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论语注疏卷十三·子路第十三

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●卷十三·子路第十三

  [疏]正义曰:此篇论善人君(jun)子为邦(bang)教民、仁政孝弟、中行常(chang)德,皆治(zhi)国身之要,大意与前(qian)篇相类(lei),且回也入室,由(you)也升(sheng)堂,故(gu)以为次也。

子路问政。子曰(yue):“先之(zhi),劳之(zhi)。”(孔曰(yue):“先导之(zhi)以(yi)德(de),使民(min)信之(zhi),然後(hou)劳之(zhi)。《易》曰(yue):‘说以(yi)先民(min),民(min)忘其劳。’”)请益。曰(yue):“无倦(juan)。”(孔曰(yue):“子路嫌其少,故请益。曰(yue)无倦(juan)者,行此上事,无倦(juan)则可。”)

[疏]“子路问政”至“无倦”。
  ○正义曰:此章言政先德泽也。“子曰:先之劳之”者,言为德政者,先导之以德,使民信之,然後可以政役之事劳之,则民从其令也。“请益”者,子路嫌其少,故更请益之。“曰:无倦”者,夫子言行此上事无倦怠则可也。
  ○注“《易》曰:说以使民,民忘其劳”。
  ○正义曰:此《周易·兑(dui)卦·彖辞》文也(ye)。言先以说豫抚民,然後使之(zhi)从事,则民皆(jie)竭(jie)力,忘其劳(lao)苦也(ye)。引之(zhi)以证先之(zhi)、劳(lao)之(zhi)之(zhi)义也(ye)。

仲弓为季氏宰(zai),问政。子曰:“先(xian)有司(si),(王曰:“言为政当先(xian)任有司(si)而後(hou)责其(qi)(qi)事(shi)。”)赦小过,举(ju)贤才。”曰:“焉知(zhi)贤才而举(ju)之?”曰:“举(ju)尔所知(zhi),尔所不知(zhi),人(ren)其(qi)(qi)舍诸?”(孔曰:“女(nv)所不知(zhi)者,人(ren)将自(zi)举(ju)其(qi)(qi)所知(zhi),则(ze)贤才无遗(yi)。”)

[疏]“仲弓”至“舍诸”。
  ○正义曰(yue)(yue):此章(zhang)言(yan)政在(zai)举(ju)(ju)(ju)贤(xian)也(ye)(ye)。“仲(zhong)弓(gong)为季氏(shi)宰,问(wen)政”者(zhe),冉雍为季氏(shi)家宰,而问(wen)政於夫子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):先(xian)有司,赦(she)小过,举(ju)(ju)(ju)贤(xian)才(cai)”者(zhe),有司,属吏也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)为政当先(xian)委(wei)任属吏,各(ge)(ge)有所(suo)(suo)司,而後责其(qi)(qi)成事。赦(she)放小过,宽则(ze)得众也(ye)(ye)。举(ju)(ju)(ju)用(yong)(yong)贤(xian)才(cai),使(shi)官得其(qi)(qi)人,野无遗逸,是政之(zhi)善也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue):焉(yan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤(xian)才(cai)而举(ju)(ju)(ju)之(zhi)”者(zhe),仲(zhong)弓(gong)闻使(shi)举(ju)(ju)(ju)贤(xian),意言(yan)贤(xian)才(cai)难可偏(pian)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故复问(wen)曰(yue)(yue):“安(an)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤(xian)才(cai)而得举(ju)(ju)(ju)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)?”“曰(yue)(yue):举(ju)(ju)(ju)尔所(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。尔所(suo)(suo)不知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),人其(qi)(qi)舍(she)诸(zhu)”者(zhe),舍(she),置也(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu),之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。夫子(zi)教之(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):“但举(ju)(ju)(ju)女(nv)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。女(nv)所(suo)(suo)不知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),人将自举(ju)(ju)(ju)之(zhi),其(qi)(qi)肯置之(zhi)而不举(ju)(ju)(ju)乎?“既(ji)各(ge)(ge)举(ju)(ju)(ju)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)贤(xian)才(cai)无遗。

子(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“卫君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)待子(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)为政(zheng),子(zi)(zi)(zi)将奚(xi)(xi)先?”(包(bao)(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“问往将何所(suo)(suo)先行(xing)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“必(bi)(bi)也(ye)正(zheng)名(ming)(ming)乎!”(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“正(zheng)百事(shi)之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“有是(shi)哉,子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)迂(yu)也(ye)!奚(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)?”(包(bao)(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“迂(yu)犹远(yuan)也(ye)。言(yan)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)言(yan)远(yuan)於(wu)事(shi)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“野(ye)哉,由(you)也(ye)!(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“野(ye)犹不(bu)(bu)达。”)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)於(wu)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi),盖阙(que)如也(ye)。(包(bao)(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)於(wu)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi),当阙(que)而(er)勿据(ju)。今由(you)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)正(zheng)名(ming)(ming)之(zhi)义,而(er)谓之(zhi)迂(yu)远(yuan)。”)名(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)则言(yan)不(bu)(bu)顺,言(yan)不(bu)(bu)顺则事(shi)不(bu)(bu)成,事(shi)不(bu)(bu)成则礼乐(le)不(bu)(bu)兴,礼乐(le)不(bu)(bu)兴则刑罚不(bu)(bu)中(zhong),(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“礼以安(an)上(shang),乐(le)以移风,二(er)者不(bu)(bu)行(xing),则有淫刑滥罚。”)刑罚不(bu)(bu)中(zhong)则民(min)无所(suo)(suo)错手(shou)足,故君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)名(ming)(ming)之(zhi)必(bi)(bi)可(ke)言(yan)也(ye),言(yan)之(zhi)必(bi)(bi)可(ke)行(xing)也(ye)。(王曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“所(suo)(suo)名(ming)(ming)之(zhi)事(shi)必(bi)(bi)可(ke)得(de)而(er)明言(yan),所(suo)(suo)言(yan)之(zhi)事(shi)必(bi)(bi)可(ke)得(de)而(er)遵(zun)行(xing)。”)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)於(wu)其(qi)(qi)言(yan),无所(suo)(suo)苟而(er)已矣。”

