●卷三·八佾第三
[疏]正义(yi)曰:前篇(pian)论为政。为政之(zhi)善,莫善礼乐,礼以安(an)上(shang)治民,乐以移风(feng)易俗,得(de)之(zhi)则(ze)安(an),失(shi)之(zhi)则(ze)危,故此篇(pian)论礼乐得(de)失(shi)也。
孔(kong)子(zi)谓季氏(shi),“八佾(yi)舞(wu)於(wu)庭(ting),是可忍也(ye)(ye),孰不(bu)可忍也(ye)(ye)?”(马曰(yue):“孰,谁也(ye)(ye)。佾(yi),列也(ye)(ye)。天子(zi)八佾(yi),诸侯(hou)六,卿大夫四(si),士二。八人为列,八八六十四(si)人。鲁以周公故受王者礼(li)乐,有八佾(yi)之(zhi)舞(wu)。季桓(huan)子(zi)僭於(wu)其家庙舞(wu)之(zhi),故孔(kong)子(zi)讥之(zhi)。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“忍也”。
○正义曰:此章论鲁卿季氏僭用礼乐之事。“孔子谓季氏,八佾舞於庭”者,谓者,评论之称。季氏,鲁卿,於时当桓子也。佾,列也。舞者八人为列,八八六十四人。桓子用此八佾舞於家庙之庭,故孔子评论而讥之。“是可忍也,孰不可忍也”者,此孔子所讥之语也。孰,谁也。人之僭礼,皆当罪责,不可容忍。季氏以陪臣而僭天子,最难容忍,故曰:“若是可容忍,他人更谁不可忍也?”
○注“马曰”至“讥之”。
○正义曰:“孰,谁”,《释(shi)(shi)诂》文。“佾(yi)(yi)(yi),列”,书传通训也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi),诸(zhu)侯(hou)六(liu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫四(si)(si),士二”者(zhe)(zhe),隐五年(nian)《左传》文也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)列,八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)六(liu)十(shi)四(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),杜预(yu)、何休(xiu)说如此(ci)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)用(yong)(yong)六(liu)者(zhe)(zhe),六(liu)六(liu)三(san)十(shi)六(liu)人(ren)(ren)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫四(si)(si),四(si)(si)四(si)(si)十(shi)六(liu)人(ren)(ren)。士二,二二四(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)。服虔以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)六(liu)为(wei)六(liu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)四(si)(si)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren),大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫四(si)(si)为(wei)四(si)(si)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)三(san)十(shi)二人(ren)(ren),士二为(wei)二八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)六(liu)人(ren)(ren)。今以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞势宜(yi)方,行列既减,即每行人(ren)(ren)数亦宜(yi)减,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同何、杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说。天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),案隐五年(nian)《左传》:“考(kao)仲(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫(gong)将万焉。公(gong)(gong)(gong)问(wen)羽数於(wu)(wu)众仲(zhong),对曰:‘天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba),诸(zhu)侯(hou)用(yong)(yong)六(liu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫四(si)(si),士二。’夫舞所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)音(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)行八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)风(feng)(feng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)自(zi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下。”杜预(yu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“唯天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得尽物数,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)为(wei)列,诸(zhu)侯(hou)则不(bu)敢用(yong)(yong)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)。”所(suo)谓(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe),金(jin)、石(shi)、土、革、丝、木(mu)、匏(pao)(pao)、竹也。郑玄云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“金(jin),锺也。石(shi),磬也。土,埙也。革,鼓鼗也。丝,琴瑟也。木(mu),也。匏(pao)(pao),笙也。竹,管箫也。”所(suo)谓(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)风(feng)(feng)者(zhe)(zhe),服虔以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)(feng):“乾(qian)音(yin)(yin)(yin)石(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)不(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)。坎音(yin)(yin)(yin)革,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)广莫(mo)。艮音(yin)(yin)(yin)匏(pao)(pao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)融(rong),震音(yin)(yin)(yin)竹,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)明(ming)庶。巽音(yin)(yin)(yin)木(mu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)清明(ming)。离音(yin)(yin)(yin)丝,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)景。坤音(yin)(yin)(yin)土,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)凉。兑音(yin)(yin)(yin)金(jin),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)(feng)阊(chang)阖。”又(you)《易纬·通卦(gua)验》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“立(li)(li)春(chun)调风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),春(chun)分明(ming)庶风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),立(li)(li)夏(xia)清明(ming)风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),夏(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)景风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),立(li)(li)秋凉风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),秋分阊(chang)阖风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),立(li)(li)冬不(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),冬至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)广莫(mo)风(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”是则天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)音(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)行八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)风(feng)(feng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“鲁(lu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)受王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)礼乐(le),有(you)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)释(shi)(shi)季氏所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)得僭(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由,由鲁(lu)得用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。案《礼记·祭统》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“昔(xi)者(zhe)(zhe),周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)且有(you)勋劳於(wu)(wu)天(tian)下,成王(wang)、康王(wang)赐(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重祭,朱(zhu)干(gan)玉戚以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞《大(da)(da)(da)(da)武》,八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞《大(da)(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)》。此(ci)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)也,重周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赐(ci)鲁(lu)。”又(you)《明(ming)堂位》曰:“命鲁(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)世世祀周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼乐(le)。”是受王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)礼乐(le)也。然(ran)王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)礼乐(le)唯得於(wu)(wu)文王(wang)、周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)庙(miao)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)他庙(miao),亦为(wei)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)也,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)昭(zhao)二十(shi)五年(nian)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊传》称(cheng)(cheng)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)谓(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家驹曰:“吾何僭(jian)(jian)(jian)哉?”答曰:“朱(zhu)干(gan)玉戚以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞《大(da)(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)》,八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞《大(da)(da)(da)(da)武》,此(ci)皆天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼也。”是昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),僭(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)他庙(miao)也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“季桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)家庙(miao)舞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)讥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),案《经(jing)》但云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)季氏,知(zhi)(zhi)是桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)同时(shi),亲见(jian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事而(er)讥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也。何休(xiu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“僭(jian)(jian)(jian),齐也,下效(xiao)(xiao)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞。”季氏,陪臣也,而(er)效(xiao)(xiao)君於(wu)(wu)上,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)也。大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫称(cheng)(cheng)家。《祭法》:“大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫三(san)庙(miao)。”此(ci)《经(jing)》又(you)言(yan)“於(wu)(wu)庭”。鲁(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)乐(le),见(jian)於(wu)(wu)经(jing)传者(zhe)(zhe),皆据庙(miao)中祭祀时(shi),知(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)亦僭(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)家庙(miao)舞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)讥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。
三(san)家者(zhe)以《雍(yong)》彻。(马曰:“三(san)家,谓仲孙,叔孙,季孙。《雍(yong)》,《周(zhou)颂·臣(chen)(chen)工(gong)》篇名。天(tian)子祭於宗庙,歌之(zhi)(zhi)以彻祭。今三(san)家亦(yi)作此乐。”)子曰:“‘相维辟(pi)公,天(tian)子穆穆’,奚取(qu)於三(san)家之(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)?”(包曰:“辟(pi)公,谓诸侯及(ji)二(er)王之(zhi)(zhi)後。穆穆,天(tian)子之(zhi)(zhi)容貌。《雍(yong)》篇歌此者(zhe),有诸侯及(ji)二(er)王之(zhi)(zhi)後来助祭故也。今三(san)家但家臣(chen)(chen)而已(yi),何取(qu)此义而作之(zhi)(zhi)於堂(tang)邪?”)
[疏]“三家”至“之堂”。
○正义曰:此章讥三家之僭也。“三家者以《雍》彻”者,此弟子之言,将论夫子所讥之语,故先设此文以为首引。三家,谓仲孙、叔孙、季孙。《雍》,《周颂·臣工》篇名。天子祭於宗庙,歌之以彻祭。今三家亦作此乐以彻祭,故夫子讥之。“子曰:‘相维辟公,天子穆穆’,奚取於三家之堂”者,此夫子所讥之语也。先引《诗》文,後言其不可取之理也。“相维辟公,天子穆穆”者,此《雍》诗之文也。相,助也;维,辞也;辟公,谓诸侯及二王之後;穆穆,天子之容貌。《雍》篇歌此者,有诸侯及二王之後来助祭故也。今三家但家臣而已,何取此义而作之於堂乎?
