●卷十二(er)·颜渊(yuan)第十二(er)
[疏]正义曰:此篇论(lun)仁(ren)政明达、君臣父子、辨(bian)惑折狱、君子文为,皆圣(sheng)贤之格言,仕进(jin)之阶路(lu),故次先进(jin)也(ye)。
颜(yan)渊(yuan)问(wen)仁(ren)。子曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“克(ke)(ke)已(yi)复(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)为仁(ren)。(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“克(ke)(ke)已(yi)约身。”孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“复(fu),反也。身能反礼(li)(li)(li)则(ze)为仁(ren)矣。”)一日克(ke)(ke)已(yi)复(fu)礼(li)(li)(li),天下归仁(ren)焉(yan)。(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“一日犹(you)见归,况终身乎。”)为仁(ren)由(you)已(yi),而由(you)人(ren)乎哉(zai)!”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“行善在己,不(bu)(bu)在人(ren)也。”)颜(yan)渊(yuan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“请问(wen)其(qi)目。”(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“知其(qi)必(bi)有条(tiao)目,故请问(wen)之。”)子曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)勿视,非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)勿听,非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)勿言,非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)勿动。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“此四者,克(ke)(ke)已(yi)复(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)之目。”)颜(yan)渊(yuan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“回虽不(bu)(bu)敏,请事斯(si)语矣。”(王曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“敬(jing)事此语,必(bi)行之。”)
[疏]“颜渊”至“语矣”。
○正义曰:此并下三章,皆明仁也。“子曰:克已复礼为仁”者,克,约也。已,身也。复,反也。言能约身反礼则为仁矣。“一日克已复礼,天下归仁焉”者,言人君若能一日行克已复礼,则天下皆归此仁德之君也。一日犹见归,况终身行仁乎。“为仁由已,而由人乎哉”者,言行善由已,岂由他人乎哉。言不在人也。“颜渊曰:请问其目”者,渊意知其为仁必有条目,故请问之。“子曰:非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动”者,此四者,克已复礼之目也。《曲礼》曰“视瞻毋回”、“立视五”、“式视马尾”之类,是礼也。非此则勿视。《曲礼》云:“毋侧听”,侧听则非礼也。言无非礼,则口无择言也。动无非礼,则身无择行也。四者皆所以为仁。“颜渊曰:回虽不敏,请事斯语矣”者,此颜渊预谢师言也,言回虽不敏达,请敬事此语,必行之也。
○注“马曰:克已约身”。
○正义(yi)曰:此注“克(ke)”训(xun)(xun)为(wei)(wei)“约”。刘炫云:“克(ke)训(xun)(xun)胜也(ye)(ye),已谓身(shen)也(ye)(ye)。身(shen)有(you)嗜(shi)(shi)欲(yu),当以礼(li)(li)义(yi)齐之。嗜(shi)(shi)欲(yu)与礼(li)(li)义(yi)战,使礼(li)(li)义(yi)胜其嗜(shi)(shi)欲(yu),身(shen)得归复於礼(li)(li),如是(shi)乃(nai)为(wei)(wei)仁也(ye)(ye)。复,反也(ye)(ye)。言情为(wei)(wei)嗜(shi)(shi)欲(yu)所逼,已离礼(li)(li),而(er)更归复之。今刊定(ding)云:克(ke)训(xun)(xun)胜也(ye)(ye),己谓身(shen)也(ye)(ye),谓能胜去嗜(shi)(shi)欲(yu),反复於礼(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)。”
仲(zhong)(zhong)弓(gong)问仁。子曰(yue)(yue):“出(chu)门如见大(da)(da)宾,使民如承大(da)(da)祭。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“为(wei)仁之道(dao),莫尚乎敬。”)已所不欲,勿施(shi)於人。在邦(bang)无(wu)(wu)怨,在家无(wu)(wu)怨。”(包曰(yue)(yue):“在邦(bang)为(wei)诸侯,在家为(wei)卿大(da)(da)夫。”)仲(zhong)(zhong)弓(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“雍(yong)虽不敏,请事(shi)斯语矣(yi)。”
[疏]“仲弓问仁”至“语矣”。
○正义曰(yue):此章明仁在敬(jing)恕(shu)也(ye)。“子曰(yue):出门如(ru)(ru)见大(da)(da)宾(bin),使(shi)民(min)如(ru)(ru)承大(da)(da)祭”者(zhe)(zhe),此言(yan)为仁之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),莫尚乎敬(jing)也(ye)。大(da)(da)宾(bin),公(gong)侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)宾(bin)也(ye)。大(da)(da)祭,郊之(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)。人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)出门,失在倨(ju)傲,故戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)出门如(ru)(ru)见公(gong)侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)宾(bin)。使(shi)民(min)失於骄易,故戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)承奉郊之(zhi)(zhi)祭。“已所不(bu)欲,勿施於人(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),此言(yan)仁者(zhe)(zhe)必恕(shu)也(ye)。已所不(bu)欲,无施之(zhi)(zhi)於人(ren),以他(ta)人(ren)亦(yi)不(bu)欲也(ye)。“在邦无怨(yuan),在家(jia)无怨(yuan)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)既(ji)敬(jing)且恕(shu),若在邦为诸侯(hou)必无人(ren)怨(yuan),在家(jia)为卿大(da)(da)夫亦(yi)无怨(yuan)也(ye)。“仲弓(gong)曰(yue):雍虽不(bu)敏,请(qing)事斯语矣”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)承谢之(zhi)(zhi)语也(ye)。
司(si)(si)马牛问仁(ren)(ren)。子曰(yue):“仁(ren)(ren)者,其(qi)言(yan)也(ye)讠刃(ren)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“讠刃(ren),难(nan)(nan)也(ye)。牛,宋人,弟子司(si)(si)马犁。”)曰(yue):“其(qi)言(yan)也(ye)讠刃(ren),斯(si)谓之仁(ren)(ren)已乎?”子曰(yue):“为之难(nan)(nan),言(yan)之得无(wu)讠刃(ren)乎?”(子曰(yue):“行仁(ren)(ren)难(nan)(nan),言(yan)仁(ren)(ren)亦不得不难(nan)(nan)。”)
