系辞上卷七
周易系辞上第七。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)辞”者(zhe),凡有(you)(you)二义(yi),论字(zi)(zi)取系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)属之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。圣人系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)属此(ci)(ci)(ci)辞於爻(yao)(yao)卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),故(gu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)第六(liu)(liu)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)云(yun)(yun):“系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)辞焉以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)断其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)吉凶(xiong)。”第十二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)云(yun)(yun):“系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)辞焉以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)。”是系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)属其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)辞於爻(yao)(yao)卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),则(ze)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)《经》辞是也(ye)。文取系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)属之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),故(gu)字(zi)(zi)体从“毄”。又(you)(you)音为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)者(zhe),取刚(gang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与爻(yao)(yao),各(ge)有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)辞以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi),则(ze)卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与爻(yao)(yao),各(ge)有(you)(you)刚(gang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)音谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)也(ye)。夫子本(ben)作《十翼(yi)》,申说上(shang)下(xia)(xia)二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)《经》文,《系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)辞》条贯义(yi)理(li),别自为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)卷(juan),总曰(yue)(yue)《系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)辞》。分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)者(zhe),何氏(shi)云(yun)(yun):上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)无(wu)(wu),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)“易(yi)有(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)极(ji)”,太(tai)(tai)极(ji)即无(wu)(wu)也(ye)。又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)“圣人以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)洗心,退(tui)藏於密”,是其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)无(wu)(wu)也(ye)。下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)几(ji)(ji),从无(wu)(wu)入有(you)(you),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“知几(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)神乎(hu)(hu)”。今谓(wei)分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)下(xia)(xia),更(geng)无(wu)(wu)异义(yi),有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)简编重大(da),是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。或(huo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)论易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)理(li),下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)论易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)理(li)者(zhe),事(shi)必(bi)(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)通。何则(ze)?案上(shang)《系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)》云(yun)(yun):“君(jun)子出其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)善,则(ze)千里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。出其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)善,则(ze)千里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)违之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun):“藉(jie)用(yong)白茅(mao),无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)。”皆人言(yan)语小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi),及(ji)(ji)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)慎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,岂为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)理(li)?又(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)《系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)》云(yun)(yun):“天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,贞(zhen)观者(zhe)也(ye)。日月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,贞(zhen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)也(ye)。”岂复易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi)乎(hu)(hu)?明(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),义(yi)必(bi)(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可。故(gu)知圣人既无(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意,若欲(yu)强释(shi)(shi),理(li)必(bi)(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)通。诸(zhu)儒所(suo)释(shi)(shi)上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)次(ci)下(xia)(xia),凡有(you)(you)一十二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。周氏(shi)云(yun)(yun):“天(tian)(tian)尊(zun)地卑”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第一章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“圣人设卦(gua)(gua)观象”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“彖者(zhe)言(yan)乎(hu)(hu)象者(zhe)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第三(san)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“精气为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第四章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“显诸(zhu)仁藏诸(zhu)用(yong)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第五章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“圣人有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第六(liu)(liu)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“初六(liu)(liu)藉(jie)用(yong)白茅(mao)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第七章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“大(da)衍(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第八章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“子曰(yue)(yue)知变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第九章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“天(tian)(tian)一地二”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第十章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“是故(gu)易(yi)有(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)极(ji)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第十一章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“子曰(yue)(yue)书(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)尽言(yan)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第十二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。马(ma)季长、荀(xun)爽、姚信等又(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)“白茅(mao)”章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)后,取“负(fu)且(qie)乘”更(geng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)别章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),成十三(san)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。案“白茅(mao)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),历(li)序诸(zhu)卦(gua)(gua),独分(fen)(fen)“负(fu)且(qie)乘”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)别章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),义(yi)无(wu)(wu)所(suo)取也(ye)。虞翻分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十一章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),合(he)“大(da)衍(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)”并“知变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道”,共为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),案“大(da)衍(yan)”一章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),总明(ming)(ming)(ming)揲蓍策(ce)数(shu),及(ji)(ji)十有(you)(you)八变之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),首尾相连(lian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)“知变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道”己下(xia)(xia),别明(ming)(ming)(ming)“知神”及(ji)(ji)“唯几(ji)(ji)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),全与“大(da)衍(yan)”章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)义(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)类,何得(de)合(he)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)?今从先儒以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)定(ding)。
[疏]正义曰:“天(tian)尊(zun)地卑”至“其中矣”,此第一章(zhang),明天(tian)尊(zun)地卑,及贵(gui)贱之位,刚(gang)柔动静寒暑往来,广(guang)明乾坤简易之德。圣人法之,能见天(tian)下之理。
天(tian)尊地卑,乾坤(kun)(kun)定矣。乾坤(kun)(kun)其(qi)易(yi)之(zhi)门户,先明天(tian)尊地卑,以定乾坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)体。
[疏]“天尊”至“定矣”。
○正义曰:天以刚阳而尊,地以柔阴而卑,则乾坤之体安定矣。乾健与天阳同,坤顺与地阴同,故得乾坤定矣。若天不刚阳,地不柔阴,是乾坤之体不得定也。此《经》明天地之德也。
○注“先明”至“之体”。
○正义(yi)曰:云:“先明天(tian)尊(zun)地卑,以定(ding)乾(qian)(qian)坤之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)”者,易含万象(xiang),天(tian)地最(zui)大。若天(tian)尊(zun)地卑,各得其所(suo),则(ze)乾(qian)(qian)坤之(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)得定(ding)矣(yi)。若天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)不尊(zun),降在滞溺;地之(zhi)(zhi)不卑,进(jin)在刚盛(sheng),则(ze)乾(qian)(qian)坤之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),何由定(ding)矣(yi)?案(an)乾(qian)(qian)坤是天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)用,非(fei)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),今(jin)云乾(qian)(qian)坤之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)者,是所(suo)用之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),乾(qian)(qian)以健为体(ti)(ti)(ti),坤以顺为体(ti)(ti)(ti),故云“乾(qian)(qian)坤之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)”。
