“中(zhong)(zhong)华民(min)(min)族(zu)”这一(yi)家(jia)喻户晓的(de)(de)称谓，细算起来也只有105年的(de)(de)历(li)史(shi)，其(qi)创(chuang)始人(ren)(ren)就是(shi)梁(liang)启(qi)超(chao)。在梁(liang)启(qi)超(chao)创(chuang)立(li)“中(zhong)(zhong)华民(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)词(ci)之(zhi)前，中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)基(ji)本上(shang)没有现(xian)代的(de)(de)民(min)(min)族(zu)观念(nian)，甚至(zhi)连(lian)“民(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)词(ci)也没有使用过。习惯上(shang)所说的(de)(de)“华夏”“汉人(ren)(ren)”“唐人(ren)(ren)”“炎黄子孙(sun)”，乃至(zhi)外国(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)将中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)称之(zhi)为“大(da)秦”“震旦”“支(zhi)那”等，都(dou)不是(shi)现(xian)代意义上(shang)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)族(zu)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)称谓。所谓“华夷之(zhi)辩”“夷夏之(zhi)防(fang)”，集中(zhong)(zhong)反映的(de)(de)也是(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)相对狭(xia)隘的(de)(de)朴素的(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)意识。
1840年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)鸦片(pian)战(zhan)争之(zhi)后(hou)，救亡图存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)热(re)潮(chao)迫使(shi)(shi)先(xian)进的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想家去重新思(si)考许(xu)多(duo)问(wen)题。梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)沿着(zhe)严复“保种”“合群”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)路，渐渐以现代民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)主义理论(lun)来思(si)考问(wen)题。1898年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋他流亡日本(ben)之(zhi)后(hou)，比较系统地(di)(di)研究了(le)(le)(le)欧(ou)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)主义论(lun)著，并结合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)实际，在(zai)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)问(wen)题上提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)许(xu)多(duo)新见解。1899年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)在(zai)《东籍月旦》一(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，破天荒地(di)(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)“民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)。1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)发表(biao)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)史叙论(lun)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)，首次提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)。在(zai)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基础上，1902年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)正(zheng)式提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”。他在(zai)《论(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)学术思(si)想变(bian)(bian)迁之(zhi)大(da)势(shi)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，先(xian)对“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)(nei)涵做了(le)(le)(le)说(shuo)明。其云：“立于五洲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)最大(da)洲而(er)为其洲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)最大(da)国(guo)(guo)者(zhe)，谁(shei)乎(hu)？我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)也(ye)；人口之(zhi)居全地(di)(di)球三分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)，谁(shei)乎(hu)？我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)也(ye)；四千余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)历(li)史未尝一(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)断者(zhe)，谁(shei)乎(hu)？我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)也(ye)。”接着(zhe)，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)在(zai)论(lun)述战(zhan)国(guo)(guo)时(shi)期齐国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)学术思(si)想地(di)(di)位时(shi)，正(zheng)式使(shi)(shi)用(yong)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)。不过，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)在(zai)具体使(shi)(shi)用(yong) “中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)时(shi)却(que)比较混乱，有时(shi)指汉(han)族(zu)，有时(shi)又指中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)。1905年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)写了(le)(le)(le)《历(li)史上中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)之(zhi)观察》一(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)，从历(li)史演变(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度重点分析了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元性(xing)和(he)混合性(xing)，并断然下结论(lun)说(shuo)：“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)自始本(ben)非(fei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)，实由(you)多(duo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)混合而(er)成。”由(you)此(ci)，梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)真(zhen)正(zheng)完成了(le)(le)(le)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)从形式到内(nei)(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)革命性(xing)创造。由(you)于梁启(qi)超(chao)(chao)崇高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位和(he)影响，“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)经提出(chu)(chu)，就在(zai)社会上引起(qi)了(le)(le)(le)热(re)烈讨论(lun)。
杨(yang)度(du)在1907年(nian)发表了(le)《金铁主义(yi)说》一(yi)文(wen)，对(dui)中华(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)含义(yi)进行了(le)详尽的(de)(de)解(jie)说。杨(yang)度(du)的(de)(de)高明(ming)之处在于超越民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)血统意(yi)识，提出中华(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)与其说是一(yi)个种族(zu)(zu)融合体(ti)，不(bu)(bu)如看作是一(yi)个文(wen)化共(gong)同体(ti)。文(wen)化的(de)(de)一(yi)体(ti)性、凝聚性和不(bu)(bu)可分割性造就了(le)中华(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)这个大家庭。
5．下(xia)列(lie)对“中华民(min)族”的理解不正(zheng)确的一项(xiang)是（ ）
A．“中(zhong)华(hua)民族”的提出避免了(le)“华(hua)夏(xia)”“汉人”“唐人”称谓的狭隘种族意识。
B．中华民族指中国(guo)境内的(de)所有民族，汉满蒙回藏等为一(yi)家，是(shi)一(yi)个多(duo)元混(hun)合的(de)大家庭。
C．梁启超提出“中华民(min)(min)族”一词的过(guo)程(cheng)是“保种(zhong)”“民(min)(min)族”“中华”，再到“中华民(min)(min)族”。
D．中(zhong)华民族既是(shi)(shi)一(yi)个种族融合体，又(you)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)个文化共(gong)同体，文化的一(yi)体性造(zao)就(jiu)此族群。
6．下列表(biao)述，符合原文意思的一项是(shi)（ ）
A．在漫长的历史上，中国(guo)人基本没有民(min)族意识，甚至连“民(min)族”一词也(ye)没有使用过。
B．西(xi)方现代民族(zu)(zu)主义理论启(qi)迪了“中(zhong)华民族(zu)(zu)”一(yi)词(ci)的诞(dan)生，梁启(qi)超首先(xian)创造此词(ci)语(yu)。
C．战国(guo)时期齐国(guo)的学术思想启(qi)发(fa)了“中华(hua)民族(zu)”一词的诞生(sheng)，由梁启(qi)超首先使用。
D．杨度(du)对(dui)“中华(hua)民族”含义的解说比梁启超的理解更科(ke)学(xue)，超越了民族血(xue)统意识。
7．根据(ju)原文(wen)信息，下列(lie)推断不正确的一(yi)项是（ ）
A．“中(zhong)华民(min)族(zu)”一词(ci)是梁启超20世(shi)纪初研究和宣传民(min)族(zu)主义(yi)的首创，它一开(kai)始(shi)就内涵具体明确。
B．“中华(hua)民(min)族”一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)既是中国各族人民(min)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)个统一(yi)(yi)(yi)的称(cheng)谓，又是一(yi)(yi)(yi)种(zhong)不断强化的民(min)族认同心(xin)理。
C．“中(zhong)华民族”一词告别了“夷(yi)夏之(zhi)辩”的(de)陈(chen)腐观念，反映了中(zhong)国各民族平等、团结(jie)的(de)新追求(qiu)。
D．“中华民(min)族(zu)(zu)”一词是中国旧民(min)族(zu)(zu)观(guan)走向(xiang)新(xin)民(min)族(zu)(zu)观(guan)的(de)重要标志之一，它抛弃了狭隘的(de)民(min)族(zu)(zu)意识。
5．C 6．B 7．A
