韩非子·饰邪原文与翻译
凿(zao)龟(gui)数(shu)策,兆曰(yue)"大(da)(da)吉",而(er)(er)(er)以(yi)攻燕(yan)者(zhe)(zhe),赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)也(ye)(ye)。凿(zao)龟(gui)数(shu)筴(jia),兆曰(yue)"大(da)(da)吉",而(er)(er)(er)以(yi)攻赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)者(zhe)(zhe),燕(yan)也(ye)(ye)。剧辛之(zhi)事燕(yan),无(wu)功(gong)而(er)(er)(er)社稷危(wei);邹衍(yan)之(zhi)事燕(yan),无(wu)功(gong)而(er)(er)(er)国道绝。赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)代先得意(yi)于(yu)燕(yan),后(hou)得意(yi)于(yu)齐,国乱节(jie)高。自以(yi)为与秦(qin)提衡,非赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)龟(gui)神(shen)而(er)(er)(er)燕(yan)龟(gui)欺也(ye)(ye)。赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)又尝凿(zao)龟(gui)数(shu)筴(jia)而(er)(er)(er)北(bei)伐燕(yan),将劫燕(yan)以(yi)逆(ni)秦(qin),兆曰(yue)"大(da)(da)吉"。始攻大(da)(da)梁(liang)而(er)(er)(er)秦(qin)出上党矣(yi),兵(bing)至厘而(er)(er)(er)六城(cheng)拔矣(yi);至阳城(cheng),秦(qin)拔鄴(ye)矣(yi);庞援揄兵(bing)而(er)(er)(er)南,则鄣(zhang)尽(jin)(jin)矣(yi)。臣故曰(yue):赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)龟(gui)虽无(wu)远见于(yu)燕(yan),且宜(yi)近见于(yu)秦(qin)。秦(qin)以(yi)其"大(da)(da)吉",辟地(di)有实(shi),救燕(yan)有有名。赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)以(yi)其"大(da)(da)吉",地(di)削兵(bing)辱(ru),主(zhu)不(bu)得意(yi)而(er)(er)(er)死。又非秦(qin)龟(gui)神(shen)而(er)(er)(er)赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)龟(gui)欺也(ye)(ye)。初时(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),魏数(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)东乡攻尽(jin)(jin)陶、卫,数(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)乡以(yi)失(shi)其国,此非丰隆、五行、太一、王相(xiang)、摄提、六神(shen)、五括、天河、殷抢、岁星(xing)非数(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)西(xi)也(ye)(ye),又非天缺、弧(hu)逆(ni)、刑星(xing)、荧(ying)惑、奎台非数(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)东也(ye)(ye)。故曰(yue):龟(gui)筴(jia)鬼神(shen)不(bu)足举(ju)胜(sheng),左右背乡不(bu)足以(yi)专(zhuan)战。然而(er)(er)(er)恃之(zhi),愚莫(mo)大(da)(da)焉(yan)。
钻烧(shao)龟甲、计(ji)(ji)算(suan)蓍(shi)草(cao)进(jin)行(xing)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮,兆象(xiang)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”,因(yin)此(ci)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)打燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。钻烧(shao)龟甲、计(ji)(ji)算(suan)蓍(shi)草(cao)进(jin)行(xing)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮,兆象(xiang)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”,因(yin)此(ci)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)打赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。剧辛效(xiao)力(li)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),无功可言,却导(dao)(dao)致(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家危险;邹衍(yan)效(xiao)力(li)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),无功可言,却导(dao)(dao)致(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家命脉断绝(jue)。赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)先战胜(sheng)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),后战胜(sheng)齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内混乱还趾高气扬,自以(yi)(yi)为(wei)和秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)势均力(li)敌了(le)(le)(le),汗(han)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)灵(ling)验而(er)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)骗人。赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)(you)曾通过卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筑而(er)向(xiang)北(bei)讨伐(fa)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),打算(suan)挟持燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)去抗拒秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),兆象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”。才(cai)开(kai)始进(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)大(da)梁,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就从上党出兵(bing)了(le)(le)(le);赵(zhao)(zhao)军进(jin)至厘地,自己的(de)(de)六个城已被秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克了(le)(le)(le);赵(zhao)(zhao)军进(jin)至阳城,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)军攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)占(zhan)赵(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)邺地;等到庞援引兵(bing)往南救援时,鄣(zhang)一带(dai)却又(you)(you)全(quan)被秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)军占(zhan)领了(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)我说:赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即使(shi)对攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)打燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)缺乏远见,也应对秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)赵(zhao)(zhao)有(you)(you)所(suo)预(yu)见。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)根(gen)据自己的(de)(de)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”,开(kai)辟(pi)疆(jiang)土(tu)(tu)既(ji)得实(shi)惠,救援燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)(you)得美名,赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)根(gen)据自己的(de)(de)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”,领土(tu)(tu)削减士兵(bing)受(shou)辱,赵(zhao)(zhao)王不(bu)能如(ru)愿以(yi)(yi)偿而(er)死亡,这也并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)灵(ling)验而(er)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)骗人。开(kai)始时候,魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)几年间(jian)向(xiang)东全(quan)部(bu)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下了(le)(le)(le)陶、卫(wei),又(you)(you)有(you)(you)几年向(xiang)西攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)却丧失了(le)(le)(le)许(xu)多国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)(tu),这不(bu)是(shi)(shi)丰(feng)隆、五(wu)行(xing)、太一、王相、摄提、六神、五(wu)括、天河、殷抢、岁星(xing)(xing)等吉(ji)(ji)、星(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)几年都处在(zai)西方,又(you)(you)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)天缺、弧逆、刑星(xing)(xing)、荧惑、奎台等凶(xiong)星(xing)(xing)几年都处在(zai)东方。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说:卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮鬼(gui)神不(bu)足以(yi)(yi)推断战争胜(sheng)负,星(xing)(xing)体的(de)(de)方位变化不(bu)足以(yi)(yi)决定战争结果。既(ji)然如(ru)此(ci),却还要依仗它们(men),没有(you)(you)什么比这更愚蠢的(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)。
