①在历史上,城与(yu)市(shi)是产生于不同(tong)(tong)历史阶段的两(liang)种事(shi)物。这两(liang)个(ge)事(shi)物既曾结(jie)合在一起(qi),融为(wei)一物(城市(shi));也曾互相独立,或为(wei)无市(shi)之(zhi)城,或为(wei)无城之(zhi)市(shi)。“城”与(yu)“市(shi)”是反映不同(tong)(tong)事(shi)物的两(liang)个(ge)概念。
②城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)演变(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)过(guo)程与(yu)形(xing)态,是(shi)社(she)会关(guan)(guan)系(xi)演变(bian)(bian)过(guo)程与(yu)形(xing)态的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一个方(fang)面(mian),特(te)(te)别是(shi)其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)换(huan)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)演变(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)现。在(zai)(zai)(zai)氏族社(she)会的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早期和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)期,既无(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),更无(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。到(dao)了(le)(le)后(hou)期,在(zai)(zai)(zai)距今7000年前后(hou),修城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)初(chu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)内没有(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)交(jiao)换(huan)活(huo)动(dong)(dong),没有(you)(you)(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)。当社(she)会组织(zhi)由氏族变(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)家族,开始(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)产品(pin)(pin)(pin)交(jiao)换(huan)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)交(jiao)易和(he)(he)相关(guan)(guan)场(chang)(chang)所——市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此事发(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)距今5000年前后(hou)。当国王在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四周修筑墙(qiang)垣,将(jiang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)业和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)动(dong)(dong)限定在(zai)(zai)(zai)这(zhei)个称之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)“市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小区域(yu)内活(huo)动(dong)(dong)时,这(zhei)标(biao)(biao)(biao)志着市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)交(jiao)换(huan)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产生(sheng)。奴隶主生(sheng)产方(fang)式促使(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)货币(bi)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)迅速发(fa)展。庄(zhuang)主经(jing)(jing)(jing)济使(shi)早已存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、无(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乡村市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)兴(xing)盛。地主制与(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)经(jing)(jing)(jing)济相伴而行,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)活(huo)动(dong)(dong)跨过(guo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)垣,扩散(san)到(dao)全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)垣被市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)淹没了(le)(le),丧(sang)失(shi)了(le)(le)它(ta)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能,市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)垣和(he)(he)被它(ta)围(wei)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那种(zhong)“市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”成了(le)(le)历史(shi)遗迹。当商(shang)(shang)(shang)业和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)动(dong)(dong)突破(po)这(zhei)个被称为(wei)(wei)“市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)围(wei)墙(qiang),扩大(da)到(dao)全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各个角落(luo),在(zai)(zai)(zai)空间上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同大(da)时,这(zhei)标(biao)(biao)(biao)志着市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)交(jiao)换(huan)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)进入(ru)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)级发(fa)展阶(jie)段(duan)(duan),即(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)经(jing)(jing)(jing)济阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)。随着企(qi)业制与(yu)雇佣制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兴(xing)起(qi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)活(huo)动(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范围(wei)又跨越城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang),扩散(san)到(dao)全社(she)会,那种(zhong)原(yuan)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”也成了(le)(le)历史(shi)遗迹。