卷六 六之一
◎唐蟋蟀诂训传第十(shi)
陆曰:唐者,周(zhou)成王之(zhi)母弟(di)叔虞所(suo)封(feng)也。其地,帝尧(yao)、夏禹所(suo)都之(zhi)墟(xu),汉曰太原郡(jun),在古冀州太行、恒山之(zhi)西(xi),太原、太岳之(zhi)野(ye)。其南有晋水(shui),叔虞之(zhi)子燮父(fu)因改(gai)为(wei)晋侯。至六世孙僖侯名司徒(tu),习尧(yao)俭约遗化,而不能以礼节之(zhi),今诗(shi)本(ben)其风俗,故云(yun)唐也。
唐谱唐者,帝尧旧都之地,今曰太原晋阳,是尧始居此,后乃迁河东平阳。
○正义曰:以序云“有尧之遗风”,则尧都之也。《汉书·地理志》云:“太原晋阳县,故诗唐国,晋水所出,东入汾。”是汉时为太原晋阳也。《史记·晋世家》云:“唐在河、汾之东,方百里。”言百里,则尧为诸侯所居,故云“尧始居此”。《地理志》河东郡平阳县,应劭云:“尧都也。”则是尧为天子,乃都平阳,故云“后迁河东平阳”也。皇甫谧云:“尧为天子,都平阳。禹受舜禅,都平阳,或於安邑,或於晋阳。”则夏都亦在晋境。故定四年《左传》云“命以《唐诰》而封於夏墟”,是也。此不言有夏都者,因序云“有尧之遗风”,故指述尧事而已。《论语》注云:“未知六百里者,晋与?卫与?”则晋初六百里矣。而《世家》云“百里”者,言古唐国之大耳,非谓晋初唯方百里也。
○成王封母弟叔虞於尧之故墟,曰唐侯。南有晋水,至子燮改为晋侯。
○正义曰:昭十五年《左传》称周景王谓晋籍谈曰:“叔父唐叔,成王之母弟也。”《晋世家》云:“成王与叔虞戏,削桐叶为珪以与叔虞,曰:‘以此封若。’史佚因言请择日立叔虞。成王曰:‘吾与之戏耳。’史佚曰:‘天子无戏言。言则史书之。’於是封叔虞於唐。”是成王封母弟於尧之故墟也。地名晋阳,是地南有晋水。《地理志》云:“唐有晋水,叔虞子燮为晋侯。”是燮以晋水改为晋侯,盖时王命使改之也。皇甫谧云:“尧始封於唐,今中山唐县是也。后徙晋阳。及为天子,都平阳,於诗为唐国。”则唐国为平阳也。《汉书音义》臣瓒案:“唐,今河东永安是也,去晋四百里。”又云:“尧居唐,东於彘十里。”应劭曰:“顺帝改彘曰永安。”则瓒以唐国为永安。此二说,诗之唐国不在晋阳,燮何须改为晋侯?明唐正晋阳是也。
○其封域在《禹贡》冀州太行、恒山之西,太原、太岳之野。
○正义曰:《地理志》云:“太行在河内山阳县西北。恒山在故郡上曲阳西北。”以太行、恒山皆在河北,故属冀州。晋之东境迫此二山,故云“之西”。《禹贡》云:“既修太原,至于岳阳。”郑注云:“岳阳县,太岳之南。於《地理志》太原,今以为郡名。太岳在河东故县彘东,名霍太山。”河东、太原皆晋境所及,故云“太原、太岳之野”。
○至曾孙成侯,南徙居曲沃,近平阳焉。
○正义曰:案(an)《晋世家(jia)》云:唐(tang)叔生(sheng)晋侯(hou)燮(xie),燮(xie)生(sheng)武侯(hou)宁族,族生(sheng)成侯(hou)服(fu)人。《地(di)理志》云:“河东郡闻喜县,故(gu)曲沃也。晋成侯(hou)自晋阳徙此。”是郑(zheng)所据之文也。
昔尧之末,洪水九年,下民其咨,万国不粒。於时杀礼以救艰厄,其流乃被於今。
○正义曰:《尧典》云:“帝曰:‘咨四岳,汤汤洪水方害,下民其咨。’”又称使鲧治水,“九载绩用弗成”。《皋陶谟》云:“禹曰:‘洪水滔天,予乘四载,随山刊木。既稷播,奏庶艰食鲜食,烝民乃粒。’”以禹既治水,万国乃粒,是未治水之时,万国不粒也。礼称凶荒杀礼,明尧於九年之内,杀礼以救艰厄,故俭啬,其流乃被於今。谓作诗时也。
○当周公、召公共和之时,成侯曾孙僖侯甚啬爱物,俭不中礼,国人闵之,唐之变风始作。
○正义曰:案《晋世家》云:成侯生厉侯福,福生靖侯宜臼,臼生僖侯司徒。是僖侯乃成侯曾孙也。《世家》又云:“靖侯十七年,厉王出奔于彘,大臣行政,故云共和。十八年,靖侯卒。”则僖侯元年当共和二年也,故知当共和之时。
○其孙穆侯又徙於绛云。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰(yue)(yue):案《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》云(yun):僖侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)献(xian)(xian)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)籍(ji),籍(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)穆(mu)(mu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)费王(wang)。是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)於绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)者(zhe),以(yi)成侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)居曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)都(dou)矣。至昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),分曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)以(yi)封(feng)桓叔。则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)正(zheng)(zheng)都(dou)不(bu)在曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo),明昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已前(qian)已徙(xi)(xi)(xi)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)矣。知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穆(mu)(mu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)者(zhe),盖相传为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)然。《地(di)理志(zhi)》云(yun)“河东(dong)(dong)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)县,晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)此(ci)”者(zhe),以(yi)桓叔别封(feng)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo),武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)既(ji)并晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo),徙(xi)(xi)(xi)就(jiu)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)都(dou),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)自曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)此(ci)耳,非谓武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)始都(dou)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)穆(mu)(mu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)后,晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)恒(heng)都(dou)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),而(er)(er)(er)隐五(wu)年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传》云(yun):“曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)庄伯伐(fa)翼(yi),翼(yi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)奔(ben)随。”又谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)翼(yi)者(zhe),杜(du)预云(yun):“翼(yi),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)旧都(dou)在平阳绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)邑(yi)县东(dong)(dong),穆(mu)(mu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),昭(zhao)(zhao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)下又徙(xi)(xi)(xi)於翼(yi)。及武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)并晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),又都(dou)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”庄二十六年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传》称晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)命(ming)士蒍城绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),“以(yi)深其(qi)(qi)(qi)宫”,明是武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)徙(xi)(xi)(xi)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》云(yun):献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使士蒍“尽(jin)杀诸(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),而(er)(er)(er)城聚都(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),命(ming)曰(yue)(yue)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”。案《左(zuo)传》云(yun):“晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)士蒍使群公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)尽(jin)杀游氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族(zu),乃城聚而(er)(er)(er)处(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。冬,晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)围聚,尽(jin)杀群公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)城聚以(yi)处(chu)群公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),非晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)都(dou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》言命(ming)聚曰(yue)(yue)绛(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),非也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》又云(yun):穆(mu)(mu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)卒,弟(di)殇叔立(li)(li)(li)。四年(nian)(nian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)穆(mu)(mu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)仇所(suo)(suo)(suo)杀,仇立(li)(li)(li),是为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。三(san)十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)卒,昭(zhao)(zhao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)立(li)(li)(li)。元年(nian)(nian),封(feng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)叔父成师于曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)。七年(nian)(nian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大臣潘父所(suo)(suo)(suo)杀,子(zi)(zi)(zi)孝(xiao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)立(li)(li)(li)。十五(wu)年(nian)(nian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)庄伯所(suo)(suo)(suo)杀,子(zi)(zi)(zi)鄂(e)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)郤立(li)(li)(li)。六年(nian)(nian),当鲁隐五(wu)年(nian)(nian),卒,子(zi)(zi)(zi)哀侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)光立(li)(li)(li)。九年(nian)(nian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)虏,子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)立(li)(li)(li)。四年(nian)(nian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)诱而(er)(er)(er)杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),哀侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)弟(di)缗立(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。二十八年(nian)(nian),曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)伐(fa)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)缗,灭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。周僖王(wang)命(ming)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君。武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已即(ji)位三(san)十七年(nian)(nian)矣。又二年(nian)(nian),卒,子(zi)(zi)(zi)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)诡诸(zhu)立(li)(li)(li)。二十六年(nian)(nian),卒。