韩非子·八说原文与翻译
为故人(ren)(ren)行(xing)私谓之(zhi)(zhi)“不(bu)弃”,以公财分施谓之(zhi)(zhi)“仁人(ren)(ren)”,轻禄重身谓之(zhi)(zhi)“君(jun)子(zi)”,枉法(fa)曲亲谓之(zhi)(zhi)“有行(xing)”,弃官宠交谓之(zhi)(zhi)“有侠”,离世遁(dun)上谓之(zhi)(zhi)“高(gao)傲(ao)”,交争逆令(ling)谓之(zhi)(zhi)“刚材”,行(xing)惠取众谓之(zhi)(zhi)“得(de)民”。不(bu)弃者(zhe)(zhe),吏有奸也(ye);仁人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe),公财损也(ye);君(jun)子(zi)者(zhe)(zhe),民难使也(ye);有行(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),法(fa)制毁也(ye);有侠者(zhe)(zhe),官职旷(kuang)也(ye);高(gao)傲(ao)者(zhe)(zhe),民不(bu)事也(ye);刚材者(zhe)(zhe),令(ling)不(bu)行(xing)也(ye);得(de)民者(zhe)(zhe),君(jun)上孤也(ye)。此八者(zhe)(zhe),匹夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)私誉(yu),人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)大败也(ye)。反此八者(zhe)(zhe),匹夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)私毁,人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)公利(li)也(ye)。人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)不(bu)察社稷之(zhi)(zhi)利(li)害(hai),而(er)用(yong)匹夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)私毁,索国之(zhi)(zhi)无危乱,不(bu)可得(de)矣。
为老(lao)朋友行(xing)(xing)私(si)被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为不(bu)(bu)遗故(gu)旧,把(ba)公(gong)家(jia)财(cai)产分(fen)送给人(ren)被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为仁爱的(de)(de)人(ren),轻视利(li)禄看重自身(shen)被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为君(jun)主(zhu),违(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)法制偏袒亲属被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为品行(xing)(xing)好,放弃(qi)官(guan)职看重私(si)交被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为侠(xia)义,逃避现实避开君(jun)主(zhu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)认为清高傲(ao)世,私(si)斗不(bu)(bu)休(xiu)违(wei)(wei)抗禁令被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为刚直好汉,施行(xing)(xing)恩(en)惠笼络民(min)众(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)(bei)(bei)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为得民(min)心(xin)。不(bu)(bu)遗故(gu)旧,官(guan)吏就(jiu)会行(xing)(xing)奸;做(zuo)仁爱的(de)(de)人(ren),国家(jia)财(cai)富就(jiu)有(you)损失;做(zuo)君(jun)子,民(min)众(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)听使(shi)唤;品行(xing)(xing)好,法制就(jiu)遭到破坏;讲侠(xia)义,官(guan)职就(jiu)会出现空缺;清高傲(ao)世,民(min)众(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)侍(shi)奉君(jun)主(zhu);做(zuo)刚直好汉,法令就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)推(tui)行(xing)(xing);得民(min)心(xin),君(jun)主(zhu)就(jiu)会遭到孤(gu)立。这八(ba)种名声(sheng),是个(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)私(si)誉,君(jun)主(zhu)的(de)(de)大祸。与这八(ba)种相反(fan)(fan)的(de)(de),则(ze)是个(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)恶名,君(jun)主(zhu)的(de)(de)公(gong)利(li)。君(jun)主(zhu)不(bu)(bu)考察对于国家(jia)的(de)(de)利(li)害(hai)关系,而(er)采(cai)纳个(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)私(si)誉,要想国家(jia)没有(you)危乱,是不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)做(zuo)到了(le)。
任(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi),存亡治(zhi)乱之(zhi)(zhi)机也(ye)(ye)(ye),无(wu)(wu)术(shu)以(yi)(yi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren),无(wu)(wu)所任(ren)(ren)(ren)而不(bu)败。人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)所任(ren)(ren)(ren),非辩智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)修(xiu)(xiu)洁也(ye)(ye)(ye)。任(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe),使(shi)有势(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)未必(bi)(bi)信也(ye)(ye)(ye),为(wei)(wei)(wei)多其(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因惑其(qi)(qi)(qi)信也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)计,处乘(cheng)势(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)资而为(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)私急(ji),则(ze)君(jun)(jun)必(bi)(bi)欺(qi)焉。为(wei)(wei)(wei)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)可信也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)任(ren)(ren)(ren)修(xiu)(xiu)士(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),使(shi)断(duan)事(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。修(xiu)(xiu)士(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)未必(bi)(bi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),为(wei)(wei)(wei)洁其(qi)(qi)(qi)身、因惑其(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)愚(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所惽,处治(zhi)事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)官而为(wei)(wei)(wei)所然,则(ze)事(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)乱矣(yi)。故(gu)无(wu)(wu)术(shu)以(yi)(yi)用人(ren)(ren)(ren),任(ren)(ren)(ren)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)君(jun)(jun)欺(qi),任(ren)(ren)(ren)修(xiu)(xiu)则(ze)君(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)乱,此(ci)无(wu)(wu)术(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)患也(ye)(ye)(ye)。明君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),贱德义贵,下必(bi)(bi)坐(zuo)上,决(jue)诚以(yi)(yi)参,听无(wu)(wu)门户,故(gu)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)得(de)诈欺(qi)。计功而行赏,程能而授事(shi)(shi),察端而观失(shi),有过者(zhe)(zhe)罪,有能者(zhe)(zhe)得(de),故(gu)愚(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)任(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)。智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)敢欺(qi),愚(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)得(de)断(duan),则(ze)事(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)失(shi)矣(yi)。