卑高以陈,贵贱位矣。天尊地卑之义既列,则涉乎万(wan)物,贵贱之位明矣。
[疏]“卑高”至“位矣”。
○正义曰:卑,谓地体卑下;高,谓天体高上。卑高既以陈列,则物之贵贱,得其位矣。若卑不处卑,谓地在上,高不处高,谓天在下。上下既乱,则万物贵贱则不得其位矣。此《经》明天地之体,此虽明天地之体,亦涉乎万物之形。此“贵贱”总兼万物,不唯天地而已,先云“卑”者,使文尔。案前《经》云“天尊地卑”,“天地”别陈。此“卑高以陈”,不更别陈。总云“卑高”者,上文详,於此略也。
○注“天尊”至“明矣”。
○正义曰:“天尊(zun)地卑(bei)之(zhi)义既列”,解《经(jing)》“卑(bei)高以陈”也。云“则涉乎万物贵(gui)(gui)贱之(zhi)位明矣”,解《经(jing)》“贵(gui)(gui)贱位矣”。上(shang)《经(jing)》既云“天尊(zun)地卑(bei)”,此《经(jing)》又云“贵(gui)(gui)贱”者,则贵(gui)(gui)非唯天地,是兼万物之(zhi)贵(gui)(gui)贱。
动(dong)静有常(chang)(chang),刚柔(rou)断矣。刚动(dong)而(er)柔(rou)止也(ye)。动(dong)止得其常(chang)(chang)体,则刚柔(rou)之分(fen)著矣。
[疏]正义曰:天(tian)阳(yang)为动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),地阴(yin)为静,各有(you)(you)常(chang)度(du),则(ze)(ze)(ze)刚(gang)柔断(duan)定(ding)矣。动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)常(chang)则(ze)(ze)(ze)成(cheng)刚(gang),静而(er)(er)有(you)(you)常(chang)则(ze)(ze)(ze)成(cheng)柔,所(suo)以刚(gang)柔可断(duan)定(ding)矣。若动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)而(er)(er)无常(chang),则(ze)(ze)(ze)刚(gang)道(dao)不成(cheng);静而(er)(er)无常(chang),则(ze)(ze)(ze)柔道(dao)不立。是刚(gang)柔杂乱,动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)静无常(chang),则(ze)(ze)(ze)刚(gang)柔不可断(duan)定(ding)也(ye)。此《经》论天(tian)地之(zhi)性也(ye)。此虽天(tian)地动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)静,亦裛兼万物也(ye)。万物禀(bing)於(wu)阳(yang)气(qi)多而(er)(er)为动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)也(ye),禀(bing)於(wu)阴(yin)气(qi)多而(er)(er)为静也(ye)。
方(fang)以(yi)类(lei)聚,物以(yi)群分,吉凶生矣。方(fang)有(you)类(lei),物有(you)群,则有(you)同有(you)异(yi),有(you)聚有(you)分也。顺其所(suo)同,则吉;乖(guai)其所(suo)趣,则凶,故吉凶生矣。
[疏]“方以类聚”至“生矣”。
○正义曰:方,谓法术性行,以类共聚,固方者则同聚也。物,谓物色群党,共在一处,而与他物相分别。若顺其所同,则吉也;若乖其所趣,则凶也,故曰“吉凶生矣”。此《经》虽因天地之性,亦广包万物之情也。
○注“方有类”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):云(yun)“方(fang)(fang)有(you)类”者(zhe),方(fang)(fang),谓法(fa)术(shu)情性趣(qu)舍(she),故《春(chun)秋》云(yun)“教子以义方(fang)(fang)”,《注》云(yun):“方(fang)(fang),道也(ye)。”是(shi)方(fang)(fang)谓性行法(fa)术(shu)也(ye)。言方(fang)(fang)虽(sui)以类而聚(ju),亦有(you)非类而聚(ju)者(zhe)。若(ruo)阴之所(suo)(suo)求(qiu)者(zhe)阳,阳之所(suo)(suo)求(qiu)者(zhe)阴,是(shi)非类聚(ju)也(ye)。若(ruo)以人比禽兽,即(ji)是(shi)非类,虽(sui)男女(nv)不同,俱是(shi)人例,亦是(shi)以类聚(ju)也(ye)。故云(yun)“顺所(suo)(suo)同则吉,乖所(suo)(suo)趣(qu)则凶”。
在天成象(xiang)(xiang),在地成形(xing),变(bian)化见矣。象(xiang)(xiang)况(kuang)日(ri)月星辰,形(xing)况(kuang)山(shan)川草木也(ye)。悬(xuan)象(xiang)(xiang)运转以成昏明,山(shan)泽(ze)通气而云行雨施,故变(bian)化见矣。
[疏]正义曰:“象”谓悬(xuan)象,日月(yue)星辰也。“形”谓山(shan)(shan)川草木也。悬(xuan)象运转(zhuan)而成(cheng)昏明,山(shan)(shan)泽(ze)通(tong)气而云行雨施,故变化是也。
是故刚柔相摩,相切摩也,言阴阳之(zhi)交感也。
[疏]正义曰:以变(bian)化(hua)形见(jian),即阳极变(bian)为阴(yin),阴(yin)极变(bian)为阳,阳刚而(er)阴(yin)柔,故刚柔共相切摩,更(geng)递变(bian)化(hua)也。
八(ba)卦相荡。相推荡也,言运(yun)化之推移。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:刚(gang)则阳(yang)爻也(ye)。柔则阴爻也(ye)。刚(gang)柔两体,是阴阳(yang)二爻,相杂而成八(ba)卦(gua),递相推荡。若十一(yi)月(yue)一(yi)阳(yang)生(sheng)而推去一(yi)阴,五月(yue)一(yi)阴生(sheng)而推去一(yi)阳(yang)。虽诸卦(gua)递相推移,本从八(ba)卦(gua)而来,故云(yun)“八(ba)卦(gua)相荡也(ye)”。
鼓之以雷霆,润之以风雨。日月运行,一寒一暑。乾道成(cheng)(cheng)男,坤(kun)道成(cheng)(cheng)女。乾知(zhi)大始,坤(kun)作成(cheng)(cheng)物。乾以易知(zhi),坤(kun)以简能。天(tian)地(di)之道,不为而善始,不劳而善成(cheng)(cheng),故曰易简。
[疏]“鼓之以雷霆”至“简能”。
○正义曰:“鼓之以雷霆,润之以风雨,日月运行,一寒一暑”者,重明上《经》“变化见矣”及“刚柔相摩,八卦相荡”之事。八卦既相推荡,各有功之所用也。又鼓动之以震雷离电,滋润之以巽风坎雨,或离日坎月,运动而行,一节为寒,一节为暑,直云震、巽、离、坎,不云乾、坤、艮、兑者,乾、坤上下备言,艮、兑非鼓动运行之物,故不言之,其实亦一焉。雷电风雨,亦出山泽也。“乾道成男,坤道成女”者,道谓自然而生,故乾得自然而为男,坤得自然而成女。必云成者有故,以乾因阴而得成男,坤因阳而得成女,故云成也。“乾知太始”者,以乾是天阳之气,万物皆始在於气,故云知其大始也。“坤作成物”者,坤是地阴之形,坤能造作以成物也。初始无形,未有营作,故但云知也。巳成之物,事可营为,故云作也。“乾以易知”者,易谓易略,无所造为,以此为知,故曰“乾以易知”也。“坤以简能”者,简谓简省凝静,不须繁劳,以此为能,故曰“坤以简能”也。若於物艰难,则不可以知,故以易而得知也。若於事繁劳,则不可能也。必简省而后可能也。
○注“天地之道”至“易简”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun):“天(tian)地(di)之道(dao),不为而善始(shi)(shi)”者(zhe),释(shi)《经(jing)》之“乾(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)易(yi)(yi)知”。“不劳(lao)而善成(cheng)”者(zhe),释(shi)《经(jing)》“坤(kun)(kun)以(yi)(yi)简(jian)(jian)能”也。案《经(jing)》乾(qian)(qian)易(yi)(yi)坤(kun)(kun)简(jian)(jian),各自别(bie)言(yan),而《注》合(he)云(yun)天(tian)地(di)者(zhe),若(ruo)以(yi)(yi)坤(kun)(kun)对乾(qian)(qian),乾(qian)(qian)为易(yi)(yi)也,坤(kun)(kun)为简(jian)(jian)也。《经(jing)》之所云(yun)者(zhe)是也。若(ruo)据乾(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)相合(he)皆(jie)无(wu)为,自然养物之始(shi)(shi)也,是自然成(cheng)物之终也。是乾(qian)(qian)亦有简(jian)(jian),坤(kun)(kun)亦有易(yi)(yi),故《注》合(he)而言(yan)之也。用(yong)使(shi)圣人俱行(xing)易(yi)(yi)简(jian)(jian),法(fa)无(wu)为之化(hua)。
易(yi)(yi)则易(yi)(yi)知,简则易(yi)(yi)从。易(yi)(yi)知则有(you)亲,易(yi)(yi)从则有(you)功。顺万物之情,故曰有(you)亲。通天下之志,故曰有(you)功。
[疏]正义曰:“易(yi)(yi)(yi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)知”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)覆(fu)(fu)说上(shang)(shang)(shang)“乾(qian)以易(yi)(yi)(yi)知”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。乾(qian)德既能(neng)说易(yi)(yi)(yi),若求(qiu)而行(xing)之,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)知也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“简(jian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)”者(zhe)(zhe),覆(fu)(fu)说上(shang)(shang)(shang)“坤以简(jian)能(neng)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。於(wu)事简(jian)省,若求(qiu)而行(xing)之,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)从(cong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)“乾(qian)以易(yi)(yi)(yi)知,坤以简(jian)能(neng)”,论(lun)乾(qian)坤之体性也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)知,简(jian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)论(lun)乾(qian)坤既有此(ci)性,人(ren)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)仿效也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)知则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有亲”者(zhe)(zhe),性意易(yi)(yi)(yi)知,心无险难(nan),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)相和亲,故云(yun)“易(yi)(yi)(yi)知则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有亲”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有功(gong)”者(zhe)(zhe),於(wu)事易(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong),不有繁(fan)劳,其功(gong)易(yi)(yi)(yi)就,故曰“易(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有功(gong)”。此(ci)二句,论(lun)圣人(ren)法(fa)此(ci)乾(qian)坤易(yi)(yi)(yi)简(jian),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有所(suo)益也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
有亲则(ze)可久,有功(gong)则(ze)可大(da)。有易简之(zhi)德,则(ze)能成可久可大(da)之(zhi)功(gong)。
[疏]正义曰:“有(you)亲(qin)(qin)则(ze)可久”者,物既和(he)亲(qin)(qin),无相残(can)害,故可久也。“有(you)功则(ze)可大”者,事业(ye)有(you)功,则(ze)积(ji)渐(jian)可大。此二句,论人法乾坤,久而(er)益大。
可(ke)久则(ze)贤人(ren)之德(de),可(ke)大则(ze)贤人(ren)之业(ye)。天地易简,万物(wu)各(ge)载其形(xing)。圣(sheng)人(ren)不为,群方各(ge)遂其业(ye)。德(de)业(ye)既成,则(ze)入(ru)於(wu)形(xing)器,故(gu)以贤人(ren)目其德(de)业(ye)。
[疏]“可久”至“之业”。
○正义曰:“可久则贤人之德”者,使物长久,是贤人之德,能养万物,故云“可久则贤人之德”也。“可大则贤人之业”者,功劳既大,则是贤人事业。行天地之道,总天地之功,唯圣人能。然今云贤人者,圣人则隐迹藏用,事在无境。今云“可久”“可大”,则是离无入有,贤人则事在有境。故“可久”“可大”,以贤人目之也。
○注“圣人”至“其业”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:云(yun):“圣(sheng)(sheng)人不(bu)(bu)为(wei),群方各(ge)遂其(qi)(qi)业(ye)”者,圣(sheng)(sheng)人显仁藏用,唯见(jian)生养之功(gong),不(bu)(bu)见(jian)其(qi)(qi)何以生养,犹若(ruo)日(ri)月(yue)见(jian)其(qi)(qi)照(zhao)临(lin)之力,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)何以照(zhao)临(lin),是(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人用无为(wei)以及天下,是(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人不(bu)(bu)为(wei)也(ye)。云(yun)“德业(ye)既(ji)成,则(ze)入於(wu)形(xing)器”者,初行德业(ye)未成之时(shi),不(bu)(bu)见(jian)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)为(wei),是(shi)在於(wu)虚无。若(ruo)德业(ye)既(ji)成,复(fu)被於(wu)物(wu),在於(wu)有境,是(shi)入於(wu)形(xing)器也(ye)。贤人之分,则(ze)见(jian)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)为(wei),见(jian)其(qi)(qi)成功(gong)始末(mo),皆有德之与(yu)业(ye),是(shi)所(suo)有形(xing)器,故以贤人目(mu)其(qi)(qi)德业(ye)。然则(ze)本其(qi)(qi)虚无玄象谓(wei)之圣(sheng)(sheng),据其(qi)(qi)成功(gong)事(shi)业(ye)谓(wei)之贤也(ye)。
易(yi)简(jian)而天下(xia)之(zhi)理得矣。天下(xia)之(zhi)理,莫(mo)不由(you)於易(yi)简(jian)而各得顺其(qi)分位也(ye)。
[疏]“易简”至“得矣”。
○正义曰:此则赞明圣人能行天地易简之化,则天下万事之理,并得其宜矣。
○注“易简”。
○正义曰:若能行说易简静,任物(wu)自(zi)生,则(ze)物(wu)得其性(xing)矣(yi)。故《列子(zi)(zi)》云:“不生而(er)物(wu)自(zi)生,不化(hua)而(er)物(wu)自(zi)化(hua)。”若不行易简,法令兹(zi)章,则(ze)物(wu)失其性(xing)也(ye)。《老子(zi)(zi)》云:“水至清(qing)则(ze)无(wu)鱼(yu),人至察(cha)则(ze)无(wu)徒”。又庄(zhuang)云:“马翦剔羁绊,所(suo)伤(shang)多矣(yi)。”是天下之(zhi)理未得也(ye)。
天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之理得,而成位乎其中(zhong)矣。成位至立象(xiang)也。极易简则能通天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之理,通天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之理,故能成象(xiang),并乎天(tian)地言其中(zhong),则并明(ming)天(tian)地也。
[疏]正义曰:成位况立象(xiang),言圣(sheng)人极易(yi)简(jian)之善(shan),则(ze)能(neng)通(tong)天下之理(li),故(gu)能(neng)成立卦象(xiang)於天地之中,言并天地也。
[疏]正义曰:“圣人设(she)卦”至“不(bu)利(li)”,此(ci)第二章(zhang)也。前章(zhang)言天地(di)成象成形,简易之德,明乾坤之大(da)旨。此(ci)章(zhang)明圣人设(she)卦观象,爻(yao)辞吉(ji)凶,悔吝之细别。
圣人设卦观象,此总言也。
[疏]“圣人”至“观象”。
○正义曰:谓圣人设画其卦之时,莫不瞻观物象,法其物象,然后设之,卦象则有吉有凶,故下文云“吉凶者,失得之象也。悔吝者,忧虞之象。变化者,进退之象。刚柔者,昼夜之象”。是施设其卦,有此诸象也。
○注“此总言也”。
○正义曰:此(ci)设卦观象,总(zong)为(wei)下而言(yan),故云(yun)“此(ci)总(zong)言(yan)也”。
