5 古(gu)诗(shi)三首·张籍(ji)简(jian)介(jie)
张籍(约766年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian) — 约830年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐代中后(hou)期诗人。贞(zhen)元初(chu),与王建同在魏(wei)州(zhou)学诗,后(hou)回(hui)和(he)(he)州(zhou)。贞(zhen)元十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(796年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),孟郊至和(he)(he)州(zhou),访张籍。贞(zhen)元十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),张籍北游,经孟郊介绍(shao),在汴州(zhou)认识韩(han)愈(yu)。韩(han)愈(yu)为(wei)汴州(zhou)进士考官,荐张籍,贞(zhen)元15年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在长安进士及(ji)第。元和(he)(he)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(806年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))调补(bu)太(tai)(tai)常寺太(tai)(tai)祝,与白居易相(xiang)识,互相(xiang)切磋,对各自的创作产(chan)生了(le)积(ji)极的影响。张籍为(wei)太(tai)(tai)祝10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),因患目(mu)疾,几(ji)乎失明,明人称为(wei)“穷瞎(xia)张太(tai)(tai)祝”。元和(he)(he)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),转国子(zi)监助(zhu)教,目(mu)疾初(chu)愈(yu)。15年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou),迁秘书郎。长庆元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(821年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),受韩(han)愈(yu)荐为(wei)国子(zi)博士,迁水部员外郎,又(you)迁主客(ke)郎中。大和(he)(he)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(828年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),迁国子(zi)司业。
南唐末年(nian)张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)洎收集(ji)(ji)(ji)张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)籍诗(shi)400多(duo)首(shou)(shou)(shou),钱公(gong)辅(fu)名为《木铎集(ji)(ji)(ji)》12卷(juan)。南宋(song)末年(nian)汤中以(yi)家藏元丰八(ba)年(nian)写本(ben)(ben)(ben)为主,兼以(yi)各(ge)本(ben)(ben)(ben)校定(ding),编为《张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)司(si)(si)业(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》8卷(juan),附录(lu)1卷(juan),魏峻刊刻(ke)于平江。今(jin)传宋(song)蜀刻(ke)本(ben)(ben)(ben)唐人集(ji)(ji)(ji)中的《张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)文(wen)昌文(wen)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》 4卷(juan),共收诗(shi)317首(shou)(shou)(shou)。明嘉靖(jing)万(wan)历间刻(ke)本(ben)(ben)(ben)《唐张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)司(si)(si)业(ye)诗(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》8卷(juan),共收诗(shi)450多(duo)首(shou)(shou)(shou),《四部丛刊》曾(ceng)据以(yi)影印。
1958年(nian),中(zhong)华书局上海编辑所以它为底本,并参(can)照(zhao)现存各本进行校勘删补(bu),编成《张(zhang)籍诗(shi)集(ji)》8卷,共收诗(shi)480多首。另(ling)据《新唐书·艺文志》著录,张(zhang)籍有(you)《论(lun)语注辨》2卷。
张籍诗(shi)歌创作大致有(you)3个时(shi)期(qi)(qi)。40岁(sui)前为早(zao)期(qi)(qi)。40-50岁(sui)为中(zhong)期(qi)(qi),其(qi)优(you)秀乐(le)府(fu)(fu)(fu)歌行(xing)作品多(duo)作于此(ci)期(qi)(qi)。50岁(sui)后(hou)为晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)。这时(shi)生活(huo)逐渐安定,除仍写乐(le)府(fu)(fu)(fu)歌行(xing)外(wai),多(duo)作近(jin)体诗(shi)。他是(shi)中(zhong)唐时(shi)期(qi)(qi)新乐(le)府(fu)(fu)(fu)运(yun)动的积极支持者和推动者。其(qi)乐(le)府(fu)(fu)(fu)诗(shi)颇多(duo)反(fan)映当时(shi)社会现实之作,表现了(le)对人民的同(tong)情。其(qi)诗(shi)作的特点(dian)是(shi)语言凝练而平易(yi)自然。和当时(shi)的王建齐(qi)名,世(shi)称“张王”。诗(shi)中(zhong)广泛深刻地(di)反(fan)映了(le)各种(zhong)社会矛盾,同(tong)情人民疾苦,如(ru)《塞下(xia)曲》《征妇怨》,另一类描绘农村风俗和生活(huo)画(hua)面, 如(ru)《采莲曲》《江南曲》。