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纪昀《阅微草堂笔记》卷十一 槐西杂志一 在线阅读

[移动版] 作者:纪昀

有郎官覆舟于(yu)卫河,一姬(ji)溺焉,求得其(qi)尸,两掌各(ge)握粟(su)一掬。咸以(yi)为(wei)怪(guai)(guai),河干(gan)一叟曰:是不(bu)足怪(guai)(guai)也(ye),凡沉(chen)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)者,上(shang)视暗(an)而(er)下(xia)视明(ming),惊惶(huang)瞀乱,必反从明(ming)处求出,手皆培(pei)土(tu),故检验溺人,对(dui)十指甲有泥无泥,别生投死弃也(ye)。此先有运(yun)粟(su)之(zhi)舟沉(chen)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)底,粟(su)尚未腐,故培(pei)之(zhi)盈(ying)手耳(er)。此论可谓入(ru)微。惟上(shang)暗(an)下(xia)明(ming)之(zhi)故,则不(bu)能言其(qi)所以(yi)然。按张衡灵宪曰:日(ri)譬犹火(huo),月譬犹水(shui)(shui),火(huo)则外(wai)光,水(shui)(shui)则含景。又刘邵人物志曰:火(huo)日(ri)外(wai)照,不(bu)能内见(jian),金水(shui)(shui)内映,不(bu)能外(wai)光。然则上(shang)暗(an)下(xia)明(ming),固(gu)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)本性(xing)矣(yi)。

程念伦名(ming)思(si)孝,乾隆癸酉(you)甲戌间,来游京师(shi),弈(yi)(yi)称国手,如皋冒(mao)祥珠曰:是与我皆第(di)二手,时无第(di)一(yi)手,遽(ju)自雄(xiong)耳(er)。一(yi)日(ri),门人(ren)吴惠叔等扶乩(ji)(ji),问(wen)(wen)仙(xian)善弈(yi)(yi)否,判曰能(neng)。问(wen)(wen)肯与凡人(ren)对局否,判曰可。时念伦寓余家(jia),因(yin)使共(gong)弈(yi)(yi),凡弈(yi)(yi)谱(pu)以子(zi)(zi)记数(shu),象戏谱(pu)以路(lu)记数(shu),与乩(ji)(ji)仙(xian)弈(yi)(yi),则以象戏法行之,如纵第(di)九(jiu)路(lu)横第(di)三(san)(san)路(lu)下子(zi)(zi),则判曰九(jiu)三(san)(san),余皆仿此。初下数(shu)子(zi)(zi),念伦茫(mang)然不(bu)解,以为仙(xian)机莫测(ce)也,深恐败名(ming),凝思(si)冥索,至(zhi)背(bei)汗手颤,始(shi)敢应一(yi)子(zi)(zi),意犹惴(zhui)惴(zhui)。稍久,似觉(jue)无他异,乃放(fang)手攻击(ji),乩(ji)(ji)仙(xian)竟全(quan)局覆没,满室哗然。乩(ji)(ji)忽大书(shu)曰:吾本幽魂,暂来游戏,托名(ming)张三(san)(san)丰耳(er),因(yin)粗解弈(yi)(yi),故尔率答(da),不(bu)虞此君之见困(kun),吾今逝(shi)矣(yi)。惠叔慨然曰:长安道(dao)上,鬼亦诳(kuang)人(ren)。余戏曰:一(yi)败即吐实,犹是长安道(dao)上钝鬼也。

景州申谦居先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)讳(hui)诩,姚安公(gong)(gong)癸巳同年也,天性和易,平(ping)生(sheng)未尝有忤色。而孤(gu)高特立,一(yi)介不(bu)取,有古狷者风。衣必缊袍,食(shi)(shi)必粗粝(li),偶(ou)门(men)人馈祭肉,持至市中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)易豆腐,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):非好苟异(yi),实食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)不(bu)惯(guan)也。尝从(cong)河间岁试归,使童子控(kong)一(yi)驴,童子行(xing)倦,则使骑而自控(kong)之(zhi)。薄暮遇雨,投宿破(po)神祠(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),祠(ci)止(zhi)一(yi)楹,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)无一(yi)物,而地下芜秽不(bu)可(ke)坐,乃摘板扉一(yi)扇(shan)横(heng)卧(wo)户前。夜半(ban)睡醒,闻祠(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小声曰(yue)(yue)(yue):欲(yu)(yu)出避公(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)当户不(bu)得出。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):尔自在户内,我自在户外,两不(bu)相害,何必避。久之(zhi)又小声曰(yue)(yue)(yue):男女有别,公(gong)(gong)宜放我出。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):户内户外即是别,出反(fan)无别。转身酣睡。至晓(xiao),有村民见(jian)(jian)之(zhi),骇曰(yue)(yue)(yue):此中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有狐(hu),尝出媚少年,人入祠(ci)辄被瓦砾(li)击,公(gong)(gong)何晏然(ran)也。后(hou)偶(ou)与姚安公(gong)(gong)语及,掀(xian)髯(ran)笑曰(yue)(yue)(yue):乃有狐(hu)欲(yu)(yu)媚中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)谦居,亦(yi)大(da)异(yi)事。姚安公(gong)(gong)戏曰(yue)(yue)(yue):狐(hu)虽媚尽(jin)天下人,亦(yi)断不(bu)到君。当是诡状奇形(xing),狐(hu)所(suo)未睹,不(bu)知是何怪物,故(gu)惊怖欲(yu)(yu)逃耳。可(ke)想(xiang)见(jian)(jian)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)为人矣(yi)。