系辞焉而明吉凶,刚(gang)柔相(xiang)推而生变(bian)化(hua)。系辞所以明吉凶,刚(gang)柔相(xiang)推所以明变(bian)化(hua)也(ye)。吉凶者,存(cun)乎人事也(ye)。变(bian)化(hua)者,存(cun)乎运(yun)行(xing)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“系(xi)辞焉(yan)而(er)(er)明(ming)吉(ji)凶”者,卦(gua)象(xiang)爻(yao)象(xiang),有(you)(you)吉(ji)有(you)(you)凶。若不系(xi)辞,其理未显。故系(xi)属吉(ji)凶之(zhi)(zhi)文辞於卦(gua)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)下,而(er)(er)显明(ming)此卦(gua)爻(yao)吉(ji)凶也。案(an)吉(ji)凶之(zhi)(zhi)外,犹有(you)(you)悔(hui)吝忧(you)虞,直云而(er)(er)明(ming)吉(ji)凶者,悔(hui)吝忧(you)虞,是(shi)(shi)凶中之(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao),别举吉(ji)凶,则包之(zhi)(zhi)可知也。“刚柔相推而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)(bian)化”者,八(ba)(ba)纯之(zhi)(zhi)卦(gua),卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)爻(yao),其象(xiang)既定,变(bian)(bian)化犹少;若刚柔二气相推,阴爻(yao)阳爻(yao)交变(bian)(bian),分为六(liu)十(shi)(shi)四卦(gua),有(you)(you)三百八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)四爻(yao),委曲(qu)变(bian)(bian)化,事非(fei)一体(ti),是(shi)(shi)“而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)(bian)化”也。系(xi)辞而(er)(er)明(ming)吉(ji)凶,明(ming)系(xi)辞之(zhi)(zhi)意;刚柔相推而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)(bian)化,明(ming)其推引而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)杂卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)意也。
是故(gu)吉凶者,失得之象也(ye)。由有失得,故(gu)吉凶生。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此(ci)下四句《经(jing)》,总明(ming)诸(zhu)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,辞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吉(ji)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);辞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),故曰“吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),是(shi)(shi)失得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。初时(shi)於事有(you)(you)(you)(you)失有(you)(you)(you)(you)得(de)(de)(de),积渐成(cheng)著,乃(nai)为(wei)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然《易》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸(zhu)卦(gua)(gua)及爻不(bu)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),义(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)数等(deng)。或吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)据(ju)文(wen)(wen)可知(zhi),不(bu)须明(ming)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《乾(qian)(qian)》“元亨利(li)贞(zhen)(zhen)”及“九(jiu)五(wu),飞龙(long)在天,利(li)见(jian)大人”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,寻文(wen)(wen)考义(yi),是(shi)(shi)吉(ji)可知(zhi),故不(bu)须云吉(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)《剥(bo)》“不(bu)利(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)攸往”,《离》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)四“突如(ru)(ru)(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)来如(ru)(ru)(ru),焚如(ru)(ru)(ru),死(si)如(ru)(ru)(ru),弃如(ru)(ru)(ru)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,据(ju)其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)辞,其(qi)(qi)(qi)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)可见(jian),故不(bu)言凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)爻处吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)未定(ding),行善(shan)则吉(ji),行恶(e)则凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)。是(shi)(shi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)未定(ding),亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《乾(qian)(qian)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)三(san)“君子终(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)乾(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian),夕惕(ti)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo),厉无(wu)(wu)咎”,若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《屯》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)二“屯如(ru)(ru)(ru)邅(zhan)如(ru)(ru)(ru),乘马(ma)班(ban)如(ru)(ru)(ru),匪(fei)寇,婚媾,女子贞(zhen)(zhen)不(bu)字,十(shi)年乃(nai)字”,是(shi)(shi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)未定(ding),亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)诸(zhu)称(cheng)无(wu)(wu)咎者(zhe),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)不(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)善(shan)应则有(you)(you)(you)(you)咎,若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)善(shan)应则无(wu)(wu)咎,此(ci)亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)定(ding)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)称(cheng)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),皆嫌(xian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)不(bu)明(ming),故言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)以正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《坤》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)五(wu)“黄(huang)裳元吉(ji)”,以阴(yin)居尊位,嫌(xian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)吉(ji),故言吉(ji)以明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。推此(ci)馀可知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)於事无(wu)(wu)嫌(xian),吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)灼(zhuo)然可知(zhi),而(er)更明(ming)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《剥(bo)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初六(liu)“剥(bo)床以足,蔑贞(zhen)(zhen)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”、六(liu)二“剥(bo)床以辨,蔑贞(zhen)(zhen)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”者(zhe),此(ci)皆凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)状灼(zhuo)然,而(er)言凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。或有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei),或一(yi)爻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,得(de)(de)(de)失相(xiang)形,须言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《大过》九(jiu)三(san)“栋(dong)桡凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”、九(jiu)四“栋(dong)隆吉(ji)”,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)卦(gua)(gua)相(xiang)形也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《屯》卦(gua)(gua)九(jiu)五(wu)“屯其(qi)(qi)(qi)膏,小贞(zhen)(zhen)吉(ji),大贞(zhen)(zhen)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)爻相(xiang)形也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)事相(xiang)形,终(zhong)(zhong)始有(you)(you)(you)(you)异。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)《讼(song)》卦(gua)(gua)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)孚窒惕(ti),中吉(ji),终(zhong)(zhong)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。大略如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)。原夫《易》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)书,曲明(ming)万象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),苟在释辞,明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)意,达其(qi)(qi)(qi)理,不(bu)可以一(yi)爻为(wei)例,义(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)变通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
悔吝者,忧虞(yu)之象也。失得之微者,足以(yi)致忧虞(yu)而巳,故(gu)曰悔吝。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:《经》称悔吝者(zhe),是(shi)得失微小(xiao)(xiao),初时(shi)忧念虞度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)形象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以忧虞不(bu)巳(si),未是(shi)大凶,终致悔吝。悔者(zhe),其事(shi)巳(si)过(guo),意有(you)追悔之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。吝者(zhe),当事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),可轻鄙耻,故(gu)云吝也(ye)(ye)(ye)。吝既是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)凶,则《易》之(zhi)(zhi)为书亦有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)吉,则无咎(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)属善补过(guo)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此亦小(xiao)(xiao)吉,而(er)不(bu)言者(zhe),下《经》备陈之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)於此不(bu)言。其馀元亨(heng)利贞,则是(shi)吉象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)境,有(you)四德别言,故(gu)於此不(bu)言也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其以祉(zhi)有(you)庆有(you)福之(zhi)(zhi)属,各(ge)於爻卦别言,故(gu)不(bu)在(zai)此而(er)说。且《易》者(zhe)戒人为恶(e),故(gu)於恶(e)事(shi)备言也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
变化者,进退之象也(ye)(ye)。往复(fu)相推,迭进退也(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):万物之象(xiang),皆有阴阳之爻,或从始而(er)上进,或居终而(er)倒退,以其往(wang)复(fu)相推,或渐变而(er)顿化,故云“进退之象(xiang)也”。
刚(gang)柔(rou)者,昼(zhou)夜(ye)之象也(ye)。昼(zhou)则阳刚(gang),夜(ye)则阴柔(rou),始总言吉(ji)凶(xiong)变(bian)化(hua),而(er)(er)下(xia)别明(ming)悔吝、昼(zhou)夜(ye)者,悔吝则吉(ji)凶(xiong)之类,昼(zhou)夜(ye)亦(yi)变(bian)化(hua)之道,吉(ji)凶(xiong)之类,则同因系辞(ci)而(er)(er)明(ming);变(bian)化(hua)之道,则俱由刚(gang)柔(rou)而(er)(er)著,故(gu)始总言之,下(xia)则明(ming)失得之轻重,辨变(bian)化(hua)之小大,故(gu)别序其义也(ye)。
[疏]“刚柔”至“象也”。
○正义曰:昼则阳日照临,万物生而坚刚,是昼之象也。夜则阴润浸被,万物而皆柔弱,是夜之象也。
○注“始总”至“变化”。