古(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)先王(wang)(wang)尽力于亲民,加事于明法。彼法明,则(ze)忠臣劝;罚必,则(ze)邪(xie)臣止。忠劝邪(xie)止而(er)(er)(er)(er)地广主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)尊(zun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),秦是也(ye)(ye);群臣朋党比周以(yi)(yi)隐正道行私(si)曲而(er)(er)(er)(er)地削主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)卑者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),山(shan)东是也(ye)(ye)。乱弱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)亡(wang),人之(zhi)性也(ye)(ye);治强者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)王(wang)(wang),古(gu)之(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)践恃(shi)(shi)(shi)大朋之(zhi)龟与吴(wu)战(zhan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)胜,身臣入宦于吴(wu);反国弃龟,明法亲民以(yi)(yi)报吴(wu),则(ze)夫差为(wei)(wei)擒(qin)。故恃(shi)(shi)(shi)鬼神(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)慢于法,恃(shi)(shi)(shi)诸侯者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)危(wei)其国。曹恃(shi)(shi)(shi)齐而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)宋,齐攻荆而(er)(er)(er)(er)宋灭(mie)(mie)(mie)曹。邢(xing)(xing)恃(shi)(shi)(shi)吴(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)齐,越(yue)(yue)伐吴(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)齐灭(mie)(mie)(mie)邢(xing)(xing)。许(xu)恃(shi)(shi)(shi)荆而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)魏(wei)(wei),荆攻宋而(er)(er)(er)(er)魏(wei)(wei)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)许(xu)。郑(zheng)恃(shi)(shi)(shi)魏(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)韩(han),魏(wei)(wei)攻荆而(er)(er)(er)(er)韩(han)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)郑(zheng)。今者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)韩(han)国小而(er)(er)(er)(er)恃(shi)(shi)(shi)大国,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)慢而(er)(er)(er)(er)听(ting)秦、魏(wei)(wei),恃(shi)(shi)(shi)齐、荆为(wei)(wei)用,而(er)(er)(er)(er)小国愈(yu)亡(wang)。故恃(shi)(shi)(shi)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)广壤,而(er)(er)(er)(er)韩(han)不(bu)(bu)(bu)见也(ye)(ye)。荆为(wei)(wei)攻魏(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)加兵许(xu)、鄢,齐攻任、扈而(er)(er)(er)(er)削魏(wei)(wei),不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)存郑(zheng),而(er)(er)(er)(er)韩(han)弗知也(ye)(ye)。此皆不(bu)(bu)(bu)明其法禁(jin)以(yi)(yi)治其国,恃(shi)(shi)(shi)外以(yi)(yi)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)其社稷(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。
古代先王(wang)致(zhi)力于(yu)亲近(jin)(jin)百姓(xing),从(cong)事(shi)于(yu)彰(zhang)明法度。他们的(de)(de)法度彰(zhang)明了(le),忠臣(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)受(shou)(shou)到鼓(gu)励,刑罚坚决(jue)了(le),奸臣(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)停止作恶,忠臣(chen)受(shou)(shou)到鼓(gu)励,奸臣(chen)停止作恶,因(yin)而(er)(er)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土拓(tuo)展、君主尊贵的(de)(de),秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样;群臣(chen)结党拉派(pai)来(lai)背离正(zheng)道(dao)营私舞弊(bi),因(yin)而(er)(er)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土丧(sang)失,君主卑(bei)下(xia),山东六国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样。混(hun)乱(luan)弱(ruo)小的(de)(de)衰(shuai)亡(wang),这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)人事(shi)的(de)(de)一般规(gui)则;安定强盛的(de)(de)称(cheng)王(wang)天(tian)下(xia),这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)自古以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)来(lai)的(de)(de)规(gui)律。越(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)践依(yi)仗(zhang)贵重的(de)(de)龟甲(jia)显示(shi)的(de)(de)吉兆同吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打仗(zhang),结果(guo)没有胜利,自己成了(le)俘虏去吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)服贱役;返国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)抛弃(qi)龟甲(jia),彰(zhang)明法度亲近(jin)(jin)百姓(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)求报复吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),结果(guo)吴(wu)王(wang)夫差被擒获了(le)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)依(yi)使鬼神保(bao)佑(you)的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)会忽视法治,依(yi)仗(zhang)别国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)援助(zhu)的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)会危害祖国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),曹(cao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)依(yi)仗(zhang)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)不(bu)服从(cong)宋国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),齐(qi)(qi)攻楚(chu)(chu)(chu)时(shi)宋灭(mie)了(le)曹(cao)。邢国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)依(yi)仗(zhang)吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)不(bu)服从(cong)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)越(yue)伐(fa)吴(wu)时(shi)齐(qi)(qi)灭(mie)了(le)邢。许国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)依(yi)仗(zhang)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)不(bu)服从(cong)魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),楚(chu)(chu)(chu)攻宋时(shi)魏(wei)(wei)灭(mie)了(le)许。郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)依(yi)仗(zhang)魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)不(bu)服从(cong)韩(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),魏(wei)(wei)攻楚(chu)(chu)(chu)时(shi)韩(han)灭(mie)了(le)郑(zheng),现在韩(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)弱(ruo)小而(er)(er)衣仗(zhang)大国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),君主忽视法治而(er)(er)服从(cong)秦(qin)和(he)魏(wei)(wei)。依(yi)仗(zhang)齐(qi)(qi)和(he)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)作维持手段。