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纪昀《阅微草堂笔记》卷三 滦阳消夏录三 在线阅读

[移动版] 作者:纪昀

明崇祯(zhen)末,孟村有(you)(you)(you)(you)巨盗肆掠。见一女有(you)(you)(you)(you)色,并其父(fu)母(mu)(mu)系之。女不受(shou)(shou)污(wu),则缚其父(fu)母(mu)(mu)加(jia)炮烙,父(fu)母(mu)(mu)并呼号惨切,命女从贼(zei)。女请纵父(fu)母(mu)(mu)去,乃肯从。贼(zei)知其绐(dai)己(ji),必(bi)先使受(shou)(shou)污(wu)而后(hou)释。女遂(sui)奋掷批(pi)贼(zei)颊,与(yu)(yu)父(fu)母(mu)(mu)俱(ju)死,弃尸于(yu)野。后(hou)贼(zei)与(yu)(yu)官兵格斗,马至尸侧,辟易不肯前,遂(sui)陷(xian)淖就擒。女亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)灵矣。惜其名氏不可(ke)考(kao)。论(lun)是事者,或谓(wei)女子在室(shi),从父(fu)母(mu)(mu)之 命者也。父(fu)母(mu)(mu)命之从贼(zei)矣,成一己(ji)之名,坐视父(fu)母(mu)(mu)之 惨酷(ku),女似过忍;或谓(wei)命有(you)(you)(you)(you)治乱(luan),从贼(zei)不可(ke)与(yu)(yu)许(xu)嫁比。父(fu)母(mu)(mu)命为娼,亦为娼乎?女似无罪。先姚安公曰:此事与(yu)(yu)郭六正相反,均有(you)(you)(you)(you)理可(ke)执,而于(yu)心终不敢确(que)信。不食马肝,未(wei)为不知味(wei)也。

刘羽冲,佚(yi)其(qi)名,沧(cang)州人(ren)。先高祖厚(hou)斋公(gong)多与唱和。性孤僻,好讲古(gu)制,实迂阔不(bu)(bu)可(ke)行。尝(chang)倩董天士作画(hua),倩厚(hou)斋公(gong)题,内秋(qiu)林(lin)读书一幅云:兀(wu)坐秋(qiu)树根,块然无与伍,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)读何书,但见(jian)须眉古(gu)。只愁手所持,或(huo)(huo)是(shi)井田谱(pu)。盖规之(zhi)也。偶(ou)得古(gu)兵书,伏读经(jing)书,自(zi)谓可(ke)将(jiang)十万。会(hui)有(you)土寇,自(zi)练乡兵与之(zhi)角。全队(dui)溃覆,几为所擒;又得古(gu)水利(li)书,伏读经(jing)年(nian),自(zi)谓可(ke)使(shi)千(qian)里成沃壤,绘(hui)图列说于州官,州官亦(yi)好事(shi),使(shi)试于一村,沟洫(xu)甫成,水大至。顺渠灌入(ru),人(ren)几为鱼。由是(shi)抑(yi)郁不(bu)(bu)自(zi)得,恒独(du)步庭阶(jie),摇首自(zi)语曰:古(gu)人(ren)岂欺我哉(zai)!如是(shi)日千(qian)百遍惟此(ci)六(liu)字。不(bu)(bu)久发(fa)病死。后风清月白之(zhi)夕(xi),每见(jian)其(qi)魂(hun)在(zai)墓前松(song)柏下,摇首独(du)步,侧(ce)耳(er)听之(zhi),所诵仍此(ci)六(liu)字也。或(huo)(huo)笑之(zhi),则隐。次日伺(si)之(zhi),复然。泥古(gu)者(zhe)愚(yu),何愚(yu)乃(nai)至是(shi)欤(yu)?阿文(wen)勤公(gong)尝(chang)教(jiao)昀曰:满(man)腹皆书能(neng)害(hai)事(shi),腹中竟无一卷书,亦(yi)能(neng)害(hai)事(shi)。国弈不(bu)(bu)废旧(jiu)谱(pu),而不(bu)(bu)执(zhi)旧(jiu)谱(pu);国医不(bu)(bu)泥古(gu)方,而不(bu)(bu)离(li)古(gu)方。故曰:神而明之(zhi),存乎其(qi)人(ren)。又曰:能(neng)与人(ren)规矩,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)使(shi)人(ren)巧(qiao)。