[疏]“司马牛问仁”至“讠刃乎”。
○正义曰:此章言仁之难也。“子曰:仁者,其言也讠刃”者,讠刃,难也。言仁道至大,非但行之难也,其言之亦难。“曰:其言也讠刃,斯谓之仁已乎”者,牛意嫌孔子所言未尽其理,故复问曰:“只此其言也讠刃,便谓仁已乎?”“子曰:为之难,言之得无讠刃乎”者,此孔子又为牛说言讠刃之意,行仁既难,言仁亦不得不难。
○注“孔子”曰至“马犁”。
○正义曰:《史(shi)记(ji)·弟子(zi)(zi)传(chuan)》云:“司马耕字子(zi)(zi)牛。多言而躁。问仁於(wu)孔子(zi)(zi),孔子(zi)(zi)曰:‘仁者,其言也(ye)讠刃。’”是也(ye)。
司马(ma)牛问(wen)君子(zi)。子(zi)曰(yue):“君子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)忧(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)惧。”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“牛兄桓将为乱,牛自宋来(lai)学(xue),常忧(you)(you)(you)惧,故(gu)孔(kong)子(zi)解之(zhi)。”)曰(yue):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)忧(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)惧,斯谓之(zhi)君子(zi)已(yi)乎?”子(zi)曰(yue):“内(nei)省不(bu)(bu)(bu)疚(jiu),夫何忧(you)(you)(you)何惧?”(包(bao)曰(yue):“疚(jiu),病也。自省无(wu)罪恶,无(wu)可忧(you)(you)(you)惧。”)
[疏]“司马”至“何惧”。
○正义(yi)曰:此(ci)章明君子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“司马牛(niu)(niu)(niu)问君子(zi)(zi)”者,问於孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)君子(zi)(zi)之行(xing)何(he)(he)如也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰:君子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)忧(you)不(bu)(bu)惧”者,言(yan)(yan)君子(zi)(zi)之人(ren),不(bu)(bu)忧(you)愁,不(bu)(bu)恐(kong)惧。时(shi)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)兄桓将为乱,牛(niu)(niu)(niu)自(zi)宋来学(xue),常忧(you)惧,故(gu)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)解之也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰:不(bu)(bu)忧(you)不(bu)(bu)惧,斯谓之君子(zi)(zi)已乎”者,亦意少其言(yan)(yan),故(gu)复问之。“子(zi)(zi)曰:内省不(bu)(bu)疚(jiu),夫何(he)(he)忧(you)何(he)(he)惧”者,此(ci)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)更为牛(niu)(niu)(niu)说(shuo)不(bu)(bu)忧(you)惧之理。疚(jiu),病(bing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。自(zi)省无罪恶,则无可忧(you)惧。
司马(ma)牛忧曰:“人皆有(you)兄弟,我独亡(wang)。”(郑曰:“牛兄桓(huan)行(xing)恶,死亡(wang)无(wu)(wu)日,我为无(wu)(wu)兄弟。”)子(zi)夏曰:“商闻之矣(yi):死生有(you)命,富贵在(zai)天(tian)。君(jun)子(zi)敬(jing)而无(wu)(wu)失,与人恭(gong)而有(you)礼(li),四海之内皆兄弟也。君(jun)子(zi)何患乎无(wu)(wu)兄弟也?”(包曰:“君(jun)子(zi)疏恶而友贤(xian),九州(zhou)之人皆可以礼(li)亲。”)
[疏]“司马”至“弟也”。
○正义曰:此章言人当任命友贤也。“司马牛忧曰:人皆有兄弟,我独亡”者,亡,无也。牛兄桓行恶,死亡无日,故牛常忧而告人曰:“他人皆有兄弟,若桓死亡之後,我为独无兄弟也。”“子夏曰:商闻之矣:死生有命,富贵在天。君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼,四海之内皆兄弟也。君子何患乎无兄弟也”者,子夏见牛忧无兄弟,以此言解之也。商,子夏名,谦,故云商闻之矣,示非妄谬也。言人死生短长,各有所禀之命,财富位贵则在天之所予,君子但当敬慎而无过失,与人结交恭谨而有礼。能此疏恶而友贤,则东夷、西戎、南蛮、北狄,四海之内,九州之人,皆可以礼亲之为兄弟也。君子何须忧患於无兄弟也。
○注“郑曰”至“兄弟”。
○正义曰(yue):云“牛兄桓行恶(e),死亡无日(ri)”者,案哀十四年《左传》云:“宋桓之(zhi)宠害(hai)於公(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)将讨之(zhi)。未及,先谋公(gong)(gong)。公(gong)(gong)知之(zhi),召皇司马(ma)子仲及左师向巢,以命(ming)其徒攻桓氏(shi)(shi)。向遂入於曹以叛。民叛之(zhi),而奔卫,遂奔齐。”是其行恶(e)死亡之(zhi)事(shi)也。桓氏(shi)(shi)即(ji)向也,又谓之(zhi)桓司马(ma),即(ji)此桓也。
子张问明。子曰(yue):“浸润(run)之谮(jian),肤受之,不行焉,可谓(wei)明也已(yi)矣。(郑曰(yue):“谮(jian)人(ren)之言,如水之浸润(run),渐以成之。”马曰(yue):“肤受之,皮肤外语,非(fei)其(qi)内实(shi)。”)浸润(run)之谮(jian),肤受之,不行焉,可谓(wei)远也已(yi)矣。”(马曰(yue):“无此二者,非(fei)但为明,其(qi)德行高远,人(ren)莫能及。”)
[疏]“子张”至“已矣”。
○正义曰:此章论人之明德。“子张问明”者,问於孔子,何如可谓之明德也。“子曰:浸润之谮,肤受之,不行焉,可谓明也已矣”者,此答为明也。夫水之浸润,渐以坏物,皮肤受尘,渐成垢秽。谮人之言,如水之浸润,皮肤受尘,亦渐以成之,使人不觉知也。若能辨其情伪,使谮之言不行,可谓明德也。“浸润之谮,肤受之不行焉,可谓远也已矣”者,言人若无此二者,非但为明,其德行可谓高远矣,人莫能及之也。
○注“马曰:肤受之,皮肤外语,非其内实”。
○正义(yi)曰:亦谮也(ye)(ye),变其(qi)(qi)文耳。皮肤受尘,垢秽其(qi)(qi)外(wai),不能入(ru)内也(ye)(ye),以喻谮毁之语(yu),但(dan)在外(wai)萋(qi)斐构成其(qi)(qi)过恶,非(fei)其(qi)(qi)人内实有(you)罪也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)贡问政。子(zi)曰(yue):“足食,足兵,民信之矣。”子(zi)贡曰(yue):“必不(bu)得(de)已而去(qu),於(wu)(wu)斯(si)三者何(he)先(xian)?”曰(yue):“去(qu)兵。”子(zi)贡曰(yue):“必不(bu)得(de)已而去(qu),於(wu)(wu)斯(si)二者何(he)先(xian)?”曰(yue):“去(qu)食。自古(gu)(gu)皆(jie)有(you)死,民无信不(bu)立。”(孔曰(yue):“死者,古(gu)(gu)今常道(dao),人(ren)皆(jie)有(you)之。治邦(bang)不(bu)可失信。”)
