu)》一篇(pian),便隐(yin)晦曲折之至。所(suo)(suo)以,只论陶(tao)诗明白(bai)如话(hua),其实并(bing)不(bu)全面。《拟古》九首之第九首,亦是(shi)一篇(pian)用(yong)比兴手法寄(ji)托(tuo)故国(guo)之思(si)的作品。
“种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)长(zhang)(zhang)江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)望(wang)当(dang)(dang)采(cai)(cai)。”种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)长(zhang)(zhang)江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian),为(wei)(wei)期已是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian),似(si)可(ke)望(wang)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)收获了(le)(le)。乍一(yi)看来,起(qi)笔(bi)二(er)句(ju)所(suo)(suo)写(xie)不(bu)过是(shi)(shi)(shi)种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)小(xiao)事(shi),可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)一(yi)事(shi)象(xiang)(xiang),实托喻着重大政治事(shi)件。桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)乃(nai)晋(jin)(jin)朝(chao)(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)征也(ye)。西晋(jin)(jin)傅咸《桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)赋(fu)序(xu)》云(yun):“世(shi)祖(晋(jin)(jin)武帝(di)(di))昔为(wei)(wei)中垒将军(jun),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)直庐种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)一(yi)株(zhu),迄(qi)今(jin)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十余年(nian)(nian)(nian),其(qi)茂(mao)(mao)盛(sheng)不(bu)衰。皇太子(即(ji)晋(jin)(jin)惠帝(di)(di))入朝(chao)(chao),以(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)庐为(wei)(wei)便(bian)(bian)坐。”《赋(fu)》文(wen)并(bing)(bing)谓:“惟皇晋(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基命(ming),爰于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)斯而(er)(er)发祥(xiang)。”可(ke)见(jian)以(yi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)象(xiang)(xiang)征晋(jin)(jin)朝(chao)(chao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)来历的。江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian)本(ben)非种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),“种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)长(zhang)(zhang)江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian)”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)暗喻晋(jin)(jin)恭(gong)帝(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)所(suo)(suo)立(li)。恭(gong)帝(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)义熙十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(418)十二(er)月(yue)即(ji)位,至元熙二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(420)六月(yue)被刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)逼迫(po)禅位,前后(hou)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian),故诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)望(wang)当(dang)(dang)采(cai)(cai)”。本(ben)来,桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)种(zhong)(zhong)植三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian),则可(ke)望(wang)采(cai)(cai)其(qi)叶(ye)矣(yi)——此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)其(qi)已当(dang)(dang)茂(mao)(mao)盛(sheng);君主(zhu)在(zai)(zai)位三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian),则可(ke)望(wang)有(you)(you)成绩(ji)矣(yi)——此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)其(qi)已当(dang)(dang)自(zi)强(qiang)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)恭(gong)帝(di)(di),虽说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)无望(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望(wang),然而(er)(er)同(tong)情晋(jin)(jin)朝(chao)(chao)的人(ren),毕竟望(wang)其(qi)能够固本(ben)自(zi)立(li)。结果如(ru)何(he)呢(ni)?“枝(zhi)条始(shi)欲茂(mao)(mao),忽(hu)值山(shan)河改。”枝(zhi)条刚开始(shi)生长(zhang)(zhang)起(qi)来,却突然遭到(dao)山(shan)河变(bian)迁。曰“始(shi)欲茂(mao)(mao)”,实是(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)茂(mao)(mao)。曰“山(shan)河改”,则呼应“长(zhang)(zhang)江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian)”,不(bu)言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)喻,洪水滔滔,江(jiang)(jiang)岸(an)崩溃(kui)矣(yi)。长(zhang)(zhang)江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian)岂种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)?昔日(ri)种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)斯,今(jin)日(ri)毁桑(sang)(sang)(sang)亦(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)斯,此(ci)(ci)(ci)正(zheng)喻说(shuo)恭(gong)帝(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)所(suo)(suo)立(li),亦(yi)为(wei)(wei)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)所(suo)(suo)废也(ye)。“忽(hu)值山(shan)河改”一(yi)句(ju),触(chu)目惊(jing)心,虽是(shi)(shi)(shi)比兴,亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)明言(yan)(yan)矣(yi)。元熙二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)六月(yue),刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)逼恭(gong)帝(di)(di)禅位,篡晋(jin)(jin)称宋,改元永初。山(shan)河变(bian)色(se)矣(yi)。“柯(ke)叶(ye)自(zi)摧折,根(gen)(gen)(gen)株(zhu)浮沧(cang)(cang)海。”洪水滔滔,高岸(an)为(wei)(wei)谷,冲断了(le)(le)树(shu)(shu)(shu)枝(zhi),卷走了(le)(le)根(gen)(gen)(gen)株(zhu)。那洪水滔滔,正(zheng)如(ru)沧(cang)(cang)海横流。