○注“马曰”至“此乐”。
○正义曰:三孙同是鲁桓公之後。桓公子庄公为君,庶子公子庆父、公子叔牙、公子季友。仲孙是庆父之後,叔孙是叔牙之後,季孙是季友之後。其後子孙皆以其仲、叔、季为氏,故有此氏。并是桓公子孙,故俱称孙也。至仲孙氏後世改仲曰孟。孟者,庶长之称也。言已是庶,不敢与庄公为伯仲叔季之次,故取庶长为始也。云:《雍》,《周颂·臣工》篇名”者,即《周颂·臣工之什》第七篇也。“天子祭於宗庙,歌之以彻祭”者,案《周礼·乐师》云:“及彻,帅学士而歌彻。”郑玄云:“彻者,歌《雍》。”又《小师》云:“彻歌。”郑云:“於有司彻而歌《雍》。”是知天子祭於宗庙,歌之以彻祭也。今三家亦作此乐,故夫子讥之也。
○注“包曰”至“堂邪”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun):“辟公,谓诸(zhu)侯(hou)及二王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)与《毛(mao)传》同。郑玄以(yi)“辟为卿士,公谓诸(zhu)侯(hou)”为异,馀亦同也。云(yun)“穆(mu)穆(mu),天(tian)(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容貌”者(zhe)(zhe),《曲礼(li)》云(yun):“天(tian)(tian)子(zi)穆(mu)穆(mu)。”《尔(er)雅·释诂》云(yun):“穆(mu)穆(mu),美也。”是天(tian)(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容貌,穆(mu)穆(mu)然美也。云(yun)“《雍》篇歌此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe),有诸(zhu)侯(hou)及二王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou)来助祭故也”者(zhe)(zhe),将言无诸(zhu)侯(hou)及二王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou)助祭,则不可歌也。云(yun)“今三(san)家(jia)(jia)但家(jia)(jia)臣而(er)已,何(he)取此(ci)义而(er)作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於堂邪(xie)”者(zhe)(zhe),卿大(da)夫称家(jia)(jia)。家(jia)(jia)臣,谓家(jia)(jia)相邑宰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属来助祭耳,何(he)取此(ci)《雍》诗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义而(er)奏作於堂邪(xie)?邪(xie),语(yu)辞。鲁用天(tian)(tian)子(zi)礼(li)乐(le)以(yi)《雍》彻,由是三(san)家(jia)(jia)僭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。
子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“人而不(bu)(bu)仁,如礼何(he)?人而不(bu)(bu)仁,如乐何(he)?”(包曰(yue)(yue):“言人而不(bu)(bu)仁,必不(bu)(bu)能行礼乐。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“乐何”。
○正义曰:此章(zhang)言(yan)礼乐资仁而(er)行也。“人而(er)不(bu)仁,如礼何?人而(er)不(bu)仁,如乐何”者,如,奈(nai)(nai)也。言(yan)人而(er)不(bu)仁,奈(nai)(nai)此礼乐何?谓必(bi)不(bu)能行礼乐也。
林放问(wen)礼之本(ben)。(郑曰(yue)(yue):“林放,鲁人。”)子曰(yue)(yue):“大哉问(wen)!礼,与其(qi)奢也(ye),宁俭。丧(sang)(sang),与其(qi)易也(ye),宁戚。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“易,和易也(ye)。言礼之本(ben)意,失於奢,不(bu)如(ru)俭;丧(sang)(sang),失於和易,不(bu)如(ru)哀戚。”)
[疏]“林放”至“宁戚”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此章明礼之(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)意也(ye)(ye)。“林放(fang)问(wen)礼之(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)”者(zhe),林放(fang),鲁人也(ye)(ye)。问(wen)於(wu)夫子,礼之(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)意如何?“子曰:大哉问(wen)”者(zhe),夫子将(jiang)答礼本(ben)(ben)(ben),先叹美之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。礼之(zhi)末节,人尚不(bu)(bu)(bu)知,林放(fang)能问(wen)其(qi)本(ben)(ben)(ben),其(qi)意非(fei)小,故曰“大哉问(wen)”也(ye)(ye)。“礼,与(yu)(yu)其(qi)奢(she)(she)(she)也(ye)(ye),宁俭(jian)。丧(sang),与(yu)(yu)其(qi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye),宁戚(qi)”者(zhe),此夫子所答礼本(ben)(ben)(ben)也(ye)(ye)。奢(she)(she)(she),汰侈也(ye)(ye)。俭(jian),约省也(ye)(ye)。易(yi)(yi)(yi),和易(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。戚(qi),哀戚(qi)也(ye)(ye)。与(yu)(yu),犹等也(ye)(ye)。奢(she)(she)(she)与(yu)(yu)俭(jian)、易(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)(yu)戚(qi)等,俱(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合礼,但礼不(bu)(bu)(bu)欲失(shi)於(wu)奢(she)(she)(she),宁失(shi)於(wu)俭(jian);丧(sang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)欲失(shi)於(wu)易(yi)(yi)(yi),宁失(shi)於(wu)戚(qi)。言礼之(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)意,礼失(shi)於(wu)奢(she)(she)(she)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如俭(jian),丧(sang)失(shi)於(wu)和易(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如哀戚(qi)。
子曰(yue):“夷(yi)狄之有君(jun),不如诸夏之亡也(ye)。”(包(bao)曰(yue):“诸夏,中国。亡,无(wu)也(ye)。”)
[疏]“子曰:夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也”。
○正义曰:此章言中国礼义之盛,而夷狄无也。举夷狄,则戎蛮可知。诸夏,中国也。亡,无也。言夷狄虽有君长而无礼义,中国虽偶无君,若周、召共和之年,而礼义不废,故曰:“夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也。”
○注“包曰:诸夏,中国”。
○正义曰(yue):此及闵(min)元年(nian)《左氏传(chuan)》皆言(yan)诸(zhu)夏(xia)。襄四(si)年(nian)《左传(chuan)》:“魏绛(jiang)云(yun):‘诸(zhu)夷必叛。’”华夏(xia)皆谓(wei)中国,而谓(wei)之(zhi)华夏(xia)者(zhe),夏(xia),大(da)也。言(yan)有礼(li)仪(yi)之(zhi)大(da),有文章之(zhi)华也。
季(ji)氏(shi)旅(lv)於泰(tai)(tai)山。子(zi)谓冉(ran)有(you)曰(yue)(yue):“女弗能救与?”(马曰(yue)(yue):“旅(lv),祭名(ming)也(ye)(ye)。礼(li),诸侯祭山川(chuan)在其(qi)封内者(zhe)。今陪臣祭泰(tai)(tai)山,非(fei)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)。冉(ran)有(you),弟(di)子(zi)冉(ran)求,时仕(shi)於季(ji)氏(shi)。救,犹止也(ye)(ye)。”)对(dui)曰(yue)(yue):“不能。”子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):呜呼!曾谓泰(tai)(tai)山不如林放乎?(包曰(yue)(yue):“神(shen)不享非(fei)礼(li)。林放尚知问礼(li),泰(tai)(tai)山之(zhi)神(shen)反不如林放邪?欲诬而祭之(zhi)。”)
[疏]“季氏”至“放乎”。
○正义曰:此章讥季氏非礼祭泰山也。“季氏旅於泰山”者,旅,祭名也。礼,诸侯祭山川在其封内者。今陪臣祭泰山,非礼也。“子谓冉有曰:女弗能救与”者,冉有,弟子冉求,时仕於季氏。救,犹止也。夫子见季氏非礼而祭泰山,故以言谓弟子冉有曰:“汝既臣於季氏,知其非礼,即合谏止。女岂不能谏止与?”与,语辞。“对曰:不能”者,言季氏僭滥,已不能谏止也。“子曰:呜呼!曾谓泰山不如林放乎”者,孔子叹其失礼,故曰呜呼。曾之言则也。夫神不享非礼。林放尚知问礼,况泰山之神,岂反不如林放乎?而季氏欲诬罔而祭之也?言泰山之神必不享季氏之祭。若其享之,则是不如林放也。
○注“马曰”至“止也”。
○正义曰(yue):云:“旅(lv),祭(ji)名(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe),《周(zhou)礼(li)·太(tai)宗(zong)伯职》云:“国有(you)(you)大故(gu),明(ming)旅(lv)上帝及四(si)望(wang)。”郑注(zhu)云:“故(gu),谓(wei)凶。旅(lv),陈(chen)也(ye)(ye),陈(chen)其(qi)祭(ji)事以祈焉(yan),礼(li)不(bu)如祀之(zhi)(zhi)备也(ye)(ye)。”故(gu)知(zhi)“旅(lv),祭(ji)名(ming)”也(ye)(ye)。云“礼(li),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯祭(ji)山川在其(qi)封内者(zhe)(zhe)“,《王制》云“诸(zhu)(zhu)侯祭(ji)名(ming)山大川之(zhi)(zhi)在其(qi)地者(zhe)(zhe)”是也(ye)(ye)。云“今陪(pei)臣(chen)祭(ji)泰山,非(fei)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),陪(pei),重也(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯既(ji)为(wei)天子之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen),故(gu)谓(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)为(wei)陪(pei)臣(chen)。泰山在鲁封内,故(gu)鲁得祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)。今季氏亦祭(ji),故(gu)云非(fei)礼(li)。云“冉(ran)有(you)(you),弟子冉(ran)求(qiu)”者(zhe)(zhe),《史记·弟子传(chuan)》云:“冉(ran)求(qiu)字子有(you)(you),少孔子二十九岁。”郑玄(xuan)曰(yue):“鲁人。”
子(zi)曰:“君子(zi)无所(suo)争(zheng)。必也射(she)乎(hu)!(孔曰:“言於射(she)而(er)後有争(zheng)。”)揖(yi)让而(er)升,下(xia)而(er)饮。(王(wang)曰:“射(she)於堂,升及下(xia)皆(jie)揖(yi)让而(er)相饮。”)其争(zheng)也君子(zi)。”(马曰:“多饮少(shao),君子(zi)之所(suo)争(zheng)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“君子”。
○正义曰:此章言射礼有君子之风也。“君子无所争”者,言君子之人,谦卑自牧,无所竞争也。“必也射乎”者,君子虽於他事无争,其或有争,必也於射礼乎!言於射而後有争也。“揖让而升,下而饮”者,射礼於堂,将射升堂,及射毕而下,胜饮不胜,其耦皆以礼相揖让也。“其争也君子”者,射者争中正鹄而已,不同小人厉色援臂,故曰“其争也君子”。
○注“孔曰:言於射而後有争”。
○正义曰:郑注《射义》云:“饮射爵者亦揖让而升降。胜者袒,决遂,执张弓。不胜者袭,说决拾,左手,右加弛弓於其上而升饮。君子耻之,是以射则争中。”是於射而後有争。
○注“王曰”至“相饮”。
○正义曰:云“射於堂,升及下皆揖让而相饮”者,《仪礼·大射》云:“耦进,上射在左并行,当阶北面揖,及阶揖,升堂揖,皆当其物,北面揖,及物揖。射毕,北面揖,揖如升射。”是射时升降揖让也。《大射》又云:“饮射爵之时,胜者皆袒,决遂,执张弓,不胜者皆袭,说决拾,左手,右加弛弓于其上,遂以执付,揖如始升射。及阶,胜者先升,升堂少右,不胜者进北面坐,取丰上之觯,立,卒觯,坐奠於丰下。兴揖,不胜者先降。”是饮射爵之时揖让升降也。
○注“马曰多”至“所争”。
○正义曰:云:“多饮(yin)少”者(zhe),,筹也。《乡射记》曰“箭筹八十,长尺有(you)握,握素(su)”是也。多谓胜者(zhe),少谓不胜者(zhe),胜饮(yin)不胜而相揖让(rang),故曰君子之所争(zheng)也。
子夏(xia)问曰:“‘巧笑倩兮,美(mei)目(mu)盼兮,素(su)(su)以(yi)(yi)为绚兮。’何谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?”(马曰:“倩,笑貌。盼,动目(mu)貌。绚,文(wen)貌。此上二(er)句在《卫风·硕人》之二(er)章,其(qi)下(xia)一句逸也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)子曰:“绘事後素(su)(su)。”(郑曰:“绘,画(hua)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡绘画(hua)先布众色,然(ran)後以(yi)(yi)素(su)(su)分布其(qi)间,以(yi)(yi)成其(qi)文(wen),喻美(mei)女虽有倩盼美(mei)质,亦须礼(li)以(yi)(yi)成之。”)曰:“礼(li)後乎(hu)?”(孔(kong)曰:“孔(kong)子言绘事後素(su)(su),子夏(xia)闻而解(jie),知以(yi)(yi)素(su)(su)喻礼(li),故曰礼(li)後乎(hu)。”)子曰:“起予者商也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)!始(shi)可与言《诗》已(yi)矣。”(包(bao)曰:“予,我(wo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子言,子夏(xia)能发明我(wo)意,可与共言《诗》。”)
[疏]“子夏”至“《诗》己矣”。
○正义曰:此章言成人须礼也。“子夏问曰:‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮,何谓也”者,倩,笑貌;盼,动目貌;绚,文貌。此《卫风·硕人》之篇,闵庄姜美而不见答之诗也。言庄姜既有巧笑、美目、倩盼之容,又能以礼成文绚然。素,喻礼也。子夏读《诗》,至此三句,不达其旨,故问夫子何谓也。“子曰:绘事後素”者,孔子举喻以答子夏也。绘,画文也。凡绘画先布众色,然後以素分布其间,以成其文,喻美女虽有倩盼美质,亦须礼以成之也。“曰:礼後乎”者,此子夏语。子夏闻孔子言绘事後素,即解其旨,知以素喻礼,故曰礼後乎。“子曰:起予者商也!始可与言《诗》已矣”者,起,发也;予,我也;商,子夏名。孔子言,能发明我意者,是子夏也,始可与共言《诗》也。
○注“马曰”至“逸也”。
○正义曰:云:“此上二句在《卫风·硕人》之二章”者,案今《毛诗·硕人》四章,章七句,其二章曰“手如柔荑,肤如凝脂,倾如蝤蛴,齿如瓠犀。螓首蛾眉,巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮”是也。云“其下一句逸”者,今《毛诗》无此一句,故曰逸,言亡逸也。
○注“郑曰”至“成之”。
○正义曰:案(an)《考工记》云(yun)“画(hua)绘(hui)之事,杂(za)五(wu)色(se)”,下云(yun):“画(hua)缋之事,後(hou)素功”,是知凡(fan)绘(hui)画(hua)先布众色(se),然後(hou)以素分布其(qi)间,以成其(qi)文章也。
子(zi)曰:“夏(xia)礼,吾(wu)(wu)能(neng)言(yan)之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)足徵(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。殷(yin)(yin)礼,吾(wu)(wu)能(neng)言(yan)之(zhi),宋不(bu)(bu)(bu)足徵(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。(包曰:“徵(zhi)(zhi),成也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。杞、宋,二(er)国名,夏(xia)、殷(yin)(yin)之(zhi)後。夏(xia)、殷(yin)(yin)之(zhi)礼,吾(wu)(wu)能(neng)说之(zhi),杞、宋之(zhi)君不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以成也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)文献不(bu)(bu)(bu)足故也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。足,则吾(wu)(wu)能(neng)徵(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)矣。”(郑曰:“献,犹贤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。我不(bu)(bu)(bu)以礼成之(zhi)者,以此二(er)国之(zhi)君文章贤才(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足故也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“徵之矣”。