○正义(yi)(yi)曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun):“始总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓上文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“系辞焉(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)明吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相推(tui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)始总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“而(er)(er)(er)(er)下别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)明悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓次(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧虞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”,“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)明悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)则(ze)(ze)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案上文(wen)系辞而(er)(er)(er)(er)明吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),次(ci)(ci)(ci)又(you)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),失(shi)(shi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。”“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧虞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)生(sheng)悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)亦(yi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)。大略(lve)总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)细(xi)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)有悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)则(ze)(ze)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)亦(yi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案上文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相推(tui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,次(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),进退(tui)(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”,“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”,变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye),总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一,分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)殊,故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)亦(yi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei),则(ze)(ze)同(tong)因系辞而(er)(er)(er)(er)明”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案上文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“系辞焉(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)明吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”,次(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)”,两事同(tong)因上系辞而(er)(er)(er)(er)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei),则(ze)(ze)同(tong)因《系辞》而(er)(er)(er)(er)明”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),则(ze)(ze)俱由(you)刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔而(er)(er)(er)(er)著”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),上文(wen)“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相推(tui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,次(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),进退(tui)(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。”上文(wen)则(ze)(ze)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔合(he)为一,次(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)则(ze)(ze)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔分(fen)为二(er)。合(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)同(tong),分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)异,是(shi)(shi)(shi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)从刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),俱由(you)刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔而(er)(er)(er)(er)著”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“故(gu)(gu)(gu)始总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。上文(wen)“系辞焉(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)明吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”,不(bu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)总言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)上文(wen)“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相推(tui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,不(bu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye),是(shi)(shi)(shi)总变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“下则(ze)(ze)明失(shi)(shi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轻重,辨变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)大,故(gu)(gu)(gu)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)其(qi)义(yi)(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案次(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),失(shi)(shi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)失(shi)(shi)得(de)重也(ye)(ye)(ye);“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧虞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)失(shi)(shi)得(de)轻也(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)次(ci)(ci)(ci)《经》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),进退(tui)(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)大也(ye)(ye)(ye);“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)小(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。两事并言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),失(shi)(shi)得(de)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)明轻重,变(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)明小(xiao)大,是(shi)(shi)(shi)别(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)序(xu)(xu)其(qi)义(yi)(yi)。
六爻之动(dong),三极(ji)之道也(ye)(ye)。三极(ji),三材也(ye)(ye)。兼三材之道,故能见吉(ji)凶,成变化(hua)也(ye)(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:此(ci)覆明变(bian)(bian)(bian)化进退(tui)之义,言六爻递相推动而(er)生变(bian)(bian)(bian)化,是天地人三才至极之道,以其(qi)事兼三才,故能见(jian)吉凶而(er)成变(bian)(bian)(bian)化也。
是故君子所居而安(an)者,易(yi)(yi)之序也。序,易(yi)(yi)象之次序。
[疏(shu)]正义曰(yue):以(yi)其(qi)(qi)在(zai)上,吉凶(xiong)显其(qi)(qi)得失,变(bian)化明(ming)其(qi)(qi)进退(tui),以(yi)此之(zhi)故,君子观象知其(qi)(qi)所(suo)处,故可居治(zhi)之(zhi)位(wei),而(er)(er)(er)安静居之(zhi),是易位(wei)之(zhi)次序也。若居在(zai)乾(qian)之(zhi)初九,而(er)(er)(er)安在(zai)勿(wu)用,若居在(zai)乾(qian)之(zhi)九三,而(er)(er)(er)安在(zai)乾(qian)乾(qian),是以(yi)所(suo)居而(er)(er)(er)安者,由观易之(zhi)位(wei)次序也。
所乐而(er)玩者,爻之(zhi)辞也。是故(gu)君子(zi)居则观其(qi)(qi)象而(er)玩其(qi)(qi)辞,动(dong)则观其(qi)(qi)变而(er)玩其(qi)(qi)占(zhan)。是以自天祐之(zhi),吉无不(bu)利。
[疏]“所乐”至“无不利”。
○正义曰(yue):“所(suo)乐而(er)(er)(er)玩(wan)者(zhe),爻之(zhi)辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),言(yan)君子(zi)(zi)爱(ai)乐而(er)(er)(er)习玩(wan)者(zhe),是(shi)六爻之(zhi)辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)。辞(ci)有(you)(you)(you)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)悔(hui)吝,见(jian)善则(ze)(ze)思齐(qi)其(qi)(qi)事,见(jian)恶则(ze)(ze)惧(ju)而(er)(er)(er)自(zi)改,所(suo)以(yi)爱(ai)乐而(er)(er)(er)耽玩(wan)也(ye)(ye)。卦之(zhi)与爻,皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)辞(ci),但爻有(you)(you)(you)变(bian)(bian)化(hua),取象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)既(ji)多,以(yi)知(zhi)得失。故(gu)君子(zi)(zi)尢(wang)所(suo)爱(ai)乐,所(suo)以(yi)特云(yun)“爻之(zhi)辞(ci)”也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)故(gu)君子(zi)(zi)居则(ze)(ze)观(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)而(er)(er)(er)玩(wan)其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)”者(zhe),以(yi)易象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)则(ze)(ze)明其(qi)(qi)善恶,辞(ci)则(ze)(ze)示其(qi)(qi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong),故(gu)君子(zi)(zi)自(zi)居处其(qi)(qi)身,观(guan)(guan)看其(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),以(yi)知(zhi)身之(zhi)善恶,而(er)(er)(er)习玩(wan)其(qi)(qi)辞(ci),以(yi)晓(xiao)事之(zhi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)。“动(dong)(dong)则(ze)(ze)观(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)变(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)(er)玩(wan)其(qi)(qi)占”者(zhe),言(yan)君子(zi)(zi)出行兴(xing)动(dong)(dong)之(zhi)时,则(ze)(ze)观(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)爻之(zhi)变(bian)(bian)化(hua),而(er)(er)(er)习玩(wan)其(qi)(qi)占之(zhi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)。若(ruo)《乾》之(zhi)九(jiu)四“或跃(yue)在渊”,是(shi)动(dong)(dong)则(ze)(ze)观(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)。《春秋传(chuan)》云(yun):“先王(wang)卜征五年。”又(you)云(yun):“卜以(yi)决疑(yi)。”是(shi)动(dong)(dong)玩(wan)其(qi)(qi)占也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)以(yi)自(zi)天(tian)祐之(zhi),吉(ji)无不利(li)”者(zhe),君子(zi)(zi)既(ji)能奉(feng)遵易象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),以(yi)居处其(qi)(qi)身,无有(you)(you)(you)凶(xiong)(xiong)害,是(shi)以(yi)从天(tian)以(yi)下,悉皆(jie)祐之(zhi),吉(ji)无不利(li)。此(ci)《大(da)有(you)(you)(you)》上九(jiu)爻辞(ci)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“彖者言乎”至“生之(zhi)说”,此(ci)第三章也。上(shang)章明(ming)吉(ji)凶(xiong)悔吝系辞之(zhi)义(yi),而细意未尽,故此(ci)章更委曲说卦爻吉(ji)凶(xiong)之(zhi)事(shi)。是(shi)以义(yi)理深奥,能弥纶天地之(zhi)道(dao),仰(yang)观(guan)俯察,知死生之(zhi)说。
彖者,言(yan)乎象者也。彖总(zong)一卦之义也。
[疏]正义曰(yue):《彖》谓卦(gua)下之辞,言(yan)说乎(hu)一卦(gua)之象也。
爻(yao)者(zhe),言乎变者(zhe)也。爻(yao)各(ge)言其变也。
[疏]正义曰:谓爻下之辞,言说此爻之象改变也。
吉凶者(zhe),言乎(hu)其失(shi)得(de)也(ye)。悔吝者(zhe),言乎(hu)其小疵也(ye)。无咎者(zhe),善补(bu)过也(ye)。是(shi)故列贵贱者(zhe)存乎(hu)位(wei),爻之所处曰位(wei),六(liu)位(wei)有贵贱也(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰(yue):“吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)失(shi)(shi)得(de)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓爻(yao)卦(gua)下(xia)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)。著(zhu)其(qi)(qi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言论其(qi)(qi)卦(gua)爻(yao)失(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)与得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)。前(qian)章(zhang)言据(ju)其(qi)(qi)卦(gua)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang),故(gu)云(yun)“吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),失(shi)(shi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”。此(ci)(ci)章(zhang)据(ju)其(qi)(qi)卦(gua)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)(ci),故(gu)云(yun)“吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)失(shi)(shi)得(de)”也(ye)(ye)。“悔吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)小疵(ci)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),辞(ci)(ci)著(zhu)悔吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言说(shuo)此(ci)(ci)卦(gua)爻(yao)有(you)小疵(ci)病也(ye)(ye)。有(you)小疵(ci)病,必预(yu)有(you)忧虞,故(gu)前(qian)章(zhang)云(yun):“悔吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧虞之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”但前(qian)章(zhang)据(ju)其(qi)(qi)象(xiang),此(ci)(ci)章(zhang)论其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)。