结果(guo)使本(ben)就(jiu)(jiu)弱(ruo)小的(de)(de)韩(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)越(yue)发趋(qu)于(yu)灭(mie)亡(wang)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)依(yi)仗(zhang)别人不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)开拓(tuo)疆土,而(er)(er)韩(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)却(que)看不(bu)见(jian)这(zhei)一点(dian)。楚(chu)(chu)(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)为了(le)攻打魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)用(yong)兵许、郡,齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)攻打任、扈而(er)(er)侵夺魏(wei)(wei)地(di),这(zhei)都不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)存(cun)韩(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)韩(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)却(que)不(bu)清楚(chu)(chu)(chu)。这(zhei)些都是(shi)(shi)不(bu)彰(zhang)明法令来(lai)治理(li)祖国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),却(que)依(yi)仗(zhang)外国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)导致(zhi)祖国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)灭(mie)亡(wang)的(de)(de)例子。
臣(chen)(chen)故曰(yue):明于治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),则(ze)国虽(sui)小,富;赏(shang)罚(fa)敬信,民(min)(min)(min)虽(sui)寡(gua),强。赏(shang)罚(fa)无度,国虽(sui)大(da),兵(bing)弱者(zhe),地(di)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)地(di),民(min)(min)(min)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)民(min)(min)(min)也。无地(di)无民(min)(min)(min),尧、舜不能(neng)(neng)以(yi)王(wang)(wang),三代不能(neng)(neng)以(yi)强。人主又(you)以(yi)过(guo)予(yu),人臣(chen)(chen)又(you)以(yi)徒取(qu)(qu)。舍法律(lv)而(er)(er)言先王(wang)(wang)以(yi)明古之(zhi)(zhi)功者(zhe),上任之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)国。臣(chen)(chen)故曰(yue):是(shi)原(yuan)古之(zhi)(zhi)功,以(yi)古之(zhi)(zhi)赏(shang)赏(shang)今之(zhi)(zhi)人也。主以(yi)是(shi)过(guo)予(yu),而(er)(er)臣(chen)(chen)以(yi)此徒取(qu)(qu)矣(yi)。主过(guo)予(yu),则(ze)臣(chen)(chen)偷幸;臣(chen)(chen)徒取(qu)(qu),则(ze)功不尊(zun)。无功者(zhe)受(shou)赏(shang),则(ze)财匮而(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)望;财匮而(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)望,则(ze)民(min)(min)(min)不尽力矣(yi)。故用赏(shang)过(guo)者(zhe)失(shi)民(min)(min)(min),用刑过(guo)者(zhe)民(min)(min)(min)不畏。有赏(shang)不足以(yi)劝,有刑不足以(yi)禁(jin),则(ze)国虽(sui)大(da),必危。
所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)我(wo)说:懂得治理的(de)(de)(de)办法,那(nei)么国家虽(sui)小(xiao),也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)富有;赏(shang)(shang)(shang)罚谨慎守信,民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)虽(sui)少,也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)强(qiang)大。赏(shang)(shang)(shang)罚没有标(biao)准(zhun),国家虽(sui)然很大,兵(bing)力衰弱的(de)(de)(de),土地(di)(di)(di)不是(shi)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di),民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)不是(shi)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)。没有土地(di)(di)(di)和民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong),尧舜也(ye)不能称王(wang)天下,夏、商、周三代(dai)也(ye)不能强(qiang)盛(sheng),君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)又(you)因(yin)此(ci)过分地(di)(di)(di)行(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang),臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)又(you)白(bai)(bai)白(bai)(bai)地(di)(di)(di)得赏(shang)(shang)(shang),对(dui)那(nei)些(xie)不顾法律而谈(tan)论先王(wang)明君(jun)(jun)(jun)功(gong)绩的(de)(de)(de)人,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)却把国事委托给他。我(wo)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说:这是(shi)指望有古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)绩,却拿古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)赐标(biao)准(zhun)去奖赏(shang)(shang)(shang)现在的(de)(de)(de)空谈(tan)家。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)因(yin)此(ci)过分地(di)(di)(di)行(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang),臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)因(yin)此(ci)白(bai)(bai)白(bai)(bai)地(di)(di)(di)得赏(shang)(shang)(shang)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)过分地(di)(di)(di)行(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang),臣(chen)(chen)下就(jiu)会(hui)苟且(qie)和侥幸;臣(chen)(chen)下白(bai)(bai)白(bai)(bai)地(di)(di)(di)得赏(shang)(shang)(shang),功(gong)劳就(jiu)不再(zai)尊贵了(le)。无功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)人受赏(shang)(shang)(shang),财(cai)力就(jiu)会(hui)匮乏,民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)会(hui)抱怨;财(cai)厦民(min)(min)(min)怨,民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)不会(hui)为君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)尽力了(le),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)不当(dang)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)会(hui)失去民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong),用刑不当(dang)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)不再(zai)畏惧。有赏(shang)(shang)(shang)赐却不足以(yi)(yi)(yi)勉(mian)励(li)立功(gong),有刑罚却不足以(yi)(yi)(yi)禁止邪恶,那(nei)么国家即(ji)使很大,也(ye)一(yi)定(ding)很危险(xian)。