此(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)君次也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案隐五(wu)年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传》:“曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)庄伯伐(fa)翼(yi),翼(yi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)奔(ben)随。秋,王(wang)命(ming)虢父伐(fa)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo),而(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li)(li)哀侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于翼(yi)。”六年(nian)(nian)传曰(yue)(yue):“翼(yi)九宗五(wu)正(zheng)(zheng)顷父之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)嘉(jia)父逆晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于随,纳诸(zhu)鄂(e),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄂(e)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。”则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)哀侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)(li)(li),鄂(e)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)未(wei)卒。《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》言卒,非也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)诗(shi)(shi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《蟋蟀》刺(ci)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)诗(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《山有(you)枢》、《扬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水》、《椒(jiao)聊》、《鸨(bao)(bao)羽》序言昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)诗(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《绸缪》、《杕(di)杜(du)》、《羔裘》在其(qi)(qi)(qi)间,从(cong)可知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《无衣》《有(you)杕(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杜(du)》则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)皆刺(ci)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)诗(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《葛(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)》、《采苓》刺(ci)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)诗(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑於左(zuo)方(fang)中(zhong)皆以(yi)此(ci)而(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。案郑诗(shi)(shi)《出其(qi)(qi)(qi)东(dong)(dong)门序》云(yun):“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)五(wu)争。”五(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)争,突最处(chu)后,知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《出其(qi)(qi)(qi)东(dong)(dong)门》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)(shi)。《鸨(bao)(bao)羽序》云(yun):“昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,大乱五(wu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)。”小(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)处(chu)五(wu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末,《鸨(bao)(bao)羽》不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)诗(shi)(shi)者(zhe),以(yi)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)肇为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乱阶,五(wu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)息,君子(zi)(zi)(zi)从(cong)役,昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),虽复后世(shi)(shi)(shi)始作,而(er)(er)(er)主(zhu)刺(ci)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),故(gu)(gu)序云(yun)“昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后”,明其(qi)(qi)(qi)剌昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《出其(qi)(qi)(qi)东(dong)(dong)门》由(you)兵(bing)革(ge)不(bu)息,而(er)(er)(er)男(nan)女(nv)相弃,民人(ren)思保(bao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)室家(jia)(jia),乃是当时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,故(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)(shi)。但(dan)序本为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you),故(gu)(gu)言“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)五(wu)争”耳。此(ci)实晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)题之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)“唐”,故(gu)(gu)序每篇言晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。《鸨(bao)(bao)羽》、《杕(di)杜(du)》既(ji)言刺(ci)时(shi),於文(wen)不(bu)可言晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),从(cong)上明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