○正义曰:此章言夏、商之後不能行先王之礼也。“夏礼吾能言之,杞不足徵也。殷礼,吾能言之,宋不足徵也”者,徵,成也。杞、宋二国,言夏、殷之後也。孔子言,夏、殷之礼,吾能说之,但以杞、宋之君ウ弱,不足以成之也。“文献不足故也。足,则吾能徵之矣”者,此又言不足徵之意。献,贤也。孔子言,我不以礼成之者,以此二国之君文章贤才不足故也。
○注“包曰”至“成也”。
○正义曰:“徵,成”,《释诂》文。云(yun)“杞(qi)、宋二国名,夏(xia)(xia)、殷(yin)之後(hou)”者,《乐记》云(yun):“武王克殷(yin),下车而封(feng)夏(xia)(xia)后氏之後(hou)於(wu)杞(qi),封(feng)殷(yin)之後(hou)於(wu)宋”是(shi)也。
子曰:“自既灌而往者,吾(wu)不欲观之(zhi)矣(yi)。”(孔曰:“、之(zhi)礼(li),为序昭穆,故毁庙(miao)之(zhi)主及群庙(miao)之(zhi)主皆(jie)合食於(wu)太祖(zu)。灌者,酌郁鬯灌於(wu)太祖(zu),以降神也。既灌之(zhi)後,列尊卑,序昭穆。而鲁逆祀,跻僖(xi)公(gong),乱昭穆,故不欲观之(zhi)矣(yi)。”)
[疏]“子曰:自既灌而往者,吾不欲观之矣”。
○正义曰:此章言鲁祭非礼之事。者,五年大祭之名。灌者,将祭,酌郁鬯於太祖,以降神也。既灌之後,列尊卑,序昭穆。而鲁逆祀,跻僖公,乱昭穆,故孔子曰:“祭自既灌己往,吾则不欲观之也。”
○注“孔曰”至“观之”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li),为序昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu),故(gu)(gu)毁庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)及(ji)群(qun)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)皆合(he)食(shi)於(wu)(wu)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),郑玄曰(yue):“鲁礼(li)(li),三年(nian)(nian)丧(sang)毕,而(er)於(wu)(wu)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)。明年(nian)(nian),春於(wu)(wu)群(qun)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)。自尔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後五(wu)年(nian)(nian)而(er)再殷祭(ji),以远主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)初(chu)始(shi)入(ru)祧,新死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)又(you)当(dang)与先君相接,故(gu)(gu)礼(li)(li)因是而(er)为大祭(ji),以审(shen)序昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu),故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谛也(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)使昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)(ci)审(shen)谛而(er)不乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),合(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。文二年(nian)(nian)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)传》曰(yue)“大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何(he)?合(he)祭(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)合(he)祭(ji)奈何(he)?毁庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)陈(chen)于太祖(zu)(zu)(zu),未毁庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)皆升(sheng)(sheng)合(he)食(shi)於(wu)(wu)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)”是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“灌(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),酌(zhuo)郁(yu)鬯(chang)(chang)灌(guan)於(wu)(wu)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu),以降神(shen)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《郊特(te)牲(sheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“周人尚臭,灌(guan)用(yong)鬯(chang)(chang)臭,郁(yu)合(he)鬯(chang)(chang),臭阴达於(wu)(wu)渊(yuan)泉,灌(guan)以圭(gui)璋,用(yong)玉气也(ye)(ye)(ye)。既(ji)灌(guan),然後迎牲(sheng),致阴气也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郑注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“灌(guan),谓(wei)以圭(gui)瓒酌(zhuo)鬯(chang)(chang),始(shi)献神(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郁(yu),郁(yu)金(jin)草,酿为酒,煮郁(yu)金(jin)草和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)气芬(fen)芳调畅,故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)郁(yu)鬯(chang)(chang)。言(yan)未杀牲(sheng),先酌(zhuo)郁(yu)鬯(chang)(chang)酒灌(guan)地(di),以求神(shen)於(wu)(wu)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“既(ji)灌(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,列尊卑,序昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)既(ji)灌(guan)地(di)降神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,始(shi)列木主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),以尊卑陈(chen)列太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)前。太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)东乡(xiang),昭(zhao)南乡(xiang),穆(mu)(mu)北乡(xiang)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)馀孙从王父(fu),父(fu)曰(yue)昭(zhao),子(zi)曰(yue)穆(mu)(mu)。昭(zhao)取其(qi)(qi)(qi)乡(xiang)明,穆(mu)(mu)取其(qi)(qi)(qi)北面尚敬。三年(nian)(nian)一,五(wu)年(nian)(nian)一,所(suo)以异(yi)於(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),毁庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),陈(chen)於(wu)(wu)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu),与同;未毁庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),则各就其(qi)(qi)(qi)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)而(er)祭(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“而(er)鲁逆(ni)祀,跻(ji)僖公(gong)(gong),乱(luan)昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu),故(gu)(gu)不欲观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《春秋(qiu)》“文二年(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)八月丁(ding)卯,大事于太庙(miao)(miao)(miao),跻(ji)僖公(gong)(gong)”。《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)传》曰(yue):“跻(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何(he)?升(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)言(yan)乎升(sheng)(sheng)僖公(gong)(gong)?讥(ji)(ji)。何(he)讥(ji)(ji)尔?逆(ni)祀也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”何(he)休云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“升(sheng)(sheng),谓(wei)西上(shang)(shang)(shang)礼(li)(li)。昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu),指父(fu)子(zi)。近(jin)取法《春秋(qiu)》惠公(gong)(gong)与庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)当(dang)同南面西上(shang)(shang)(shang),隐、桓与闵(min)、僖亦当(dang)同北面西上(shang)(shang)(shang),继闵(min)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)下。文公(gong)(gong)缘僖公(gong)(gong)於(wu)(wu)闵(min)公(gong)(gong)为庶(shu)兄(xiong)(xiong),置僖公(gong)(gong)於(wu)(wu)闵(min)公(gong)(gong)上(shang)(shang)(shang),失先後之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),故(gu)(gu)讥(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”是知(zhi)(zhi)当(dang)闵(min)在(zai)僖上(shang)(shang)(shang)。今(jin)升(sheng)(sheng)僖先闵(min),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)逆(ni)祀。二公(gong)(gong)位(wei)次(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逆(ni),非昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“乱(luan)昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)”,及(ji)《鲁语(yu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“将跻(ji)僖公(gong)(gong),宗有司曰(yue):‘非昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。’弗忌曰(yue):‘我为宗伯,明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为昭(zhao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)为穆(mu)(mu),何(he)常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有?’”如彼所(suo)言(yan),又(you)似闵(min)、僖异(yi)昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),位(wei)次(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逆(ni),如昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan),假昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)以言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非谓(wei)异(yi)昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)相代(dai),即异(yi)昭(zhao)穆(mu)(mu),设今(jin)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)四人皆立为君,则祖(zu)(zu)(zu)父(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)即己从毁,知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)理必不然,故(gu)(gu)先儒(ru)无作此(ci)(ci)说。以此(ci)(ci)逆(ni)祀失礼(li)(li),故(gu)(gu)孔子(zi)不欲观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
或问(wen)之(zhi)说(shuo)。子曰(yue)(yue):“不知(zhi)也。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“答以不知(zhi)者(zhe),为鲁讳。”)知(zhi)其说(shuo)者(zhe)之(zhi)於天下(xia)也,其如(ru)示(shi)诸斯乎!”指其掌(zhang)。(包曰(yue)(yue):“孔子谓或人,言知(zhi)礼之(zhi)说(shuo)者(zhe),於天下(xia)之(zhi)事,如(ru)指示(shi)掌(zhang)中之(zhi)物,言其易了。”)