“无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),善补(bu)过(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),辞(ci)(ci)称无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即此(ci)(ci)卦(gua)爻(yao)能补(bu)其(qi)(qi)过(guo)(guo)。若(ruo)不(bu)能补(bu)过(guo)(guo),则有(you)咎(jiu)也(ye)(ye)。案《略(lve)例》:无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)有(you)二,一者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)善能补(bu)过(guo)(guo),故(gu)无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)。二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)(qi)祸自已招(zhao),无(wu)(wu)所怨咎(jiu),故(gu)《节(jie)》之(zhi)(zhi)六三(san):“不(bu)节(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)嗟,又谁咎(jiu)也(ye)(ye)?”但如此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)少,此(ci)(ci)据(ju)多者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)言之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)云(yun)“善补(bu)过(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)”。前(qian)章(zhang)举其(qi)(qi)大略(lve),故(gu)不(bu)细言无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)事,此(ci)(ci)章(zhang)备论也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)故(gu)列贵贱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)乎(hu)位”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以爻(yao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)言乎(hu)变,以此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu),陈列物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)贵贱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在存(cun)乎(hu)六爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)位,皆上(shang)贵而下(xia)贱也(ye)(ye)。
齐小大者存(cun)乎卦(gua),卦(gua)有小大也,齐犹言辨(bian)也,即彖者言乎象(xiang)也。
[疏]正义曰:以(yi)彖者言乎象(xiang),象(xiang)有小大(da)(da),故齐辨物之小大(da)(da)者存(cun)乎卦也。犹若《泰》则(ze)“小往大(da)(da)来,吉(ji)亨(heng)”,《否》则(ze)“大(da)(da)往小来”之类是(shi)也。
辩吉(ji)凶者(zhe)存(cun)乎辞,辞,爻(yao)辞也,即“爻(yao)者(zhe)言乎变(bian)(bian)”也。言象所(suo)以明(ming)小(xiao)大(da),言变(bian)(bian)所(suo)以明(ming)吉(ji)凶。故小(xiao)大(da)之义存(cun)乎卦,吉(ji)凶之状(zhuang)见乎爻(yao)。至於悔吝无咎(jiu),其例一也。吉(ji)凶悔吝小(xiao)疵无咎(jiu),皆主乎变(bian)(bian),事有(you)小(xiao)大(da),故下历言五者(zhe)之差也。
[疏]“辩吉”至“乎辞”。
○正义曰:谓辩明卦之与爻之吉凶,存乎卦爻下之言辞是也。
○注“辞爻”至“差也”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“辞(ci)(ci),爻辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)实卦(gua)(gua)之与爻,皆有(you)其(qi)辞(ci)(ci)。知是爻辞(ci)(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但(dan)卦(gua)(gua)辞(ci)(ci)变(bian)化少,爻辞(ci)(ci)变(bian)化多(duo),此(ci)《经》“辩吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)”,与“齐(qi)(qi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)卦(gua)(gua)”,二(er)(er)文相对,上既云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)卦(gua)(gua),故此(ci)辞(ci)(ci)为(wei)爻辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“言(yan)象(xiang)所以(yi)(yi)明(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即“齐(qi)(qi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)卦(gua)(gua)”是也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“言(yan)变(bian)化所以(yi)(yi)明(ming)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)“辩吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)”是也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“故小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大之义存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)卦(gua)(gua)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),覆(fu)说“言(yan)象(xiang)所以(yi)(yi)明(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大”也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之状见(jian)乎(hu)(hu)爻”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),覆(fu)说“言(yan)变(bian)所以(yi)(yi)明(ming)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)(hui)吝(lin)无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu),其(qi)例一(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)悔(hui)(hui)吝(lin)无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu),体(ti)例与吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)一(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye),皆是存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)(hui)吝(lin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)疵无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu),皆生(sheng)乎(hu)(hu)变(bian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)皆生(sheng)於(wu)爻也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)乎(hu)(hu)变(bian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)皆从爻变(bian)而来(lai)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“事有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),大则(ze)为(wei)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)则(ze)为(wei)悔(hui)(hui)吝(lin)无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“故下历言(yan)五者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之差”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)於(wu)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)下历次言(yan)五者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之差别,数(shu)五者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)吉(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi),凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)二(er)(er),悔(hui)(hui)三,吝(lin)四,无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu)五。“然(ran)诸(zhu)儒以(yi)(yi)为(wei)五者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皆数(shu)列贵(gui)贱(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)位(wei),”是其(qi)一(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。“齐(qi)(qi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)卦(gua)(gua)”,是其(qi)二(er)(er)也(ye)(ye)。“辩吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)”,是其(qi)三也(ye)(ye)。“忧悔(hui)(hui)吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)介(jie)”,是其(qi)四也(ye)(ye)。“震无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)无(wu)悔(hui)(hui)”,是其(qi)五也(ye)(ye)。於(wu)《经》数(shu)之为(wei)便,但(dan)於(wu)《注(zhu)》理则(ze)乖(guai),今并存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)焉,任(ren)后贤所释。
忧悔吝(lin)(lin)者存乎(hu)介(jie),介(jie),纤介(jie)也。王(wang)弼曰(yue):忧悔吝(lin)(lin)之时,其介(jie)不可慢(man)也。即“悔吝(lin)(lin)者言乎(hu)小疵也”。
[疏]正义曰:介(jie)(jie)谓纤介(jie)(jie),谓小小疵(ci)(ci)病。能(neng)预忧虞悔吝者,存於细小之疵(ci)(ci)病也(ye)。
震无咎(jiu)者存乎(hu)无悔(hui)。无咎(jiu)者,善(shan)补过也。震,动也。故动而无咎(jiu),存乎(hu)无悔(hui)过也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):震,动也(ye)。动而无咎者,存乎能自悔过(guo)也(ye)。
是(shi)故卦有(you)小大(da),辞有(you)险(xian)易。其道光明(ming)曰(yue)大(da),君子道消曰(yue)小;之泰则(ze)(ze)其辞易,之否则(ze)(ze)其辞险(xian)。
[疏]正义曰:其道光(guang)明谓(wei)之(zhi)大,其道消(xiao)散(san)谓(wei)之(zhi)小(xiao)。若(ruo)之(zhi)適(shi)通(tong)泰(tai),其辞(ci)则说易(yi),若(ruo)之(zhi)適(shi)否(fou)塞,其辞(ci)则难险也。
辞也者,各指其(qi)所之。《易》与天地(di)准,作《易》以(yi)准天地(di)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“辞(ci)也(ye)者,各指其(qi)(qi)所之(zhi)”者,谓爻卦(gua)之(zhi)辞(ci),各斥其(qi)(qi)爻卦(gua)之(zhi)之(zhi)適也(ye)。若(ruo)之(zhi)適於善,则其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)善。若(ruo)之(zhi)適於恶,则其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)恶也(ye)。“《易》与天地准(zhun)”者,自此已上(shang),论卦(gua)爻辞(ci)理(li)之(zhi)义;自此已下,广明《易》道之(zhi)美。言圣(sheng)人作《易》,与天地相准(zhun)。谓准(zhun)拟天地,则乾健以法天,坤顺以法地之(zhi)类是也(ye)。
故能弥(mi)纶天地之道(dao),仰以(yi)观於(wu)天文(wen),俯以(yi)察(cha)於(wu)地理,是(shi)故知幽(you)明之故。原(yuan)始反(fan)终(zhong),故知死生之说(shuo)。幽(you)明者(zhe),有形无形之象。死生者(zhe),终(zhong)始之数(shu)也。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰(yue):“故(gu)能弥(mi)纶天(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”者(zhe),以(yi)《易》与天(tian)地(di)(di)相(xiang)准,为此之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)圣人用易,能弥(mi)纶天(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),弥(mi)谓(wei)(wei)弥(mi)缝(feng)补(bu)(bu)合(he),纶谓(wei)(wei)经纶牵引,能补(bu)(bu)合(he)牵引天(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),用此易道(dao)也(ye)(ye)。““仰(yang)以(yi)观於天(tian)文,俯以(yi)察於地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)”者(zhe),天(tian)有悬象而成文章,故(gu)称文也(ye)(ye)。地(di)(di)有山川原隰(xi),各有条理(li)(li)(li),故(gu)称理(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)故(gu)知幽(you)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)”者(zhe),故(gu)谓(wei)(wei)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)以(yi)用易道(dao),仰(yang)观俯察,知无形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)幽(you),有形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)明(ming),义(yi)理(li)(li)(li)事(shi)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)。“原始(shi)反(fan)终(zhong),故(gu)知生死之(zhi)(zhi)说”者(zhe),言用易理(li)(li)(li),原穷事(shi)物之(zhi)(zhi)初始(shi),反(fan)复(fu)事(shi)物之(zhi)(zhi)终(zhong)末,始(shi)终(zhong)吉凶,皆悉(xi)包罗,以(yi)此之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu),知死生之(zhi)(zhi)数也(ye)(ye)。正谓(wei)(wei)用易道(dao)参其(qi)逆顺,则祸福可(ke)知;用蓍策求其(qi)吉凶,则死生可(ke)识也(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“精气为物(wu)”至“鲜矣”,此(ci)第四(si)章也。上章明卦(gua)爻之义(yi),其事(shi)类(lei)稍尽,但卦(gua)爻未明鬼(gui)(gui)神情状。此(ci)章说物(wu)之改变而为鬼(gui)(gui)神,易能通(tong)鬼(gui)(gui)神之变化,故於此(ci)章明之。
精(jing)气为物,游魂(hun)为变,精(jing)气烟(yan)熅(yun),聚(ju)而成物。聚(ju)极则散,而游魂(hun)为变也。游魂(hun),言其游散也。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:云:“精(jing)气为(wei)物(wu)”者,谓阴阳精(jing)灵之(zhi)气,氤氲积聚而为(wei)万(wan)物(wu)也。“游魂为(wei)变(bian)”者,物(wu)既积聚,极(ji)则分散,将散之(zhi)时,浮游精(jing)魂,去(qu)离物(wu)形,而为(wei)改变(bian),则生变(bian)为(wei)死,成变(bian)为(wei)败,或未死之(zhi)间,变(bian)为(wei)异(yi)类也。
是故知鬼神之(zhi)情状。尽聚散之(zhi)理,则能知变(bian)化之(zhi)道,无幽而不通也(ye)。