[疏]“子贡问(wen)政(zheng)”至“不(bu)(bu)立(li)”。正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue):此章贵(gui)信(xin)也(ye)。“子曰(yue)(yue)(yue):足食(shi)(shi)(shi),足兵(bing),民信(xin)之(zhi)矣”者,此答为政(zheng)之(zhi)事也(ye)。足食(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)人(ren)知礼节,足兵(bing)则(ze)不(bu)(bu)轨(gui)畏威,民信(xin)之(zhi)则(ze)服命从(cong)化(hua)。“子贡曰(yue)(yue)(yue):必不(bu)(bu)得已而(er)(er)去(qu),於(wu)斯(si)三者何先(xian)(xian)”者,子贡复(fu)(fu)问(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):若不(bu)(bu)获已而(er)(er)除去(qu),於(wu)此三者之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)何者为先(xian)(xian)?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue):去(qu)兵(bing)”者,孔子答言,先(xian)(xian)去(qu)兵(bing)。以兵(bing)者凶器,民之(zhi)残也(ye),财用之(zhi)蠹(du)也(ye),故先(xian)(xian)去(qu)之(zhi)。“子贡曰(yue)(yue)(yue):必不(bu)(bu)得已而(er)(er)去(qu),於(wu)斯(si)二者何先(xian)(xian)”者,子贡复(fu)(fu)问(wen):设若事不(bu)(bu)获已,须要去(qu)之(zhi),於(wu)此食(shi)(shi)(shi)与信(xin)二者之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)先(xian)(xian)去(qu)何者?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue):去(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)。自古(gu)皆有死,民无信(xin)不(bu)(bu)立(li)”者,孔子答言,二者之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)先(xian)(xian)去(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)。夫食(shi)(shi)(shi)者,人(ren)命所须,去(qu)之(zhi)则(ze)人(ren)死。而(er)(er)去(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)去(qu)信(xin)者,言死者古(gu)今常(chang)道,人(ren)皆有之(zhi),治国不(bu)(bu)可失(shi)信(xin),失(shi)信(xin)则(ze)国不(bu)(bu)立(li)也(ye)。
棘子(zi)成(cheng)曰:“君(jun)子(zi)质而已矣,何(he)以文(wen)为(wei)?”(郑曰:“旧(jiu)说(shuo)云:棘子(zi)成(cheng),卫大夫(fu)(fu)。”)子(zi)贡曰:“惜乎(hu)!夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)之说(shuo)君(jun)子(zi)也(ye)(ye),驷(si)不及舌。(郑曰:“惜乎(hu)!夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)之说(shuo)君(jun)子(zi)也(ye)(ye),过言一出,驷(si)马追之不及。”)文(wen)犹质也(ye)(ye),质犹文(wen)也(ye)(ye)。虎豹(bao)之享(xiang)(xiang),犹犬羊(yang)(yang)之享(xiang)(xiang)。”(孔曰:“皮去毛曰享(xiang)(xiang)。虎豹(bao)与犬羊(yang)(yang)别(bie)者,正以毛文(wen)异耳。今使文(wen)质同者,何(he)以别(bie)虎豹(bao)与羊(yang)(yang)犬邪?”)
[疏]“棘子”至“之享”。
○正义曰(yue):此章贵尚(shang)文(wen)(wen)章也(ye)。“棘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)曰(yue):君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)已(yi)矣,何(he)以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)为(wei)(wei)”者,卫(wei)大夫棘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)言曰(yue):君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),淳质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)已(yi),则可矣,何(he)用文(wen)(wen)章乃(nai)为(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?意(yi)疾时多文(wen)(wen)章。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡曰(yue):惜乎(hu)!夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye),驷(si)不(bu)及(ji)舌”者,夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)指子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)也(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡闻子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)言君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen),为(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)言过谬,故叹(tan)曰(yue):可惜乎(hu)!棘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye),过言一出於舌,驷(si)马追(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)及(ji)。“文(wen)(wen)犹(you)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犹(you)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)。虎豹(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享(xiang)(xiang),犹(you)犬(quan)羊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享(xiang)(xiang)”者,此子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡举喻,言文(wen)(wen)章不(bu)可去也(ye)。皮去毛(mao)曰(yue)享(xiang)(xiang)。言君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、野人(ren)异者,质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、文(wen)(wen)不(bu)同(tong)故也(ye)。虎豹(bao)与犬(quan)羊别者,正以(yi)(yi)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)异耳。今若文(wen)(wen)犹(you)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犹(you)文(wen)(wen),使文(wen)(wen)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)者,则君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与鄙(bi)夫何(he)以(yi)(yi)别乎(hu)?如虎豹(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮,去其(qi)(qi)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享(xiang)(xiang),与犬(quan)羊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)处,何(he)以(yi)(yi)别虎豹(bao)与犬(quan)羊也(ye)?