[疏]“或问”至“其掌”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章言(yan)(yan)讳(hui)国(guo)恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼也。“或(huo)问之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),或(huo)人(ren)问孔(kong)子(zi),祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼其(qi)(qi)(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)何如?”子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)答言(yan)(yan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。答以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),为鲁讳(hui)。讳(hui)国(guo)恶,礼也。若(ruo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),当云“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,序昭(zhao)穆(mu)”。时鲁跻僖(xi)公(gong),乱(luan)昭(zhao)穆(mu),说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则彰国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶,故但言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)也。“知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)天(tian)下也,其(qi)(qi)(qi)如示(shi)诸斯(si)乎(hu)也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),诸,於(wu)也;斯(si),此(ci)也。孔(kong)子(zi)既答或(huo)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)更(geng)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),恐(kong)(kong)或(huo)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)为己实(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi),无以(yi)(yi)明其(qi)(qi)(qi)讳(hui)国(guo)恶,且恐(kong)(kong)後世以(yi)(yi)为,祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,圣(sheng)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi),而致废绝,更(geng)为或(huo)人(ren)言(yan)(yan)此(ci)也。言(yan)(yan)我知(zhi)礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),於(wu)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)中,其(qi)(qi)(qi)如指示(shi)於(wu)此(ci)掌(zhang)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。言(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)易了也。“指其(qi)(qi)(qi)掌(zhang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)句弟子(zi)作《论(lun)语》时言(yan)(yan)也。当时孔(kong)子(zi)举一(yi)手伸掌(zhang),以(yi)(yi)一(yi)手指之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)示(shi)或(huo)人(ren),曰(yue)(yue):“其(qi)(qi)(qi)如示(shi)诸斯(si)乎(hu)!”弟子(zi)等(deng)恐(kong)(kong)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)示(shi)诸斯(si)谓(wei)指示(shi)何等(deng)物(wu)(wu),故著此(ci)一(yi)句,言(yan)(yan)是时夫子(zi)指其(qi)(qi)(qi)掌(zhang)也。
祭(ji)如(ru)(ru)在,(孔曰(yue):“言事死(si)如(ru)(ru)事生(sheng)。”)祭(ji)神如(ru)(ru)神在。(孔曰(yue):“谓祭(ji)百(bai)神。”)子曰(yue):“吾不(bu)(bu)(bu)与祭(ji),如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)祭(ji)。”(包(bao)曰(yue):“孔子或出或病(bing)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)自亲祭(ji),使摄者为之,不(bu)(bu)(bu)致肃敬於心(xin),与不(bu)(bu)(bu)祭(ji)同。”)
[疏]“祭如在”至“不祭”。
○正义曰:此章言孔子重祭礼。“祭如在”者,谓祭宗庙必致其敬,如其亲存。言事死如事生也。“祭神如神在”者,谓祭百神亦如神之存在而致敬也。“子曰:吾不与祭,如不祭”者,孔子言,我若亲行祭事,则必致其恭敬。我或出或病,而不自亲祭,使人摄代己为之,不致肃敬於心,与不祭同。
○注“谓祭百神”。
○正(zheng)义曰:百神谓宗庙之外皆(jie)是。言百神,举成数(shu)。
王孙贾(jia)问曰:“与其媚於(wu)奥,宁媚於(wu)灶,何谓(wei)也?”(孔(kong)曰:“王孙贾(jia),卫大夫(fu)。奥,内也。以(yi)喻近臣。灶,以(yi)喻执政(zheng)。贾(jia),执政(zheng)者,欲使(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)求昵之(zhi),微以(yi)世俗之(zhi)言(yan)感动之(zhi)也。”)子(zi)曰:“不(bu)然。获罪(zui)於(wu)天(tian),无所祷(dao)(dao)也。”(孔(kong)曰:“天(tian),以(yi)喻君。孔(kong)子(zi)拒之(zhi)曰:如获罪(zui)於(wu)天(tian),无所祷(dao)(dao)於(wu)众神。”)
[疏]“王孙”至“祷也”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章言(yan)夫(fu)子守礼,不(bu)(bu)求(qiu)媚於(wu)(wu)(wu)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“王孙贾”者(zhe),卫执政(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“问曰(yue):与其(qi)(qi)媚於(wu)(wu)(wu)奥,宁媚於(wu)(wu)(wu)灶,何(he)谓也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),媚,趣乡也(ye)(ye)(ye);奥,内也(ye)(ye)(ye),谓室内西南隅(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)隐奥,故尊者(zhe)居之(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)处(chu)虽尊,而闲(xian)静无(wu)(wu)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)喻(yu)近(jin)臣(chen)虽尊,不(bu)(bu)执政(zheng)柄(bing),无(wu)(wu)益於(wu)(wu)(wu)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)。灶者(zhe),饮食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)所由,虽处(chu)卑亵,为家之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)用(yong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)喻(yu)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)执政(zheng),位(wei)虽卑下,而执赏(shang)罚(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)柄(bing),有益於(wu)(wu)(wu)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)二(er)句(ju),世(shi)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)与其(qi)(qi)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)静之(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),宁若(ruo)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)急(ji)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)灶,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)喻(yu)其(qi)(qi)求(qiu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)近(jin)臣(chen),宁若(ruo)求(qiu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)权之(zhi)(zhi)执政(zheng)。王孙贾时(shi)执国(guo)政(zheng),举於(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)句(ju),佯若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)达其(qi)(qi)理,问於(wu)(wu)(wu)孔(kong)子曰(yue):“何(he)谓也(ye)(ye)(ye)?”欲使(shi)孔(kong)子求(qiu)媚亲昵於(wu)(wu)(wu)己,故微以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)世(shi)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)感动(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子曰(yue):不(bu)(bu)然(ran)。获(huo)(huo)罪於(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian),无(wu)(wu)所祷也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),孔(kong)子拒(ju)贾之(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran),如(ru)(ru)此(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)我(wo)则不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)世(shi)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。天(tian),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)喻(yu)君。获(huo)(huo),犹得也(ye)(ye)(ye)。我(wo)道之(zhi)(zhi)行否,由於(wu)(wu)(wu)时(shi)君,无(wu)(wu)求(qiu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)众(zhong)臣(chen)。如(ru)(ru)得罪於(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian),无(wu)(wu)所祷於(wu)(wu)(wu)众(zhong)神。
子曰:“周监(jian)於二代(dai),郁(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu)乎文哉!吾从(cong)周。”(孔曰:“监(jian),视也。言周文章(zhang)备(bei)於二代(dai),当从(cong)之(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“从周”。
○正义曰:此章(zhang)言(yan)周之礼(li)文犹备也(ye)。“周监於(wu)(wu)二代,郁(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu)乎(hu)文哉”者,监,视也(ye)。二代,谓夏、商。郁(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu),文章(zhang)貌。言(yan)以今周代之礼(li)法文章(zhang),回视夏、商二代,则周代郁(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu)乎(hu)有文章(zhang)哉。“吾从周”者,言(yan)周之文章(zhang)备於(wu)(wu)二代,故(gu)从而(er)行之也(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)入(ru)太(tai)庙,(包曰(yue):“太(tai)庙,周(zhou)公庙。孔子(zi)(zi)仕(shi)鲁(lu),鲁(lu)祭(ji)周(zhou)公而(er)助祭(ji)也(ye)。”)每(mei)事(shi)(shi)问。或曰(yue):“孰(shu)谓鄹人之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)知(zhi)(zhi)礼乎?入(ru)太(tai)庙,每(mei)事(shi)(shi)问。”(孔曰(yue):“鄹,孔子(zi)(zi)父叔梁纥所(suo)治(zhi)邑(yi)。时人多言孔子(zi)(zi)知(zhi)(zhi)礼,或人以(yi)为(wei),知(zhi)(zhi)礼者不当复问。”)子(zi)(zi)闻之(zhi),曰(yue):“是礼也(ye)。”(孔曰(yue):“虽(sui)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi),当复问,慎之(zhi)至也(ye)。”)
[疏]“子入”至“礼也”。
○正义曰:此章言夫子慎礼也。“子入太庙”者,子,谓孔子。太庙,周公庙。孔子仕鲁,鲁祭周公而助祭,故得入之也。“每事问”者,言太庙之中,礼器之属,每事辄问於令长也。“或曰:孰谓鄹人之子知礼乎?入太庙,每事问”者,孰,谁也。鄹人,鲁鄹邑大夫孔子父叔梁纥也。或有人曰:“谁谓鄹大夫之子知礼者也?”时人多言孔子知礼,或人以为,知礼者不当复问,何为入太庙而每事问乎?意以为孔子不知礼。“子闻之,曰:是礼也”者,孔子闻或人之讥,乃言其问之意,以宗庙之礼当须重慎,不可轻言,虽已知之,更当复问,慎之至也。
○注“包曰”至“助祭也”。
○正义曰:云“太庙,周公庙”者,文十三年《公羊传》曰:“周公称太庙,鲁公称世室,群公称宫。”故知“太庙,周公庙也”。云“孔子仕鲁”者,《史记·孔子世家》云:“孔子贫且贱。及长,尝为季氏吏,料量平。尝为司职吏而畜蕃息。由是为司空。其後定公以孔子为中都宰,一年,四方皆则之。由中都宰为司空,由司空为大司寇,摄相事。”是仕鲁,由是故得与助祭也。
○注“孔曰”至“复问”。
○正义曰:云“鄹,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)父叔(shu)梁纥(he)所(suo)治邑(yi)”者,古(gu)谓大(da)夫(fu)守(shou)(shou)邑(yi)者,以邑(yi)冠(guan)之(zhi),呼为某人(ren)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)父,鄹邑(yi)大(da)夫(fu),《左传》称鄹人(ren)纥(he),故此谓孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)为鄹人(ren)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)。《左传》成二年(nian)云:“新(xin)筑人(ren)仲(zhong)叔(shu)于奚。”杜注云:“于奚守(shou)(shou)新(xin)筑大(da)夫(fu)。”即此类也(ye)。
子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“射(she)不(bu)主皮(pi),(马曰(yue)(yue):“射(she)有(you)五(wu)善焉(yan):一曰(yue)(yue)和(he)志,体(ti)和(he)。二(er)曰(yue)(yue)和(he)容,有(you)容仪。三曰(yue)(yue)主皮(pi),能中(zhong)质。四曰(yue)(yue)和(he)颂,合《雅》、《颂》。五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)兴武,与舞同(tong)。天子(zi)三侯,以熊虎豹皮(pi)为之(zhi),言射(she)者不(bu)但以中(zhong)皮(pi)为善,亦(yi)(yi)兼取和(he)容也(ye)。”)为力不(bu)同(tong)科,古(gu)之(zhi)道也(ye)。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“为力,力役之(zhi)事(shi)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)上中(zhong)下(xia),设三科焉(yan),故曰(yue)(yue)不(bu)同(tong)科。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“古之道也”。
○正义曰:此章明古礼也。“射不主皮”者,言古者射礼,张布为侯,而栖熊虎豹之皮於中而射之。射有五善焉,不但以中皮为善,亦兼取礼乐容节也。周衰礼废,射者无复礼容,但以主皮为善,故孔子抑之云:“古之射者不主皮也。”“为力不同科”者,言古者为力役之事,亦有上中下,设三科焉。周衰政失,力役之事,贫富兼并,强弱无别,而同为一科,故孔子非之云:“古之为力役,不如今同科也。”“古之道也”者,结上二事,皆前古所行之道也。