《蟋蟀》,刺晋僖公也。俭不中礼,故作是诗以闵之,欲其及时以礼自虞乐也。此晋也,而谓之唐,本其风俗,忧深思远,俭而用礼,乃有尧之遗风焉。忧深思远,谓宛其死矣,百岁之后之类也。
○蟋蟀(shuai),上音悉,下所律反。《说文》蟀(shuai)作{帅(shuai)虫(chong)}。僖公,许其反,《史记》作“釐侯”。中,丁仲反。乐(le)音洛,下皆同(tong)。思,息(xi)嗣反,注同(tong)。
[疏]“《蟋蟀》三章,章八句”至“风焉”。
○正义曰:作《蟋蟀》诗者,刺晋僖公也。由僖公太俭逼下,不中礼度,故作是《蟋蟀》之诗以闵伤之,欲其及岁暮闲暇之时,以礼自娱乐也。以其太俭,故欲其自乐。乐失於盈,又恐过礼,欲令节之以礼,故云以礼自娱乐也。欲其及时者,三章上四句是也。以礼自娱乐者,下四句是也。既序一篇之义,又序名晋为唐之意。此实晋也,而谓之唐者,太师察其诗之音旨,本其国之风俗,见其所忧之事,深所思之,事远俭约而能用礼,有唐尧之遗风,故名之曰“唐”也。故季札见歌《唐》曰:“思深哉,其有陶唐氏之遗风乎!不然,何其忧之远也?”是忧思深远之事,情见於诗,诗为乐章,乐音之中有尧之风俗也。
○笺“忧深”至“之类”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)二文计及死(si)后之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),是其忧(you)念深,思虑远(yuan)也(ye)。言“之(zhi)类(lei)”者,忧(you)深思远(yuan)之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),非独在此(ci)二文,以(yi)其二事(shi)(shi)(shi)显(xian)见,故引当之(zhi)耳。其实(shi)诸(zhu)篇皆有深远(yuan)之(zhi)志(zhi)。《羔裘(qiu)》笺云:“民之(zhi)厚如此(ci),亦唐之(zhi)遗风(feng)。”亦以(yi)其事(shi)(shi)(shi)显(xian)见,故言之(zhi)耳。
蟋蟀在堂,岁聿其莫。今我不乐,日月其除。蟋蟀,蛩也。九月在堂,聿遂除去也。笺云:我,我僖公也。蛩在堂,岁时之候,是时农功毕,君可以自乐矣。今不自乐,日月且过去,不复暇为之。谓十二月,当复命农计耦耕事。
○聿,允橘反。莫音暮。除,直虑反,注同。蛩,俱勇反,沈又九共反,趋织也,一名蜻{列虫}。复,扶又反。无已大康,职思其居。已,甚。康,乐。职,主也。笺云:君虽当自乐,亦无甚大乐,欲其用礼为节也,又当主思於所居之事,谓国中政令。
○大音泰(tai),徐敕佐反,下(xia)同。居义如字,协(xie)韵音据。
“好乐无荒”,良士瞿瞿。荒,大也。瞿瞿然顾礼义也。笺云:荒,废乱也。良,善也。君之好乐,不当至於废乱政事,当如善士瞿瞿然顾礼义也。
○好(hao),呼报反(fan),下同。瞿,俱具反(fan)。
[疏]“蟋蟀”至“瞿瞿”。
○毛以为,僖公俭不中礼,诗人戒之,欲令及时自乐。言九月之时,蟋蟀之虫在於室堂之上矣。是岁晚之候,岁遂其将欲晚矣。此时农功已毕,人君可以自乐。今我君僖公不於此时自乐,日月其将过去,农事又起,不得闲暇。而为之君,何不及时自乐乎?既劝君自乐,又恐其过礼。君今虽当自乐,又须用礼为节。君若自乐,无甚太乐,当主思其所居之事,当以礼乐自居,无得忽忘之也。又戒僖公,君若好乐,无得太好之,当如善士瞿瞿然顾於礼义,勿使逾越於礼也。
○郑唯“其居”谓“国中政令”,“荒”谓“废乱政事”为异,馀同。
○传“蟋蟀”至“除去”。
○正义曰:“蟋蟀,蛩”,《释虫》文。李巡曰:“蛩,一名蟋蟀。蟋蟀,蜻{列虫}也。”郭璞曰:“今趋织也。”陆机《疏》云:“蟋蟀似蝗而小,正黑有光泽如漆,有角翅。一名蛩,一名蜻{列虫},楚人谓之王孙,幽州人谓之趋织,里语曰‘趋织鸣,嬾妇惊’,是也。”《七月》之篇说蟋蟀之事云:“九月在户。”传云:“九月在堂。”堂者,室之基也,户内户外总名为堂。《礼运》曰:“醴醆在户,粢醍在堂。”对文言之,则堂与户别。散则近户之地亦名堂也。故礼言升堂者,皆谓从阶至户也。此言在堂,谓在室户之外,与户相近,是九月可知。时当九月,则岁未为暮,而言“岁聿其暮”者,言其过此月后,则岁遂将暮耳。谓十月以后为岁暮也,此月未为暮也。《采薇》云:“曰归曰归,岁亦暮止。”其下章云:“曰归曰归,岁亦阳止。”十月为阳,明“暮止”亦十月也。《小明》云:“岁聿云暮,采萧穫菽。”采穫是九月之事也,云岁聿,云暮,其意与此同也。岁实未暮而云聿暮,故知聿为遂。遂者,从始乡末之言也。除者,弃去之名,故为去也。
○笺“我我”至“耕事”。
○正义曰:劝君使之自乐,故知“我,我僖公也”。《七月》笺云:“言此者,著将寒有渐。”《蟋蟀》记将寒之候,此言岁时之候者,《七月》下文论备寒之事,故为寒来之候。此云岁聿其暮,故云岁时之候。《月令》季冬云:“告民出五穀,命农计耦耕,修耒耜,具田器。”注云:“大寒气过,农事将起。”是十二月以后,不暇复为乐也。礼,国君无故不彻悬。必须农功之隙乃作乐者,场功未毕,劝课农桑,虽不彻锺鼓,有时击奏,未得大设燕饮,適意娱乐也。《七月》云:“九月肃霜,十月涤场,朋酒斯飨。”言豳君闲於政事,乃飨群臣。是十月为自乐之时也。
○传“已,甚。康,乐。职,主”。
○正义曰:已训止也。物甚则止,故已为甚也。“康,乐”,“职,主”,皆《释诂》文。传不解“其居”之义。二章“其外”,传以外为礼乐之外,则其居谓以礼乐自居,则“职思其外”谓常思礼乐,无使越於礼乐之外也。“职思其忧”,传曰“忧,可忧”,谓逾越礼乐,至於荒淫,则可忧也。故王肃云:“其居,主思以礼乐自居也。其外,言思无越於礼乐也。其忧,言荒则忧也。”
○笺“君虽”至“政令”。
○正义曰:以序言“欲其以礼自娱乐”,故知欲其用礼为节也。《乐记》曰:“礼主其减,乐主其盈。礼减而进,以进为文。乐盈而反,以反为文。”注云:“礼主其减,人所倦。乐主其盈,人所欢。进谓自勉强,反谓自抑止。”是礼须勤力行之,惟恐倦怠。乐者令人欢乐,惟恐奢放。诗人既劝自乐,又恐过度,故戒之使用礼也。笺以上句言“无已大康”,已是礼乐自居,复云“职思其居”,不宜更处礼乐。居谓居处也。二章言外,谓居处之外,则其居谓所居之处,故易传以为主思所居之事,谓国中政令也。其居既是国中,则知其外谓国外至四境也。四境之外,则有邻国,故其忧为邻国侵伐之忧。诗人戒君所思,思其自近及远,故从内而外也。
○传“荒大”至“礼义”。
○正义曰:荒为广远之言,故为大也。《释训》云:“瞿瞿、休休,俭也。”李巡曰:“皆良士顾礼节之俭也。”此传云“顾礼义”,下传云“休休,乐道之心”,皆谓治身俭约,故能乐道顾礼也。
○笺“荒废”至“礼义”。
○正(zheng)义曰:《宛丘》序(xu)云:“淫荒(huang)昏(hun)乱(luan)。”《还》及《卢令》序(xu)云:“刺荒(huang)也(ye)。”荒(huang)者,皆谓废(fei)乱(luan)政事,故易(yi)传以荒(huang)为废(fei)乱(luan)也(ye)。“良,善”,《释诂(gu)》文。
蟋蟀在堂,岁聿其逝。今我不乐,日月其迈。迈,行也。无已大康,职思其外。外,礼乐之外。笺云:外谓国外至四境。
○礼乐,此一乐字音岳。好乐无荒,良士蹶蹶。蹶蹶,动而敏於事。
○蹶,俱卫反(fan)。
[疏]传“蹶蹶”至“於事”。
○正义(yi)曰:《释诂》云(yun):“蹶(jue),动也。”《释训》云(yun):“蹶(jue)蹶(jue),敏也。”
蟋蟀在堂(tang),役(yi)车其休。笺云:庶人乘(cheng)役(yi)车。役(yi)车休,农功毕(bi),无事也。
[疏]笺“庶人”至“无事”。
○正义曰:“庶人乘役车”,《春官·巾车》文也。彼注云:“役车方箱,可载任器以供役。”然则收纳禾稼亦用此车,故役车休息,是农功毕,无事也。《酒诰》云:“肇牵车牛,远服贾用,孝养厥父母。”则庶人之车,冬月亦行。而云“休”者,据其农功既终,载运事毕,故言休耳,不言冬月不行也。今我不乐,日月其慆。慆,过也。
○慆,吐刀反(fan)。无已大康,职(zhi)思(si)其忧。忧,可(ke)忧也。笺云:忧者,谓邻国(guo)侵伐之忧。好乐无荒,良士休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),乐道之心。
《蟋蟀》三章,章八句。
《山有枢》,刺晋昭公也。不能修道以正其国,有财不能用,有锺鼓不能以自乐,有朝廷不能洒埽,政荒民散,将以危亡。四邻谋取其国家而不知,国人作诗以刺之也。
