乔纳森·西尔弗顿《种子的故事》高考说明文阅读及答案
种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子萌芽(ya)(ya)从汲(ji)取水分开始,种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子首(shou)先膨胀,胚部接着生长。①发芽(ya)(ya)就像分娩,一(yi)旦(dan)启动就是个(ge)不(bu)可逆的(de)(de)(de)过程,因此发芽(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)机攸关生死,种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子早(zao)已演化成(cheng)各式各样的(de)(de)(de)手段找对时(shi)机。杨(yang)树(shu)(shu)和柳树(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子寿命极(ji)短,若(ruo)没(mei)有在散(san)播后(hou)几个(ge)小时(shi)内找到湿泥地(di),就会死亡。热带雨(yu)林中,许多树(shu)(shu)木结的(de)(de)(de)大型种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子如果没(mei)有在几周内发芽(ya)(ya),就会腐败。对这(zhei)些物种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)来说,要(yao)掌(zhang)(zhang)握正(zheng)确(que)的(de)(de)(de)发芽(ya)(ya)时(shi)机,得先掌(zhang)(zhang)握正(zheng)确(que)的(de)(de)(de)结子时(shi)机,因为(wei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子一(yi)旦(dan)成(cheng)熟,保存期限是很短的(de)(de)(de)。
一年中(zhong),若季(ji)节气候对种子来说太(tai)干(gan)燥或太(tai)寒冷,不(bu)(bu)(bu)利于发(fa)芽(ya)(ya),种子就(jiu)进入休(xiu)眠(mian),等待不(bu)(bu)(bu)适宜(yi)的(de)气候过去。如(ru)果将(jiang)植物行为(wei)(wei)以精巧度(du)衡量,扁蓄(xu)的(de)发(fa)芽(ya)(ya)行为(wei)(wei)只有初级程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)。扁蓄(xu)是(shi)长在耕(geng)地和(he)花园(yuan)中(zhong)的(de)杂草,种子先(xian)天为(wei)(wei)休(xiu)眠(mian)型(xing),未经冬(dong)天不(bu)(bu)(bu)会发(fa)芽(ya)(ya)。没有在五(wu)月发(fa)芽(ya)(ya)的(de)种子,又逐渐进入休(xiu)眠(mian)状态(tai),静待另(ling)一波寒意来临,准备(bei)好再(zai)次发(fa)芽(ya)(ya)。扁蓄(xu)的(de)行为(wei)(wei)其实相(xiang)当合理,称为(wei)(wei)初级程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)好像不(bu)(bu)(bu)太(tai)公平,更何(he)况(kuang)相(xiang)似的(de)植物还不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao),许多(duo)杂草也有依季(ji)节循环的(de)休(xiu)眠(mian)期和(he)发(fa)芽(ya)(ya)期。
另一种相(xiang)当常见的杂草则(ze)要(yao)比扁蓄技高(gao)一筹,那就是(shi)羊腿藜(li)(li)。羊腿藜(li)(li)在(zai)年(nian)(nian)初(chu)不休眠的种子(zi)(zi),产季(ji)时则(ze)结休眠的种子(zi)(zi)。有(you)了年(nian)(nian)初(chu)生产的种子(zi)(zi),这年(nian)(nian)的羊腿藜(li)(li)就有(you)跟多子(zi)(zi)代,后来所(suo)结的种子(zi)(zi)则(ze)安然保存至明春。
一年(nian)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)发芽(ya)机制就更精(jing)巧(qiao)了(le),这(zhei)些植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)会(hui)打赌冬(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)冷(leng)(leng)不冷(leng)(leng),许多(duo)冬(dong)季(ji)一年(nian)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),像却麦草(cao),都是在秋天(tian)(tian)(tian)发芽(ya),这(zhei)样做的(de)(de)(de)风(feng)险是冬(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)寒霜很可(ke)能冻(dong)死幼(you)苗(miao)。但(dan)(dan)如果存(cun)活(huo)下来,就有了(le)回报,以为比(bi)起其他(ta)春(chun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)才发芽(ya)的(de)(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),这(zhei)些幼(you)苗(miao)抢先一步发育成长,能长得(de)比(bi)较大(da),结的(de)(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)也(ye)多(duo)得(de)多(duo)。冬(dong)季(ji)一年(nian)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)也(ye)懂的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)散(san)风(feng)险,让部(bu)分(fen)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在冬(dong)季(ji)休(xiu)眠(mian)、春(chun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)发芽(ya)。