任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)什么人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)办事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)国家存亡治乱(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)关键(jian)。没(mei)有(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治手(shou)腕而用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),没(mei)有(you)(you)一次(ci)任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)失(shi)败的(de)(de)(de)(de)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主要(yao)任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)口才(cai)、有(you)(you)智(zhi)(zhi)巧,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)品行(xing)好(hao)。任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)使他(ta)有(you)(you)权有(you)(you)势。聪(cong)明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未必可(ke)靠(kao)(kao),只(zhi)因为赞赏他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)辩,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)以为他(ta)们(men)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)而加以任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)。凭聪(cong)明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)计谋,再(zai)加上处(chu)(chu)在有(you)(you)权有(you)(you)势的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位而去(qu)(qu)干私人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)急(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),君(jun)(jun)(jun)主就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)一“定会受到欺骗。因为聪(cong)明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao),所(suo)(suo)以君(jun)(jun)(jun)主可(ke)能去(qu)(qu)任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)那些老好(hao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),叫他(ta)们(men)处(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。老好(hao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未必有(you)(you)智(zhi)(zhi)谋,仅(jin)由于(yu)觉得他(ta)们(men)品德纯洁,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)以为他(ta)们(men)有(you)(you)智(zhi)(zhi)谋。这种(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以愚夫的(de)(de)(de)(de)糊涂,处(chu)(chu)在治理(li)(li)国家政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)位上,自以为是(shi)(shi)地处(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)问(wen)题(ti),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必然要(yao)被(bei)搞乱(luan)(luan)。所(suo)(suo)以没(mei)有(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治手(shou)腕而用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),任(ren)(ren)命聪(cong)明,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)话,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)受欺骗;任(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)老好(hao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)话,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)被(bei)搞乱(luan)(luan)。这就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)没(mei)有(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治手(shou)腕导致的(de)(de)(de)(de)祸(huo)患。明君(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治国原则是(shi)(shi),地位低的(de)(de)(de)(de)能够议(yi)论地位高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de);官(guan)吏有(you)(you)罪,下属不(bu)告发则同(tong)罪;用(yong)(yong)检验(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)判明事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真相;不(bu)偏听偏信;所(suo)(suo)以聪(cong)明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)无法(fa)弄诈行(xing)欺。按(an)功(gong)行(xing)赏,量才(cai)授职,分析事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起因来考察官(guan)吏的(de)(de)(de)(de)过失(shi),有(you)(you)过错的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)给予处(chu)(chu)罚,有(you)(you)才(cai)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)给予赏赐(ci),所(suo)(suo)以愚蠢的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)能担任(ren)(ren)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了。聪(cong)明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)敢行(xing)骗,愚蠢的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)得决断,政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)没(mei)有(you)(you)失(shi)误了。
察(cha)(cha)(cha)士(shi)然(ran)(ran)后能(neng)(neng)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)令,夫(fu)民不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽(jin)察(cha)(cha)(cha)。贤(xian)者然(ran)(ran)后行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)法,夫(fu)民不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽(jin)贤(xian)。杨朱、墨(mo)崔,天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所察(cha)(cha)(cha)也(ye),干(gan)世乱而(er)(er)(er)(er)卒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)决,虽察(cha)(cha)(cha)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)官职之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令。鲍焦(jiao)、华角,天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所贤(xian)也(ye),鲍焦(jiao)木枯,华角赴河,虽贤(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)耕战之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)。