故(gu)曰(yue):小知不可(ke)使谋事(shi),小忠(zhong)不可(ke)使主法。荆恭(gong)王与(yu)晋厉公(gong)战(zhan)于(yu)鄢陵,荆师败(bai),恭(gong)王伤(shang)。酣战(zhan),而(er)(er)司(si)马(ma)子反(fan)(fan)(fan)渴而(er)(er)求(qiu)饮,其友竖谷阳奉卮酒而(er)(er)进之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。子反(fan)(fan)(fan)曰(yue):"去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),此酒也(ye)(ye)(ye)。"竖谷阳曰(yue):"非也(ye)(ye)(ye)。"子反(fan)(fan)(fan)受而(er)(er)饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。子反(fan)(fan)(fan)为(wei)人(ren)(ren)嗜(shi)酒,甘(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不能绝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)口,醉而(er)(er)卧。恭(gong)王欲复战(zhan)而(er)(er)谋事(shi),使人(ren)(ren)召(zhao)子反(fan)(fan)(fan),子反(fan)(fan)(fan)辞以心疾(ji)。恭(gong)王驾而(er)(er)往视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),入幄中,闻酒臭而(er)(er)还,曰(yue):"今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan),寡人(ren)(ren)目亲伤(shang)。所恃者(zhe)司(si)马(ma),司(si)马(ma)又如此,是亡(wang)荆国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)社稷(ji)而(er)(er)不恤(xu)吾众也(ye)(ye)(ye)。寡人(ren)(ren)无与(yu)复战(zhan)矣(yi)。"罢师而(er)(er)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),斩子反(fan)(fan)(fan)以为(wei)大戮(lu)。故(gu)曰(yue):竖谷阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)进酒也(ye)(ye)(ye),非以端恶(e)子反(fan)(fan)(fan)也(ye)(ye)(ye),实(shi)心以忠(zhong)爱(ai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)适足以杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)已矣(yi)。此行小忠(zhong)而(er)(er)贼(zei)大忠(zhong)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)曰(yue):小忠(zhong),大忠(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贼(zei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)使小忠(zhong)主法,则必将赦罪,赦罪以相爱(ai),是与(yu)下安矣(yi),然而(er)(er)妨(fang)害于(yu)治民者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo):有小聪明(ming)的(de)人不(bu)能(neng)让他谋(mou)划事情(qing),有小忠(zhong)(zhong)诚的(de)人不(bu)能(neng)让他掌(zhang)管法(fa)令。楚恭(gong)王(wang)和晋(jin)厉王(wang)在郡陵交战(zhan),楚军(jun)失利(li);恭(gong)王(wang)受(shou)伤。战(zhan)斗正(zheng)激(ji)烈时,司(si)马官子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan)口(kou)渴要水喝,他的(de)亲信侍仆谷(gu)阳(yang)(yang)捧了一卮酒给他。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan)说(shuo):“拿走,这(zhei)是(shi)酒。”侍仆谷(gu)阳(yang)(yang)说(shuo):“这(zhei)不(bu)是(shi)酒。”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan)接过来(lai)喝了,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan)为人喜欢喝酒,觉得酒味甘甜(tian),不(bu)能(neng)停下(xia)不(bu)喝,结果(guo)喝醉后睡(shui)着了。恭(gong)王(wang)想重新开(kai)战(zhan)和他谋(mou)划战(zhan)事,派人叫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan)借(jie)口(kou)心(xin)病(bing)而(er)加以(yi)(yi)推辞。恭(gong)王(wang)乘车(che)前去(qu)看他,进入(ru)帐(zhang)中,闻到酒气(qi)而(er)返回,说(shuo):“今天的(de)战(zhan)斗,我自个(ge)眼睛受(shou)了伤。我所(suo)(suo)依赖的(de)是(shi)司(si)马,司(si)马又这(zhei)般模(mo)样,这(zhei)是(shi)不(bu)顾楚国的(de)神灵(ling),不(bu)关心(xin)我的(de)民众。我不(bu)能(neng)和敌人重新开(kai)战(zhan)了。”于(yu)是(shi)引兵(bing)离开(kai)郡陵,把(ba)司(si)马子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan)处(chu)以(yi)(yi)极刑(xing)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo):侍仆谷(gu)阳(yang)(yang)进酒,并非本来(lai)就恨子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan),而(er)是(shi)真(zhen)心(xin)地忠(zhong)(zhong)爱子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)(fan),但最终却恰好(hao)因此而(er)害了他。这(zhei)便是(shi)行小忠(zhong)(zhong)而(er)害大忠(zhong)(zhong),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo):小忠(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)对(dui)大忠(zhong)(zhong)的(de)祸害。如果(guo)让行小忠(zhong)(zhong)的(de)人掌(zhang)管法(fa)制(zhi),那就必然会(hui)赦免罪犯(fan)加以(yi)(yi)爱护,这(zhei)样他同下(xia)面(mian)的(de)人是(shi)相安了,但却妨(fang)害了治理民众。
当魏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)《立(li)辟》、从(cong)(cong)宪令(ling)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,有(you)(you)功者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)赏,有(you)(you)罪者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)诛,强(qiang)匡天下(xia)(xia),威(wei)行(xing)(xing)四邻;及(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)慢,妄予,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)日削矣。当赵(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)《国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)律(lv)》、从(cong)(cong)大军之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,人(ren)(ren)众兵强(qiang),辟地齐(qi)、燕;及(ji)《国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)律(lv)》满,用(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)弱(ruo),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)日削矣。当燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)《奉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》、审官断之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,东县齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),南尽中山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地;及(ji)《奉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》已亡,官断不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong),左(zuo)右交争,论从(cong)(cong)其(qi)下(xia)(xia),则(ze)(ze)兵弱(ruo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)地削,国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)制于邻敌(di)矣。故(gu)(gu)曰(yue):明(ming)(ming)(ming)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)强(qiang),慢法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)弱(ruo)。强(qiang)弱(ruo)如是其(qi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)矣,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)世(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)弗为(wei),国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)亡宜矣。语曰(yue):"家有(you)(you)常(chang)业,虽(sui)饥不(bu)(bu)(bu)饿(e);国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)常(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),虽(sui)危(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)亡。"夫舍(she)常(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)从(cong)(cong)私(si)(si)意,则(ze)(ze)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)饰(shi)(shi)于智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng);臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)饰(shi)(shi)于智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng),则(ze)(ze)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)禁不(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li)矣。是亡意之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing),治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)废(fei)也。治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),去害法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)惑于智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng),不(bu)(bu)(bu)矫(jiao)于名誉矣。