[疏]“是故”至“情状”。
○正义曰:能穷易理,尽生死变化,以此之故,能知鬼神之内外情状也。物既以聚而生,以散而死,皆是鬼神所为,但极聚散之理,则知鬼神之情状也。言圣人以易之理面能然也。
○注“知变化之道”。
○正义曰:案下云“神(shen)无方”,韩(han)氏云自此以(yi)上皆言(yan)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)所为。则(ze)此《经》“情(qing)状”是虚地之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)。圣人极(ji)虚无之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen),如变化之(zhi)(zhi)道,幽冥悉通,故能知鬼神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)状。
与(yu)天地(di)相似,故不违。德合天地(di),故曰相似。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:天地(di)能(neng)知鬼(gui)(gui)神,任其变(bian)化(hua)。圣人亦穷(qiong)神尽性,能(neng)知鬼(gui)(gui)神,是与天地(di)相(xiang)似,所(suo)为所(suo)作,故不(bu)违於天地(di),能(neng)与天地(di)合也。
知(zhi)(zhi)周乎(hu)万(wan)物(wu),而道(dao)济天(tian)下,故(gu)不过(guo)。知(zhi)(zhi)周万(wan)物(wu),则(ze)能以(yi)道(dao)济天(tian)下也。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“知(zhi)周(zhou)乎万(wan)物,而(er)道济天下(xia)”者,圣人无物不(bu)知(zhi),是(shi)知(zhi)周(zhou)於万(wan)物。天下(xia)皆养,是(shi)道济天下(xia)也。“故不(bu)过”者,所(suo)为(wei)皆得其宜,不(bu)有(you)愆过,使物失分也。
旁(pang)行而不流(liu),应变(bian)旁(pang)通,而不流(liu)淫也。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:言圣人之德,应(ying)变旁行,无不被(bei)及,而不有流(liu)移(yi)淫(yin)过。若不应(ying)变化(hua),非理而动,则为流(liu)淫(yin)也(ye)。
乐(le)天知命,故不忧。顺天之化,故曰乐(le)也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:顺天施化,是(shi)欢乐於天;识物始终(zhong),是(shi)自(zi)知性命。顺天道之常(chang)数,知性命之始终(zhong),任自(zi)然(ran)之理,故不忧也(ye)。
安土敦(dun)乎仁(ren)(ren),故能(neng)爱。安土敦(dun)仁(ren)(ren)者,万物(wu)之情也。物(wu)顺其情,则仁(ren)(ren)功赡矣。
[疏]正义曰:言万物之(zhi)性,皆(jie)欲安静於土(tu),敦(dun)厚於仁(ren)。圣人(ren)能(neng)行此安土(tu)敦(dun)仁(ren)之(zhi)化,故能(neng)爱养万物也(ye)。
范(fan)(fan)围(wei)天地(di)之化而不(bu)过。范(fan)(fan)围(wei)者,拟范(fan)(fan)天地(di),而周备其理也。
[疏]正义曰(yue):范谓(wei)模范,围(wei)谓(wei)周(zhou)围(wei),言(yan)圣人所(suo)为所(suo)作,模范周(zhou)围(wei)天(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)化养(yang),言(yan)法则天(tian)(tian)地(di)以(yi)施其(qi)化,而不有过失违天(tian)(tian)地(di)者也。
曲成万物(wu)而不(bu)遗。曲成者(zhe),乘变以(yi)应物(wu),不(bu)系一(yi)方(fang)者(zhe)也,则物(wu)宜得(de)矣。
[疏]正义曰:言圣人随变(bian)而(er)应,屈(qu)曲(qu)委(wei)细,成就万(wan)物,而(er)不有(you)遗弃细小而(er)不成也(ye)。
通乎昼夜(ye)之道而知。通幽(you)明之故,则无不知也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):言(yan)圣人通(tong)晓於昼(zhou)夜(ye)之(zhi)道,昼(zhou)则(ze)明也(ye),夜(ye)则(ze)幽(you)也(ye),言(yan)通(tong)晓於幽(you)明之(zhi)道,而(er)无事不知也(ye)。自此以上,皆神(shen)之(zhi)所为,圣人能极(ji)神(shen)之(zhi)幽(you)隐之(zhi)德也(ye)。
故神无方,而易无体(ti)。自(zi)此以(yi)上,皆言(yan)神之所为(wei)也。方、体(ti)者,皆系於形器者也。神则(ze)(ze)阴阳不(bu)(bu)测,易则(ze)(ze)唯变所適,不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)一(yi)方、一(yi)体(ti)明。
[疏]“故神”至“无体”。
○正义曰:神则寂然虚无,阴阳深远,不可求难,是无一方可明也。易则随物改变,应变而往,无一体可定也。
○注“自此以上”。
○正义曰(yue):自此(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,皆(jie)(jie)言(yan)神(shen)(shen)之所(suo)(suo)(suo)为者(zhe)(zhe),谓从“神(shen)(shen)无(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,至“精(jing)气为物”以(yi)(yi)(yi)下,《经》之所(suo)(suo)(suo)云(yun)(yun),皆(jie)(jie)言(yan)神(shen)(shen)所(suo)(suo)(suo)施为。神(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe),微妙玄通,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测量(liang),故能知鬼神(shen)(shen)之情状(zhuang),与(yu)天地(di)(di)相似。知周万物,乐天知命,安土敦仁,范(fan)围天地(di)(di),曲成万物,通乎(hu)昼夜(ye),此(ci)皆(jie)(jie)神(shen)(shen)之功用也(ye)(ye)(ye)。作《易(yi)》者(zhe)(zhe)因自然之神(shen)(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)垂教,欲使(shi)圣人用此(ci)神(shen)(shen)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)被天下,虽是(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)之所(suo)(suo)(suo)为,亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)圣人所(suo)(suo)(suo)为。云(yun)(yun)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe)(zhe),皆(jie)(jie)系於(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)器”者(zhe)(zhe),方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)处(chu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)之名,体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)质(zhi)之称。凡(fan)处(chu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)质(zhi),非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)虚无(wu)(wu)(wu),皆(jie)(jie)系著於(wu)(wu)器物,故云(yun)(yun)“皆(jie)(jie)系於(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)器”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“神(shen)(shen)则(ze)阴阳不(bu)(bu)测”者(zhe)(zhe),既幽微不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测度,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测,则(ze)何(he)有(you)处(chu)所(suo)(suo)(suo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)“神(shen)(shen)无(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“易(yi)则(ze)唯(wei)变(bian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)適”者(zhe)(zhe),既是(shi)(shi)(shi)变(bian)易(yi),唯(wei)变(bian)之適,不(bu)(bu)有(you)定往,何(he)可(ke)有(you)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),是(shi)(shi)(shi)“易(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)一(yi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)明(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe),解“无(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”“无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡(fan)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”“无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”,各有(you)二义。一(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)神(shen)(shen)则(ze)不(bu)(bu)见其处(chu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)云(yun)(yun)为,是(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)也(ye)(ye)(ye);二则(ze)周游运动,不(bu)(bu)常在一(yi)处(chu),亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe)(zhe),一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自然而变(bian),而不(bu)(bu)知变(bian)之所(suo)(suo)(suo)由,是(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye);二则(ze)随变(bian)而往,无(wu)(wu)(wu)定在一(yi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
一阴(yin)一阳(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao),道(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)何?无(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)称也(ye),无(wu)不(bu)通也(ye),无(wu)不(bu)由(you)也(ye),况之(zhi)(zhi)曰道(dao)(dao)(dao)。寂(ji)然天体,不(bu)可(ke)为象(xiang)。必有之(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)极,而无(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)功显,故(gu)至乎“神无(wu)方,而易(yi)无(wu)体”,而道(dao)(dao)(dao)可(ke)见矣。故(gu)穷变以尽神,因神以明道(dao)(dao)(dao),阴(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)虽殊(shu),无(wu)一以待之(zhi)(zhi)。在阴(yin)为无(wu)阴(yin),阴(yin)以之(zhi)(zhi)生;在阳(yang)(yang)(yang)为无(wu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)(yang)以之(zhi)(zhi)成,故(gu)曰“一阴(yin)一阳(yang)(yang)(yang)”也(ye)。
[疏]“一阴”至“谓道”。
○正义曰:一谓无也,无阴无阳,乃谓之道。一得为无者,无是虚无,虚无是大虚,不可分别,唯一而已,故以一为无也。若其有境,则彼此相形,有二有不得为一。故在阴之时,而不见为阴之功;在阳之时,而不见为阳之力,自然而有阴阳,自然无所营为,此则道之谓也。故以言之为道,以数言之谓之一,以体言之谓之无,以物得开通谓之道,以微妙不测谓之神,以应机变化谓之易,总而言之,皆虚无之谓也。圣人以人事名之,随其义理,立其称号。
○注“道者”至“一阳也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):云(yun):“道(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)何?无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)韩氏自问其(qi)道(dao)而(er)(er)释之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。道(dao)是(shi)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)能开通(tong)於(wu)物(wu)(wu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)称(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)道(dao)。云(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)由”者(zhe)(zhe),若处於(wu)有(you)(you)(you),有(you)(you)(you)则(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)碍难(nan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)当(dang)通(tong)。道(dao)既(ji)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)体(ti),则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)碍难(nan),故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)由”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)皆(jie)因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)通(tong),由之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)。云(yun)“况之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)道(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),比况道(dao)路以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)称(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“寂然(ran)(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)象”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)寂然(ran)(ran)幽静而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)形象求,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)象。至如(ru)天覆(fu)地(di)载,日(ri)照月临(lin),冬(dong)寒夏暑,春生秋杀,万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)运动(dong),皆(jie)由道(dao)而(er)(er)然(ran)(ran),岂见其(qi)所营,知其(qi)所为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)?是(shi)“寂然(ran)(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)象”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“必有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),极(ji)而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)显”者(zhe)(zhe),犹若风雨是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所用(yong)(yong)(yong),当(dang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)心(xin),风雨既(ji)极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)赖此(ci)风雨而(er)(er)得(de)生育,是(shi)生育之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),由风雨无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin)而(er)(er)成(cheng)。