○枢,本(ben)或作(zuo)“蓲”,乌侯反(fan)(fan)。昭公,《左传》及《史记》作(zuo)“昭侯”。乐音(yin)洛,下及注同。朝,直(zhi)遥反(fan)(fan)。廷,徒(tu)佞反(fan)(fan)。洒,所(suo)懈反(fan)(fan),沈所(suo)寄反(fan)(fan),下同。埽(sao),苏报反(fan)(fan),本(ben)又(you)作(zuo)“扫”,下同。
[疏]“《山有枢》三章,章八句”至“刺之”。
○正义曰:有(you)财不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用者(zhe)(zhe),三章章首二句(ju)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。此(ci)二句(ju)总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用财耳。其(qi)经(jing)(jing)之所(suo)陈,言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)有(you)衣裳(shang)(shang)、车马、锺(zhong)鼓、酒食不(bu)(bu)用之,是(shi)(shi)分别说其(qi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用财之事(shi)也(ye)(ye)。有(you)锺(zhong)鼓不(bu)(bu)能(neng)以(yi)(yi)自乐者(zhe)(zhe),二章云“子(zi)(zi)有(you)锺(zhong)鼓,弗(fu)击弗(fu)考(kao)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。有(you)朝廷(ting)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)洒扫者(zhe)(zhe),二章云“子(zi)(zi)有(you)廷(ting)内,弗(fu)洒弗(fu)埽”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。经(jing)(jing)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廷(ting)内,序(xu)(xu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)锺(zhong)鼓者(zhe)(zhe),廷(ting)内,人君治(zhi)政之处,其(qi)事(shi)大(da)。锺(zhong)鼓者(zhe)(zhe),娱乐己身(shen),其(qi)事(shi)小。经(jing)(jing)责昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)重后(hou)轻,故先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廷(ting)内。序(xu)(xu)既言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)财不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用,锺(zhong)鼓亦货财之事(shi),故因即(ji)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之。衣裳(shang)(shang)、车马亦是(shi)(shi)有(you)财,序(xu)(xu)独言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)锺(zhong)鼓者(zhe)(zhe),据娱乐之大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之也(ye)(ye)。经(jing)(jing)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)衣裳(shang)(shang),后(hou)车马者(zhe)(zhe),衣裳(shang)(shang)附(fu)於(wu)身(shen),车马则差远(yuan),故先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)衣裳(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)。四邻(lin)谋取其(qi)国(guo)家者(zhe)(zhe),三章下二句(ju)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。四邻(lin),即(ji)桓(huan)叔谋伐晋(jin)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye),故下篇刺昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong),皆言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)沃所(suo)并。沃虽一国(guo),即(ji)四邻(lin)之一,故以(yi)(yi)四邻(lin)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之。
山有枢,隰有榆。兴也。枢,荎也。国君有财货而不能用,如山隰不能自用其财。
○榆,以朱反。荎,田节反,沈又直黎反。子有衣裳,弗曳弗娄。子有车马,弗驰弗驱。娄,亦曳也。
○曳,以世反。娄,力俱反,马云:“牵也。”宛其死矣,他人是愉。宛,死貌。愉,乐也。笺云:愉读曰偷。偷,取也。
○宛,於阮反(fan),本亦作(zuo)“苑”。愉,毛以朱反(fan),郑作(zuo)“偷”,他(ta)侯(hou)反(fan)。
[疏]“山有”至“是愉”。
○毛以愉为乐。
○郑以愉为取,言他人将取之。馀同。
○传“枢,荎”。
○正义曰:《释木》文。郭璞曰:“今之刺榆也。”
○传“娄,亦曳”。
○正义曰:曳者,衣裳在身,行必曳之。娄与曳连,则同为一事。走马谓之驰。策马谓之驱。驱驰俱是乘车之事,则曳娄俱是著衣之事,故云“娄,亦曳也”。
○传“愉,乐”。
○正义曰:《释诂》文。
○笺“愉读”至“偷取”。
○正义曰(yue):以下(xia)云“是(shi)保”,谓得而居(ju)之(zhi)。“入室”,谓居(ju)而有之(zhi)。故易传以愉(yu)为(wei)偷,言偷盗取之(zhi)。
山有栲,隰有杻。栲,山樗。杻,檍也。
○栲音考。杻,女九反(fan)(fan)(fan)。樗,敕书(shu)反(fan)(fan)(fan),又他胡反(fan)(fan)(fan)。檍,於力(li)反(fan)(fan)(fan)。
[疏]传“栲,山樗。杻,檍”。
○正义曰(yue):皆(jie)《释木》文。舍人(ren)曰(yue):“栲(kao)(kao)(kao)名山樗(chu)。杻名檍。”郭璞曰(yue):“栲(kao)(kao)(kao)似(si)樗(chu),色小而(er)白,生(sheng)山中,因名云。亦(yi)类漆树(shu),俗(su)语曰(yue):‘櫄樗(chu)栲(kao)(kao)(kao)漆,相似(si)如一。”陆机《疏》云:山樗(chu)与下田樗(chu)略无(wu)异,叶似(si)差狭耳。吴(wu)人(ren)以其叶为(wei)茗,方俗(su)无(wu)名。此为(wei)栲(kao)(kao)(kao)者(zhe),似(si)误也。今所云为(wei)栲(kao)(kao)(kao)者(zhe),叶如栎(li)木,皮厚数寸,可为(wei)车辐,或谓之(zhi)栲(kao)(kao)(kao)栎(li)。许慎正以栲(kao)(kao)(kao)读(du)为(wei)<禾臭(chou)>。今人(ren)言栲(kao)(kao)(kao),失(shi)其声耳。杻,檍也,叶似(si)杏而(er)尖,白色,皮正赤,为(wei)木多(duo)曲少直,枝叶茂好。二月中,叶疏,华(hua)如练而(er)细(xi),蕊正白,盖树(shu)。今官园种之(zhi),正名曰(yue)万(wan)岁。既取名於亿万(wan),其叶又好,故(gu)种之(zhi)共汲山下人(ren),或谓之(zhi)牛筋,或谓之(zhi)檍。材可为(wei)弓弩幹(gan)也。
子有廷内,弗洒弗埽。子有锺鼓,弗鼓弗考。洒,氵丽也。考,击也。
○廷音庭(ting),又徒佞反(fan)。鼓如字,本或作“击(ji)”,非。洒,色蟹反(fan),又所绮反(fan)。
宛其(qi)死矣,他人是(shi)保。保,安也(ye)。笺云:保,居(ju)也(ye)。
[疏]传“洒,氵丽。考,击”。
○正义曰:洒谓以水湿地而埽之,故转为洒。洒是散水之名也。今定本云“弗鼓弗考”,注云:“考,击也”,无亦字,义并通也。