故人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察(cha)(cha)(cha),智(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)尽(jin)其(qi)(qi)辩焉;人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所尊,能(neng)(neng)士(shi)能(neng)(neng)尽(jin)其(qi)(qi)行焉。今世主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)察(cha)(cha)(cha)无用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辩,尊远功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,索(suo)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富强,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)得(de)也(ye)。博习辩智(zhi)(zhi)如孔、墨(mo),孔、墨(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)耕耨,则国何得(de)焉?修(xiu)(xiu)孝寡(gua)欲如曾、史,曾、史不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)战攻,则国何利焉?匹夫(fu)有私(si)便,人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有公利。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作而(er)(er)(er)(er)养(yang)足,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)仕而(er)(er)(er)(er)名显,此私(si)便也(ye);息(xi)文学而(er)(er)(er)(er)明(ming)法度,塞私(si)便而(er)(er)(er)(er)一功劳(lao),此公利也(ye)。错法以(yi)(yi)道民也(ye),而(er)(er)(er)(er)又贵文学,则民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所师法也(ye)疑;赏功以(yi)(yi)劝民也(ye),而(er)(er)(er)(er)又尊行修(xiu)(xiu),则民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)产利也(ye)惰。夫(fu)贵文学以(yi)(yi)疑法,尊行修(xiu)(xiu)以(yi)(yi)贰功,索(suo)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富强,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)得(de)也(ye)。
只有(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)察的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)通晓(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)东西(xi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)用来(lai)作为(wei)法(fa)令,因为(wei)民众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)都是(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)察的(de)(de)(de)。只有(you)贤能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)做到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)事情,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)用来(lai)作为(wei)法(fa)律,因为(wei)民众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)都是(shi)贤能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)。杨朱、墨翟是(shi)天(tian)下公(gong)认明(ming)(ming)(ming)察的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),但他们(men)(men)想整顿(dun)乱世,终究却(que)找不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)解(jie)决(jue)的(de)(de)(de)办法(fa);他们(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)学说虽(sui)属明(ming)(ming)(ming)察,却(que)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)作为(wei)官(guan)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)令。鲍焦(jiao)、华角(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)天(tian)下公(gong)认贤能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),鲍焦(jiao)抱木而(er)死,华角(jiao)(jiao)投河自尽;他们(men)(men)虽(sui)属贤能(neng)(neng),却(que)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)成为(wei)耕(geng)作打仗(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。所以(yi)(yi),君(jun)主要(yao)加以(yi)(yi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)察的(de)(de)(de),智士(shi)就(jiu)在(zai)这方(fang)面(mian)竭(jie)尽巧(qiao)辩(bian);君(jun)主要(yao)予以(yi)(yi)推崇的(de)(de)(de),能(neng)(neng)人(ren)就(jiu)在(zai)这方(fang)面(mian)全(quan)力去干(gan)。当代君(jun)主把没有(you)实际功效的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)为(wei)认为(wei)可(ke)尊,而(er)想求得(de)国家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)富强(qiang)(qiang),这是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)事。像孔(kong)子(zi)、墨子(zi)那样知识(shi)渊博、机智巧(qiao)辩(bian)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),但他们(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)从事耕(geng)作,国家(jia)能(neng)(neng)得(de)到(dao)(dao)什么好处呢?像曾参、史鲍那样讲究孝道(dao)、清心寡(gua)欲(yu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),但他们(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)参加打仗(zhang),国家(jia)能(neng)(neng)得(de)到(dao)(dao)什么利(li)益呢?个人(ren)有(you)私(si)(si)利(li),君(jun)主有(you)公(gong)利(li)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)耕(geng)作而(er)给养充足,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)做官(guan)而(er)声名(ming)显赫,这是(shi)私(si)(si)利(li);废除私(si)(si)学而(er)彰明(ming)(ming)(ming)法(fa)度,堵(du)塞私(si)(si)利(li)而(er)一(yi)(yi)概(gai)按功行(xing)赏,这是(shi)公(gong)利(li)。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)设(she)置法(fa)令来(lai)引导(dao)民众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)却(que)又(you)推崇私(si)(si)学,民众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)会(hui)对遵守法(fa)令产生怀疑(yi);一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)奖赏功劳。来(lai)鼓励民众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)却(que)又(you)祟尚修(xiu)身养性,民众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)会(hui)懒于耕(geng)战(zhan)。推崇私(si)(si)学而(er)使(shi)法(fa)令受到(dao)(dao)怀疑(yi),崇尚修(xiu)身养性而(er)使(shi)论功行(xing)赏出现双重标准,要(yao)想求得(de)到(dao)(dao)国家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)富强(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)。