董曲(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)前辈言,乾(qian)隆丁(ding)卯(mao)乡试,寓济(ji)南一僧寺,梦至(zhi)一处,见(jian)老(lao)树下破屋一间,欹斜欲圮,一女(nv)(nv)子靓妆坐户内(nei),红愁绿惨,摧抑(yi)可怜。疑误入(ru)人内(nei)室,止不敢进。女(nv)(nv)子忽向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遥拜,泪涔(cen)涔(cen)沾(zhan)衣(yi)袂,然(ran)终(zhong)无(wu)(wu)一言,心悸而(er)悟。越数(shu)(shu)夕,梦复然(ran),女(nv)(nv)子颜色益戚,叩额至(zhi)百余,欲逼问之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),倏又醒,疑不能明(ming),以(yi)告(gao)同寓,亦莫解。一日(ri)散步(bu)寺园,见(jian)庑下有故柩,已将朽,忽仰视其树,则宛然(ran)梦中所(suo)见(jian)也(ye)。询之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寺僧,云是某官爱(ai)妾,寄停(ting)(ting)于是,约来迎取,至(zhi)今数(shu)(shu)十年寂(ji)无(wu)(wu)音问,又不敢移(yi)瘗,旁(pang)皇(huang)无(wu)(wu)计者久矣。曲(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)豁(huo)然(ran)心悟,故与历(li)城令相善,乃醵金(jin)市地半亩(mu),告(gao)于官而(er)迁葬焉(yan)。用知亡人以(yi)入(ru)土为安,停(ting)(ting)搁非(fei)幽灵所(suo)愿(yuan)也(ye)。

朱青雷言(yan),高西(xi)园(yuan)尝梦一(yi)(yi)客(ke)来谒,名刺为(wei)司马相(xiang)如(ru),惊(jing)怪(guai)而寤,莫悟(wu)何(he)祥,越数日,无(wu)意得司马相(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)(yi)玉印,古泽斑驳,篆(zhuan)法精(jing)妙(miao),真昆吾(wu)刀刻也,恒佩之不(bu)去身(shen),非(fei)至亲昵者不(bu)能一(yi)(yi)见(jian)。官盐场时(shi)(shi),德州卢(lu)丈雅雨为(wei)两淮运使(shi),闻(wen)有是印,燕见(jian)时(shi)(shi)偶索观之,西(xi)园(yuan)离席半跪,正色启曰:凤翰一(yi)(yi)生结客(ke),所有皆可与朋(peng)友(you)共,其(qi)不(bu)可共者,惟(wei)二物(wu),此印及山(shan)妻也。卢(lu)丈笑遣之曰:谁夺(duo)尔(er)(er)物(wu)者,何(he)痴乃(nai)尔(er)(er)耶(ye)?西(xi)园(yuan)画(hua)品(pin)绝高,晚得末疾,右臂偏(pian)枯,乃(nai)以左臂挥(hui)毫,虽生硬倔强,乃(nai)弥有别趣。诗格亦脱洒,虽托迹微(wei)官,蹉跎以殁(mo),在近时(shi)(shi)士大(da)夫(fu)间,犹能追前辈风流也。

杨铁(tie)(tie)厓词章奇(qi)丽,虽被文(wen)妖之目,不损其名。惟鞋杯一事(shi),猥亵淫秽(hui),可谓不韵之极(ji),而见诸赋(fu)咏,传(chuan)为(wei)佳话。后来狂诞(dan)少年,竞相依仿,以为(wei)名士风流,殊不可解(jie)。闻一巨室,中元家祭(ji),方举酒置(zhi)案上(shang),忽一杯声如爆竹,割然(ran)中裂(lie)。莫解(jie)何故(gu)。久而知数(shu)日前其子邀妓,以此杯效铁(tie)(tie)厓故(gu)事(shi)也。