[疏]“子路”至“而已矣”。
  ○正义曰:此章论政在正名也。“子路曰:卫君待子而为政,子将奚先”者,奚,何也。案《世家》:孔子自楚反乎卫,是时卫君辄父不得立,在外,诸侯数以为让,而孔子弟子多仕於卫,卫君欲得孔子为政,故子路问之曰:“往将何以先行?”“子曰:必也正名乎”者,言将先正百事之名也。“子路曰:有是哉,子之迂也!奚其正”者,迂犹远也。子路言:“岂有若是哉,夫子之言远於事也!何其正名乎?”“子曰:野哉,由也”者,野犹不达也。夫子见子路言迂,故曰:“不达理哉,此仲由也!”“君子於其所不知,盖阙如也”者,此责子路不知正名之义而便言迂远也。言君子於其所不知,盖当阙而勿据。今由不知正名之义而便谓之迂远,不亦野哉。“名不正则言不顺,言不顺则事不成,事不成则礼乐不兴,礼乐不兴则刑罚不中,刑罚不中则民无所错手足”者,此孔子更陈正名之理也。夫事以顺成,名由言举。名若不正则言不顺序,言不顺序则政事不成。政事不成,则君不安於上,风不移於下,是礼乐不兴行也。礼乐不行,则有淫刑滥罚,故不中也。刑罚枉滥,民则地局天,动罹刑网,故无所错其手足也。“故君子名之必可言也,言之必可行也。君子於其言,无所苟而已矣”者,此又言正名之事,非为苟且也。君子名此事,必使可明言,言此事必可遵行。君子於其所言,无苟且。若名之不可言,言之不可行,是苟且而言也。
  ○注“孔曰”至“滥罚”。
  ○正义曰:云“礼以安上,乐以移风”者,《孝经·广要道章》文,言礼所以正君臣父子之别,明男女长幼之序,故可以安上化下,风移俗易。先入乐声,变随人心,正由君德,正之与变,因乐而彰,故可以移风易俗也。云“二者不行,则有淫刑滥罚”者,《礼运》云:“礼者,所以治政安君也。政不正则君位危,君位危则大臣倍,小臣窃。刑肃而俗敝,则法无常。”又《乐记》曰:“五刑不用,百姓无患,天子不怒,如此则乐达矣。”故礼乐二者不行,则刑罚淫滥而不中也。
  ○注“王曰”至“道行”。
  ○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)“所(suo)(suo)名(ming)之事必可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)得而(er)明(ming)言(yan)(yan)”者,若礼,人名(ming)不(bu)以国(guo),以国(guo)则废(fei)名(ming),是不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)明(ming)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)之事必可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)得而(er)遵行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”者,《缁(zi)衣》曰:“可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),君(jun)(jun)子(zi)弗(fu)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)言(yan)(yan),君(jun)(jun)子(zi)弗(fu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。”熊氏云(yun)(yun):“君(jun)(jun)子(zi)贤人可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)言(yan)(yan)作凡人法(fa)。若曾(ceng)子(zi)有母之丧,水浆(jiang)不(bu)入於口七日,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)言(yan)(yan)说(shuo)以为法(fa),是不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)遵行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。”是以可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)明(ming)言(yan)(yan),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)遵行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),而(er)後(hou)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)名(ming)言(yan)(yan)之也(ye)(ye)。

樊(fan)迟请(qing)学稼。子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)不如(ru)老农。”请(qing)学为圃(pu)。曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)不如(ru)老圃(pu)。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“树五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)稼。树菜(cai)蔬曰(yue)(yue)圃(pu)。”)樊(fan)迟出。子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“小人哉,樊(fan)须也!上(shang)好礼,则(ze)民莫敢不敬。上(shang)好义,则(ze)民莫敢不服。上(shang)好信(xin),则(ze)民莫敢不用情。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“情,情实(shi)也。言民化(hua)於(wu)上(shang),各以实(shi)应(ying)。”)夫如(ru)是,则(ze)四方之民襁(qiang)负其(qi)子(zi)而至矣,焉用稼!”(包曰(yue)(yue):“礼义与信(xin),足(zu)以成德,何(he)用学稼以教民乎?负者以器(qi)曰(yue)(yue)襁(qiang)。”)

[疏]“樊迟”至“用稼”。
  ○正义曰:此章言礼义忠信为治民之要。“樊迟请学稼”者,树五曰稼。弟子樊须谓於夫子,学播种之法,欲以教民也。“子曰:吾不如老农”者,孔子怒其不学礼义而学稼种,故拒之,曰:“稼种之事,吾不如久老之农夫也。”“请学为圃”者,树菜蔬曰圃。樊迟又请於夫子,学树艺菜蔬之法。“曰:吾不如老圃”者,亦拒其请也,言:“树艺菜蔬之法,吾不如久老为圃者。”“樊迟出。子曰:小人哉,樊须也”者,樊迟既请而出,夫子与诸弟子言曰:“小人哉,此樊须也!”谓其不学礼义而学农圃,故曰小人也。“上好礼,则民莫敢不敬。上好义,则民莫敢不服。上好信,则民莫敢不用情”者,孔子遂言礼义与信可以教民也。礼毋不敬,故上好行礼,则民化之,莫敢不敬也。人闻义则服,故上好行义,则民莫敢不服也。以信待物,物亦以实应之,故上若好信,则民莫不用其情。情犹情实也。言民於上,各以实应也。夫如是,则四方之民襁负其子而至矣。“焉用稼”者,此又言夫礼义与信足以成德化民,如是则四方之民感化自来,皆以襁器背负其子而至矣,何用学稼以教民乎?
  ○注“树五曰稼。树菜蔬曰圃”。
  ○正义曰:树者,种殖之名。五者,黍稷麻麦豆也。《周礼注》云:“种曰稼,如嫁女以有所生也。”《周礼·大宰职》云:“园圃,毓草木。”注云:“树果曰圃。园,其樊也。”然则园者,外畔藩蓠之名。其内之地,种树菜果,则谓之圃。蔬则菜也。郑玄《周礼注》云:“百草根实可食者。”《释天》云:“蔬不熟为馑。”郭璞曰:“凡草菜可食者通名为蔬。”
  ○注“负者以器曰襁”。
  ○正义曰(yue):《博物志》云(yun):“织缕为之(zhi),广八尺,长丈二(er),以约小儿於背。”

子曰:“诵(song)《诗》三百(bai),授之(zhi)以政,不(bu)达;使於四方,不(bu)能专(zhuan)对,虽多,亦(yi)奚(xi)以为?”(专(zhuan)犹独也(ye)。)