哀(ai)公问於有若曰(yue):“年饥,用不(bu)(bu)足,如之(zhi)何?”有若对曰(yue):“盍彻乎?”(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“盍,何不(bu)(bu)也(ye)。周法什一(yi)而税谓之(zhi)彻,彻,通(tong)也(ye),为天下之(zhi)通(tong)法。”)曰(yue):“二(er),吾(wu)犹不(bu)(bu)足,如之(zhi)何其(qi)彻也(ye)?”(孔曰(yue):“二(er)谓什二(er)而税。”)对曰(yue):“百姓足,君孰(shu)与不(bu)(bu)足?百姓不(bu)(bu)足,君孰(shu)与足?”(孔曰(yue):“孰(shu),谁也(ye)。”)
[疏]“哀公”至“与足”。
○正义曰:此章明税法也。“哀公问於有若曰:年饥,用不足,如之何”者,鲁君哀公问於孔子弟子有若曰:“年不熟,国用不足,如之何使国用得足也?“有若对曰:盍彻乎”者,盍犹何不也。周法什一而税谓之彻,彻,通也,为天下之通法。有若意讥哀公重敛,故对曰:既国用不足,何不依通法而税取乎?“曰:二,吾犹不足,如之何其彻也”者,二谓什二而税。哀公不觉其讥,故又曰:什而税二,吾之国用犹尚不足,如之何其依彻法什而税一乎?“对曰:百姓足,君孰与不足?百姓不足,君孰与足”者,孰,谁也。哀公既言重敛之实,故有若又对以盍彻足用之理。言若依通法而税,则百姓家给人足。百姓既足,上命有求则供,故曰:君孰与不足也。今君重敛,民则困穷,上命所须,无以供给,故曰:百姓不足,君孰与足也。
○注“郑曰”至“通法”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“周(zhou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彻(che)(che)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《公羊传》曰(yue)(yue):“古(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)藉。古(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曷为什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)藉?什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。多(duo)乎什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),大桀(jie)小桀(jie)。寡乎什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),大貉(he)小貉(he)。什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)颂声作矣(yi)(yi)。”何休云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“多(duo)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)於(wu)民,比(bi)於(wu)桀(jie)。蛮貉(he)无(wu)百(bai)(bai)官制度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费,税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)薄。”《梁传》亦(yi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“古(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)藉。”《孟(meng)子(zi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“夏(xia)后氏五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)贡(gong),殷(yin)人(ren)(ren)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu),周(zhou)人(ren)(ren)百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)彻(che)(che),其(qi)(qi)实(shi)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。”赵(zhao)岐注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“民耕(geng)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)贡(gong)上五(wu)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),耕(geng)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)七(qi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)助(zhu)(zhu)公家(jia),耕(geng)百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)彻(che)(che)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)以(yi)(yi)为赋(fu),虽异名义(yi),多(duo)少同(tong),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。”书(shu)传云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)矣(yi)(yi),故(gu)杜预云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“古(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)公田(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),谓(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)内(nei)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。”旧法(fa)(fa)(fa)既已(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)矣(yi)(yi),《春秋(qiu)》鲁宣(xuan)公十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年初(chu)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),又(you)履其(qi)(qi)馀亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),更复十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),乃是(shi)(shi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er),故(gu)此(ci)(ci)哀公曰(yue)(yue):二(er)(er)(er)(er),吾犹不(bu)足(zu)。谓(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)内(nei)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)二(er)(er)(er)(er),犹尚不(bu)足(zu),则(ze)(ze)从(cong)宣(xuan)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou),遂以(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)为常,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)初(chu)。言(yan)初(chu)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)自宣(xuan)公始也(ye)(ye)。诸书(shu)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)言(yan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)《周(zhou)礼·载师》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)凡任地,“近郊(jiao)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),远郊(jiao)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)三,甸稍县(xian)都皆(jie)(jie)(jie)无(wu)过十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er),漆林(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)征二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)五(wu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),彼谓(wei)王畿(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)共多(duo),故(gu)赋(fu)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)重;诸书(shu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)言(yan)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)谓(wei)畿(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,故(gu)此(ci)(ci)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彻(che)(che),彻(che)(che),通(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)。为天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。”言(yan)天(tian)(tian)下皆(jie)(jie)(jie)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耳,不(bu)言(yan)畿(ji)(ji)(ji)内(nei)亦(yi)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。《孟(meng)子(zi)》又(you)曰(yue)(yue):“方里为井,井九(jiu)百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。其(qi)(qi)中为公田(tian)(tian)(tian),八家(jia)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)私百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),同(tong)养(yang)公田(tian)(tian)(tian)。公事毕,然後(hou)敢治私事。”《汉书(shu)·食货志》取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)彼意而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“井田(tian)(tian)(tian)方一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里,是(shi)(shi)为九(jiu)夫。八家(jia)共之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),各受(shou)私田(tian)(tian)(tian)百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),公田(tian)(tian)(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)(shi)为八百(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),馀二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)为庐舍。”诸儒多(duo)用彼为义(yi)。如彼所(suo)(suo)(suo)言(yan),则(ze)(ze)家(jia)别一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)(shi)为十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)《诗(shi)笺》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“井税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫,其(qi)(qi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。”则(ze)(ze)九(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),其(qi)(qi)意异於(wu)《汉书(shu)》,不(bu)以(yi)(yi)《志》为说(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。