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桐叶封弟辨原文、注释与翻译

[移动版] 作者:柳宗元

桐叶封弟辨原文、注释与翻译

[唐]柳宗元

【题解】“辨”是一种用于辨析事物的是非真伪而加以判断的论说文体,韩愈的《讳辩》和柳宗元的这篇文章,都是这方面的代表性作品。但本文的重点不在于辨伪,而是围绕重臣应如何辅佐君主这一中心发挥议论。君主随便开了一句玩笑的话,臣子却把它当作金科玉律,绝对地予以服从;作者尖锐地批评了这种荒唐现象,指出“凡王者之德,在行之何若”,对统治者的言行,要看它的客观效果如何,不能拘执盲从。这在君主至高无上的封建专制时代,是相当大胆的议论。文章论辩反复曲折,波澜起伏,闪耀着深刻的思想光芒,不愧为辨体文中的力作。

古(gu)之传者有言[1]:成王(wang)以(yi)桐叶(ye)与小弱(ruo)弟戏(xi)[2],曰(yue)(yue):“以(yi)封汝。”周公(gong)(gong)入贺(he)[3]。王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“戏(xi)也。”周公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“天子不可戏(xi)。”乃封小弱(ruo)弟于唐(tang)[4]。

[1]传者:书传。此指《吕氏春秋·重言》和刘向《说苑·君道》所载周公促成桐叶封弟的故事。[2]成王:姓姬名诵,西周初期君主,周武王之子,十三岁继承王位,因年幼,由叔父周公摄政。小弱弟:指周成王之弟叔虞。[3]周公:姓姬名旦,周武王之弟,周朝开国大臣。[4]唐:古国名,在今山西省翼城县一带。

吾意不(bu)(bu)然。王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟当封邪,周公(gong)(gong)宜以(yi)(yi)时言于王(wang),不(bu)(bu)待其(qi)(qi)戏(xi)而(er)贺以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。不(bu)(bu)当封邪,周公(gong)(gong)乃成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戏(xi)[5],以(yi)(yi)地以(yi)(yi)人与小弱者(zhe)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主,其(qi)(qi)得为(wei)圣(sheng)乎?且周公(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言不(bu)(bu)可苟焉而(er)已[6],必从而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪?设有不(bu)(bu)幸,王(wang)以(yi)(yi)桐叶戏(xi)妇寺[7],亦将举而(er)从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎[8]?凡(fan)王(wang)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,在行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)若。设未得其(qi)(qi)当,虽十易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)病(bing)[9];要于其(qi)(qi)当,不(bu)(bu)可使(shi)易(yi)也,而(er)况以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)戏(xi)乎!若戏(xi)而(er)必行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)周公(gong)(gong)教王(wang)遂过也[10]。

[5]不中之戏:不适当的游戏。[6]苟:轻率,随便。[7]妇寺:宫中的妃嫔和太监。[8]举:指君主的行动。[9]病:弊病。[10]遂:成。

吾意(yi)周公辅成王,宜(yi)以道[11],从容优(you)乐,要归(gui)之(zhi)大(da)中而已(yi)[13],必不逢其失而为之(zhi)辞[14]。又不当束缚之(zhi),驰骤之(zhi)[15],使若牛马(ma)然,急(ji)则败(bai)矣。且家人父子(zi)尚不能(neng)以此自(zi)克[16],况(kuang)号(hao)为君臣者(zhe)邪!是直小丈(zhang)夫??者(zhe)之(zhi)事[17],非周公所(suo)宜(yi)用,故(gu)不可(ke)信(xin)。

[11]道:指思想和行为的规范。[12]从容:此指举止言行。优乐:嬉戏,娱乐。[13]大中:指适当的道理和方法,不偏于极端。[14]辞:解释,掩饰。[15]驰骤:指被迫奔跑。[16]自克:自我约束。克,克制,约束。[17]直:只是,只不过。?(quē缺)?:耍小聪明的样子。

或曰:封唐叔(shu)[18],史佚成之[19]。

[18]唐叔:即叔虞。[19]史佚:周武王时的史官尹佚。史佚促成桐叶封弟的说法,见《史记·晋世家》。

——选自中华书局校(xiao)点本《柳宗元(yuan)集》

【翻译】:

古(gu)书上记载说(shuo):周成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)拿(na)着(zhe)一片桐树叶(ye)子(zi)和(he)年幼(you)的(de)弟(di)(di)(di)弟(di)(di)(di)开(kai)(kai)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao),说(shuo):“把(ba)(ba)这(zhei)(zhei)个作为玉邽封(feng)给你。”周公(gong)入宫庆贺(he)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)解释说(shuo):“我(wo)是(shi)(shi)开(kai)(kai)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)呀。”周公(gong)说(shuo):“天子(zi)不(bu)(bu)可以随便开(kai)(kai)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)就(jiu)(jiu)把(ba)(ba)唐(tang)地(di)封(feng)给了年幼(you)的(de)弟(di)(di)(di)弟(di)(di)(di)。我(wo)认为这(zhei)(zhei)件事不(bu)(bu)可能是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)的(de)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)的(de)弟(di)(di)(di)弟(di)(di)(di)如(ru)(ru)果(guo)应当(dang)受封(feng),周公(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)应及时地(di)告诉成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang),而不(bu)(bu)必等他开(kai)(kai)了玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)再去庆贺(he),趁(chen)机促成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)这(zhei)(zhei)件事。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)的(de)弟(di)(di)(di)弟(di)(di)(di)如(ru)(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)应当(dang)受封(feng),周公(gong)这(zhei)(zhei)种做法就(jiu)(jiu)使一个不(bu)(bu)恰(qia)当(dang)的(de)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)变成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了事实,使成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)把(ba)(ba)土(tu)地(di)和(he)百姓(xing)封(feng)给年幼(you)的(de)弟(di)(di)(di)弟(di)(di)(di),让一个小(xiao)孩(hai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为一国(guo)之主,周公(gong)这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)做能算是(shi)(shi)圣人吗?况(kuang)且周公(gong)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)认为君(jun)王(wang)说(shuo)话不(bu)(bu)可随便罢(ba)了,哪里(li)一定要(yao)听从(cong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)的(de)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao),并促成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)它呢?如(ru)(ru)果(guo)有(you)这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)不(bu)(bu)幸的(de)事,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)拿(na)了桐树叶(ye)子(zi)与妃嫔和(he)太监开(kai)(kai)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao),周公(gong)难道也要(yao)按这(zhei)(zhei)种玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)去办(ban)吗?大凡君(jun)王(wang)的(de)恩德(de),要(yao)看实行(xing)得怎样(yang)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)恰(qia)当(dang),即使改变十(shi)次也不(bu)(bu)算什么缺点;关(guan)键是(shi)(shi)要(yao)恰(qia)当(dang),不(bu)(bu)随意更改,更何况(kuang)是(shi)(shi)用它来开(kai)(kai)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)呢!如(ru)(ru)果(guo)开(kai)(kai)玩(wan)(wan)笑(xiao)(xiao)的(de)话也一定要(yao)照办(ban),这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)做就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)周公(gong)在教唆(suo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)铸成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)过错。

我认为周公(gong)辅佐成(cheng)王(wang),应当(dang)用适当(dang)的原则去(qu)(qu)引(yin)导他(ta),是要使(shi)他(ta)的举止行动和嬉(xi)乐(le)恰如(ru)其分而(er)已,一定不(bu)(bu)会(hui)去(qu)(qu)迎(ying)合他(ta)的过错(cuo)并替他(ta)辩饰(shi)。又(you)不(bu)(bu)应当(dang)对他(ta)管束太严,使(shi)他(ta)终日奔忙,像牛马那(nei)样(yang),急于使(shi)他(ta)成(cheng)长反会(hui)坏(huai)事。而(er)且(qie)家人(ren)父子之间,尚不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用这种方式(shi)来自我约(yue)束,何况名分上还有君臣之别(bie)的人(ren)呢!这不(bu)(bu)过是那(nei)些见识浅薄(bo)而(er)又(you)自作聪明的人(ren)所(suo)干的事,不(bu)(bu)是周公(gong)所(suo)应该采用的做法,因此不(bu)(bu)可相信。

有的古书记载说:封唐叔(shu)这件(jian)事,是太史尹佚促成的。

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