○传“保,安”。笺“保,居”。
○正义曰:二者皆(jie)《尔雅》无文,传(chuan)、笺各以义言之。上云(yun)(yun)“他人(ren)是(shi)愉(yu)”,谓(wei)得(de)(de)已乐以为乐。此云(yun)(yun)“他人(ren)是(shi)保”,谓(wei)得(de)(de)己(ji)之安(an)以为安(an)。故(gu)传(chuan)训(xun)保为安(an)也(ye)。笺以下云(yun)(yun)“他人(ren)入室”,则是(shi)居(ju)而(er)有(you)之,故(gu)易传(chuan)以保为居(ju)。
山有漆,隰有栗。子有酒食,何不日鼓瑟?君子无故琴瑟不离於侧。
○漆(qi)音(yin)七,木名。离,力智反。且以(yi)喜乐,且以(yi)永日。永,引(yin)也。宛其死矣,他人入(ru)室。
[疏]“子有”至“永日”。
○正义曰:责昭公,言子既有酒食矣,何不日日鼓瑟有饮食之,且得以喜乐己身,且可以永长。此日何故弗为乎?言永日者,人而无事,则长日难度。若饮食作乐,则忘忧愁,可以永长此日。《白驹》云“以永今朝”,意亦与此同也。
○传“君子”至“於侧”。
○正(zheng)义曰:《曲(qu)礼下》云:“君无(wu)(wu)故玉不(bu)去身,大夫(fu)(fu)无(wu)(wu)故不(bu)彻悬,士(shi)无(wu)(wu)故不(bu)彻琴(qin)瑟(se)。”注云:“忧乐(le)不(bu)相干也,故谓(wei)灾(zai)患丧病。”彼量(liang)其所有,节级立文。此言君子,总谓(wei)大夫(fu)(fu)士(shi)以上(shang)也。以经云“日(ri)鼓(gu)瑟(se)”,则(ze)是(shi)日(ri)日(ri)用之,故言“不(bu)离(li)於其侧”。定(ding)本云“君子琴(qin)瑟(se)不(bu)离(li)於侧”,少“无(wu)(wu)故”二字,恐非也。
《山有枢(shu)》三章,章八句。
《扬之水》,刺晋昭公也。昭公分国以封沃,沃盛强,昭公微弱,国人将叛而归沃焉。封沃者,封叔父桓叔于沃也。沃,曲沃,晋之邑也。
○沃,乌毒反。
[疏]“《扬之水》三章,二章章六句,一章四句”至“沃焉”。
○正义曰:作《扬之水》诗者,刺晋昭公也。昭公分其国地以封沃国,谓封叔父桓叔於曲沃之邑也。桓叔有德,沃是大都,沃国日以盛强。昭公国既削小,身又无德,其国日以微弱,故晋国之人皆将叛而归於沃国焉。昭公分国封沃,己为不可,国人将叛,又不能抚之也,故刺之。此刺昭公,经皆陈桓叔之德者,由昭公无德而微弱,桓叔有德有盛强,国人叛从桓叔,昭公之国危矣。而昭公不知,故陈桓叔有德,民乐从之,所以刺昭公也。
○笺“封沃”至“之邑”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):封(feng)(feng)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)者,使(shi)专有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),别为(wei)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)国,不复属晋(jin)(jin),故(gu)云(yun)以封(feng)(feng)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。桓(huan)二(er)年《左(zuo)传》云(yun):“初,晋(jin)(jin)穆侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫人姜氏(shi)以条之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役生(sheng)太(tai)子,命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)仇(chou)(chou)。其(qi)(qi)弟(di)以千(qian)亩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战生(sheng),命(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)成(cheng)师。师服曰(yue)(yue):‘异哉(zai),君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名子也(ye)(ye)(ye)!嘉耦曰(yue)(yue)妃,怨耦曰(yue)(yue)仇(chou)(chou)。古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今君命(ming)(ming)太(tai)子曰(yue)(yue)仇(chou)(chou),弟(di)曰(yue)(yue)成(cheng)师,始兆(zhao)乱矣。兄其(qi)(qi)替乎!’惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)十四年,晋(jin)(jin)始乱,故(gu)封(feng)(feng)桓(huan)叔於曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)。师服曰(yue)(yue):‘吾闻(wen)国家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立也(ye)(ye)(ye),本大而末小,是以能固。故(gu)天子建国,诸侯(hou)立家。今晋(jin)(jin),甸侯(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye);而建国,本既弱矣,其(qi)(qi)能久乎?’惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三十年,晋(jin)(jin)潘父弑(shi)昭侯(hou)而纳桓(huan)叔,不克。”是封(feng)(feng)桓(huan)叔於沃(wo)(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此邑本名曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo),序单言沃(wo)(wo)(wo),则既封(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)国,故(gu)云(yun)“沃(wo)(wo)(wo),曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《地理(li)志》云(yun):“河(he)东闻(wen)喜县,故(gu)曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)(wo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。武(wu)帝元鼎六年行过更名。”应(ying)劭曰(yue)(yue):“武(wu)帝於此闻(wen)南越破,改曰(yue)(yue)闻(wen)喜。”
扬之水,白石凿凿。兴也。凿凿然,鲜明貌。笺云:激扬之水,激流湍疾,洗去垢浊,使白石凿凿然。兴者,喻桓叔盛强,除民所恶,民得以有礼义也。
○凿,子洛反。激,经历反。湍,吐端反。洗,苏礼反,又苏典反。去,羌吕反。垢,古口反。恶,乌路反,又如字。素衣朱襮,从子于沃。襮,领也。诸侯绣黼丹朱中衣。沃,曲沃也。笺云:绣当为“绡”,绡黼丹朱中衣,中衣以绡黼为领,丹朱为纯也。国人欲进此服,去从桓叔。
○襮音博,《字林》方沃反。绣音秀,众家申毛并依字,下文同。郑改为“宵黼”,音甫。宵音消,本作绡。纯,真允反,又真顺反。既见君子,云何不乐。笺云:君子谓桓叔。
○乐音洛。
[疏]“扬之水”至“不乐”。
○正义曰:言激扬之水,波流湍疾,行於石上,洗去石之垢秽,使白石凿凿然而鲜明,以兴桓叔之德,政教宽明,行於民上,除去民之疾恶,使沃国之民皆得有礼义也。桓叔既有善政,其国日以盛强,晋国之民皆欲叛而从之。以素为衣,丹朱为缘,绡黼为领,此诸侯之中衣也。国人欲得造制此素衣朱襮之服,进之以从子桓叔于沃国也。国人惟欲归于沃,惟恐不见桓叔,皆云我既得见此君子桓叔,则云何乎而得不乐。言其实乐也。桓叔之得民心如是,民将叛而从之,而昭公不知,故剌之。
○传“襮领”至“曲沃”。