[疏]“子曰:诵《诗》三百,授之以政,不达;使於四方,不能专对,虽多,亦奚以为?”
  ○正义(yi)曰:此章言(yan)(yan)人之(zhi)才(cai)学(xue)(xue)贵於用。若多学(xue)(xue)而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用,则如不(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)也。诵(song)谓讽(feng)诵(song)。《周礼注》云:“倍文(wen)曰讽(feng)。以声节之(zhi)曰诵(song)。《诗》有《国风》、《雅》、《颂》,凡三百五篇,皆言(yan)(yan)天子(zi)诸侯之(zhi)政也。古者使四(si)(si)方,有会同之(zhi)事,皆赋《诗》以见意。今有人能(neng)讽(feng)诵(song)《诗》文(wen)三百篇之(zhi)多,若授之(zhi)以政,使居位(wei)治(zhi)民(min),而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)通(tong)达;使於四(si)(si)方,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)独对,讽(feng)诵(song)虽多,亦何以为。言(yan)(yan)无(wu)所益(yi)也。

子曰(yue):“其身正(zheng),不令而行。其身不正(zheng),虽令不从(cong)。”(令,教(jiao)令也(ye)。)

[疏]“子曰:其身正,不令而行。其身不正,虽令不从”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此章言为政者当以身(shen)(shen)先也。言上之人(ren),其(qi)(qi)身(shen)(shen)若正,不(bu)在教(jiao)令(ling),民自观化而行之。其(qi)(qi)身(shen)(shen)若不(bu)正,虽(sui)教(jiao)令(ling)滋章,民亦不(bu)从也。

子曰:“鲁、卫之(zhi)政,兄(xiong)(xiong)弟也(ye)”。(包曰:“鲁,周(zhou)公之(zhi)封(feng)。卫,康(kang)叔之(zhi)封(feng)。周(zhou)公、康(kang)叔既为(wei)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟,康(kang)叔睦於(wu)周(zhou)公,其(qi)国(guo)之(zhi)政亦(yi)如兄(xiong)(xiong)弟。”)

[疏]“子曰:鲁、卫之政,兄弟也”。
  ○正义曰:此章孔子评论鲁(lu)、卫二(er)国之(zhi)(zhi)政相似,如(ru)周(zhou)公、康叔(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)兄弟也。鲁(lu)、周(zhou)公之(zhi)(zhi)封。卫,康叔(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)封。周(zhou)公、康叔(shu)(shu)既为(wei)兄弟,康叔(shu)(shu)睦於周(zhou)公,其国之(zhi)(zhi)政亦如(ru)兄弟也。

子谓卫公子荆,“善居室。(王曰(yue):“荆与蘧瑗(yuan)、史酋(qiu)并为君子。”)始有,曰(yue)‘苟合(he)矣(yi)(yi)’;少有,曰(yue)‘苟完矣(yi)(yi)’;富(fu)有,曰(yue)‘苟美矣(yi)(yi)’。

[疏]“子谓”至“美矣”。
  ○正义曰:此章孔子称谓卫公子荆有君子之德也。“善居室”者,言居家理也。“始有,曰苟合矣”者,家始富有,不言己才能所致,但曰苟且聚合也。“少有,曰苟完矣”者,又少有增多,但曰苟且完全矣。“富有,曰苟美矣”者,富有大备,但曰苟且有此富美耳,终无泰侈之心也。
  ○注“王曰:荆与蘧瑗、史酋并为君子”。
  ○正义曰:案(an)《左(zuo)传》襄二十九年,“吴公(gong)子(zi)(zi)札来聘。遂(sui)卫(wei),说蘧(qu)瑗(yuan)、史(shi)狗、史(shi)酋(qiu)、公(gong)子(zi)(zi)荆、公(gong)叔(shu)发(fa)、公(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝(chao),曰:‘卫(wei)多君子(zi)(zi),未有患(huan)也。’”是与蘧(qu)瑗(yuan)、史(shi)酋(qiu)并为君子(zi)(zi)也。

子卫,冉(ran)(ran)(ran)有仆。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“孔(kong)子之卫,冉(ran)(ran)(ran)有御(yu)。”)子曰(yue)(yue):“庶矣哉!”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“庶,众(zhong)也。言(yan)卫人众(zhong)多。”)冉(ran)(ran)(ran)有曰(yue)(yue):“既庶矣,又(you)何加(jia)焉?”曰(yue)(yue):“富(fu)之。”曰(yue)(yue):“既富(fu)矣,又(you)何加(jia)焉?”曰(yue)(yue):“教之。”

[疏]“子”至“教之”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此章言治民之(zhi)法也(ye)。“子(zi)卫(wei)(wei),冉有(you)仆”者(zhe),,之(zhi)也(ye)。孔子(zi)之(zhi)卫(wei)(wei),冉有(you)为仆以御车也(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue):庶矣哉”者(zhe),庶,众也(ye)。至(zhi)卫(wei)(wei)境(jing),见卫(wei)(wei)人众多,故孔子(zi)叹美(mei)之(zhi)。冉有(you)曰(yue):“既(ji)(ji)庶矣,又何加焉”者(zhe),言民既(ji)(ji)众多,复何加益也(ye)。“曰(yue):富之(zhi)”者(zhe),孔子(zi)言当(dang)施舍(she)薄敛(lian),使之(zhi)衣食足也(ye)。“曰(yue):既(ji)(ji)富矣,又何加焉”者(zhe),冉有(you)言民既(ji)(ji)饶足,复何加益之(zhi)。“曰(yue):教之(zhi)”者(zhe),孔子(zi)言当(dang)教以义方,使知礼节(jie)也(ye)。

子曰:“苟有用(yong)我(wo)(wo)者,期月(yue)(yue)而已可也(ye),三(san)年(nian)有成(cheng)(cheng)。”(孔(kong)曰:“言诚有用(yong)我(wo)(wo)於政(zheng)事者,期月(yue)(yue)而可以行其政(zheng)教,必三(san)年(nian)乃(nai)有成(cheng)(cheng)功。”)

[疏]“子曰:苟有用我者,期月而已可也,三年有成”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此章孔(kong)子自(zi)言为政(zheng)之(zhi)道也。苟,诚(cheng)也。期(qi)月(yue),周月(yue)也,谓周一年之(zhi)十二月(yue)也。孔(kong)子言诚(cheng)有(you)用(yong)我於政(zheng)事者,期(qi)月(yue)而可以行其(qi)政(zheng)教,必满三年乃(nai)有(you)成功也。