明魏(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)恶(e),史册所未睹也。或言其知事(shi)必败,陰(yin)蓄一(yi)(yi)骡,日(ri)行(xing)七百里,以(yi)备(bei)(bei)逋逃;陰(yin)蓄一(yi)(yi)貌类(lei)己者以(yi)备(bei)(bei)代(dai)死(si)。后(hou)(hou)在阜城尤家(jia)店,竟用是私(si)遁去。余(yu)谓此(ci)无(wu)稽之(zhi)(zhi)谈也。以(yi)天道论之(zhi)(zhi),苟神理不(bu)诬(wu),忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)断无(wu)幸免理;以(yi)人(ren)事(shi)论之(zhi)(zhi),忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)擅政七年,何(he)人(ren)不(bu)识。使窜(cuan)伏(fu)(fu)旧(jiu)党(dang) 之(zhi)(zhi)家(jia),小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao) ,势败则离,有缚献而已矣;使潜匿荒僻(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)地,则耕牧之(zhi)(zhi)中,突来阉宦,异(yi)言异(yi)貌,骇(hai)视(shi)惊听,不(bu)三(san)日(ri)必败;使远遁于封域之(zhi)(zhi)外,则严世(shi)蕃尝通(tong)日(ri)本,仇(chou)鸾尝交(jiao) 谙达,忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)无(wu)是也,山海阻深(shen),关津隔绝,去又(you)将何(he)往。昔建文(wen)行(xing)遁,后(hou)(hou)世(shi)方且传疑。然建文(wen)失德无(wu)闻,人(ren)心未去,旧(jiu)臣遗老,犹有故主之(zhi)(zhi)思(si)。燕王称戈篡位(wei),屠戮忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)良(liang),又(you)天下所不(bu)与,递(di)相(xiang)客(ke)隐,理或有之(zhi)(zhi)。忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)虐焰薰天,毒(du)流四海,人(ren)人(ren)欲得而甘心。是时距明亡尚(shang)十五(wu)年,此(ci)十五(wu)年中,安(an)得深(shen)藏不(bu)露乎?故私(si)遁之(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),余(yu)断不(bu)谓然。文(wen)安(an)王岳芳(fang)曰:乾(qian)隆初(chu),县学中忽雷(lei)霆击格(ge),旋绕文(wen)庙,电光激(ji)射,如(ru)掣赤练,入(ru)殿门复返者十余(yu)度。训导(dao)王著起曰:是必有异(yi)。冒雨(yu)入(ru)视(shi),见(jian)大蜈(wu)蚣伏(fu)(fu)先(xian)师神位(wei)上,钳出掷阶(jie)前,霹(pi)雳一(yi)(yi)声,蜈(wu)蚣死(si)而天霁。验其背上,有朱书魏(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)字。是说(shuo)也,余(yu)则信之(zhi)(zhi)。

乌鲁木齐深山中牧马者,恒见小人高尺许,男女老幼一一皆备,遇红柳吐花时,辄折柳盘为小圈,著顶上。作队跃舞,音呦呦如度曲。或至行帐窃食,为人所掩,则跪而泣。系之,则不食而死;纵之,初不敢遽行,行数尺辄回顾。或追叱之,仍跪泣。去人稍远,度不能追,始蓦涧越山去。然其巢穴栖止处终不可得。此物非木魅亦非山兽,盖僬侥之属。不知其名,以形似小儿,而喜戴红柳,因呼曰红柳娃。邱县丞天锦,因巡视牧厂,曾得其一,腊以归。细视其须眉毛发,与人无二,知山海经所(suo)谓(wei)靖人,凿然有(you)(you)之(zhi)。有(you)(you)极小必(bi)有(you)(you)极大,列(lie)子所(suo)谓(wei)龙伯之(zhi)国,亦(yi)凿然有(you)(you)之(zhi)。