比(bi)起熬过冬(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)苗(miao),这(zhei)些春(chun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)发芽(ya)的(de)(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)长出的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)株比(bi)较小(xiao)、结的(de)(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)也(ye)比(bi)较小(xiao),但(dan)(dan)是存(cun)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)几率大(da)一些。由于(yu)某几年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)冬(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)比(bi)较冷(leng)(leng),某几年(nian)比(bi)较不冷(leng)(leng),所以有时(shi)不休(xiu)眠(mian)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)长得(de)好(hao),有时(shi)休(xiu)眠(mian)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)胜算大(da)。
目(mu)前为止所谈(tan)的(de)(de)发(fa)芽(ya)行为,精(jing)(jing)巧程度(du)都(dou)还(hai)不及格。种子(zi)还(hai)能(neng)从其(qi)他线索得到(dao)更精(jing)(jing)确的(de)(de)讯息(xi),以(yi)决定什么时候发(fa)芽(ya)。许多(duo)像莴苣一(yi)类的(de)(de)种子(zi),对光(guang)(guang)(guang)很(hen)敏感,在黑暗中(zhong)不会(hui)(hui)发(fa)芽(ya),即使温度(du)和湿(shi)度(du)都(dou)很(hen)恰当(dang)。这样(yang)的(de)(de)机(ji)制可以(yi)避(bi)免那些被埋的(de)(de)很(hen)深(shen)的(de)(de)、没有(you)机(ji)会(hui)(hui)到(dao)达土壤表(biao)层(ceng)的(de)(de)种子(zi)发(fa)芽(ya)。而只要一(yi)丝阳(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang),就能(neng)让(rang)种子(zi)自休眠(mian)中(zhong)苏醒。替菜圃翻土会(hui)(hui)让(rang)阳(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)传递(di)讯息(xi)给土壤中(zhong)许多(duo)对光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏感的(de)(de)杂草(cao)种子(zi),让(rang)他们知道接近(jin)土壤表(biao)层(ceng)了。
很(hen)多种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)招数更了不起。植(zhi)物可(ke)借由远(yuan)古(gu)演化而来(lai)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)感(gan)(gan)受(shou)(shou)体(即光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)素分子(zi)(zi)(zi))感(gan)(gan)知光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)线。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)感(gan)(gan)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)有两种(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)式,可(ke)彼(bi)此(ci)转(zhuan)换。一种(zhong)(zhong)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)Pr,吸(xi)收红(hong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)后装换成另一种(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)式,称为(wei)(wei)(wei)Pfr,Pfr吸(xi)收远(yuan)红(hong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)后再转(zhuan)回Pr型分子(zi)(zi)(zi)。Pr对(dui)Pfr的(de)(de)比率是由接(jie)受(shou)(shou)多少(shao)这(zhei)(zhei)两种(zhong)(zhong)不同波长的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)而定(ding)。这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)Pr对(dui)Pfr的(de)(de)比率提供(gong)了地(di)方(fang)环境的(de)(de)讯息(xi),对(dui)植(zhi)物来(lai)说极为(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要。