子(zi)曰:“‘善(shan)人为邦百年(nian),亦可以胜残去(qu)杀矣。’(王曰:“胜残,残暴之(zhi)人使不(bu)为恶(e)也(ye)(ye)。去(qu)杀,不(bu)用刑杀也(ye)(ye)。”)诚哉(zai)是(shi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)!”(孔曰:“古有此言(yan),孔子(zi)信之(zhi)。”)

[疏]“子曰:‘善人为邦百年,亦可以胜残去杀矣。’诚哉是言也”。
  ○正义曰:此(ci)章(zhang)言(yan)善人君(jun)子治(zhi)国至(zhi)於百(bai)年以来,亦(yi)可以胜残暴(bao)之(zhi)人,使不(bu)为恶,去(qu)刑(xing)杀而不(bu)用矣。“诚(cheng)哉(zai)是(shi)言(yan)”者,古有(you)此(ci)言(yan),孔子信之(zhi),故(gu)曰:“诚(cheng)哉(zai)是(shi)言(yan)也(ye)。”

子曰(yue):“如(ru)有王者,必世而後仁(ren)(ren)。”(孔曰(yue):“三(san)十年(nian)曰(yue)世。如(ru)有受命王者,必三(san)十年(nian)仁(ren)(ren)政乃成。”)

[疏]“子曰:如有王者,必世而後仁”。
  ○正义(yi)曰:三(san)十年曰世。此章言如有(you)受天命而王天下者,必三(san)十年仁政乃(nai)成(cheng)也。

子曰:“苟(gou)正(zheng)其(qi)身矣(yi)於从政乎?何有不能正(zheng)其(qi)身如正(zheng)人(ren)何

[疏]子曰:“苟正其身矣,於从政乎何有?不能正其身,如正人何?”
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此章言政(zheng)者正(zheng)也,欲正(zheng)他人(ren),在(zai)先正(zheng)其身(shen)也。苟,诚也。诚能(neng)自(zi)正(zheng)其身(shen),则於从政(zheng)乎何(he)有?言不难(nan)也。若自(zi)不能(neng)正(zheng)其身(shen),则虽令(ling)不从。“如(ru)正(zheng)人(ren)何(he)”,言必(bi)不能(neng)正(zheng)人(ren)也。

冉子退朝。(周(zhou)曰(yue)(yue):“谓罢朝於(wu)鲁君。”)子曰(yue)(yue):“何晏也(ye)(ye)?”对曰(yue)(yue):“有(you)(you)政(zheng)。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“政(zheng)者,有(you)(you)所改更匡正。”)子曰(yue)(yue):“其事也(ye)(ye)。(马曰(yue)(yue):“事者,凡行常事。”)如(ru)有(you)(you)政(zheng),虽不(bu)吾以,吾其与闻之。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“如(ru)有(you)(you)政(zheng),非常之事,我为大夫,虽不(bu)见(jian)任用(yong),必当(dang)与闻之。”)

[疏]“冉子”至“闻之”。
  ○正义曰:此章明政、事之别也。“冉子退朝”者,时冉有臣於季氏。朝廷曰退,谓罢朝於鲁君也。“子曰:何晏也”者,晏,晚也。孔子讶其退朝晚,故问之。“对曰:有政”者,冉子言,有所改更匡正之政,故退晚也。“子曰:其事也。如有政,虽不吾以,吾其与闻之”者,孔子言,女之所谓政者,但凡行常事耳。设如有大政非常之事,我为大夫,虽不见任用,必当与闻之也。
  ○注“周曰:谓罢朝於鲁君”。
  ○正义曰:周氏以为,夫子云“虽不吾以,吾其与闻”,皆论若朝之事,故云罢朝於鲁君。郑玄以冉有臣於季氏,故以朝为季氏之朝。《少仪》云:“朝廷曰退。”谓於朝廷之中,若欲散还,则称曰退。以近君为进,还私远君为退朝。此退朝谓罢朝也。
  ○注“马曰:事者,凡行常事”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):案昭(zhao)二十(shi)五年《左传》曰(yue):“为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)、庸力、行务以从(cong)四时(shi)。”杜预曰(yue):“在(zai)君(jun)为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),在(zai)臣为(wei)事(shi)。”杜意据此文,时(shi)冉子仕於季氏,称(cheng)季氏有政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),孔子谓之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)事(shi),是(shi)在(zai)君(jun)为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),在(zai)臣为(wei)事(shi)也。何晏以为(wei),仲尼称(cheng)孝友(you)是(shi)亦为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),明其政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、事(shi)通言,但随(sui)事(shi)大小异其名耳,故不同郑、杜之(zhi)(zhi)说,而(er)取周、马之(zhi)(zhi)言,以朝为(wei)鲁君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)朝,以事(shi)为(wei)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)凡行常事(shi)也。

定公(gong)问(wen):“一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)兴邦(bang),有诸?”孔子对曰(yue):“言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)若是,其(qi)几(ji)也(ye)(ye)。(王曰(yue):“以(yi)(yi)其(qi)大(da)要,一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能正兴国(guo)。几(ji),近也(ye)(ye)。有近一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)兴国(guo)。”)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)曰(yue):‘为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)难,为(wei)(wei)(wei)臣不(bu)(bu)(bu)易。’如(ru)(ru)知(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)难也(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)几(ji)乎(hu)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)兴邦(bang)乎(hu)?”(孔曰(yue):“事不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)成。如(ru)(ru)知(zhi)此(ci),则可(ke)近也(ye)(ye)。”)曰(yue):“一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)丧邦(bang),有诸?”孔子对曰(yue):“言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)若是,其(qi)几(ji)也(ye)(ye)。人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)曰(yue):‘予(yu)无(wu)(wu)乐(le)乎(hu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun),唯(wei)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)莫(mo)(mo)予(yu)违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)。’(孔曰(yue):“言(yan)(yan)(yan)无(wu)(wu)乐(le)於为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)。所(suo)(suo)乐(le)者,唯(wei)乐(le)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)见违(wei)(wei)(wei)。”)如(ru)(ru)其(qi)善(shan)而(er)莫(mo)(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦善(shan)乎(hu)?如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)而(er)莫(mo)(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)几(ji)乎(hu)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)丧邦(bang)乎(hu)?”(孔曰(yue):“人(ren)君(jun)(jun)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan)善(shan),无(wu)(wu)违(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)者,则善(shan)也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan),而(er)无(wu)(wu)敢违(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)者,则近一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)丧国(guo)。”)