○注“马曰”至“和容也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):云(yun):“射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)有五(wu)(wu)(wu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)焉(yan)(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe),言射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)有五(wu)(wu)(wu)种之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)。下(xia)所(suo)引是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)”至(zhi)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)兴舞(wu)”,皆《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·乡(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)职》文也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“志(zhi)体和(he)(he)(he)(he)”至(zhi)“与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)舞(wu)同”,皆马(ma)融(rong)辞义(yi)语。案彼云(yun):“退(tui)而以(yi)(yi)(yi)乡(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)五(wu)(wu)(wu)物询(xun)众(zhong)庶:一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he),二(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)容(rong),三(san)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)主(zhu)(zhu)皮(pi),四(si)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)容(rong),五(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)兴舞(wu)。”注(zhu)云(yun)“以(yi)(yi)(yi),用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。行(xing)乡(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li),而以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)物询(xun)於(wu)(wu)众(zhong)民。郑司(si)农云(yun):询(xun),谋也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。问於(wu)(wu)众(zhong)庶,宁复有贤能者(zhe)(zhe)。和(he)(he)(he)(he),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闺(gui)门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内行(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。容(rong),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)貌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。主(zhu)(zhu)皮(pi),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善(shan)(shan)(shan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)观士(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)书(shu)舞(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)。杜子春读和(he)(he)(he)(he)容(rong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)颂,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能为(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。无(wu)(wu)读为(wei)(wei)(wei)舞(wu),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能为(wei)(wei)(wei)六舞(wu)。玄谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)载六德(de),容(rong)包六行(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。庶民无(wu)(wu)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)礼(li)(li)(li)(li),因田猎分禽则(ze)(ze)有主(zhu)(zhu)皮(pi)者(zhe)(zhe),张(zhang)皮(pi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),无(wu)(wu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。主(zhu)(zhu)皮(pi)、和(he)(he)(he)(he)容(rong)、兴舞(wu),则(ze)(ze)六艺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)乐(le)”是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今此注(zhu)二(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)容(rong),衍(yan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)字。五(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)兴武(wu),武(wu)当为(wei)(wei)(wei)舞(wu),声之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“天(tian)(tian)子三(san)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)熊(xiong)虎(hu)豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)皮(pi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·天(tian)(tian)官·司(si)裘职》云(yun):“王(wang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),则(ze)(ze)共熊(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、虎(hu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),设其鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)则(ze)(ze)共熊(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),卿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)则(ze)(ze)共麋侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),皆设其鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)。”注(zhu)云(yun):“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe),为(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)祀射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。王(wang)将有郊庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)择诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及群臣(chen)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)邦国所(suo)贡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)。射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)观德(de)行(xing),其容(rong)体比於(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li),其节比於(wu)(wu)乐(le),而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多者(zhe)(zhe)得与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)於(wu)(wu)祭(ji)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)公及王(wang)子弟封於(wu)(wu)畿内者(zhe)(zhe)。卿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)亦(yi)皆有采地(di)焉(yan)(yan)。其将祀其先祖,亦(yi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)群臣(chen)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)以(yi)(yi)(yi)择之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。凡大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)各於(wu)(wu)其射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)宫(gong)。侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe),其所(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)虎(hu)熊(xiong)豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)麋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)饰其侧,又方(fang)制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei){高芋},谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),著於(wu)(wu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皮(pi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),虎(hu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),王(wang)所(suo)自射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);熊(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)所(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she);豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),卿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)所(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),熊(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)所(suo)自射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she);豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),群臣(chen)所(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。卿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),麋侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),君臣(chen)共射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)焉(yan)(yan)。凡此侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)道(dao),虎(hu)九十(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),熊(xiong)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)麋五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),列(lie)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)亦(yi)九十(shi)(shi)(shi),参(can)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi),干五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),远尊(zun)得伸可同耳。所(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)正谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)子中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)能服(fu)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)得为(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。郑司(si)农云(yun):‘鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)毛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。方(fang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)尺(chi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),四(si)尺(chi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),二(er)尺(chi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)正,四(si)寸(cun)(cun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)质。’玄谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)小,取(qu)(qu)(qu)数(shu)於(wu)(wu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)道(dao)。《乡(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)记(ji)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)寸(cun)(cun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。’则(ze)(ze)九十(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)者(zhe)(zhe),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)广(guang)丈八尺(chi);七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)者(zhe)(zhe),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)广(guang)丈四(si)尺(chi);五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)者(zhe)(zhe),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)广(guang)一丈。尊(zun)卑异等,此数(shu)明矣。《考(kao)工记(ji)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘梓人为(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),广(guang)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇方(fang),参(can)分其广(guang),而鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)居一焉(yan)(yan)。’