○正义曰:《释器》云:“黼领谓之襮。”孙炎曰:“绣刺黼文以褗领。”是襮为领也。《郊特牲》云:“绣黼丹朱中衣,大夫之僣礼也。”大夫服之则为僣,知诸侯当服之也。中衣者,朝服、祭服之里衣也。其制如深衣,故《礼记·深衣目录》云:“深衣连衣裳而纯之以采者,有表则谓之中衣。大夫以上,祭服中衣用素,诗云‘素衣朱襮’,《玉藻》云:‘以帛里布,非礼也。’士祭以朝服,中衣以布,明矣。”是言中衣之制与深衣同也。其异者,中衣之袖小长耳。《玉藻》云:“中衣继揜尺。”注云:“中衣继袂揜一尺,深衣缘而已。”是中衣之袖长也。言大夫祭服中衣用素者,谓自祭耳。其助祭则士服爵弁之服,以丝为衣。则士以上,助祭之服中衣,皆用素也。少牢馈食之礼,是大夫自祭家庙,其服用朝服。朝服以布为之,则中衣亦用布矣。而《深衣目录》云“大夫祭服,中衣用素”者,谓大国之孤也。《杂记》云:“大夫冕而祭于公,弁而祭于己。”注云:“弁而祭於己,唯孤耳。弁谓爵弁。”爵弁是丝衣,明中衣亦用素。用素则同,不必以绣黼为领。绣黼唯诸侯乃得服之耳。晋封桓叔於沃,别为诸侯之国,故晋人欲以诸侯之服往从之。桓叔虽受封於晋,正是晋自封之,非天子之命。天子不赐以爵,晋是诸侯,不得以爵赐诸侯。桓叔、庄伯皆以字配谥,盖虽君其国,未有爵命。《左传》每云曲沃伯,或可自称伯也。传不注序,故於此解沃为曲沃也。
○笺“绣当”至“桓叔”。
○正义(yi)(yi)曰(yue):传(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所言《郊特牲》文(wen)(wen),彼注云(yun)“绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丹(dan)朱,以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)领(ling)(ling)缘也。绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),缯(zeng)名(ming)(ming)”。引《诗(shi)》云(yun):“素(su)(su)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)朱绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。”彼注此(ci)笺皆(jie)破(po)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)其黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)共作中(zhong)(zhong)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)领(ling)(ling)。案《考工记》云(yun):“白与黑谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),五色备谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。”若(ruo)五色聚居,则白黑共为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)文(wen)(wen),不得(de)(de)别为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)称(cheng)。绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不得(de)(de)同处,明知非(fei)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)字(zi)也,故(gu)(gu)破(po)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)(shi)缯(zeng)名(ming)(ming)。《士昏(hun)礼(li)》注引《诗(shi)》云(yun)“素(su)(su)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)朱绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)”,《鲁诗(shi)》以(yi)(yi)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绮属,然(ran)则绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)(shi)缯(zeng)绮别名(ming)(ming)。於(wu)(wu)此(ci)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)上(shang)剌为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)文(wen)(wen),故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)也。绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)上(shang)剌黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)领(ling)(ling),然(ran)后名(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)襮,故(gu)(gu)《尔(er)雅》黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)领(ling)(ling)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)襮。襮为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)领(ling)(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别名(ming)(ming)也。案此(ci)下(xia)章(zhang)作“素(su)(su)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)朱绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)”,而(er)《郊特牲》及(ji)《士昏(hun)礼(li)》二注引《诗(shi)》皆(jie)作“素(su)(su)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)朱绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),笺破(po)此(ci)传(chuan)(chuan)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)当为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),下(xia)章(zhang)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)字(zi)亦破(po)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。笺不言者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),从(cong)此(ci)而(er)略之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)。此(ci)已破(po)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),《礼(li)记》注从(cong)破(po)引之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),犹《月(yue)令》云(yun)“鲜(xian)羔开冰”,注云(yun)“鲜(xian)当为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)献(xian)”,《七月(yue)》引之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),径作“献(xian)羔开冰”,与此(ci)同也。此(ci)则郑(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说耳(er)。案下(xia)章(zhang)传(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)也”,则是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)(yi),未必(bi)如郑(zheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绡(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)也。