[疏]“定公”至“邦乎”。
  ○正义曰:此(ci)章言(yan)(yan)(yan)为君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)。“定(ding)公(gong)问:一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兴(xing)邦(bang)(bang),有诸”者(zhe)(zhe),鲁君(jun)(jun)(jun)定(ding)公(gong)问於孔(kong)子,为君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)道,有一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兴(xing)其(qi)(qi)国,有之(zhi)(zhi)乎?孔(kong)子对曰:“言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)若(ruo)(ruo)是,其(qi)(qi)几(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),几(ji)(ji)(ji),近也(ye)。孔(kong)子以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)大(da)要(yao),一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)能正兴(xing)国,故云(yun)言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)若(ruo)(ruo)是。有近一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兴(xing)国者(zhe)(zhe),故云(yun)其(qi)(qi)几(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)。“人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)曰:‘为君(jun)(jun)(jun)难(nan)(nan),为臣不(bu)易。’如知(zhi)为君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)难(nan)(nan)也(ye),不(bu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)乎一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)兴(xing)邦(bang)(bang)乎”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔(kong)子称(cheng)其(qi)(qi)近兴(xing)国之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)。事不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)成,如人(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)知(zhi)此(ci)为君(jun)(jun)(jun)难(nan)(nan),此(ci)则可(ke)近也(ye)。“曰:一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)丧(sang)邦(bang)(bang),有诸”者(zhe)(zhe),定(ding)公(gong)又问曰:“人(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)致(zhi)亡国,有之(zhi)(zhi)乎?”“孔(kong)子对曰:言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)若(ruo)(ruo)是,其(qi)(qi)几(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦言(yan)(yan)(yan)有近一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)亡国也(ye)。“人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)曰:‘予无乐(le)乎为君(jun)(jun)(jun),唯(wei)其(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)莫予违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)举近亡国之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)我无乐(le)於为君(jun)(jun)(jun),所(suo)乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe),唯(wei)乐(le)其(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)见(jian)违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)。“如其(qi)(qi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)莫之(zhi)(zhi)违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye),不(bu)亦善(shan)(shan)(shan)乎?如不(bu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)莫之(zhi)(zhi)违(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye),不(bu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)乎一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)丧(sang)邦(bang)(bang)乎”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔(kong)子又评其(qi)(qi)理,言(yan)(yan)(yan)人(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)所(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan)善(shan)(shan)(shan),无违(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),则善(shan)(shan)(shan)也(ye)。所(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)善(shan)(shan)(shan),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无敢(gan)违(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),则近一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)亡国也(ye)。

叶公问政。子曰:“近者(zhe)说(shuo),远者(zhe)来。”

[疏]“叶公”至“者来”。
  ○正义曰:此章楚叶县公问为(wei)政之(zhi)法(fa)於孔子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)曰:“当(dang)施惠(hui)於近者(zhe),使之(zhi)喜说,则远(yuan)者(zhe)当(dang)慕化而来也(ye)(ye)。”

子夏为莒(ju)父宰,问政。(郑曰:“旧(jiu)说云(yun):莒(ju)父,鲁下邑。”)子曰:“无(wu)欲速(su)(su)(su),无(wu)见(jian)小(xiao)利。欲速(su)(su)(su)则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)达(da),见(jian)小(xiao)利大大事(shi)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)。”(孔曰:“事(shi)不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)速(su)(su)(su)成(cheng),而欲其速(su)(su)(su)则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)达(da)矣。小(xiao)利妨大,则(ze)(ze)大事(shi)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)。”)

[疏]“子夏”至“不成”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章弟子(zi)子(zi)夏为鲁(lu)下邑莒(ju)父之(zhi)宰,问为政(zheng)之(zhi)法於夫子(zi)也。“子(zi)曰:无(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu)速(su),无(wu)(wu)见小(xiao)(xiao)利(li)(li)”者,言(yan)(yan)事(shi)有(you)程期,无(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu)速(su)成,当存大(da)(da)体,无(wu)(wu)见小(xiao)(xiao)利(li)(li)也。“欲(yu)(yu)速(su)则不(bu)达,见小(xiao)(xiao)利(li)(li)则大(da)(da)事(shi)不(bu)成”者,此(ci)又(you)言(yan)(yan)其欲(yu)(yu)速(su)、见小(xiao)(xiao)利(li)(li)害政(zheng)之(zhi)意(yi)。若(ruo)事(shi)不(bu)可以速(su)成者,而欲(yu)(yu)其速(su),则其事(shi)不(bu)达矣。务见小(xiao)(xiao)利(li)(li)而行(xing)之(zhi),则妨大(da)(da)政(zheng),故(gu)大(da)(da)事(shi)不(bu)成也。

叶公语孔(kong)子曰:“吾(wu)党有直躬(gong)(gong)者,(孔(kong)曰:“直躬(gong)(gong),直身而行。”)其(qi)父攘(rang)羊,而子证(zheng)之(zhi)。”(周曰:“有因而盗曰攘(rang)。”)孔(kong)子曰:“吾(wu)党之(zhi)直者异於是。父为子隐(yin),子为父隐(yin),直在其(qi)中矣。”

[疏]“叶公”至“中矣”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此(ci)(ci)章明为(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)。“叶公(gong)语孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):吾(wu)党(dang)(dang)有(you)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)躬者(zhe)”,躬,身也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)吾(wu)乡党(dang)(dang)中有(you)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)身而(er)行(xing)者(zhe)。“其父(fu)攘羊,而(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)证之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)所直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)。有(you)因而(er)盗(dao)曰(yue)攘。言(yan)(yan)因羊来入(ru)己家,父(fu)即(ji)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)於(wu)失羊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主,证父(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盗(dao)。叶公(gong)以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing),而(er)夸(kua)(kua)於(wu)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。“孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):吾(wu)党(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)异於(wu)是。父(fu)为(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)隐,子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)父(fu)隐,直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在其中矣”者(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)此(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)拒叶公(gong)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)吾(wu)党(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),异於(wu)此(ci)(ci)证父(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),子(zi)(zi)(zi)苟有(you)过(guo),父(fu)为(wei)(wei)隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则慈也(ye)(ye);父(fu)苟有(you)过(guo),子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则孝(xiao)也(ye)(ye)。孝(xiao)慈则忠,忠则直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),故(gu)曰(yue)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在其中矣。今律,大功以(yi)(yi)上(shang)得相容(rong)隐,告(gao)言(yan)(yan)父(fu)祖者(zhe)入(ru)十恶,则典礼(li)亦(yi)尔。而(er)叶公(gong)以(yi)(yi)证父(fu)为(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),江(jiang)熙云:“叶公(gong)见圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)训,动有(you)隐讳,故(gu)举直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)躬,欲以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)毁(hui)訾(zi)儒教,抗衡中国。夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),辞正(zheng)而(er)义切,荆蛮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豪丧其夸(kua)(kua)矣。”