是(shi)“有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)极(ji),而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)显”,是(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发作(zuo)动(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu),其(qi)功(gong)成(cheng)就,乃在(zai)(zai)於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形。应机变(bian)(bian)化,虽(sui)(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)功(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong),本其(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),亦(yi)在(zai)(zai)於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)至乎“神(shen)(shen)(shen)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方,而(er)(er)《易》无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)”,自然(ran)(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),可(ke)显见矣。当(dang)其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi),道(dao)未见也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“故(gu)(gu)(gu)穷变(bian)(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)”者(zhe)(zhe),神(shen)(shen)(shen)则(ze)(ze)杳然(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)测,千变(bian)(bian)万(wan)(wan)化。圣(sheng)人(ren)则(ze)(ze)穷此(ci)千变(bian)(bian)万(wan)(wan)化,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙理,故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)穷变(bian)(bian)化以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。云(yun)“因(yin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明道(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)尽(jin)(jin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,唯在(zai)(zai)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),因(yin)此(ci)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen)(shen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在(zai)(zai),道(dao)亦(yi)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)“因(yin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明道(dao)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“阴(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)殊,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)阳(yang)(yang),虽(sui)(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)两气,恒(heng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拟待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。言(yan)(yan)在(zai)(zai)阳(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi),亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)阳(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。在(zai)(zai)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi),亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“在(zai)(zai)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)道(dao)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)在(zai)(zai)於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin),而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin),言(yan)(yan)道(dao)所生皆(jie)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽(sui)(sui)(sui)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)于(yu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)终由道(dao)而(er)(er)生,故(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)“阴(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“在(zai)(zai)阳(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阳(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)道(dao)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)在(zai)(zai)阳(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)中必无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽(sui)(sui)(sui)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)於(wu)阳(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)必由道(dao)而(er)(er)成(cheng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)“阳(yang)(yang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。道(dao)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang),然(ran)(ran)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)离(li)於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)由道(dao)成(cheng),即阴(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)亦(yi)非道(dao),故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)“一(yi)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)一(yi)阳(yang)(yang)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
继之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)善也,成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)性(xing)也。仁者(zhe)见之(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)仁,知(zhi)者(zhe)见之(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi),仁者(zhe)资道(dao)以(yi)(yi)见其仁,知(zhi)者(zhe)资道(dao)以(yi)(yi)见其知(zhi),各尽其分。
[疏]正义曰:“继(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)善(shan)(shan)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),道是(shi)生物(wu)开通,善(shan)(shan)是(shi)顺理养物(wu),故(gu)继(ji)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功者(zhe)(zhe),唯善(shan)(shan)行也(ye)(ye)。“成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)性(xing)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),若能成(cheng)就(jiu)此(ci)道者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本性(xing)。若性(xing)仁者(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)就(jiu)此(ci)道为仁性(xing),知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)就(jiu)此(ci)道为知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)云“仁者(zhe)(zhe)见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁,知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)”。是(shi)仁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与知(zhi)(zhi),皆资道而得成(cheng)仁知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。
百(bai)姓(xing)日用(yong)而不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)道鲜矣。君(jun)子(zi)体(ti)道以为用(yong)也。仁知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则滞(zhi)於(wu)所见,百(bai)姓(xing)则日用(yong)而不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。体(ti)斯道者(zhe),不(bu)亦鲜矣?故(gu)“常无欲,以观其(qi)妙(miao)”,始可以语至而言极也。
[疏]“百姓”至“鲜矣”。
○正义曰:“百姓日用而不知”者,言万方百姓,恒日日赖用此道而得生,而不知道之功力也。言道冥昧不以功为功,故百姓日用而不能知也。“故君子之道鲜矣”者,君子谓圣人也。仁知则各滞於所见,百姓则日用不知,明体道君子,不亦少乎?
○注“君子体道”至“极也”。
○正义曰:“君子(zi)体(ti)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)圣人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)君子(zi),体(ti)履於至道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),法道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)施政,则《老(lao)(lao)子(zi)》云(yun)(yun)“为(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)宰(zai),功(gong)成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)居”是也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“仁知(zhi)(zhi)则滞於所见(jian)(jian)(jian)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)仁知(zhi)(zhi)虽贤犹有偏(pian),见(jian)(jian)(jian)仁者(zhe)(zhe)观道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)谓(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)仁,知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)观道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)谓(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)能(neng)遍晓,是滞於所见(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。是道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)既以(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong),若以(yi)(yi)仁以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi),则滞所见(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。至於百姓,但日(ri)用(yong)通生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),又不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)通生由道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)来,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“百姓日(ri)用(yong)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“体(ti)斯道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)亦(yi)鲜矣”者(zhe)(zhe),是圣人(ren)君子(zi)独(du)能(neng)悟道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)亦(yi)鲜矣”。云(yun)(yun)“故(gu)常(chang)无(wu)(wu)欲以(yi)(yi)观其(qi)(qi)妙(miao)(miao)”者(zhe)(zhe),引《老(lao)(lao)子(zi)·道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)经》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen),以(yi)(yi)结成(cheng)此(ci)义。“无(wu)(wu)欲”谓(wei)无(wu)(wu)心(xin),若能(neng)寂然无(wu)(wu)心(xin)无(wu)(wu)欲,观其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)(miao)趣,谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)所为(wei)(wei)(wei),得道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)(miao)理也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“始可以(yi)(yi)语至而(er)(er)言(yan)极(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),若能(neng)无(wu)(wu)欲观此(ci)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)(miao)理,无(wu)(wu)事无(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei),如(ru)此(ci),可以(yi)(yi)语说(shuo)其(qi)(qi)至理,而(er)(er)言(yan)其(qi)(qi)极(ji)(ji)趣也(ye)(ye)。若不(bu)(bu)如(ru)此(ci),不(bu)(bu)可语至而(er)(er)言(yan)极(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“显诸仁”至“之(zhi)门”,此第五章(zhang)也。上章(zhang)论(lun)神之(zhi)所(suo)为,此章(zhang)广明易道之(zhi)大,与神功不异也。
显诸(zhu)仁,藏(zang)诸(zhu)用,衣被万物(wu),故曰(yue)“显诸(zhu)仁”。日(ri)用而不知,故曰(yue)“藏(zang)诸(zhu)用”。
[疏]正义曰:“显(xian)诸仁(ren)”者,言道之为体,显(xian)见仁(ren)功,衣(yi)被万物(wu),是“显(xian)诸仁(ren)”也。“藏(zang)(zang)诸用(yong)”者,谓(wei)潜藏(zang)(zang)功用(yong),不(bu)使(shi)物(wu)知,是“藏(zang)(zang)诸用(yong)”也。
鼓万物(wu)(wu)而不与圣人(ren)同忧(you),万物(wu)(wu)由之(zhi)以化,故曰“鼓万物(wu)(wu)”也。圣人(ren)虽体道以为(wei)用,未能全无以为(wei)体,故顺通天下,则有经营之(zhi)迹(ji)也。
[疏]“鼓万物”至“同忧”。
○正义曰:言道之功用,能鼓动万物,使之化育,故云“鼓万物”。圣人化物,不能全无以为体,犹有经营之忧;道则虚无为用,无事无为,不与圣人同用,有经营之忧也。