塞外有(you)(you)雪(xue)莲,生崇(chong)山(shan)积(ji)(ji)雪(xue)中(zhong),状如(ru)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洋菊(ju),名以莲耳。其(qi)生必(bi)双,雄者差大,雌者小。然不(bu)并生,亦不(bu)同根,相(xiang)(xiang)去必(bi)一(yi)(yi)两丈,见(jian)其(qi)一(yi)(yi),再觅其(qi)一(yi)(yi),无(wu)(wu)不(bu)得者。盖如(ru)菟丝茯苓,一(yi)(yi)气(qi)所化,气(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)属也(ye)。凡望见(jian)此(ci)花(hua),默往探之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)获(huo)。如(ru)指以相(xiang)(xiang)告,则(ze)(ze)缩入雪(xue)中(zhong),杳无(wu)(wu)痕迹。即癛(lin)雪(xue)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦不(bu)获(huo)。草木有(you)(you)知,理不(bu)可解。土人(ren)(ren)曰:山(shan)神惜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)或(huo)然欤?此(ci)花(hua)生极寒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,而(er)性极热。盖二气(qi)有(you)(you)偏胜,无(wu)(wu)偏绝。积(ji)(ji)陰(yin)(yin)外凝,则(ze)(ze)纯(chun)陽(yang)(yang)内(nei)结。坎卦以一(yi)(yi)陽(yang)(yang)陷二陰(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),剥复二卦,以一(yi)(yi)陽(yang)(yang)居五陰(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上下,是其(qi)象也(ye)。然浸酒为(wei)补剂(ji),多(duo)血(xue)热妄行,或(huo)用合媚(mei)药,其(qi)祸尤(you)烈。盖天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)(yang)均调,万物(wu)乃(nai)生;人(ren)(ren)身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)(yang)均调,百脉乃(nai)和。故素问曰:亢(kang)则(ze)(ze)害,承乃(nai)制。自丹溪立陽(yang)(yang)常有(you)(you)馀,陰(yin)(yin)常不(bu)足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说,医家(jia)失其(qi)本旨,往往以苦寒伐生气(qi)。张介宾辈(bei)矫枉过直,遂偏于补陽(yang)(yang)。而(er)参蓍桂附(fu),流弊亦至于杀人(ren)(ren)。是未知易道扶陽(yang)(yang),而(er)乾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上九,亦戒以亢(kang)龙有(you)(you)悔(hui)也(ye)。嗜欲日(ri)盛,羸弱者多(duo),温 补之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)剂(ji)易见(jian)小效(xiao),坚信(xin)者遂众。故余谓偏伐陽(yang)(yang)者,韩非刑(xing)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学;偏补陽(yang)(yang)者,商鞅富强之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术。初用皆有(you)(you)功,积(ji)(ji)重不(bu)返。其(qi)损伤根,本则(ze)(ze)一(yi)(yi)也(ye)。雪(xue)莲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功不(bu)补患,亦此(ci)理矣(yi)。