樊迟问仁。子曰:“居处(chu)恭,执事敬,与(yu)人忠(zhong)。虽之(zhi)夷狄,不(bu)可弃也。”(包曰:“虽之(zhi)夷狄无礼义(yi)之(zhi)处(chu),犹不(bu)可弃去而不(bu)行。”)

[疏]“樊迟”至“弃也”。
  ○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此(ci)章明仁(ren)者(zhe)之行(xing)也(ye)。弟子(zi)樊迟问仁(ren)於孔子(zi)。“子(zi)曰:居(ju)处恭,执(zhi)事(shi)敬(jing),与(yu)人(ren)(ren)忠(zhong)(zhong)。虽(sui)之夷狄,不(bu)可弃也(ye)”者(zhe),言(yan)凡人(ren)(ren)居(ju)处多放恣,执(zhi)事(shi)则懈惰,与(yu)人(ren)(ren)交则不(bu)尽忠(zhong)(zhong)。唯(wei)仁(ren)者(zhe)居(ju)处恭谨,执(zhi)事(shi)敬(jing)慎,忠(zhong)(zhong)以与(yu)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。此(ci)恭敬(jing)及忠(zhong)(zhong),虽(sui)之夷狄无礼(li)义(yi)之处,亦不(bu)可弃而不(bu)行(xing)也(ye)。

子贡问(wen)(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“何(he)(he)如斯可(ke)谓(wei)之(zhi)士矣?”子曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“行(xing)已有耻(chi),(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“有耻(chi)者(zhe),有所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)为。”)使於(wu)四方,不(bu)(bu)(bu)辱君命(ming),可(ke)谓(wei)士矣。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“敢(gan)问(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)次。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“宗族称孝焉,乡党(dang)称弟焉。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“敢(gan)问(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)次。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“言(yan)必信,行(xing)必果,然小(xiao)人哉!抑(yi)亦可(ke)以为次矣。”(郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“行(xing)必果,所(suo)(suo)欲行(xing)必果敢(gan)为之(zhi)。者(zhe),小(xiao)人之(zhi)貌也(ye)。抑(yi)亦其(qi)(qi)次,言(yan)可(ke)以为次。”)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“今之(zhi)从(cong)政者(zhe)何(he)(he)如?”子曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“噫!斗筲之(zhi)人,何(he)(he)足算(suan)(suan)也(ye)?”(郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“噫,心不(bu)(bu)(bu)平之(zhi)声。筲,竹器,容斗二升。算(suan)(suan),数也(ye)。”)

[疏]“子贡”至“算也”。
  ○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):此(ci)(ci)章明士(shi)(shi)行(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)贡(gong)问(wen)(wen)(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):何(he)如(ru)斯可(ke)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)矣(yi)”者(zhe),士(shi)(shi),有(you)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng),故(gu)子(zi)(zi)贡(gong)问(wen)(wen)(wen)於孔子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)如(ru)何(he),斯可(ke)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)矣(yi)!”“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):行(xing)已有(you)耻,使於四方,不(bu)辱(ru)(ru)君(jun)命(ming),可(ke)谓(wei)士(shi)(shi)矣(yi)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)答士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高行(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)行(xing)已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,若(ruo)有(you)不(bu)善(shan),耻而不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)臣(chen)奉命(ming)出使,能(neng)遭时制宜(yi),不(bu)辱(ru)(ru)君(jun)命(ming)。有(you)此(ci)(ci)二(er)行(xing),可(ke)谓(wei)士(shi)(shi)矣(yi)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):敢(gan)(gan)问(wen)(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)”者(zhe),子(zi)(zi)贡(gong)复问(wen)(wen)(wen)士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)次(ci)此(ci)(ci)於二(er)者(zhe)云何(he)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):宗(zong)族称(cheng)孝焉,乡党(dang)称(cheng)弟焉”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)孔子(zi)(zi)复为(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)士(shi)(shi)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。宗(zong)族,同(tong)宗(zong)族属也(ye)(ye)(ye)。善(shan)事(shi)父母为(wei)(wei)(wei)孝,宗(zong)族内亲,见其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孝而称(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。善(shan)事(shi)长上(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)弟,乡党(dang)差远,见其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)弟而称(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):敢(gan)(gan)问(wen)(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)”者(zhe),子(zi)(zi)贡(gong)又(you)问(wen)(wen)(wen)更有(you)何(he)行(xing)可(ke)次(ci)於此(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):言(yan)必(bi)信,行(xing)必(bi)果,然(ran)小(xiao)人哉!抑(yi)(yi)亦(yi)(yi)可(ke)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)矣(yi)”者(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)又(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)人不(bu)能(neng)信以(yi)行(xing)义(yi),而言(yan)必(bi)执信。行(xing)不(bu)能(neng)相时度宜(yi),所欲(yu)行(xing)者(zhe),必(bi)果敢(gan)(gan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)者(zhe),小(xiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)此(ci)(ci)二(er)行(xing),虽非君(jun)子(zi)(zi)所为(wei)(wei)(wei),乃然(ran)小(xiao)人耳(er)。抑(yi)(yi),辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)。抑(yi)(yi)亦(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci),言(yan)可(ke)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从(cong)(cong)政(zheng)(zheng)者(zhe)何(he)如(ru)”者(zhe),子(zi)(zi)贡(gong)复问(wen)(wen)(wen)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从(cong)(cong)政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)何(he)如(ru)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):噫(yi)(yi)!斗筲(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,何(he)足算(suan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),噫(yi)(yi),心不(bu)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)。斗,量名,容(rong)十升。筲(shao),竹(zhu)器(qi),容(rong)斗二(er)升。算(suan),数(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔子(zi)(zi)时见从(cong)(cong)政(zheng)(zheng)者(zhe)皆无士(shi)(shi)行(xing),唯小(xiao)器(qi)耳(er),故(gu)心不(bu)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“噫(yi)(yi)!今斗筲(shao)小(xiao)器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,何(he)足数(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)!”言(yan)不(bu)足数(shu),故(gu)不(bu)述其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)。