②未被遮(zhe)蔽(bi)的(de)(de)日光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang),红(hong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)/远(yuan)红(hong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)比率为(wei)(wei)(wei)1,然而,阳光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)穿过(guo)(guo)树(shu)林后,大部分红(hong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)树(shu)叶吸(xi)收,这(zhei)(zhei)时比率远(yuan)小于1。植(zhi)物透过(guo)(guo)Pr对(dui)Pfr的(de)(de)比率能侦(zhen)测到光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)改(gai)变。由此(ci),植(zhi)物利(li)用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)素察(cha)觉(jue)邻近(jin)植(zhi)物的(de)(de)位(wei)置,调整(zheng)自己的(de)(de)生长以(yi)(yi)避开(kai)邻近(jin)植(zhi)物。同样,种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)如果暴(bao)露在透光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)叶子(zi)(zi)(zi)照射的(de)(de)阳光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)中,就不会发芽。与其(qi)在其(qi)他植(zhi)物的(de)(de)遮(zhe)蔽(bi)下发芽、长出(chu)难以(yi)(yi)存(cun)活的(de)(de)幼(you)苗,还不如在维持(chi)休眠状态。
光敏素有(you)个缺点,就是在黑(hei)暗环境中(zhong)无(wu)用武(wu)之地。因(yin)此只有(you)位(wei)于土壤(rang)(rang)表(biao)层(ceng)或接近(jin)表(biao)层(ceng)的(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)能加以利用,侦测(ce)竞争对(dui)手是否(fou)环伺在侧。不过还有(you)另一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)线索,能让深埋土中(zhong)的(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)知道上方没有(you)一(yi)(yi)线生机(ji)。土壤(rang)(rang)表(biao)层(ceng)的(de)(de)植物,例如草类,就像(xiang)一(yi)(yi)层(ceng)隔(ge)绝物,调节种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)土壤(rang)(rang)内(nei)种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)感受温度的(de)(de)范围。光裸的(de)(de)土壤(rang)(rang)表(biao)层(ceng)没有(you)这层(ceng)隔(ge)绝物,所以底下的(de)(de)种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)会感受到强烈的(de)(de)温度起(qi)伏(fu),许多种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)就从这种(zhong)(zhong)温度起(qi)伏(fu)中(zhong)得知土壤(rang)(rang)表(biao)面是光裸的(de)(de)。如果感受到温度起(qi)伏(fu),种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)就会在春天发芽;而如果感受到的(de)(de)温度很平稳,没有(you)高低(di)起(qi)伏(fu),种(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)就不会发芽。
(选(xuan)自(zi)【英】乔纳森·西尔弗(fu)顿著、徐嘉妍(yan)译《种(zhong)子的(de)故事》,商(shang)务印书馆,2014年(nian),有(you)删改)
19.简要分析(xi)文中画线(xian)部分的(de)语(yu)言特色。(4分)
20.作者(zhe)认为(wei)有些(xie)种子发芽(ya)行(xing)为(wei)的精巧程度还不及格。请写出这些(xie)种子的发芽(ya)行(xing)为(wei)。(6分(fen))
21.翻土(tu)可以(yi)除掉土(tu)壤表(biao)层(ceng)的(de)(de)杂草,但是翻动过后的(de)(de)土(tu)壤有时反而(er)长出更(geng)多的(de)(de)杂草。请用(yong)文中观点解释这种现象。(5分)
参考答案:
19.语言(yan)(yan)(yan)形象生动(dong)是本文(wen)一(yi)(yi)大特(te)色,比(bi)如(ru),技(ji)高一(yi)(yi)筹(chou),用武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)地,鲜活的语言(yan)(yan)(yan)给人(ren)以亲近(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)感。严谨是本文(wen)语言(yan)(yan)(yan)的另一(yi)(yi)显著特(te)色,科技(ji)类文(wen)章本身的要求决定文(wen)章语言(yan)(yan)(yan)的严谨程(cheng)度。说明事物层次清(qing)晰,有条不紊,也是本文(wen)优点(dian)(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。生动(dong)的例子(zi)让枯燥(zao)的理论浅(qian)显易懂,也是本文(wen)难能可贵之(zhi)(zhi)处。(每点(dian)(dian)1分(fen),大意对即可。)
20.莴苣一类(lei)的种子对光很敏感,早黑暗中(zhong)不会(hui)发芽,即使温度(du)(du)和湿(shi)度(du)(du)都很恰当。
21.光敏(min)素能(neng)让深埋土(tu)(tu)中的(de)种子(zi)知道上方有(you)没有(you)一线(xian)生(sheng)机,土(tu)(tu)壤表层的(de)植物(wu)调节(jie)土(tu)(tu)壤内种子(zi)感受温度(du)的(de)范围(wei),如果感受到温度(du)起(qi)伏,种子(zi)就会发芽。