当商(shang)(shang)(shang)业和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)动(dong)(dong)地区扩大(da)到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)之(zhi)外,在(zai)(zai)(zai)空间上市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da),甚至可(ke)以有(you)(you)(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)时,这(zhei)标(biao)(biao)(biao)志市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)交(jiao)换(huan)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)进入(ru)高级阶(jie)段(duan)(duan),即(ji)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)经(jing)(jing)(jing)济阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)。大(da)体说来(lai),无(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)无(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)无(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)原(yuan)始(shi)自然经(jing)(jing)(jing)济的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)(biao)(biao)志;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)特(te)(te)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”(区)是(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)货币(bi)关(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产物;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)区即(ji)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)区是(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)经(jing)(jing)(jing)济的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产物;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)场(chang)(chang)经(jing)(jing)(jing)济的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产物。
③城与市的兴起,以及城与市关系的变化,是交换方式发展的结果。随着交换的发展,城中之市从无到有,市在城中作用从小到大,其地位从低到高,所占的空间,先是在一个被市垣围起来的范围之内,继则跳出市垣跑遍全城,又跳过城墙跑到城外,把城包围起来。市从蜷缩在城的边缘到位于城的中心,由城的附属物变成城的主体。在城与市关系的演变过程中,厚厚的市垣没能挡住市场自我扩散的力量,高高的城墙也没能挡住市场自我扩散的力量。市的自我扩散力量是人建筑的坚固市垣和高矗城墙挡不住的,也是人制定的政策和制度挡不住的。市场依靠自身的力量开辟前进的道路,直至成为调配资源的基础。如果把历史比喻像一(yi)(yi)条长(zhang)河,那么市场就是(shi)河中(zhong)之水,它自然地流淌(tang)着(zhe),冲垮一(yi)(yi)切障碍,水到渠(qu)成(cheng)。中(zhong)国(guo)的(de)市场经济(ji),既不是(shi)从外国(guo)学来的(de),也不是(shi)某个人(ren)设计出来的(de),它是(shi)几千年来市场力(li)量自我(wo)发(fa)展(zhan)的(de)结果。中(zhong)国(guo)的(de)市场经济(ji)植根于(yu)中(zhong)国(guo)历史之中(zhong)。
(有删节)
1.联系上下文,对第③段画线句理解正确的一项是( )( 3分)
A.随着交换(huan)方式的发(fa)展(zhan),“市”所起(qi)作用逐渐扩大,最终在整个“城”的发(fa)展(zhan)中起(qi)到决定性作用。
B.随着交(jiao)换方式(shi)的(de)发(fa)展(zhan),“市”所处地(di)位逐渐升高,最(zui)终在整个“城”的(de)发(fa)展(zhan)中居于支配的(de)地(di)位。
C.随着交换方式的发展(zhan),“市”所占(zhan)空(kong)间逐渐(jian)拓(tuo)展(zhan),最终超(chao)越整个“城”的范围而(er)扩散到全社会。
D.随(sui)着交换方式的发展,“市”所(suo)具力量(liang)逐渐(jian)增(zeng)强,最终超越整个“城(cheng)”的实力而对(dui)其产生威(wei)胁。
2.下列对原文思路的分(fen)析,正确的一项是( )( 3分(fen))
A.第①段紧紧围绕(rao)“城”与“市(shi)”的(de)概念,较为细致地分析(xi)了“城”与“市(shi)”产生时(shi)各自所(suo)处的(de)不同社会历史背景(jing),并简要说(shuo)明了二者(zhe)之间既分且(qie)合(he)的(de)独特联系。
B.第②段首(shou)先明确(que)“城与(yu)(yu)市关(guan)(guan)系(xi)的演(yan)变(bian)”是社(she)会关(guan)(guan)系(xi)中交换关(guan)(guan)系(xi)演(yan)变(bian)的集(ji)中表现,之(zhi)后依次剖析了城与(yu)(yu)市关(guan)(guan)系(xi)在(zai)各个社(she)会历史发展阶段的情(qing)况,以论证观点。
C.第③段着重指出,市(shi)场经济的(de)发(fa)展有其自身的(de)动力和规律,而(er)中(zhong)国市(shi)场经济的(de)发(fa)展也(ye)和外来文化及(ji)政(zheng)策因素(su)无关,而(er)是(shi)根(gen)植于中(zhong)国历史发(fa)展进程之中(zhong)。
D.文(wen)章前一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)着重(zhong)阐述城与市关系(xi)演(yan)变的过程(cheng)、形(xing)态及(ji)规律(lv),后(hou)一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)着重(zhong)阐述市场(chang)(chang)经(jing)济(ji)(ji)发展(zhan)的历(li)史必然(ran)性;全文(wen)意在明确城镇化建设与市场(chang)(chang)经(jing)济(ji)(ji)的关系(xi)。
3.下(xia)列对(dui)原文内容(rong)的(de)分析和(he)概括,不正确的(de)一(yi)项是( )( 3分)
A.在历史上,“城”的出现可(ke)以追溯到(dao)氏(shi)族社会后期,而“市(shi)”作为产品(pin)交(jiao)换(huan)和(he)商品(pin)交(jiao)易的场所,出现在距今5 000年前(qian)后。
B.奴隶主(zhu)生产方(fang)式和庄主(zhu)经(jing)济都得益于商品货币关(guan)系的迅(xun)速发展(zhan),他们都曾经(jing)以各自(zi)的方(fang)式塑造(zao)过“城”与“市”的形态。
C.当(dang)商业(ye)和商人(ren)的活动突破“市(shi)”的固(gu)有(you)范围,市(shi)在空间上(shang)与(yu)城同(tong)大时,城市(shi)合一,表明市(shi)场交换关系进入商品(pin)经济阶段。
D.从有城无市(shi)到(dao)有市(shi)无城,可以(yi)看出,“城”与“市(shi)”关系(xi)演变的(de)(de)历(li)史,就是一部市(shi)场(chang)依靠自身(shen)力量(liang)不断开(kai)拓前行(xing)的(de)(de)历(li)史。
参考答案:
1.C 2.B 3.B