子曰:“不(bu)得中(zhong)(zhong)行而(er)与之,必也狂(kuang)、狷(juan)乎(hu)!(包曰:“中(zhong)(zhong)行,行能(neng)得其中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)。言不(bu)得中(zhong)(zhong)行,则欲(yu)得狂(kuang)、狷(juan)者(zhe)。”)狂(kuang)者(zhe)进(jin)取(qu),狷(juan)者(zhe)有所不(bu)为(wei)也。”(包曰:“狂(kuang)者(zhe)进(jin)取(qu)於善道(dao),狷(juan)者(zhe)守节(jie)无为(wei),欲(yu)得此(ci)二人者(zhe),以时多(duo)进(jin)退,取(qu)其恒(heng)一。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“为也”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章孔子疾(ji)时人(ren)(ren)不(bu)纯(chun)一也。“子曰(yue):不(bu)得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)行而(er)(er)(er)(er)与(yu)之,必(bi)也狂(kuang)、狷乎”者(zhe)(zhe),中(zhong)(zhong)行,行能得(de)其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)也。言既不(bu)得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)行之人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)与(yu)之同处,必(bi)也得(de)狂(kuang)、狷之人(ren)(ren)可(ke)也。“狂(kuang)者(zhe)(zhe)进(jin)取(qu),狷者(zhe)(zhe)有所不(bu)为(wei)”者(zhe)(zhe),此说狂(kuang)、狷之行也。狂(kuang)者(zhe)(zhe)进(jin)取(qu)於善(shan)道(dao),知进(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)知退(tui);狷者(zhe)(zhe)守节无为(wei),应进(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)退(tui)也,二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)俱(ju)不(bu)得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)性恒(heng)一。欲得(de)此二(er)人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe),以时多进(jin)退(tui),取(qu)其(qi)(qi)恒(heng)一也。

子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“南(nan)人(ren)有言(yan)曰(yue)(yue):‘人(ren)而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)恒,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以作巫医。”(孔曰(yue)(yue):“南(nan)人(ren),南(nan)国之(zhi)人(ren)。”郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)巫医不(bu)(bu)(bu)能治无(wu)(wu)恒之(zhi)人(ren)。”)善夫!”(包曰(yue)(yue):“善南(nan)人(ren)之(zhi)言(yan)也。”)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)恒其德,或(huo)承(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)羞”。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“此《易(yi)(yi)·恒卦》之(zhi)辞,言(yan)德无(wu)(wu)常则羞辱承(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)占而(er)(er)已(yi)矣(yi)。”(郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):“《易(yi)(yi)》所(suo)以占吉凶(xiong),无(wu)(wu)恒之(zhi)人(ren),《易(yi)(yi)》所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)占。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“已矣”。
  ○正义曰:此章疾性行无恒之人也。“子曰:南人有言曰:‘人而无恒,不可以作巫医’”者,南人,南国之人也。巫主接神除邪,医主疗病。南国之人尝有言曰:“人而性行无恒,不可以为巫医。”言巫医不能治无恒之人也。“善夫”者,孔子善南人之言有徵也。“不恒其德,或承之羞”者,此《易·恒卦》之辞,孔子引之,言德无恒则羞辱承之也。“子曰:不占而已”者,孔子既言《易》文,又言夫《易》所以占吉凶,无恒之人,易所不占也。
  ○注“孔曰”至“承之”。
  ○正义曰:云“此《易(yi)·恒(heng)卦》之(zhi)辞”者(zhe),谓(wei)此经所言,是《易(yi)·恒(heng)卦》九(jiu)三爻辞也。王弼云:“处三阳之(zhi)中,居下(xia)体(ti)之(zhi)上,处上体(ti)之(zhi)下(xia)。上不全尊,下(xia)不全卑,中不在(zai)体(ti),体(ti)在(zai)乎恒(heng),而分(fen)无(wu)所定(ding),无(wu)恒(heng)者(zhe)也。德行无(wu)恒(heng),自(zi)相(xiang)违错,不可致诘,故或承之(zhi)羞(xiu)也。”

子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“君(jun)子(zi)和而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)同,小(xiao)人同而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)和。”(君(jun)子(zi)心和,然其所(suo)(suo)见各异,故曰(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)同。小(xiao)人所(suo)(suo)嗜(shi)好者同,然各争利,故曰(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)和。)

[疏]“子曰:君子和而不同,小人同而不和”。
  ○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):此章别君子(zi)小(xiao)人志行不同(tong)(tong)之(zhi)事(shi)也。君子(zi)心和(he)(he),然其所(suo)见各(ge)异,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)不同(tong)(tong)。小(xiao)人所(suo)嗜好(hao)者则同(tong)(tong),然各(ge)争利(li),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)不和(he)(he)。

子贡问曰(yue):“乡人皆好之,何如(ru)?”子曰(yue):“未可(ke)也。”“乡人皆恶(e)(e)之,何如(ru)?”子曰(yue):“未可(ke)也。不如(ru)乡人之善(shan)者(zhe)好之,其(qi)不善(shan)者(zhe)恶(e)(e)之。”(孔曰(yue):“善(shan)人善(shan)己(ji)(ji),恶(e)(e)人恶(e)(e)己(ji)(ji),是善(shan)善(shan)明,恶(e)(e)恶(e)(e)著(zhu)。”)

[疏]“子贡”至“恶之”。
  ○正义曰:此章别好恶。“子贡问曰:乡人皆好之,何如”者,言有一人为一乡之所爱好,此人何如?可谓善人乎?“子曰:未可也”者,言未可为善。或一乡皆恶,此人与之同党,故为众所称,是以未可。“乡人皆恶之,何如”者,此子贡又问夫子,既乡人皆好未可为善,若乡人众共憎恶此人,何如?可谓善人乎?“子曰:未可也”者,言亦未可为善。或一乡皆善,此人独恶,故为众所疾,是以未可。“不如乡人之善者好之,其不善者恶之”者,孔子既皆不可其问,自为说其善人也。言乡之善人善之,恶人恶之,真善人也。
  ○注“孔曰”至“恶著”。
  ○正义曰:言乡(xiang)人皆好(hao)之(zhi),是(shi)善善不(bu)明;乡(xiang)人皆恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi),是(shi)恶(e)(e)(e)恶(e)(e)(e)不(bu)著(zhu)。若乡(xiang)人之(zhi)善者善之(zhi),恶(e)(e)(e)者恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi),则是(shi)善善分明,恶(e)(e)(e)恶(e)(e)(e)显著(zhu)也。