又(you)孟(meng)子(zi)对滕文公云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“请(qing)野九(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu),国中什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使自赋(fu)。”郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)《周(zhou)礼·匠人(ren)(ren)注(zhu)》引《孟(meng)子(zi)》此(ci)(ci)言(yan)乃云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“是(shi)(shi)邦国亦(yi)异外(wai)内(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。”则(ze)(ze)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)以(yi)(yi)为,诸侯郊(jiao)外(wai)郊(jiao)内(nei)其(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)同(tong),郊(jiao)内(nei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使自赋(fu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi);郊(jiao)外(wai)九(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),是(shi)(shi)为二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)二(er)(er)(er)(er)。故(gu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)又(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“诸侯谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彻(che)(che)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),通(tong)(tong)其(qi)(qi)率以(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为正(zheng)(zheng)。”言(yan)郊(jiao)内(nei)郊(jiao)外(wai)相通(tong)(tong)其(qi)(qi)率为十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)税(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。杜预直云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),则(ze)(ze)又(you)异於(wu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),唯谓(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),以(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)归公。赵(zhao)岐不(bu)解夏(xia)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、殷(yin)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,盖(gai)古(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)人(ren)(ren)多(duo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)少,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫唯得(de)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳。五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)贡(gong),贡(gong)五(wu)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu),助(zhu)(zhu)七(qi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),好恶取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)於(wu)此(ci)(ci)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)《考工记》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“周(zhou)人(ren)(ren)畿(ji)(ji)(ji)内(nei)用夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贡(gong)法(fa)(fa)(fa),邦国用殷(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)助(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)也(ye)(ye)。”
子(zi)张问(wen)崇(chong)德(de)辨(bian)惑(huo)。(孔曰(yue):“辨(bian)别(bie)也(ye)(ye)。”)子(zi)曰(yue):“主忠信,徙义(yi),崇(chong)德(de)也(ye)(ye)。(包(bao)曰(yue):“徙义(yi),见义(yi)则徙意而从之。”)爱之欲(yu)其(qi)生,恶之欲(yu)其(qi)死(si)。既欲(yu)其(qi)生,又欲(yu)其(qi)死(si),是(shi)惑(huo)也(ye)(ye)。(包(bao)曰(yue):“爱恶当有常。一欲(yu)生之,一欲(yu)死(si)之,是(shi)心惑(huo)也(ye)(ye)。”)诚不以(yi)富,亦祗以(yi)异。”(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“此《诗·小雅》也(ye)(ye)。祗,也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)此行诚不可以(yi)致富,足以(yi)为异耳。取此《诗》之异义(yi)以(yi)非之。”)
[疏]“子张”至“以异”。
○正义曰:此章言人当有常德也。“子张问崇德辨惑”者,崇,充也;辨,别也。言欲充盛道德,别疑惑,何为而可也。“子曰:主忠信,徙义,崇德也”者,主,亲也。徙,迁也。言人有忠信者则亲友之,见义事则迁意而从之,此所以充盛其德也。“爱之欲其生,恶之欲其死。既欲其生,又欲其死,是惑也”者,言人心爱恶当须有常。若人有顺己,己即爱之,便欲其生;此人忽逆於己,己即恶之,则原其死,一欲生之,一欲死之,用心无常,是惑也。既能别此是惑,则当之,“诚不以富,亦祗以异”者,此《诗·小雅·我行其野篇》文也。祗,也。言此行诚不足以致富,足以为异耳。取此诗之异义,以非人之惑也。
○注“郑曰”至“非之”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):案诗刺淫昏(hun)之俗(su),不思旧姻,而求新昏(hun)也(ye),彼诚作成。郑笺(jian)云:“女不以礼为室(shi)家,成事不足以得(de)富也(ye),女亦以此(ci)(ci)自(zi)异(yi)於人道(dao),言可恶也(ye)。”此(ci)(ci)引《诗》断(duan)章,故不与本义(yi)同也(ye)。
齐(qi)景公(gong)问政於(wu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)对曰(yue):“君君,臣臣,父父,子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“当此之时,陈桓制齐(qi),君不(bu)(bu)君,臣不(bu)(bu)臣,父不(bu)(bu)父,子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)子(zi)(zi),故以对。”)公(gong)曰(yue):“善哉(zai)!信如君不(bu)(bu)君,臣不(bu)(bu)臣,父不(bu)(bu)父,子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)子(zi)(zi),虽有(you)粟,吾得而食(shi)诸(zhu)?”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“言将(jiang)危也(ye)。陈氏果灭(mie)齐(qi)。”)
[疏]“齐景”至“食诸”。
○正义曰:此章明治国之政也。“齐景公问政於孔子”者,齐君景公问为国之政於夫子也。“孔子对曰:君君,臣臣,父父,子子”者,言政者正也,若君不失君道,乃至子不失子道,尊卑有序,上下不失,而後国家正也。当此之时,陈桓为齐大夫以制齐国,君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,故孔子以此对之。“公曰:善哉!信如君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,虽有粟,吾得而食诸”者,诸,之也。景公闻孔子之言而信服之,故叹曰:“善哉!信如夫子之言,而今齐国君不君,以至子不子,虽有其粟,吾得而食之乎?”言将见危亡,必不得食之也。
○注“陈氏果灭齐”。
○正义曰:《史记·田(tian)完世家(jia)》:完卒(zu),谥为(wei)(wei)敬(jing)仲,仲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)犀孟夷(yi)(yi),夷(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)泯(min)孟庄,庄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)子(zi)(zi)须无,文(wen)子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)无宇,桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)武子(zi)(zi)启及(ji)僖(xi)子(zi)(zi)乞;乞卒(zu);子(zi)(zi)当代之(zhi)(zhi),是为(wei)(wei)田(tian)成子(zi)(zi);成子(zi)(zi)弑(shi)简公,专(zhuan)齐政;成子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)襄子(zi)(zi)盘(pan),盘(pan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)庄子(zi)(zi)白(bai)(bai),白(bai)(bai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大公和,和迁(qian)齐康公於海上;和立为(wei)(wei)齐侯;和孙威王称(cheng)王,四世而秦灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)。是陈(chen)氏(shi)灭(mie)齐也。《世家(jia)》云敬(jing)仲之(zhi)(zhi)如齐,以(yi)陈(chen)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)田(tian)氏(shi),《左传》终(zhong)始称(cheng)陈(chen),则田(tian)必非敬(jing)仲所改,未知(zhi)何时改耳。
子(zi)曰(yue):“片言可(ke)以折狱(yu)者,其由也(ye)(ye)与?”(孔曰(yue):“片犹偏也(ye)(ye)。听讼必须两(liang)辞以定是(shi)非,偏信一言以折狱(yu)者,唯子(zi)路可(ke)。”)子(zi)路无宿诺。(宿,犹豫(yu)也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)路笃(du)信,恐临时多(duo)故(gu),故(gu)不(bu)豫(yu)诺。)
[疏]“子曰”至“宿诺”。
○正义曰:此章言子路有明断笃信之德也。“子曰:片言可以折狱者,其由也与”者,片,犹偏也。折,犹决断也。凡听讼必须两辞以定是非,偏信一言以决断狱讼者,唯子路可,故云其由也。“与子路无宿诺”者,宿,犹豫也。子路笃信,恐临时多故,故不豫也。或分此别为一章,今合之。
○注“孔曰”至“路可”。
○正义曰:云“听(ting)讼(song)(song)必须(xu)两辞以(yi)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)非(fei)”者(zhe),《周(zhou)礼·秋(qiu)官·大司寇职》云:“以(yi)两造禁民(min)讼(song)(song),以(yi)两剂禁民(min)狱。”注云:“讼(song)(song)谓以(yi)财货相(xiang)告者(zhe)。狱谓相(xiang)告以(yi)罪名(ming)者(zhe)。造,至(zhi)也(ye)。剂,今券(quan)(quan)书(shu)(shu)也(ye)。使讼(song)(song)者(zhe)两至(zhi),狱者(zhe)各赍(ji)券(quan)(quan)书(shu)(shu),既两至(zhi)、两券(quan)(quan)书(shu)(shu),乃(nai)治之。不至(zhi)及不券(quan)(quan)书(shu)(shu),则是(shi)自(zi)服不直者(zhe)也(ye)。”故知听(ting)讼(song)(song)必须(xu)两辞方定(ding)(ding)是(shi)非(fei)。偏信一言,则是(shi)非(fei)难决(jue)。唯子路才性明(ming)辨(bian),能听(ting)偏言决(jue)断狱讼(song)(song),故云唯子路可。
子曰(yue):“听讼(song),吾犹人(ren)也(ye)。(包曰(yue):“与人(ren)等。”)必(bi)也(ye),使(shi)无讼(song)乎!(王曰(yue):“化之(zhi)在前。”)
[疏]“子曰:听讼,吾犹人也。必也,使无讼乎!”