昔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)舜使吏决鸿水,先令(ling)有(you)(you)功而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)舜杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);禹朝诸候之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)会稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),防风之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)后(hou)至而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)禹斩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),先令(ling)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)杀,后(hou)令(ling)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)斩,则(ze)(ze)古(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)先贵如令(ling)矣。故(gu)(gu)镜执清而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无事,美恶(e)从(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)比焉;衡执正而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无事,轻重(zhong)从(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)载焉。夫摇镜,则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)为(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming);摇衡,则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)为(wei)正,法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也。故(gu)(gu)先王以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)为(wei)常(chang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)为(wei)本。本治(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名尊,本乱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名绝。凡(fan)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)通,有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)则(ze)(ze)行(xing)(xing),无以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)则(ze)(ze)止。故(gu)(gu)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)单道(dao)(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可传(chuan)于人(ren)(ren)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)道(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)万全,智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)多(duo)失。夫悬衡而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)知平,设(she)规而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)知圆,万全之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)也。明(ming)(ming)(ming)主(zhu)(zhu)使民(min)(min)饰(shi)(shi)于道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu),故(gu)(gu)佚(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)功。释(shi)规而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)任巧(qiao),释(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)任智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),惑乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)也。乱主(zhu)(zhu)使民(min)(min)饰(shi)(shi)于智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)知道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu),故(gu)(gu)劳而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无功。释(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)禁而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)听请谒(ye)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)卖官于上(shang),取赏于下(xia)(xia),是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)利(li)在(zai)私(si)(si)家而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)威(wei)在(zai)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)。故(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)无尽力事主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)务为(wei)交于上(shang)。民(min)(min)好上(shang)交,则(ze)(ze)货财(cai)上(shang)流,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)巧(qiao)说者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)。若(ruo)是,则(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)功者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)愈少。奸(jian)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)愈进而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)材臣(chen)(chen)(chen)退,则(ze)(ze)主(zhu)(zhu)惑而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知所(suo)行(xing)(xing),民(min)(min)聚而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知所(suo)道(dao)(dao)。此(ci)废(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)禁、后(hou)功劳、举名誉、听请谒(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失也。凡(fan)败法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),必(bi)设(she)诈(zha)托物以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)来(lai)亲,又好言天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)希有(you)(you)。此(ci)暴君(jun)乱主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)惑也,人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)贤(xian)佐(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)侵也。故(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)称(cheng)伊尹、管仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,则(ze)(ze)背法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)饰(shi)(shi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)资;称(cheng)比干、子(zi)胥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)见杀,则(ze)(ze)疾(ji)强(qiang)谏有(you)(you)辞(ci)。夫上(shang)称(cheng)贤(xian)明(ming)(ming)(ming),不(bu)(bu)(bu)称(cheng)暴乱,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)取类,若(ruo)是者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)禁。君(jun)子(zi)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)是也,今人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)多(duo)立(li)其(qi)私(si)(si)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)为(wei)非者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是邪以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),过法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)立(li)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如是者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)禁,主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)也。