然则(ze)(ze)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)丈八尺(chi)者(zhe)(zhe)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)六尺(chi),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)丈四(si)尺(chi)者(zhe)(zhe)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)四(si)尺(chi)六寸(cun)(cun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)半(ban)寸(cun)(cun),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一丈者(zhe)(zhe)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)三(san)尺(chi)三(san)寸(cun)(cun)少(shao)半(ban)寸(cun)(cun)。谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)者(zhe)(zhe),取(qu)(qu)(qu)名於(wu)(wu)干鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),干鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)小鸟而难(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是以(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)隽(juan)。亦(yi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言较,较者(zhe)(zhe)直也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)直己(ji)志(zhi)。用(yong)虎(hu)熊(xiong)豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)麋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi),示服(fu)猛讨(tao)迷士(shi)(shi)惑(huo)者(zhe)(zhe),射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)礼(li)(li)(li)(li),故(gu)取(qu)(qu)(qu)义(yi)众(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。士(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),士(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)臣(chen),祭(ji)无(wu)(wu)所(suo)择也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
子贡(gong)欲(yu)(yu)去(qu)告朔之(zhi)饩羊(yang),(郑曰:“牲(sheng)生曰饩。礼,人君每(mei)月告朔,於庙有祭(ji),谓之(zhi)朝(chao)享。鲁自文公始(shi)不视(shi)朔。子贡(gong)见其(qi)礼废,故欲(yu)(yu)去(qu)其(qi)羊(yang)。”)子曰:“赐(ci)也!尔爱其(qi)羊(yang),我(wo)爱其(qi)礼。”(包曰:“羊(yang)存犹(you)以识其(qi)礼,羊(yang)亡(wang)礼遂(sui)废。”)
[疏]“子贡”至“其礼”。
○正义曰:此章言孔子不欲废礼也。“子贡欲去告朔之饩羊”者,牲生曰饩。礼,人君每月告朔於庙,因有祭,谓之朝享。鲁自文公怠於政礼,始不视朔,废朝享之祭。有司仍供备其羊。子贡见其礼废,故欲并去其羊也。“子曰:赐也!尔爱其羊,我爱其礼”者,此孔子不许子贡之欲去羊,故呼其名而谓之曰:“赐也!尔以为既废其礼,虚费其羊,故欲去之,是爱其羊也。我以为羊存犹以识其礼,羊亡礼遂废,所以不去其羊,欲使後世见此告朔之羊,知有告朔之礼,庶或复行之,是爱其礼也。”
○注“郑曰”至“其羊”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“牲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)曰(yue)(yue)饩(xi)”者(zhe),僖(xi)三十(shi)三年《左传(chuan)》曰(yue)(yue):“饩(xi)牵(qian)竭矣。”饩(xi)与(yu)牵(qian)相(xiang)对,牵(qian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)牲,可牵(qian)行,则(ze)饩(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)(yi)杀,杀又(you)非熟(shu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)解(jie)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)腥(xing)曰(yue)(yue)饩(xi),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)肉未煮者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)实饩(xi)亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。哀二十(shi)四年《左传(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“晋师乃还。饩(xi)臧石牛。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)牛赐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)及(ji)《聘礼(li)(li)》注皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)牲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)曰(yue)(yue)饩(xi),由不(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)牵(qian)相(xiang)对,故(gu)(gu)(gu)为(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li),人(ren)(ren)君(jun)每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),有(you)祭(ji)(ji),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe),案《周礼(li)(li)》:“大史颁(ban)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)于邦国。”郑玄云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)颁(ban)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)于诸(zhu)(zhu)侯,诸(zhu)(zhu)侯藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),至朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)于庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)而(er)(er)(er)受(shou)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)子(zi)贡(gong)欲去告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饩(xi)羊,是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)羊告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),人(ren)(ren)君(jun)即以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)日(ri)(ri)听(ting)(ting)(ting)视此(ci)(ci)(ci)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)十(shi)六年“公(gong)四不(bu)(bu)(bu)视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”,僖(xi)五(wu)年《传(chuan)》曰(yue)(yue)“公(gong)既视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)者(zhe),听(ting)(ting)(ting)治此(ci)(ci)(ci)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng),亦谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。《玉藻(zao)(zao)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)于南门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)又(you)以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)祭(ji)(ji)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)宗庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),《周礼(li)(li)》谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。《司尊彝》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“追(zhui)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)岁首为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)(zheng)。襄二十(shi)九年正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),公(gong)在楚(chu),《传(chuan)》曰(yue)(yue)“释不(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)(zheng)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)(zheng),二礼(li)(li)各有(you)三名,同(tong)日(ri)(ri)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。必於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)此(ci)(ci)(ci)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)者(zhe),杜预(yu)《春秋(qiu)释例》曰(yue)(yue):“人(ren)(ren)君(jun)者(zhe),设官(guan)(guan)分职(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)民(min)极,远细(xi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)全委(wei)任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)责,纵诸(zhu)(zhu)下(xia)以(yi)(yi)尽知力之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),成(cheng)败以(yi)(yi)效能(neng)否(fou),执(zhi)八柄以(yi)(yi)明(ming)诛赏,故(gu)(gu)(gu)自(zi)非机事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)委(wei)任焉。诚信足以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)感,事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)实尽而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)拥(yong),故(gu)(gu)(gu)受(shou)位(wei)居职(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)思(si)效忠(zhong)善,日(ri)(ri)夜自(zi)进(jin)而(er)(er)(er)无所(suo)顾(gu)忌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)细(xi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无数,一日(ri)(ri)二日(ri)(ri)万端,人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)有(you)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)照,人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力有(you)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪,则(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)借问近习,有(you)时而(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如此(ci)(ci)(ci),则(ze)六乡六遂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang),虽(sui)躬履此(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),躬造此(ci)(ci)(ci)官(guan)(guan),当皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)移听(ting)(ting)(ting)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)内官(guan)(guan),回心於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)左右。政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秕乱,常(chang)必由此(ci)(ci)(ci)。圣人(ren)(ren)知其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可,故(gu)(gu)(gu)简其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)节(jie),敬其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),因(yin)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),迁坐正(zheng)(zheng)位(wei),会群吏(li)而(er)(er)(er)听(ting)(ting)(ting)大政(zheng)(zheng),考(kao)(kao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)行而(er)(er)(er)决其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)烦疑(yi),非徒议将然(ran)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。乃所(suo)以(yi)(yi)考(kao)(kao)已(yi)(yi)然(ran),又(you)恶其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)审听(ting)(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱公(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)显众以(yi)(yi)断之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)上下(xia)交泰(tai),官(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)理,万民(min)以(yi)(yi)察,天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)以(yi)(yi)治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),必朝(chao)(chao)(chao)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),因(yin)听(ting)(ting)(ting)政(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)敬而(er)(er)(er)礼(li)(li)成(cheng),以(yi)(yi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)特(te)(te)羊。然(ran)则(ze)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)(zheng)、告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)同(tong)日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),所(suo)从(cong)言(yan)异耳。