○正义曰:此章孔子言已至诚也。言听断狱讼之时,备两造,吾亦犹如常人,无以异也。言与常人同。必也,在前以道化之,使无争讼乃善。
○注“王曰:化之在前”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):案《周(zhou)易·讼(song)(song)(song)(song)卦·象》曰(yue):“天与(yu)(yu)水违行,讼(song)(song)(song)(song)。君子以(yi)作事谋始。”王(wang)弼(bi)云:“听(ting)(ting)讼(song)(song)(song)(song),吾(wu)犹人也(ye)(ye),必(bi)也(ye)(ye),使(shi)无(wu)(wu)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)乎!无(wu)(wu)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)在(zai)於谋始,谋始在(zai)於作制。契(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明,讼(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)生也(ye)(ye)。物有其(qi)分,职不(bu)(bu)相滥,争(zheng)何由兴?讼(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)起,契(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)过也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)有德司契(qi)(qi)(qi)而不(bu)(bu)责於人。”是(shi)化之(zhi)在(zai)前也(ye)(ye)。又(you)案:《大学》云:“子曰(yue):‘听(ting)(ting)讼(song)(song)(song)(song),吾(wu)犹人也(ye)(ye)。必(bi)也(ye)(ye),使(shi)无(wu)(wu)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)乎!’无(wu)(wu)情者不(bu)(bu)得(de)尽(jin)其(qi)辞,大畏民志(zhi)(zhi)。”郑(zheng)注(zhu)云:“情犹实也(ye)(ye)。无(wu)(wu)实者多虚诞之(zhi)辞,圣人之(zhi)听(ting)(ting)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)与(yu)(yu)人同耳。必(bi)使(shi)民无(wu)(wu)实者不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)尽(jin)其(qi)辞,大畏其(qi)心志(zhi)(zhi),使(shi)诚其(qi)意,不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)。”然则“听(ting)(ting)讼(song)(song)(song)(song),吾(wu)犹人也(ye)(ye),必(bi)也(ye)(ye),使(shi)无(wu)(wu)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)乎”,是(shi)夫子辞。“无(wu)(wu)情者不(bu)(bu)得(de)尽(jin)其(qi)辞,大畏民志(zhi)(zhi)”,是(shi)记(ji)者释夫子无(wu)(wu)讼(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)事,意与(yu)(yu)此(ci)注(zhu)及(ji)王(wang)弼(bi)不(bu)(bu)同,未知(zhi)谁是(shi),故(gu)具(ju)载(zai)之(zhi)。
子张问(wen)政(zheng)(zheng)。子曰(yue):“居之(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)倦,行之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)忠。”(王曰(yue):“言为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)道,居之(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)身,无(wu)得(de)解倦,行之(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)民,必以(yi)忠信(xin)。”)
[疏]“子张问政。子曰:居之无倦,行之以忠。”
○正义(yi)曰:此(ci)章言为政(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)道,若(ruo)居之(zhi)(zhi)於身(shen),无解倦,行之(zhi)(zhi)於民(min),必以忠信也。
子曰(yue):“博学於文(wen),约之以(yi)礼(li),亦可以(yi)弗(fu)畔矣夫(fu)。”(郑曰(yue):“弗(fu)畔,不违道。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“弗畔矣夫”。
○正义曰:此章及注(zhu)与(yu)《雍也篇》同,当是弟(di)子(zi)各(ge)记所闻,故重(zhong)载之。或本亦有作“君子(zi)博(bo)学(xue)於文”。
子曰(yue):“君子成(cheng)人(ren)之(zhi)美,不成(cheng)人(ren)之(zhi)恶。小人(ren)反(fan)是。”
[疏]“子曰:君子成人之美,不成人之恶。小人反是。”
○正义曰:此(ci)章言君子(zi)之(zhi)於人(ren)(ren),嘉善而(er)矜不(bu)能,又复仁恕,故成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)美,不(bu)成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)恶(e)也。小人(ren)(ren)则嫉贤乐(le)祸,而(er)成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)恶(e),不(bu)成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)美,故曰反是。
季康子(zi)(zi)问(wen)政於(wu)孔子(zi)(zi)。孔子(zi)(zi)对曰(yue):“政者,正也(ye)。子(zi)(zi)帅(shuai)以正,孰敢不正!”(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“康子(zi)(zi),鲁上卿,诸臣之(zhi)帅(shuai)也(ye)。”)
[疏]“季康子问政”至“不正”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章言为政(zheng)在乎(hu)修已(yi)。“对曰(yue):政(zheng)者,正(zheng)也”者,言政(zheng)教者在於齐正(zheng)也。“子(zi)帅以(yi)正(zheng),孰(shu)敢不(bu)正(zheng)”者,言康子(zi)为鲁上卿,诸(zhu)臣之(zhi)帅也,若已(yi)能每事以(yi)正(zheng),则(ze)已(yi)下之(zhi)臣民谁敢不(bu)正(zheng)也。
季(ji)康子患盗,问於孔子。孔子对曰:“苟子之不(bu)欲,虽赏之不(bu)窃。”(孔曰:“欲,多情欲。言民化(hua)於上,不(bu)从(cong)其令(ling),从(cong)其所好。”)
[疏]“季康子”至“不窃”。
○正义曰:此章言民从上化也。“季康子患盗,问於孔子”者,时鲁多盗贼,康子患之,问於孔子,欲以谋去也。“孔子对曰:苟子之不欲,虽赏之不窃”者,孔子言,民化於上,不从其令,从其所好。苟,诚也。诚如子之不贪欲,则民亦不窃盗。非但不为,假令赏之,民亦知耻而不窃也。今多盗贼者,正由子之贪欲故耳。