当(dang)魏国(guo)(guo)正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)彰明(ming)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、从(cong)(cong)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令(ling)建设(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时侯,有(you)(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)者(zhe)必赏,有(you)(you)(you)罪(zui)者(zhe)必罚,强(qiang)盛得可以匡正(zheng)(zheng)天(tian)下(xia),威势(shi)达(da)到(dao)四邻诸侯;等到(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令(ling)懈怠,赏赐(ci)混(hun)乱,国(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)日益(yi)衰(shuai)弱(ruo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。当(dang)赵国(guo)(guo)正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)彰明(ming)国(guo)(guo)律(lv)、从(cong)(cong)事(shi)军队建设(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时侯,人多兵强(qiang),攻(gong)占了(le)(le)(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)、燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地;等到(dao)国(guo)(guo)律(lv)懈怠,执政(zheng)者(zhe)软弱(ruo),国(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)日益(yi)衰(shuai)弱(ruo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。当(dang)燕(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)彰明(ming)奉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、重(zhong)视政(zheng)府决(jue)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时侯,东(dong)向把(ba)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郡县,南向完全(quan)(quan)(quan)占领了(le)(le)(le)(le)中山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)土;等到(dao)奉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)丢弃,政(zheng)府决(jue)策(ce)(ce)不(bu)(bu)(bu)再实行(xing),左(zuo)右亲信相互争斗,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)听从(cong)(cong)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)决(jue)策(ce)(ce),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兵力(li)削弱(ruo),土地削减,国(guo)(guo)家也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)邻国(guo)(guo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)以说(shuo)(shuo):严(yan)(yan)明(ming)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)强(qiang)大,轻(qing)忽(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)弱(ruo)小。强(qiang)弱(ruo)对比是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如此(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分明(ming),而(er)当(dang)代(dai)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)却(que)不(bu)(bu)(bu)实行(xing),国(guo)(guo)家危亡(wang)真是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)活该(gai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。俗语说(shuo)(shuo):“家里有(you)(you)(you)固定产业,即使(shi)(shi)荒年(nian)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)挨饿;国(guo)(guo)家有(you)(you)(you)固定法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即使(shi)(shi)危险也不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)衰(shuai)亡(wang)。”舍(she)弃固定法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)顺从(cong)(cong)个人意(yi)志,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)粉饰自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng);臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)粉饰自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)禁(jin)令(ling)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)站不(bu)(bu)(bu)住脚。这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang),随心所(suo)欲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)通行(xing),以法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)则(ze)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)废弃了(le)(le)(le)(le)。治(zhi)(zhi)理国(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)则(ze),舍(she)弃危害(hai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)受(shou)(shou)(shou)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迷(mi)惑,不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)被(bei)虚名所(suo)欺骗了(le)(le)(le)(le)。过去(qu)舜派官吏排(pai)泄洪水,早于(yu)命令(ling)而(er)抢(qiang)先立功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),舜把(ba)他(ta)杀(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le);禹(yu)在(zai)会(hui)(hui)(hui)稽山上接受(shou)(shou)(shou)诸侯国(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝见,防风氏(shi)迟到(dao)而(er)禹(yu)杀(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)他(ta)。由此(ci)看来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),先于(yu)命令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杀(sha)(sha),后(hou)于(yu)命令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)也杀(sha)(sha),那么古代(dai)首先重(zhong)视的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)办事(shi)。所(suo)以镜子保持(chi)(chi)(chi)清亮(liang)(liang)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)干(gan)(gan)扰(rao),美(mei)丑就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)因(yin)此(ci)显示出来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai);衡器(qi)保持(chi)(chi)(chi)平正(zheng)(zheng)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)干(gan)(gan),轻(qing)重(zhong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)因(yin)此(ci)衡量(liang)出来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。摇动(dong)镜子就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保持(chi)(chi)(chi)明(ming)亮(liang)(liang),摇动(dong)衡器(qi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保持(chi)(chi)(chi)平正(zheng)(zheng),说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”。‘所(suo)以先王(wang)把(ba)道作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)常规(gui)(gui)(gui),把(ba)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)根本。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)严(yan)(yan)明(ming),君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名位就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)尊贵;法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)乱,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名位就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)丧失。凡(fan)(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)高(gao)强(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人,有(you)(you)(you)依据就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)行(xing)动(dong),没有(you)(you)(you)依据就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)停止。