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang),毁于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)旦。刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)逼恭(gong)帝(di)(di)禅位,即(ji)废之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)零陵王(wang)。“根(gen)(gen)(gen)株(zhu)浮沧(cang)(cang)海”句(ju),喻指(zhi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)宋永初二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(421),刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)便(bian)(bian)派人(ren)杀(sha)害了(le)(le)废帝(di)(di)。从(cong)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)望(wang)当(dang)(dang)采(cai)(cai)”及“根(gen)(gen)(gen)株(zhu)浮沧(cang)(cang)海”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)句(ju),可(ke)知此(ci)(ci)(ci)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)(dang)作(zuo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)恭(gong)帝(di)(di)被废之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),次年(nian)(nian)(nian)被害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前。恭(gong)帝(di)(di)被害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),陶渊(yuan)明是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)《述酒》一(yi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),作(zuo)出反应的。程穆(mu)衡《陶诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)程传》云(yun):“‘柯(ke)叶(ye)’、‘枝(zhi)条’,盖指(zhi)司马休之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。休之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拒守荆(jing)州,而(er)(er)道赐发宣城(cheng),楚(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)据长(zhang)(zhang)社。迨(dai)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)克江(jiang)(jiang)陵,奔亡(wang)(wang)相继,而(er)(er)晋(jin)(jin)祚(zuo)始(shi)斩。”所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)甚是(shi)(shi)(shi)。从(cong)“枝(zhi)条始(shi)欲茂(mao)(mao)”及“柯(ke)叶(ye)自(zi)摧折”看,晋(jin)(jin)室(shi)(shi)本(ben)来并(bing)(bing)非未(wei)作(zuo)努力自(zi)强(qiang),“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)望(wang)当(dang)(dang)采(cai)(cai)”亦(yi)并(bing)(bing)非毫无来由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望(wang),可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)晋(jin)(jin)室(shi)(shi)终非刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敌(di)手,同(tong)情者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)希望(wang),也(ye)终于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)落空。“春蚕既无食,寒(han)衣(yi)欲谁待。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)二(er)句(ju),从(cong)比兴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表面事(shi)象(xiang)(xiang)说(shuo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)写(xie)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)既毁,春蚕遂无叶(ye)可(ke)食;蚕丝不(bu)成,寒(han)衣(yi)亦(yi)无资源可(ke)制。从(cong)所(suo)(suo)寄(ji)托之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深层情意言(yan)(yan),则是(shi)(shi)(shi)表达天下同(tong)情晋(jin)(jin)朝(chao)(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)包括诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)自(zi)己,当(dang)(dang)晋(jin)(jin)亡(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)深深的失落悲感,其(qi)对于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)晋(jin)(jin)朝(chao)(chao)的依恋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,亦(yi)见(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)外。此(ci)(ci)(ci)二(er)句(ju)所(suo)(suo)写(xie)晋(jin)(jin)亡(wang)(wang)及于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)们(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)影响,托喻春蚕、寒(han)衣(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)象(xiang)(xiang),但仍(reng)与桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)这一(yi)基本(ben)象(xiang)(xiang)征有(you)(you)密切联系(xi),全诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)构(gou)思(si),缜密而(er)(er)自(zi)然如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。“本(ben)不(bu)植高原(yuan),今(jin)日(ri)复(fu)何(he)悔(hui)。”本(ben)者(zhe),根(gen)(gen)(gen)也(ye)。结笔(bi)两句(ju),回向桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu),仍(reng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)双管齐下。表面意谓当(dang)(dang)时种(zhong)(zhong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)既在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)边(bian),而(er)(er)未(wei)植根(gen)(gen)(gen)高原(yuan),则今(jin)日(ri)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)树(shu)(shu)(shu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)株(zhu)全毁,又如(ru)何(he)可(ke)以(yi)追(zhui)悔(hui)!深层意蕴(yun),则是(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)(dang)时晋(jin)(jin)室(shi)(shi)既依赖于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu),今(jin)日(ri)晋(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亡(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)裕(yu),亦(yi)无可(ke)追(zhui)悔(hui)也(ye)。诚(cheng)如(ru)黄(huang)文(wen)焕《陶诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)析义》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan):“事(shi)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)堪悔(hui),而(er)(er)其(qi)痛愈深矣(yi)!”