○注“孔曰”至“所好”。
○正义曰:云“民(min)(min)(min)(min)化於(wu)上,不(bu)从其(qi)(qi)令,从其(qi)(qi)所(suo)好(hao)”者,《大(da)学》曰:“尧、舜率天下(xia)以仁而(er)民(min)(min)(min)(min)从之(zhi),桀(jie)、纣(zhou)率天下(xia)以暴而(er)民(min)(min)(min)(min)从之(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)所(suo)令反其(qi)(qi)所(suo)好(hao),而(er)民(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)从。”注(zhu)云:言民(min)(min)(min)(min)化君(jun)行也。君(jun)若好(hao)货,而(er)禁(jin)民(min)(min)(min)(min)淫於(wu)财利,不(bu)能正也。”
季康子(zi)问(wen)政於孔子(zi)曰(yue):“如(ru)杀无道(dao),以(yi)就有(you)道(dao),何如(ru)?”(孔曰(yue):“就,成也。欲多杀以(yi)止奸。”)孔子(zi)对曰(yue):“子(zi)为政,焉用杀?子(zi)欲善而(er)民善矣。君(jun)子(zi)之德风(feng),小(xiao)人之德草(cao)。草(cao)上之风(feng),必偃。”(孔曰(yue):“亦欲令康子(zi)先自正(zheng)。偃,仆(pu)也。加(jia)草(cao)以(yi)风(feng),无不仆(pu)者,犹民之化於上。”)
[疏]“季康子”至“必偃”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此章言为政(zheng)不须刑杀,但在(zai)上(shang)自正(zheng),则民(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“季康(kang)(kang)(kang)子问(wen)政(zheng)於孔子曰:如(ru)杀无(wu)道(dao)(dao),以(yi)(yi)就(jiu)有道(dao)(dao),何如(ru)”者(zhe)(zhe),就(jiu),成也(ye)(ye)。康(kang)(kang)(kang)子之(zhi)意,欲多杀止奸,以(yi)(yi)成为有道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。“孔子对曰:子为政(zheng),焉用杀”者(zhe)(zhe),言子为执政(zheng),安(an)用刑杀也(ye)(ye)。“子欲善而民(min)(min)善矣”者(zhe)(zhe),言子若为善,则民(min)(min)亦化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)为善矣。“君子之(zhi)德(de)风(feng),小人之(zhi)德(de)草。草上(shang)之(zhi)风(feng),必偃”者(zhe)(zhe),此为康(kang)(kang)(kang)子设譬(pi)也(ye)(ye)。偃,仆也(ye)(ye)。在(zai)上(shang)君子为政(zheng)之(zhi)德(de)若风(feng),在(zai)下小人从化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)德(de)如(ru)草,加草以(yi)(yi)风(feng),无(wu)不仆者(zhe)(zhe)。犹化(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)以(yi)(yi)正(zheng),无(wu)不从者(zhe)(zhe)。亦欲令康(kang)(kang)(kang)子先自正(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)张(zhang)问:“士(shi)何(he)如(ru)斯可谓(wei)之达矣?”子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“何(he)哉(zai),尔所谓(wei)达者?”子(zi)张(zhang)对曰(yue)(yue):“在邦必(bi)闻(wen),在家必(bi)闻(wen)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue):“言士(shi)之所在,皆能有名誉。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“是闻(wen)也,非达也。夫(fu)达也者,质(zhi)直而(er)(er)好义,察言而(er)(er)观色(se),虑(lv)以(yi)下人。(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“常(chang)有谦(qian)(qian)退之志(zhi),察言语(yu),观颜色(se),知其(qi)所欲,其(qi)志(zhi)虑(lv)常(chang)欲以(yi)下人。”)在邦必(bi)达,在家必(bi)达。(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“谦(qian)(qian)尊而(er)(er)光,卑(bei)而(er)(er)不可逾。”)夫(fu)闻(wen)也者,色(se)取(qu)仁而(er)(er)行(xing)违,居之不疑。(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“此(ci)言佞人假仁者之色(se),行(xing)之则违,安居其(qi)伪而(er)(er)不自疑。”)在邦必(bi)闻(wen),在家必(bi)闻(wen)。”(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“佞人党多。”)
[疏]“子张”至“必闻”。
○正义曰:此章论士行。“子张问:士何如斯可谓之达矣”者,士,有德之称。问士行何如可谓通达也。“子曰:何哉,尔所谓达者”者,夫子复问子张,何者是汝意所谓达者。欲使试言之也。“子张对曰:在邦必闻,在家必闻”者,闻谓有名誉,使人闻之也。言士有德行,在邦臣於诸侯,必有名闻;在家臣於卿大夫,亦必有名闻。言士之所在,皆有名誉,意谓此为达也。“子曰:是闻也,非达也”者,言汝所陈,正是名闻之士,非是通达之士也。“夫达也者,质直而好义,察言而观色,虑以下人”者,此孔子又说达士之行也,为性正直,所好义事,察人言语,观人颜色,知其所欲,其念虑常欲以下人。言常有谦退之志也。“在邦必达,在家必达”者,以其谦退,故所在通达也。“夫闻也者,色取仁而行违,居之不疑”者,此言佞人色则假取仁者之色,而行则违之,安居其伪而不自疑也。“在邦必闻,在家必闻”者,言佞人党多,妄相称誉,故所在皆有名闻也。
○注“马曰:谦尊而光,卑而不可逾。”
○正义曰:此《周易·谦(qian)卦·彖辞》也(ye)。言尊者有谦(qian)而(er)更(geng)光明盛(sheng)大,卑者有谦(qian)而(er)不可逾越。引证士(shi)有谦(qian)德则所在必达(da)也(ye)。
樊迟(chi)从游於(wu)舞雩(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)下,(包(bao)曰(yue):“舞雩(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)处有坛(tan)单树木,故下可游焉。”)曰(yue):“敢问(wen)崇德、慝、辨惑。”(孔曰(yue):“慝,恶也(ye)。,治也(ye)。治恶为善。”)子曰(yue):“善哉问(wen)!先事後(hou)得,非崇德与?(孔曰(yue):“先劳於(wu)事,然後(hou)得报。”)攻(gong)其(qi)(qi)恶,无(wu)攻(gong)人之(zhi)(zhi)恶,非慝与?一朝之(zhi)(zhi)忿,忘其(qi)(qi)身,以及(ji)其(qi)(qi)亲,非惑与?”