所(suo)以智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)偏(pian)道,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)传给人。道和法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)万全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)多有(you)(you)(you)偏(pian)失。悬挂衡器(qi)才知(zhi)道乎不(bu)(bu)(bu)平,设(she)置圆(yuan)规(gui)(gui)(gui)才知(zhi)道圆(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)圆(yuan),这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)万全(quan)(quan)(quan)之道。因(yin)为(wei)明(ming)君(jun)(jun)(jun)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)百姓(xing)用(yong)(yong)道来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)整伤自(zi)己,所(suo)以省力(li)而(er)有(you)(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)。丢掉规(gui)(gui)(gui)矩而(er)单凭(ping)技巧(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),放弃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)而(er)单凭(ping)智慧,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)人迷(mi)惑混(hun)乱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。昏(hun)君(jun)(jun)(jun)使(shi)(shi)民众用(yong)(yong)智巧(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)粉饰自(zi)己,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)懂道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故,所(suo)以劳(lao)而(er)无功(gong)(gong)。放弃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令(ling)而(er)听从(cong)(cong)请托(tuo),群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)在(zai)上面(mian)出卖(mai)官爵(jue),从(cong)(cong)下(xia)面(mian)取(qu)得报酬,所(suo)以利益(yi)归(gui)于(yu)私门(men)而(er)权势(shi)落于(yu)群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)。所(suo)以百姓(xing)没有(you)(you)(you)尽力(li)侍奉君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心意(yi),而(er)致力(li)于(yu)结交大臣(chen)(chen)(chen)。百姓(xing)喜欢结交大臣(chen)(chen)(chen),财货就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)向上流入大臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之手而(er)花言巧(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)语的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)被(bei)任用(yong)(yong)。假如形成这(zhei)(zhei)种局面(mian),有(you)(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)(yue)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)越(yue)(yue)少。奸臣(chen)(chen)(chen)越(yue)(yue)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)越(yue)(yue)得到(dao)进用(yong)(yong)而(er)有(you)(you)(you)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)子遭到(dao)斥退,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)迷(mi)惑而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道干(gan)(gan)什么好,百姓(xing)聚集(ji)起(qi)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道往哪儿走。这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)废法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令(ling)、轻(qing)功(gong)(gong)劳(lao)、重(zhong)名声、听请托(tuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)过失。凡(fan)(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)败坏法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人,一(yi)定会(hui)(hui)(hui)设(she)下(xia)骗局,假托(tuo)有(you)(you)(you)事(shi)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)亲近君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),又喜欢谈论天(tian)下(xia)少见的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西,这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)(jun)(jun)昏(hun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)迷(mi)惑、贤人佐臣(chen)(chen)(chen)受(shou)(shou)(shou)侵害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。所(suo)以臣(chen)(chen)(chen)子称颂(song)(song)伊(yi)尹、管仲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)劳(lao),违法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)弄智就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)根据;称颂(song)(song)比干(gan)(gan)、伍子胥(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠贞被(bei)杀(sha)(sha),急(ji)切(qie)强(qiang)谏就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)借(jie)口。前者(zhe)称说(shuo)(shuo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)贤明(ming),后(hou)者(zhe)说(shuo)(shuo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)暴(bao)(bao)乱,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以拿(na)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)类推,像这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)应禁(jin)止。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)认为(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)确的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),现在(zai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)子多标榜个人智巧(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)否定国(guo)(guo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)智巧(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)来(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)肯定奸邪,诋毁法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、标榜智巧(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。像这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)应予禁(jin)止,这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)则(ze)。