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《玉藻(zao)(zao)》说天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)南门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯皮(pi)弁(bian)(bian),听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。”郑玄以(yi)(yi)为(wei),明(ming)堂(tang)在国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳。南门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)堂(tang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)以(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)羊,则(ze)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)以(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)牛与(yu)?天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)(te)牛告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)帝及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)神,配以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)、武王(wang)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯用(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)(te)羊告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)太(tai)祖而(er)(er)(er)。已(yi)(yi)杜预(yu)以(yi)(yi)明(ming)堂(tang)与(yu)祖庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)为(wei)一,但明(ming)堂(tang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),虽(sui)杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),亦应告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)人(ren)(ren)帝。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)即月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《祭(ji)(ji)法》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“王(wang)立七庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),曰(yue)(yue)考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),王(wang)考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皇考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);二祧,享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)尝(chang)乃止。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯立五(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),曰(yue)(yue)考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),王(wang)考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皇考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);显考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),祖考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)尝(chang)乃止。”然(ran)则(ze)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明(ming)堂(tang),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)五(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao);诸(zhu)(zhu)侯告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)自(zi)皇考(kao)(kao)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)三庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)耳。皆(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)先告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),後朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)小於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)废其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)大而(er)(er)(er)行其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)小,故(gu)(gu)(gu)《春秋(qiu)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)六年经云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),犹(you)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)于庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。”《公(gong)羊传(chuan)》曰(yue)(yue):“犹(you)者(zhe),可止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)玄冕以(yi)(yi)视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),皮(pi)弁(bian)(bian)以(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)视朝(chao)(chao)(chao);诸(zhu)(zhu)侯皮(pi)弁(bian)(bian)以(yi)(yi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)服以(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)视朝(chao)(chao)(chao)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)听(ting)(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明(ming)堂(tang),阖门(men)(men)左扉,立於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中,听(ting)(ting)(ting)政(zheng)(zheng)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)路寝门(men)(men),终(zhong)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),王(wang)在门(men)(men)为(wei)闰。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“鲁自(zi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)始不(bu)(bu)(bu)视朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”者(zhe),即文(wen)(wen)(wen)六年“闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子曰:“事君尽(jin)礼(li),人(ren)以(yi)为谄(chan)也。”(孔(kong)曰:“时事君者(zhe)多(duo)无礼(li),故(gu)以(yi)有礼(li)者(zhe)为谄(chan)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“谄也”。
○正义曰:此章疾时(shi)臣事君(jun)多无礼也。言若有(you)人(ren)(ren)事君(jun)尽其(qi)臣礼,谓(wei)“将(jiang)顺其(qi)美”及“善则称君(jun)”之类(lei),而无礼之人(ren)(ren)反以为谄佞也。
定(ding)公(gong)问:“君(jun)使臣(chen),臣(chen)事(shi)君(jun),如之何(he)?”(孔(kong)曰:“定(ding)公(gong),鲁君(jun)谥。时(shi)臣(chen)失礼(li)(li),定(ding)公(gong)患之,故问之。”)孔(kong)子对曰:“君(jun)使臣(chen)以(yi)礼(li)(li),臣(chen)事(shi)君(jun)以(yi)忠。”
[疏]“定公问”至“以忠”。
○正义曰:此章明君臣之礼也。“定公问:君使臣,臣事君,如之何”者,定公,鲁君也。时臣失礼,君不能使,定公患之,故问於孔子曰:“君之使臣,及臣之事君,当如之何也?”“孔子对曰:君使臣以礼,臣事君以忠”者,言礼可以安国家,定社稷,止由君不用礼,则臣不竭忠,故对曰:“君之使臣以礼,则臣必事君以忠也。”
○注“孔曰”至“问之”。
○正义曰(yue):云“定(ding)公(gong)(gong),鲁君谥”者,《鲁世(shi)家》云:“定(ding)公(gong)(gong)名宋(song),襄公(gong)(gong)之子,昭公(gong)(gong)之弟。以敬王十一(yi)年即位。”《谥法(fa)》:“安民大虑曰(yue)定(ding)。”
子曰:“《关雎(ju)》乐(le)而不淫,哀而不伤。”(孔曰:“乐(le)不至(zhi)淫,哀不至(zhi)伤,言其和也(ye)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“不伤(shang)”。正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此章言正(zheng)乐之和(he)也。“《关雎》”者,《诗·国风·周南》首篇(pian)名,兴后(hou)妃之德也。《诗序》云:“乐得淑女以配君子,忧(you)在进贤,不淫(yin)其色。”是乐而不淫(yin)也。“哀(ai)(ai)窈窕,思(si)贤才,而无(wu)伤(shang)善之心焉(yan)。”是哀(ai)(ai)而不伤(shang)也。乐不至淫(yin),哀(ai)(ai)不至伤(shang),言其正(zheng)乐之和(he)也。
哀公问社(she)(she)於宰(zai)我。宰(zai)我对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“夏(xia)后氏以(yi)松(song),殷(yin)人以(yi)柏,周人以(yi)栗,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)使(shi)民(min)战栗。”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“凡建邦立社(she)(she),各以(yi)其(qi)土所宜(yi)之(zhi)木。宰(zai)我不本其(qi)意,妄(wang)为之(zhi)说,因周用栗,便(bian)云(yun)使(shi)民(min)战栗。”)子(zi)闻之(zhi),曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“成(cheng)事(shi)不说,(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“事(shi)已成(cheng),不可复解说。”)遂事(shi)不谏,(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“事(shi)已遂,不可复谏止。”)既(ji)往(wang)不咎(jiu)。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“事(shi)已往(wang),不可复追咎(jiu)。孔子(zi)非宰(zai)我,故历言此三者(zhe),欲使(shi)慎其(qi)後。”)
[疏]“哀公”至“不咎”。
○正义曰:此章明立社所用木也。“哀公问社於宰我”者,哀公,鲁君也;社,五土之神也。凡建邦立社,各以其土所宜木。哀公未知其礼,故问於弟子宰我也。“宰我对曰:夏后氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰使民战栗”者,三代立社,各以其土所宜木,故宰我举之以对哀公也。但宰我不本其土宜之意,因周用栗,便妄为之说,曰周人以栗者,欲使其民战栗故也。“子闻之,曰:成事不说,遂事不谏,既往不咎”者,孔子闻宰我对哀公使民战栗,知其非妄,无如之何,故曰:事已成,不可复解说也;事已遂,不可复谏止也;事已往,不可复追咎也。历言此三者,以非之,欲使慎其後也。注“孔曰”至“战栗”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):云(yun)“凡建邦立社(she),各以(yi)其(qi)土所宜(yi)(yi)之(zhi)木(mu)”者(zhe),以(yi)社(she)者(zhe),五土之(zhi)总神,故凡建邦立国,必立社(she)也(ye)。夏都安邑,宜(yi)(yi)松;殷都亳(bo),宜(yi)(yi)柏(bo);周(zhou)都丰镐,宜(yi)(yi)栗。是各以(yi)其(qi)土所宜(yi)(yi)木(mu)也(ye)。谓用其(qi)木(mu)以(yi)为社(she)主(zhu)(zhu)。张、包、周(zhou)本(ben)以(yi)为哀公问主(zhu)(zhu)於宰我,先儒(ru)或以(yi)为宗(zong)庙主(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe),杜元凯、何休(xiu)用之(zhi)以(yi)解《春秋(qiu)》,以(yi)为宗(zong)庙主(zhu)(zhu),今所不取。
子(zi)曰(yue):“管(guan)(guan)仲之(zhi)(zhi)器小(xiao)(xiao)哉(zai)!”(言其器量小(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)。)或曰(yue):“管(guan)(guan)仲俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)乎(hu)?”(包曰(yue):“或人见(jian)孔子(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)为(wei)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)大俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。”)曰(yue):“管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)有(you)三归,官事(shi)不(bu)(bu)摄(she),焉得(de)(de)俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)?”(包曰(yue):“三归,娶(qu)三姓女。妇人谓(wei)嫁曰(yue)归。摄(she),犹兼(jian)也(ye)。礼,国君(jun)(jun)事(shi)大,官各(ge)有(you)人;大夫兼(jian)并。今(jin)管(guan)(guan)仲家臣备(bei)职,非为(wei)俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。”)“然则管(guan)(guan)仲知礼乎(hu)?”(包曰(yue):“或人以(yi)俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)问,故答以(yi)安得(de)(de)俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。或人闻不(bu)(bu)俭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),便谓(wei)为(wei)得(de)(de)礼。”)曰(yue):“邦君(jun)(jun)树(shu)塞门(men),管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)亦(yi)树(shu)塞门(men)。邦君(jun)(jun)为(wei)两(liang)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)好,有(you)反坫(dian),管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)亦(yi)有(you)反坫(dian)。(郑曰(yue):“反坫(dian),反爵之(zhi)(zhi)坫(dian),在两(liang)楹之(zhi)(zhi)间。人君(jun)(jun)别内外於门(men),树(shu)屏以(yi)蔽之(zhi)(zhi)。若与(yu)邻国为(wei)好会(hui),其献酢之(zhi)(zhi)礼更酌(zhuo),酌(zhuo)毕则各(ge)反爵於坫(dian)上。今(jin)管(guan)(guan)仲皆僭为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi),如是,是不(bu)(bu)知礼。”)管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)而(er)知礼,孰不(bu)(bu)知礼?”