[疏]“樊迟”至“惑与”。
○正义曰:此章言身之事也。樊迟从游於舞雩之处,有坛单树木,故弟子樊迟随从孔子游於其下也。曰:“敢问崇德、慝、辨惑”者,,治也。慝,恶也。此樊迟因从行而问孔子,曰:“敢问欲充盛其德,治恶为善,别疑惑,何为而可也?”“子曰:善哉问”者,其问皆身之要,故善之。“先事後得,非崇德与”者,言先劳於事,然後得报,是崇德也。“攻其恶,无攻人之恶,非慝与”者,攻,治也。言治其已过,无治人之过,是治恶也。“一朝之忿,忘其身,以及其亲,非惑与”者,言君子忿则思难。若人有犯己,一朝忿之,不思其难,则忘身也。辱其身则羞其亲,故曰:“以及其亲也,非惑与?”言是惑也。注“坛单”。
○正(zheng)义曰:封土为(wei)坛(tan),除地(di)为(wei)单(dan)。言(yan)(yan)雩(yu)坛(tan)在所除地(di)中(zhong),故连言(yan)(yan)坛(tan)单(dan)。
樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)(chi)问仁。子(zi)曰(yue):“爱人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”问知。子(zi)曰(yue):“知人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)(chi)未达。子(zi)曰(yue):“举直(zhi)错诸枉,能使(shi)枉者(zhe)直(zhi)。”(包曰(yue):“举正直(zhi)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)用之,废置邪枉之人(ren)(ren)(ren),则皆化(hua)为直(zhi)。”)樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)(chi)退,见(jian)子(zi)夏曰(yue):“乡也吾(wu)见(jian)於夫子(zi)而问知,子(zi)曰(yue):‘举直(zhi)错诸枉,能使(shi)枉者(zhe)直(zhi)。’何(he)谓也?”子(zi)夏曰(yue):“富哉言乎!(孔曰(yue):“富,盛也。”)舜有天下,选(xuan)於众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),举皋陶,不(bu)仁者(zhe)远矣(yi)(yi)。汤(tang)有天下,选(xuan)於众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),举伊尹,不(bu)仁者(zhe)远矣(yi)(yi)。”(孔曰(yue):“言舜、汤(tang)有天下,选(xuan)择於众(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),举皋陶、伊尹,则不(bu)仁者(zhe)远矣(yi)(yi),仁者(zhe)至矣(yi)(yi)。”)
[疏]“樊迟”至“远矣”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):此章明(ming)仁、知也(ye)。“樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)问(wen)仁。子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):爱(ai)人”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)爱(ai)济(ji)众是仁道也(ye)。“问(wen)知。子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):知人”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)知人贤才而(er)举(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi),是知也(ye)。“樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)未(wei)达。子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错诸枉(wang)(wang),能使枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)未(wei)晓达知人之(zhi)(zhi)意,故孔子(zi)(zi)复解之(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)(yan)举(ju)(ju)正直(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)人而(er)用之(zhi)(zhi),废置邪(xie)枉(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)人,则皆化为直(zhi)(zhi),故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)能使枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)退,见子(zi)(zi)夏(xia)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):乡(xiang)也(ye)吾见於夫子(zi)(zi)而(er)问(wen)知,子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错诸枉(wang)(wang),能使枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)(zhi)。何(he)谓(wei)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)虽问(wen)举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错枉(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)语,犹(you)自(zi)未(wei)喻,故复问(wen)子(zi)(zi)夏(xia)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)夏(xia)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):富(fu)哉言(yan)(yan)乎”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)夏(xia)闻言(yan)(yan)即解,故叹美之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“富(fu)盛哉,此言(yan)(yan)乎!”“舜(shun)有天下(xia),选於众,举(ju)(ju)皋(gao)陶,不(bu)仁者(zhe)(zhe)远(yuan)矣。汤有天下(xia),选於众,举(ju)(ju)伊尹(yin),不(bu)仁者(zhe)(zhe)远(yuan)矣”者(zhe)(zhe),此子(zi)(zi)夏(xia)为樊(fan)(fan)迟(chi)说(shuo)举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错枉(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)舜(shun)、汤有天下(xia),选择(ze)於众,举(ju)(ju)用皋(gao)陶、伊尹(yin),则不(bu)仁者(zhe)(zhe)远(yuan)矣,仁者(zhe)(zhe)至矣。是其能使邪(xie)枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)亦化为直(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。
子(zi)贡(gong)问友。子(zi)曰(yue):“忠(zhong)告(gao)而善道之,不可则止,毋自(zi)辱(ru)(ru)焉(yan)。”(包(bao)曰(yue):“忠(zhong)告(gao),以(yi)是非告(gao)之。以(yi)善道导之,不见从则止。必言之,或见辱(ru)(ru)。”)
[疏]“子贡问友。子曰:忠告而善道之,不可则止,毋自辱焉”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章论(lun)友也(ye)。言尽其(qi)忠(zhong)以是非告(gao)之(zhi),又(you)以善(shan)道导之(zhi),若不从(cong)己,则(ze)止而不告(gao)不导也(ye)。毋得强告(gao)导之(zhi),以自取困辱(ru)焉。以其(qi)必言之(zhi),或(huo)时见辱(ru)。
曾子曰(yue):“君子以(yi)文会友(you)(you),(孔曰(yue):“友(you)(you)以(yi)文德合。”)以(yi)友(you)(you)辅仁(ren)。”(孔曰(yue):“友(you)(you)相切磋之道,所以(yi)辅成己之仁(ren)。”)
[疏]“曾子曰:君子以文会友,以友辅仁。”
○正义曰:此章以论友(you)(you),言(yan)君(jun)子之(zhi)人以文德会合(he)朋友(you)(you),朋友(you)(you)有(you)相切磋琢(zhuo)磨之(zhi)道,所(suo)以辅成已之(zhi)仁(ren)德也。