如传(chuan)(chuan)意,绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)得(de)(de)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),缋是(shi)(shi)画,绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)是(shi)(shi)剌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),虽五色备具乃成为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),初(chu)剌一色即(ji)是(shi)(shi)作绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,故(gu)(gu)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)剌名(ming)(ming)。传(chuan)(chuan)言“绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)於(wu)(wu)缯(zeng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剌以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),非(fei)训绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)也。孙炎(yan)注《尔(er)雅》云(yun):“绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)刺黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)文(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)褗领(ling)(ling)。”是(shi)(shi)取毛“绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),黼(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)(yi),其意不与笺同。不破(po)绣(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)字(zi),义(yi)(yi)亦通(tong)也。笺以(yi)(yi)“素(su)(su)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)朱襮”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)即(ji)云(yun)“从(cong)子于沃(wo)”,故(gu)(gu)言“晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,欲进此(ci)服,去(qu)从(cong)桓叔”,言民(min)爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),欲以(yi)(yi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)往(wang)耳(er)。国(guo)(guo)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),非(fei)民(min)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。
扬之水,白石皓皓。皓皓,洁白也。
○皓,胡老反。素衣朱绣,从子于鹄。绣,黼也。鹄,曲沃邑也。
○鹄,户毒(du)反(fan)。
[疏]传“鹄,曲沃邑”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:晋(jin)封(feng)桓(huan)叔於曲沃(wo),非独一(yi)邑而已。其都在曲沃(wo),其傍更有邑,故云(yun)“鹄,曲沃(wo)邑也”。
既见君子,云何其忧(you)。言(yan),无忧(you)也。
扬之水,白石粼粼。粼粼,清澈也。
○粼,刊新(xin)反,本又作“磷”,同。澈,直(zhi)列(lie)反,或作“彻”,误(wu)。我闻有命,不敢(gan)以告人(ren)!闻曲(qu)沃有善政命,不敢(gan)以告人(ren)。笺云(yun):不敢(gan)以告人(ren)而去者,畏昭公谓已动民心。
《扬之水》三章,二章章六句,一章四句。
《椒聊》,剌晋昭公也。君子见沃之盛强,能修其政,知其蕃衍盛大,子孙将有晋国焉。
○椒聊,椒木名。聊,辞也。蕃音烦(fan)。衍,延善反。
[疏]“《椒聊》二章,章六句”至“国焉”。
○正义曰:作《椒聊》诗(shi)者,剌(la)(la)(la)晋昭公(gong)也。君子(zi)之人,见沃国(guo)之盛强,桓叔能脩(xiu)其(qi)政教,知其(qi)后世稍复(fu)蕃衍盛大,子(zi)孙将并有晋国(guo)焉。昭公(gong)不知,故(gu)剌(la)(la)(la)之。此序(xu)序(xu)其(qi)见剌(la)(la)(la)之由,经二(er)章,皆陈桓叔有美德,子(zi)孙蕃衍之事。
椒聊之实,蕃衍盈升。兴也。椒聊,椒也。笺云:椒之性芬香而少实,今一捄之实,蕃衍满升,非其常也。兴者,喻桓叔晋君之支别耳,今其子孙众多,将日以盛也。
○捄音求,又其菊反,何音掬,沈居局反。彼其之子,硕大无朋。朋,比也。笺云:之子,是子也。谓桓叔也。硕,谓壮貌,佼好也。大谓德美广博也。无朋,平均,不朋党。
○比,王肃、孙毓申毛必履反,谓无比例也。一音必二反,申毛作毗至反。佼,古卯反。椒聊且!远条且!条,长也。笺云:椒之气日益远长,似桓叔之德弥广博。
○且(qie),子馀(yu)反,下(xia)同。
[疏]“椒聊”至“条且”。
○正义曰:椒之性芬香而少实,今椒聊一捄之实,乃蕃衍满於一升甚多,非其常,以兴桓叔,晋君之支别,今子孙众多,亦非其常也。桓叔子孙既多,又有美德,彼己是子谓桓叔,其人形貌盛壮,得美广大,无朋党阿比之恶行也。椒之香气日益长远,以兴桓叔之德弥益广博,桓叔子孙既多,德益广博,必将并有晋国,而昭公不知,故刺之。聊、且,皆助语也。
○传“椒聊,椒”。
○正义曰:《释木》云:“檓,大椒。”郭璞曰:“今椒树丛生,实大者名为檓。”陆机《疏》曰:椒聊,聊,语助也。椒树似茱萸,有针刺,叶坚而滑泽,蜀人作茶,吴人作茗,皆合煮其叶以为香。今成皋诸山间有椒,谓之竹叶椒,其树亦如蜀椒,少毒热,不中合药也,可著饮食中。又用烝鸡、豚,最佳香。东海诸岛亦有椒树,枝叶皆相似,子长而不圆,甚香,其味似橘皮。岛上獐、鹿食此椒叶,其肉自然作椒橘香。
○笺“椒之性”至“以盛”。
○正义曰:言性芬香,喻美德,故下句椒之气日益长远,喻桓叔德弥广博,是取香气为喻也。言一捄之实者,捄谓椒之房,裹实者也。《释木》云:“椒、榝,丑莍。”李巡曰:“榝,茱萸也。椒、茱萸皆有房,故曰捄。捄,实也。”郭璞曰:“莍萸子聚生成房。”是椒裹名为捄也。知蕃衍满升谓一捄之实者,若论一树则不啻一升,才据一实又不足满升,且诗取蕃多为喻,不言一实之大,故知谓一捄之实也。验今椒实,一裹之内唯有一实。时有二实者,少耳。今言一捄满升,假多为喻,非实事也。王肃云:种一实,蕃衍满一升。若种一实,则成一树,非徒一升而已。不得以种一实为喻也。
○传“朋,比”。
○正义曰:朋,党也。比谓阿比,朋亦比之义,故以朋为比也。
○笺“之子”至“朋党”。
○正义曰:以“硕”下有“大”,不宜复训为大,故以硕为壮佼貌。大谓大德。无朋者,无朋比之行,故知谓“平均,无其朋党”也。孙毓云:“桓叔阻邑不臣,以孽倾宗,与潘父比,至杀昭公而求入焉,能均平而不朋党乎?”斯不然矣,此言桓叔能修国政,抚民平均,望桓叔之美,刺昭公之恶耳,不得以倾宗阻邑为桓叔罪也。即如毓言,桓叔罪多矣,诗人何得称其硕大且笃,能修其政乎?自桓叔别封於沃,自是邻国相陵,安得责其不臣。
○传“条,长”。
○正义曰:《尚书(shu)》称“厥木惟条(tiao)”,谓木枝长(zhang),故(gu)以条(tiao)为长(zhang)也(ye)。
椒聊之实,蕃衍盈匊。雨手曰匊。
○匊,本又作(zuo)“掬”,九六(liu)反。
彼其之(zhi)子,硕大且(qie)笃(du)。笃(du),厚也。
[疏]传“笃,厚”。
○正义(yi)曰:《释诂》文(wen)。
椒聊(liao)且!远条且!言声之远闻也。
《椒聊》二(er)章,章六句(ju)。