唐太宗三(san)(san)藏圣教序,称风(feng)(feng)灾鬼难之(zhi)(zhi)域,似即今辟展土(tu)鲁番地。其(qi)他(ta)沙碛中独行之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),往往闻呼姓名,一(yi)(yi)(yi)应则(ze)(ze)随(sui)去不(bu)(bu)复返。又有风(feng)(feng)穴在南山,其(qi)大(da)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)井(jing),风(feng)(feng)不(bu)(bu)时(shi)从中出(chu),每(mei)出(chu)则(ze)(ze)数十(shi)里外,先闻波涛声(sheng),迟一(yi)(yi)(yi)二刻(ke)风(feng)(feng)乃(nai)至。所(suo)横径之(zhi)(zhi)路阔不(bu)(bu)过三(san)(san)四(si)里,可急(ji)行而避,避不(bu)(bu)及,则(ze)(ze)众车(che)以巨(ju)绳(sheng)连缀为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi),尚鼓(gu)动颠簸如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)大(da)江 浪涌(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)舟。或一(yi)(yi)(yi)车(che)独遇,则(ze)(ze)人(ren)马辎重,皆(jie)轻若片(pian)叶,飘然莫知所(suo)往矣。风(feng)(feng)皆(jie)自(zi)(zi)南而北(bei),越数日(ri)自(zi)(zi)北(bei)而南,如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)呼吸之(zhi)(zhi)往返也。余在乌鲁木齐,接(jie)辟展移文,云(yun)军校雷庭,于(yu)某(mou)日(ri)人(ren)马皆(jie)风(feng)(feng)吹过岭(ling)北(bei),有无(wu)踪迹。又昌吉(ji)通判(pan)报,某(mou)日(ri)午刻(ke)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)自(zi)(zi)天而下,乃(nai)特纳格尔遣犯徐吉(ji),为(wei)(wei)风(feng)(feng)吹至。俄特纳格尔县丞(cheng)报,徐吉(ji)是日(ri)逃,计其(qi)时(shi)刻(ke),自(zi)(zi)巳至正午,已(yi)飞腾二百余里。此在彼不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)怪,在他(ta)处则(ze)(ze)异闻矣。徐吉(ji)云(yun),被吹时(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)醉如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)梦(meng),身旋转如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)车(che)轮(lun),目不(bu)(bu)能(neng)开,耳(er)(er)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)万鼓(gu)乱鸣(ming),口(kou)鼻如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)有物拥蔽,气(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)得出(chu),努力(li)良久,始(shi)能(neng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)呼吸耳(er)(er)。按(an)庄子称:大(da)块噫气(qi)(qi),其(qi)名为(wei)(wei)风(feng)(feng)。气(qi)(qi)无(wu)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)应有穴。盖(gai)气(qi)(qi)所(suo)偶(ou)聚,因成斯(si)异。犹火气(qi)(qi)偶(ou)聚于(yu)巴蜀,遂为(wei)(wei)火井(jing);水脉偶(ou)聚于(yu)阗(tian),遂为(wei)(wei)河(he)源(yuan)云(yun)。

何励庵先生言,相传明季有书生,独行丛莽间,闻书声琅琅。怪旷野那得有是,寻之,则一老翁坐墟墓间,旁有狐十馀,各捧书蹲坐。老翁见而起迎,诸狐皆捧书人立。书生念既解读书,必不为祸。因与揖让,席地坐。问读书何为,老翁曰:吾辈皆修仙者也。凡狐之求仙有二途,其一采精气,拜星斗,渐至通灵变化,然后积修正果,是为由妖而求仙。然或入邪僻,则干天律,其途捷而危;其一先炼形为人,既得为人,然后讲习 内丹,是为由人而求仙。虽吐纳导引,非旦夕之功,而久久坚持,自然圆满。其途纡而安。顾形不自变,随心而变。故先读圣贤之书,明三纲五常之理,心化则形亦化矣。书生借视其书,皆五经论语孝经孟子之类。但有经文而无注。问经不解释,何由讲贯?老翁曰:吾辈读书,但求明理。圣贤言语本不艰深,口相授受,疏通训诂,即可知其义旨,何以注为?书生怪其持论乖僻,惘惘莫对。姑问其寿,曰:我都不记。但记我受经之日,世尚未有印板书。又问阅历数朝,世事有无同异?曰:大都不甚相远,惟唐以前,但有儒者。北宋后,每闻某甲是圣贤,为小异耳。书生莫测,一揖而别。后于途间遇此翁,欲与语,掉头径去。案此殆先生之寓言。先生尝曰:以讲经求科第,支离敷衍,其词愈美而经愈荒;以讲经立门户,纷纭辩驳,其说愈详而经亦愈荒。语意若合符节。又尝曰:凡巧妙之术,中间必有不稳处。如步步踏实,即小有蹉失,终不至折肱伤足。与所云修仙二途,亦同一意也。

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