太常寺仙蝶,国子监瑞柏,仰(yang)邀(yao)圣藻,人(ren)(ren)尽(jin)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。翰林院金槐(huai)(huai),数人(ren)(ren)合(he)抱(bao),瘿磊砢如(ru)假山,人(ren)(ren)亦或(huo)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。礼部(bu)寿草(cao),则人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)尽(jin)知也。此草(cao)春开红花,缀如(ru)火齐,秋结实如(ru)珠(zhu),群芳(fang)谱、野菜谱皆未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)载,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知其名。或(huo)曰即田塍(cheng)公道老--此草(cao)种两家田塍(cheng)上(shang),用识界限,犁不(bu)(bu)(bu)及则一茎不(bu)(bu)(bu)旁(pang)生(sheng),犁稍侵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)即蔓延不(bu)(bu)(bu)止,反(fan)过所侵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数,故得此名。余(yu)(yu)谛审之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),叶作锯(ju)齿(chi),略相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似,花则不(bu)(bu)(bu)似,其说非也。在穿(chuan)堂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北,治事处阶前(qian),甬道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)传生(sheng)自国初(chu),岁久渐成藤本(ben)。今(jin)则分为二(er)歧,枝格杈丫,挺然老木矣。曹地山先生(sheng)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰长春草(cao),余(yu)(yu)官(guan)(guan)礼部(bu)尚书(shu)时,作木栏(lan)护之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。门人(ren)(ren)陈(chen)太守渼(mei),时官(guan)(guan)员外(wai),使为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)图,盖醲(nong)化湛深,和气涵育,虽一草(cao)一虫,亦各遂(sui)其生(sheng)若此也。礼部(bu)又有连理槐(huai)(huai),在斋戒处南荣下,邹小山先生(sheng)官(guan)(guan)侍(shi)郎,尝(chang)绘图题诗,今(jin)尚贮库中。然特大(da)小二(er)槐(huai)(huai),相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)并(bing)而生(sheng),枝干互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)缠抱(bao)耳(er)。非真(zhen)连理也。

道家(jia)言祈禳,佛家(jia)言忏悔(hui),儒家(jia)则言修德以(yi)胜(sheng)妖、二氏治其(qi)末,儒者治其(qi)本也(ye)。族祖雷阳公(gong)畜数羊,一(yi)羊忽人立而舞(wu),众以(yi)为不祥,将杀(sha)(sha)羊,雷阳公(gong)曰:羊何能(neng)舞(wu),有(you)凭之(zhi)者也(ye)。石言于(yu)(yu)晋,左传之(zhi)义明矣,祸(huo)已(yi)成欤,杀(sha)(sha)羊何益,祸(huo)未成而鬼神(shen)以(yi)是警余也(ye),修德而已(yi)。岂在杀(sha)(sha)羊?自是一(yi)言一(yi)动(dong),如对圣贤。后以(yi)顺治乙酉拔贡(gong),戊子(zi)中副榜,终(zhong)于(yu)(yu)通判,讫无纤芥(jie)之(zhi)祸(huo)。

三从兄(xiong)晓东言,雍(yong)正丁未会试归(gui),见(jian)一(yi)丐妇,口生(sheng)于(yu)项上,饮啜如(ru)常人,其人妖也(ye)(ye)耶?余(yu)曰:此(ci)偶(ou)感异(yi)气耳,非妖也(ye)(ye)。骈拇枝指(zhi),亦异(yi)于(yu)众,可曰妖乎哉。余(yu)所见(jian)有豕两身(shen)一(yi)首者(zhe),有牛背生(sheng)一(yi)足者(zhe),又于(yu)闻(wen)家庙社会,见(jian)一(yi)人右(you)手(shou)掌大如(ru)箕,指(zhi)大如(ru)椎,而左手(shou)则(ze)如(ru)常,日以右(you)手(shou)操笔鬻字画。使谈谶纬者(zhe)见(jian)之,必曰此(ci)豕祸,此(ci)牛祸,此(ci)人疴也(ye)(ye),是将(jiang)兆(zhao)某(mou)患(huan)。或曰是为某(mou)事之应。然余(yu)所见(jian)诸异(yi),讫毫无征验也(ye)(ye),故(gu)余(yu)于(yu)汉儒之学(xue)最(zui)(zui)不信春秋阴阳、洪范(fan)五行,传于(yu)宋(song)儒之学(xue)最(zui)(zui)不信河图洛(luo)书、皇级经世。

房师孙端人先生,文章淹雅而性嗜酒,醉后所作,与醒时无异,馆阁诸公,以为斗酒百篇之亚也。督学云南时,月夜独饮竹丛下,恍惚见一人注视壶盏,状若朵颐,心知鬼物,亦不恐怖,但以手按盏曰:今日酒无多,不能相让。其人瑟缩而隐。醒而悔之曰:能来猎酒,定非俗鬼,肯向我猎酒,视我亦不薄,奈何辜其相访意。市佳酿三巨碗,夜以小几陈竹间,次日视之,酒如故。叹曰:此公非但风雅,兼亦狷介,稍与相戏,便捐滴不尝。幕客或曰:鬼神但歆其气,岂真能饮?先生慨然曰:然则饮酒宜及未为鬼时,勿将来徒歆其气。先生侄鱼珊,在福建学幕为余述之,觉魏晋诸贤,去人不远也。

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