渊明(ming)此(ci)诗(shi)当作于(yu)晋(jin)亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)。如诗(shi)所(suo)(suo)示,在渊明(ming)心灵深处,实(shi)痛愤刘裕,同情晋(jin)朝,对于(yu)晋(jin)亡,沉痛至深。这(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)说明(ming),在归隐(yin)十六年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),陶(tao)渊明(ming)亦(yi)决(jue)非一(yi)忘(wang)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),他(ta)对于(yu)世道(dao)政(zheng)治(zhi),仍然抱有坚确的是(shi)(shi)非之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)判断,鲜明(ming)的爱憎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情。就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)将他(ta)说为一(yi)道(dao)家,实(shi)亦(yi)未妥。同时,亦(yi)如此(ci)诗(shi)所(suo)(suo)示,渊明(ming)以(yi)一(yi)同时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),能(neng)够对晋(jin)亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)段当代历(li)史,表达明(ming)晰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)认识,提出清醒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教训。尤其“本不(bu)(bu)(bu)植高原,今(jin)日(ri)复何悔”二句,可以(yi)见出其清醒、理智之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)态度。这(zhei),显(xian)然又是(shi)(shi)与他(ta)早已(yi)弃官归隐(yin),与现实(shi)政(zheng)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间保(bao)持(chi)了相(xiang)当距(ju)离所(suo)(suo)分(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)开的。可以(yi)说,渊明(ming)此(ci)诗(shi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)幅晋(jin)亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)史。
渊明此诗艺术造诣很高。诗中采用桑树这一晋朝之象征,喻说晋亡一段历史,比兴已可谓高明、得体。特别值得提出的是,此诗以比兴结体,桑树作为基本象征,全幅诗篇一以贯之,始终都未脱离这一基本象征。意象毫无支离之感。中国诗歌艺术,以比兴为根本大法。《诗经》之比兴,多局于开篇之起兴,简单之比喻。比(bi)兴至于《楚辞(ci)》,发展而为自觉之象(xiang)(xiang)征,寄托以深意,但亦多为片段,诗幅(fu)主体犹是直(zhi)抒(shu)。渊明此诗,以同一象(xiang)(xiang)征性意象(xiang)(xiang)贯串全幅(fu)诗篇,极为完整圆满,而寄托遥深,不著(zhu)痕迹。可以说(shuo),渊明此诗之创造,丰富了(le)中国(guo)诗歌比(bi)兴寄托之艺术传统。
【阅读训练】
(1).简析画线句在全诗中的作用。(3分(fen))
(2).分析这首诗的象(xiang)征意义。(4分)
【参考答案】:
(1).(3分)结构上起过渡(du)作(zuo)用,由描述转为议论。哀叹桑树被毁,春蚕(can)无叶可食,养蚕(can)人的(de)寒衣也(ye)无着落。暗(an)喻晋亡后造成的(de)祸害。写(xie)出(chu)结构上的(de)作(zuo)用,给(ji)(ji)1分;写(xie)出(chu)哀叹的(de)意(yi)思,给(ji)(ji)1分;写(xie)出(chu)暗(an)喻的(de)意(yi)思,给(ji)(ji)1分。
(2).(4分(fen))桑树象征(zheng)晋国(guo)。桑树错植在长江(jiang)边,以致折枝毁叶(ye),被洪水(shui)卷走,而(er)晋恭帝依赖(lai)于刘(liu)裕登基,又因刘(liu)裕而(er)亡国(guo),桑树的(de)命(ming)运(yun)就是(shi)晋国(guo)的(de)命(ming)运(yun)。写出象征(zheng)意义,给(ji)2分(fen);具体分(fen)析(xi),给(ji)2分(fen)。如果从(cong)(cong)人生命(ming)运(yun),或者从(cong)(cong)事物发展的(de)因果关系等(deng)角度分(fen)析(xi)也(ye)可(ke)以。