[疏]“子曰”至“之礼”。
○正义曰:此章言管仲僭礼也。“子曰:管仲之器小哉”者,管仲,齐大夫管夷吾也。孔子言其器量小也。“或曰:管仲俭乎”者,或人见孔子言管仲器小,以为谓其大俭,故问曰:“管氏俭乎?”“曰:管氏有三归,官事不摄,焉得俭”者,孔子答或人以管仲不俭之事也。妇人谓嫁曰归。摄,犹兼也。焉,犹安也。礼,大夫虽有妾媵,嫡妻唯娶一姓。今管仲娶三姓之女,故曰有三归。礼,国君事大,官各有人,大夫虽得有家臣,不得每事立官,当使一官兼摄馀事。今管仲家臣备职,奢豪若此,安得为俭也?“然则管仲知礼乎”者,或人闻孔子言管仲不俭,便谓为得礼,故又问曰:“然则管仲是知礼之人乎?”“曰:邦君树塞门,管氏亦树塞门。邦君为两君之好,有反坫,管氏亦有反坫”者,此孔子又为或人说管仲不知礼之事也。邦君,诸侯也。屏,谓之树。人君别内外於门,树屏以蔽塞之。大夫当以帘蔽其位耳。今管仲亦如人君,树屏以塞门也。反坫,反爵之坫,在两楹之间。人君与邻国为好会,其献酢之礼更酌,酌毕则各反爵於坫上。大夫则无之。今管仲亦有反爵之坫。僭滥如此,是不知礼也。“管氏而知礼,孰不知礼”者,孔子举其僭礼於上,而以此言非之。孰,谁也。言若谓管氏而为知礼,更谁为不知礼!言唯管氏不知礼也。
○注“包曰”至“为俭”。
○正义曰:云“妇人谓嫁曰归”者,隐二年《公羊传》文。何休曰:“妇人生以父母为家,嫁以夫为家,故谓嫁曰归,明有三归之道也。”
○注“郑曰”至“知礼”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun)“反(fan)坫(dian)(dian)(dian),反(fan)爵(jue)(jue)之(zhi)(zhi)坫(dian)(dian)(dian),在两楹(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)”者,以(yi)(yi)乡(xiang)(xiang)饮(yin)酒是(shi)乡(xiang)(xiang)大夫之(zhi)(zhi)礼,於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)房(fang)户间(jian),燕(yan)礼是(shi)燕(yan)已之(zhi)(zhi)臣子,故尊於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)东楹(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)西。若两君相(xiang)敌,则尊於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)两楹(ying)间(jian),故其坫(dian)(dian)(dian)在两楹(ying)间(jian)也(ye)。云(yun)“人君别内外於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)门(men),树屏(ping)(ping)(ping)以(yi)(yi)蔽之(zhi)(zhi)”者,《释(shi)宫》云(yun):“屏(ping)(ping)(ping)谓之(zhi)(zhi)树。”郭璞曰(yue):“小墙当(dang)门(men)中。”《郊(jiao)特牲》云(yun):“台门(men)而(er)旅树。”郑玄云(yun):“此皆诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)礼也(ye)。”旅,道也(ye)。屏(ping)(ping)(ping),谓之(zhi)(zhi)树,树所以(yi)(yi)蔽行(xing)道。管氏树塞(sai)门(men),塞(sai)犹蔽也(ye)。礼,“天子外屏(ping)(ping)(ping),诸侯内屏(ping)(ping)(ping),大夫以(yi)(yi)帘,士以(yi)(yi)帷(wei)”是(shi)也(ye)。云(yun):“若与邻国为好会,其献(xian)酢(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)礼更酌(zhuo),酌(zhuo)毕(bi)则各反(fan)爵(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)”者,熊氏云(yun):“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)君献(xian)宾(bin)。宾(bin)筵前受爵(jue)(jue),饮(yin)毕(bi),反(fan)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)虚爵(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang),於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)西阶上(shang)(shang)(shang)拜(bai)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阼阶上(shang)(shang)(shang)答拜(bai),宾(bin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)取爵(jue)(jue),洗爵(jue)(jue),酌(zhuo),以(yi)(yi)酢(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人受爵(jue)(jue),饮(yin)毕(bi),反(fan)此虚爵(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人阼阶上(shang)(shang)(shang)拜(bai),宾(bin)答拜(bai)。”是(shi)宾(bin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)饮(yin)毕(bi),反(fan)爵(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)。而(er)云(yun)“酌(zhuo)毕(bi),各反(fan)爵(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)”者,文不具耳,其实当(dang)饮(yin)毕(bi)。
子语鲁(lu)大师乐,曰:“乐其(qi)可知也(ye)(ye):始(shi)作,翕如(ru)也(ye)(ye);(大师,乐官名。五音(yin)始(shi)奏,翕如(ru),盛。)从(cong)之(zhi),纯(chun)(chun)如(ru)也(ye)(ye),(从(cong)读曰纵,言(yan)五音(yin)既发,放纵尽其(qi)音(yin)声。纯(chun)(chun)如(ru),和谐(xie)也(ye)(ye)。)如(ru)也(ye)(ye),(言(yan)其(qi)音(yin)节明也(ye)(ye)。)绎如(ru)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)成。”(纵之(zhi),以(yi)纯(chun)(chun)如(ru)、如(ru)、绎如(ru)言(yan)。乐始(shi)作翕如(ru),而成於三。)
[疏]“子语”至“以成”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰(yue):此(ci)章明(ming)乐(le)。“子语鲁大(da)师(shi)乐(le)”者,大(da)师(shi),乐(le)官名,犹(you)《周礼(li)》之大(da)司乐(le)也(ye)(ye)。於时(shi)鲁国(guo)礼(li)乐(le)崩(beng)坏,故孔子以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)之法(fa)语之,使知也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):乐(le)其(qi)可知也(ye)(ye)”者,言(yan)五者翕(xi)然(ran)盛也(ye)(ye)。翕(xi),盛貌。如(ru)(ru),皆语辞。“从之,纯如(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)”者,从读曰(yue)纵(zong),谓放(fang)纵(zong)也(ye)(ye)。纯,和(he)也(ye)(ye),言(yan)五音既发(fa),放(fang)纵(zong)尽其(qi)音声,纯纯和(he)谐也(ye)(ye)。“如(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)”者,,明(ming)也(ye)(ye),言(yan)其(qi)音节分明(ming)也(ye)(ye)。“绎如(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)”者,言(yan)其(qi)音落绎然(ran)相续(xu)不绝也(ye)(ye)。“以(yi)成”者,言(yan)乐(le)始作(zuo)翕(xi)如(ru)(ru),又(you)纵(zong)之以(yi)纯如(ru)(ru)、如(ru)(ru)、绎如(ru)(ru),则正(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)以(yi)之而(er)成也(ye)(ye)。
仪封人请见,(郑(zheng)曰:“仪,盖卫邑。封人,官名。”)曰:“君子(zi)之至於(wu)斯也(ye),吾未(wei)尝不得见也(ye)。”从者(zhe)见之。(包曰:“从者(zhe),弟子(zi)随(sui)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)行者(zhe),通使得见。”)出曰:“二三子(zi)何患於(wu)丧(sang)乎?天(tian)下之无道(dao)也(ye)久矣,(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“语诸(zhu)弟子(zi)言,何患於(wu)夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)圣德之将丧(sang)亡邪(xie)?天(tian)下之无道(dao)已(yi)久矣,极衰(shuai)必(bi)盛(sheng)。”)天(tian)将以夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)为木铎。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“木铎,施政教时所振也(ye)。言天(tian)将命孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)制(zhi)作(zuo)法(fa)度,以号令(ling)於(wu)天(tian)下。”)
[疏]“仪封”至“木铎”。
○正义曰:此章明夫子之德,天将命之使其定礼乐也。“仪封人请见”,卫国仪邑典封疆之人请告於孔子从者欲见孔子也。“曰:君子之至於斯也,吾未尝不得见也”者,此所请辞也。尝,曾也。言往者有德之君子至於我斯地也,吾尝得见之,未曾有不得见者也。“从者见之”者,从者,谓弟子随孔子行者。既见其请,故为之绍介通使得见也。“出曰:二三子何患於丧乎”者,仪封人既请见夫子,出门乃语诸弟子曰:“二三子何须忧患於夫子圣德之将丧亡乎?”“天下之无道也久矣”者,此封人又说孔子圣德不丧之由也。言事不常一,盛必有衰,衰极必盛。今天下之衰乱无道亦已久矣,言拯弱兴衰属在夫子。“天将以夫子为木铎”者,木铎,金铃木舌,施政教时所振也。言天将命孔子制作法度,以号令於天下,如木铎以振文教也。
○注“郑曰仪盖”至“官名”。
○正义曰:云“仪,盖卫邑”者,以《左传》“卫侯入於夷仪”,疑与此是一,故云“盖卫邑”也。云“封人,官名”者,《周礼》:“封人掌为畿封而树之。”郑玄云:“畿上有封,若今时界也。天子封人职典封疆,则知诸侯封人亦然也。《左传》言颍谷封人,祭仲足为祭封人,宋高哀为萧封人,此云仪封人,皆以地名。封人盖职典封疆,居在边邑,颍谷、仪、祭皆是国之边邑也。
○注“包曰”至“得见”。
○正义曰:云“通使得见”者,见,谓为之绍介,使之见也。若《左传》云“乃见专设诸焉”,“齐豹见宗鲁於公孟”亦然。
○注“孔曰”至“天下”。
○正义曰:云“木铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),施(shi)政教(jiao)时(shi)所(suo)振(zhen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,礼有(you)金(jin)(jin)(jin)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)、木铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)、铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)是(shi)铃也(ye)(ye)(ye),其体以金(jin)(jin)(jin)为之,明舌(she)(she)有(you)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、木之异,知木铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),是(shi)木舌(she)(she)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《周礼》教(jiao)鼓人“以金(jin)(jin)(jin)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)通鼓”。《大司(si)马》:“教(jiao)振(zhen)旅,两司(si)马执(zhi)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。”《明堂位(wei)》云:“振(zhen)木铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)於朝。”是(shi)武事振(zhen)金(jin)(jin)(jin)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),文(wen)事振(zhen)木铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。此(ci)云“木铎(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),施(shi)政教(jiao)时(shi)所(suo)振(zhen)”者,所(suo)以振(zhen)文(wen)教(jiao)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子谓(wei)(wei)《韶》:“尽(jin)美矣(yi),又尽(jin)善也(ye)。”(孔(kong)曰:“《韶》,舜(shun)乐名,谓(wei)(wei)以圣德受禅(shan),故尽(jin)善。”)谓(wei)(wei)《武》:“尽(jin)美矣(yi),未尽(jin)善也(ye)。”(孔(kong)曰:“《武》,武王乐也(ye)。以征伐取天(tian)下,故未尽(jin)善。”)
[疏]“子谓”至“善也”。
○正义曰:此章论《韶》、《武》之乐。“子谓《韶》,尽美矣,又尽善也”者,《韶》,舜乐名。韶,绍也,德能绍尧,故乐名《韶》。言《韶》乐其声及舞极尽其美,揖让受禅,其圣德又尽善也。“谓《武》,尽美矣,未尽善也”者,《武》,周武王乐,以武得民心,故名乐曰《武》。言《武》乐音曲及舞容则尽极美矣,然以征伐取天下,不若揖让而得,故其德未尽善也。
○注“孔曰”至“尽善”。
○正义曰:云“《韶》,舜乐名”者,《乐记》云:“《韶》,继也。”注云:“韶,绍也,言舜之道德继绍於尧也。”《元命包》曰:“舜之时,民乐绍尧业。”其《书·益稷》云:“《萧韶》九成,凤皇来仪。”是《韶》为舜乐名也。云“谓以圣德受禅,故尽善”者,《书序》云:“昔在帝尧,聪明文思,光宅天下,将逊于位,让于虞舜。”孔安国云:“若使摄,遂禅之。”禅即让也。是以圣德受禅也。
○注“孔曰”至“未尽善”。
○正义(yi)曰:云(yun)“《武(wu)》,武(wu)王(wang)乐(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),《礼器》云(yun):“乐(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe),乐(le)(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)自成。”注云(yun):“作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe),缘民所(suo)乐(le)(le)(le)於已之功。”然则(ze)以武(wu)王(wang)用武(wu)除暴,为天下(xia)所(suo)乐(le)(le)(le),故(gu)谓其(qi)(qi)乐(le)(le)(le)为《武(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)。《武(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)为一代(dai)大事,故(gu)历代(dai)皆称“大”也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“以征伐取天下(xia),故(gu)未尽善”者(zhe),以臣代(dai)君,虽曰应(ying)天顺人,不若揖让而受,故(gu)未尽善也(ye)(ye)。
子曰:“居上不宽,为礼不敬,临丧(sang)不哀(ai),吾何以观之哉!”
[疏]“子曰:居上不宽,为礼不敬,临丧不哀,吾何以观之哉!”
○正义曰:此(ci)章总(zong)言礼(li)意。居上位(wei)者宽(kuan)则得众,不宽(kuan)则失(shi)於(wu)苛刻。凡为礼(li)事(shi)在(zai)於(wu)庄敬(jing),不敬(jing)则失(shi)於(wu)傲(ao)惰。亲临死丧(sang)当致其(qi)哀(ai),不哀(ai)则失(shi)於(wu)和易。凡此(ci)三失(shi),皆(jie)非礼(li)意。人或若(ruo)此(ci)不足可观(guan),故曰:“吾何(he)以(yi)观(guan)之(zhi)哉(zai)!”