明主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,必(bi)明于公(gong)(gong)私(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分,明法制,去(qu)(qu)私(si)(si)(si)恩。夫令(ling)必(bi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),禁(jin)必(bi)止,人(ren)(ren)(ren)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)(gong)义也(ye)(ye);必(bi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)其(qi)私(si)(si)(si),信于朋(peng)友,不可为赏(shang)(shang)劝,不可为罚沮,人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私(si)(si)(si)义也(ye)(ye)。私(si)(si)(si)义行(xing)(xing)(xing)则乱,公(gong)(gong)义行(xing)(xing)(xing)则治,故公(gong)(gong)私(si)(si)(si)有分。人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)有私(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)(xin),有公(gong)(gong)义。修(xiu)身洁(jie)白而行(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)正(zheng),居官无私(si)(si)(si),人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)(gong)义也(ye)(ye);污行(xing)(xing)(xing)从欲,安身利(li)家,人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)(xin)也(ye)(ye)。明主在(zai)上,则人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)去(qu)(qu)私(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)(xin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)义;乱主在(zai)上,则人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)去(qu)(qu)公(gong)(gong)义行(xing)(xing)(xing)私(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。故君(jun)(jun)(jun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)异心(xin)(xin)(xin),君(jun)(jun)(jun)以计(ji)畜(chu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)以计(ji)事(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun),君(jun)(jun)(jun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)交,计(ji)也(ye)(ye)。害(hai)身而利(li)国,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)弗为也(ye)(ye);害(hai)国而利(li)臣(chen)(chen)(chen),君(jun)(jun)(jun)不为也(ye)(ye)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,害(hai)身无利(li);君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,害(hai)国无亲。君(jun)(jun)(jun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)者,以计(ji)合者也(ye)(ye)。至夫临难(nan)必(bi)死(si),尽智竭力(li),为法为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。故先(xian)王(wang)明赏(shang)(shang)以劝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),严刑(xing)(xing)以威之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。赏(shang)(shang)刑(xing)(xing)明,则民尽死(si);民尽死(si),则兵(bing)强主尊。刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)不察,则民无功(gong)而求(qiu)得,有罪而幸(xing)免,则兵(bing)弱主卑。故先(xian)王(wang)贤佐尽力(li)竭智。故曰:公(gong)(gong)私(si)(si)(si)不可不明,法禁(jin)不可不审,先(xian)王(wang)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。
做(zuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原则,一(yi)定(ding)要明(ming)(ming)(ming)白公(gong)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)区别(bie),彰明(ming)(ming)(ming)法制(zhi),舍弃私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)人恩惠。有(you)(you)令必行,有(you)(you)禁必止,是君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)义(yi)(yi);一(yi)定(ding)要实现自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)利(li),在朋友(you)中(zhong)取得(de)信(xin)任,不(bu)(bu)能用(yong)赏(shang)赐鼓励(li),不(bu)(bu)能用(yong)刑(xing)罚(fa)阻止,是臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)义(yi)(yi)。私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)义(yi)(yi)风行国家就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)混乱,公(gong)义(yi)(yi)风行国家就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)平安,所以公(gong)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是有(you)(you)区别(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)有(you)(you)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin),有(you)(you)公(gong)义(yi)(yi)。修身(shen)廉洁而办事公(gong)正,做(zuo)官无(wu)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),是臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)义(yi)(yi);珐污品行而放纵(zong)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)欲(yu),安身(shen)利(li)家,是臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)君(jun)(jun)在上(shang),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)去私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)行公(gong)义(yi)(yi);昏(hun)君(jun)(jun)在上(shang),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)去公(gong)义(yi)(yi)行私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)心(xin)(xin)。所以君(jun)(jun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)条心(xin)(xin),君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)靠算计(ji)蓄(xu)养臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)靠算计(ji)侍奉君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu),君(jun)(jun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)交(jiao)往(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是算计(ji)。危(wei)害自身(shen)而有(you)(you)利(li)国家,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)是不(bu)(bu)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de);危(wei)害国家而有(you)(you)利(li)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi),君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)是不(bu)(bu)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本心(xin)(xin),危(wei)害自身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)谈不(bu)(bu)上(shang)利(li)益(yi);君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本心(xin)(xin),危(wei)害国家就(jiu)(jiu)谈不(bu)(bu)上(shang)亲近。君(jun)(jun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)关(guan)系是凭算计(ji)结(jie)合(he)起来的(de)(de)(de)(de)。至于臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)遇到(dao)危(wei)难一(yi)定(ding)拚死(si)(si)(si),竭(jie)尽才智和力(li)量(liang),是法度造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以先王明(ming)(ming)(ming)定(ding)赏(shang)赐来加以勉励(li),严(yan)定(ding)刑(xing)罚(fa)来加以制(zhi)服。赏(shang)罚(fa)分明(ming)(ming)(ming),百姓就(jiu)(jiu)能拼死(si)(si)(si);百姓拼死(si)(si)(si),兵力(li)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)强(qiang)盛,君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)尊贵(gui)。刑(xing)赏(shang)不(bu)(bu)分明(ming)(ming)(ming),百姓就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)无(wu)功(gong)而谋取利(li)益(yi),有(you)(you)罪而侥幸免罚(fa),结(jie)果(guo)是兵力(li)弱(ruo)小(xiao),君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)卑下。所以先王贤臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)都(dou)竭(jie)力(li)尽心(xin)(xin)。所以说,公(gong)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming),法禁不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)察,先王是懂得(de)这个道(dao)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)。