子曰:“君子易事而(er)难说(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。(孔(kong)曰:“不责备(bei)於(wu)一人,故(gu)易事。”)说(shuo)(shuo)之不以道,不说(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。及其使人也(ye)(ye),器之。(孔(kong)曰:“度才而(er)官之。”)小人难事而(er)易说(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。说(shuo)(shuo)之虽不以道,说(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。及其使人也(ye)(ye),求备(bei)焉(yan)。”

[疏]“子曰”至“备焉”。
  ○正义(yi)曰:此章论君子(zi)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰:‘君子(zi)易(yi)事而难(nan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)’”者(zhe)(zhe),言君子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)责(ze)备(bei)(bei)於一人(ren)(ren)(ren),故(gu)(gu)(gu)易(yi)事。不(bu)(bu)(bu)受妄说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),故(gu)(gu)(gu)难(nan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。“说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以道(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。及其使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),器之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),此覆(fu)明(ming)(ming)难(nan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、易(yi)事之(zhi)(zhi)理(li),言君子(zi)有正德(de),若人(ren)(ren)(ren)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)已不(bu)(bu)(bu)以道(dao)而妄说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),则不(bu)(bu)(bu)喜(xi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye),是以难(nan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。度人(ren)(ren)(ren)才器而官之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)责(ze)备(bei)(bei),故(gu)(gu)(gu)易(yi)事。“小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)难(nan)事而易(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)反(fan)君子(zi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。“说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以道(dao),说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。及其使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),求备(bei)(bei)焉”者(zhe)(zhe),此覆(fu)明(ming)(ming)易(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、难(nan)事之(zhi)(zhi)理(li),以小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)为人(ren)(ren)(ren)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)媚,虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以道(dao)而妄说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi),亦喜(xi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),故(gu)(gu)(gu)易(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。及其使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),责(ze)备(bei)(bei)於一人(ren)(ren)(ren)焉,故(gu)(gu)(gu)难(nan)事也(ye)(ye)。

子曰:“君子泰而不骄,小人骄而不泰。”(君子自纵泰,似骄而不骄。小人拘忌,而实自骄矜(jin)。)

[疏]“子曰:君子泰而不骄,小人骄而不泰”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此章论君子小(xiao)人(ren)礼不(bu)(bu)同之事也(ye)。君子自纵泰,似骄而实(shi)不(bu)(bu)骄。小(xiao)人(ren)实(shi)自骄矜(jin),而强自拘忌,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)宽(kuan)泰也(ye)。

子曰:“刚(gang)、毅、木、讷近仁。”(王(wang)曰:“刚(gang)无欲,毅果(guo)敢,木质朴,讷迟钝。有斯四(si)者,近於仁。”)

[疏]“子曰:刚、毅、木、讷近仁”。
  ○正义曰:此章言有此四者之性行,近於仁(ren)(ren)(ren)道也(ye)。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)者静(jing)(jing),刚(gang)无欲亦静(jing)(jing),故(gu)(gu)刚(gang)近仁(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)者必(bi)有勇(yong),毅者果敢(gan),故(gu)(gu)毅近仁(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)者不尚华(hua)饰,木者质朴(po),故(gu)(gu)木近仁(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)者其言也(ye)讠(yan)刃,讷者迟钝(dun),故(gu)(gu)讷近仁(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。

子路问曰(yue):“何(he)如斯可(ke)谓之士矣?”子曰(yue):“切(qie)(qie)(qie)切(qie)(qie)(qie),怡(yi)(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi)(yi)如也(ye),可(ke)谓士矣。朋友切(qie)(qie)(qie)切(qie)(qie)(qie),兄弟怡(yi)(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi)(yi)。”(马曰(yue):“切(qie)(qie)(qie)切(qie)(qie)(qie),相(xiang)切(qie)(qie)(qie)责之貌(mao)。怡(yi)(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi)(yi),和(he)顺之貌(mao)。”)

[疏]“子路”至“怡怡”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章问(wen)士(shi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)路问(wen)曰(yue)(yue):何如斯可谓(wei)之(zhi)士(shi)矣”者(zhe),问(wen)士(shi)之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)何如也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):切(qie)(qie)切(qie)(qie),怡(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi)如也(ye)(ye)(ye),可谓(wei)士(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),此(ci)答士(shi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“朋(peng)(peng)友(you)(you)(you)切(qie)(qie)切(qie)(qie),兄弟(di)(di)怡(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi)”者(zhe),此(ci)覆(fu)明其(qi)所施也(ye)(ye)(ye)。切(qie)(qie)切(qie)(qie),相切(qie)(qie)责之(zhi)貌(mao)(mao)。朋(peng)(peng)友(you)(you)(you)以道义切(qie)(qie)差琢磨,故施於朋(peng)(peng)友(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。怡(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi),和顺之(zhi)貌(mao)(mao)。兄弟(di)(di)天伦,当相友(you)(you)(you)恭,故怡(yi)(yi)怡(yi)(yi)施於兄弟(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

子曰(yue):“善人(ren)教民七年,亦可以即戎(rong)矣。”(包曰(yue):“既,就也;戎(rong),兵也,言以攻战(zhan)。”)

[疏]“子曰:善人教民七年,亦可以即戎矣”。
  ○正义(yi)(yi)曰:此章言善人为(wei)政之法也(ye)(ye)。善人,谓君子也(ye)(ye)。即,就也(ye)(ye)。戎,兵也(ye)(ye)。言君子为(wei)政教民至於七(qi)年(nian),使民知礼(li)义(yi)(yi)与(yu)信,亦(yi)可(ke)以就兵戎攻战之事也(ye)(ye)。言七(qi)年(nian)者(zhe),夫子以意言之耳。

子曰:“以不(bu)教民战,是谓弃之。”(马曰:“言用(yong)不(bu)习(xi)之民,使之攻战,必破(po)败,是谓弃之。”)

[疏]“子曰:以不教民战,是谓弃之”。
  ○正义曰:此(ci)章言用(yong)不习之(zhi)民,使之(zhi)攻(gong)战(zhan),必致(zhi)破败,是(shi)谓弃(qi)(qi)之(zhi),若(ruo)弃(qi)(qi)掷也。

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