○注“圣人虽体以为用”。
○正义曰:云(yun)“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)虽(sui)体(ti)道(dao)以(yi)为(wei)用”者,言(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)不能无(wu)(wu)(wu)忧(you)之(zhi)事(shi)。道(dao)则(ze)(ze)(ze)无(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin)无(wu)(wu)(wu)迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)则(ze)(ze)(ze)亦(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin)有迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)能体(ti)附於道(dao),其迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)有为(wei)用。云(yun)“未能全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)为(wei)体(ti)”者,道(dao)则(ze)(ze)(ze)心(xin)迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)俱(ju)无(wu)(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)其全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)为(wei)体(ti);圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)则(ze)(ze)(ze)无(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin)有迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有而心(xin)无(wu)(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)不能全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)为(wei)体(ti)。云(yun)“故顺(shun)通(tong)天(tian)下,则(ze)(ze)(ze)有经营之(zhi)迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”者,言(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)顺(shun)通(tong)天(tian)下之(zhi)理,内则(ze)(ze)(ze)虽(sui)是(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin),外则(ze)(ze)(ze)有经营之(zhi)迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),则(ze)(ze)(ze)有忧(you)也(ye)。道(dao)则(ze)(ze)(ze)心(xin)迹(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)俱(ju)无(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)忧(you)无(wu)(wu)(wu)患,故云(yun)“不与(yu)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)同忧(you)”也(ye)。
盛(sheng)德(de)大(da)业,至(zhi)矣哉(zai)!夫物之所以通,事之所以理(li),莫不(bu)由乎(hu)道也。圣人功用之母,体同乎(hu)道,盛(sheng)德(de)大(da)业,所以能(neng)至(zhi)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:圣人为功(gong)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu),体同於道,万物由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而通,众事以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而理,是(shi)圣人极(ji)盛(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,广大之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye),至极(ji)矣哉!於行谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,於事谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye)。
富有(you)之谓大业(ye),广大悉备,故曰“富有(you)”。
[疏]正义曰:自(zi)此(ci)已下,覆(fu)说(shuo)“大业”“盛德”,因广明易与(yu)(yu)乾坤,及其占(zhan)之与(yu)(yu)事,并明神之体,以(yi)广大悉(xi)备,万事富有,所以(yi)谓(wei)之“大业”。
日(ri)(ri)新之谓盛德。体(ti)化合(he)变,故曰“日(ri)(ri)新”。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:圣(sheng)人以能变通体化,合变其德,日(ri)日(ri)增新,是德之盛(sheng)极,故谓之盛(sheng)德也。
生(sheng)生(sheng)之谓易,阴阳转易,以(yi)成化生(sheng)。
[疏]正义曰:生生,不绝之(zhi)辞。阴阳(yang)变转,后生次於(wu)前(qian)(qian)生,是万物恒生,谓之(zhi)易(yi)也(ye)。前(qian)(qian)后之(zhi)生,变化改(gai)易(yi)。生必有死,易(yi)主(zhu)劝戒,奖人(ren)为善(shan),故(gu)云(yun)生不云(yun)死也(ye)。
成(cheng)象之(zhi)谓乾,拟乾之(zhi)象。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:谓(wei)画卦成(cheng)乾之象,拟乾之健,故谓(wei)卦为乾也。
效(xiao)法(fa)之(zhi)谓坤(kun),效(xiao)坤(kun)之(zhi)法(fa)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):谓画卦(gua)效(xiao)坤(kun)之法,拟坤(kun)之顺,故谓之坤(kun)也。
极数知来(lai)之(zhi)谓占,通变之(zhi)谓事,物(wu)穷(qiong)则变,变而通之(zhi),事之(zhi)所由(you)生也。
[疏]正义曰:“极数知(zhi)来(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)谓占(zhan)”者,谓穷极蓍策之(zhi)(zhi)数,豫知(zhi)来(lai)事(shi)(shi),占(zhan)问吉凶,故云(yun)“谓之(zhi)(zhi)占(zhan)”也。“通(tong)(tong)变(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)谓事(shi)(shi)”者,物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)穷极,欲使开通(tong)(tong),须知(zhi)其变(bian)化,乃(nai)得通(tong)(tong)也。凡天下之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),穷则须变(bian),万事(shi)(shi)乃(nai)生,故云(yun)“通(tong)(tong)变(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)谓事(shi)(shi)”。
阴(yin)阳不测之(zhi)谓神(shen)。神(shen)也(ye)者,变(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)极,妙万物而(er)为言(yan),不可以(yi)形诘者也(ye),故曰“阴(yin)阳不测”。尝试论(lun)之(zhi)曰:原(yuan)夫(fu)两(liang)(liang)仪(yi)之(zhi)运(yun),万物之(zhi)动,岂有使之(zhi)然哉!莫不独(du)化(hua)於大虚,欻尔而(er)自造矣。造之(zhi)非(fei)我,理自玄应;化(hua)之(zhi)无主(zhu),数自冥(ming)运(yun),故不知(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)然,而(er)况之(zhi)神(shen)。是以(yi)明(ming)两(liang)(liang)仪(yi)以(yi)太(tai)极为始(shi),言(yan)变(bian)化(hua)而(er)称(cheng)极乎(hu)神(shen)也(ye)。夫(fu)唯(wei)知(zhi)天之(zhi)所(suo)为者,穷(qiong)理体化(hua),坐(zuo)忘遗照(zhao)。至虚而(er)善应,则以(yi)道(dao)(dao)为称(cheng)。不思而(er)玄览,则以(yi)神(shen)为名。盖资道(dao)(dao)而(er)同乎(hu)道(dao)(dao),由神(shen)而(er)冥(ming)於神(shen)也(ye)。
[疏]“阴阳”至“谓神”。
○正义曰:天下万物,皆由阴阳,或生或成,本其所由之理,不可测量之谓神也,故云“阴阳不测之谓神”。
○注“神也者”至“神也”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“神(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe),变化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),自(zi)将(jiang)变化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“妙(miao)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”者(zhe),妙(miao)谓(wei)(wei)微妙(miao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。万物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),有变象可(ke)(ke)(ke)寻(xun)(xun),神(shen)(shen)则(ze)(ze)微妙(miao)於(wu)(wu)(wu)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)寻(xun)(xun)求也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)形(xing)诘(jie)”者(zhe),杳寂(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce),无(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容所(suo)(suo)(suo)求而(er)(er)穷语也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“造之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)我,理(li)(li)(li)自(zi)玄(xuan)应”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)神(shen)(shen)力也(ye)(ye)(ye)。我,谓(wei)(wei)宰主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造作(zuo),非(fei)由我之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宰主(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),其造化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li),自(zi)然(ran)玄(xuan)空相应,而(er)(er)自(zi)然(ran)造作(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“是以(yi)(yi)(yi)明两仪(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)太极为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)欲明两仪(yi)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),必以(yi)(yi)(yi)太极虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初始,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)然(ran),将(jiang)何(he)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始也(ye)(ye)(ye)?云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)变化(hua)而(er)(er)称极乎(hu)神(shen)(shen)”者(zhe),欲言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论变化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)涯际(ji),唯“称极乎(hu)神(shen)(shen)”,神(shen)(shen)则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“夫(fu)唯知(zhi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)者(zhe),穷理(li)(li)(li)体(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua),坐(zuo)忘遗(yi)照”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)若(ruo)能知(zhi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)造为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)者(zhe),会能穷其物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li),体(ti)(ti)(ti)其变化(hua),静(jing)坐(zuo)而(er)(er)忘其事,及遗(yi)弃(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)照之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),任其自(zi)然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)他事系心,端然(ran)玄(xuan)寂(ji),如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)者(zhe),乃能知(zhi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)亦如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“坐(zuo)忘遗(yi)照”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),事出《庄子·大宗(zong)师》篇也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“至(zhi)虚(xu)而(er)(er)善应,则(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)称”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)解道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)至(zhi)极空虚(xu)而(er)(er)善应於(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu),则(ze)(ze)乃目(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“则(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)称”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)思(si)(si)而(er)(er)玄(xuan)览,则(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名”者(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)量而(er)(er)玄(xuan)远,览见者(zhe)乃目(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“则(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“盖资道(dao)而(er)(er)同(tong)乎(hu)道(dao)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng)人设教,资取乎(hu)道(dao),行无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),积久而(er)(er)遂(sui)同(tong)於(wu)(wu)(wu)道(dao),内(nei)外皆无(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“由神(shen)(shen)而(er)(er)冥(ming)於(wu)(wu)(wu)神(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)人设教,法此(ci)(ci)(ci)神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce),无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)无(wu)(wu)(wu)方,以(yi)(yi)(yi)垂(chui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)教,久能积渐,而(er)(er)冥(ming)合於(wu)(wu)(wu)神(shen)(shen),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)测(ce)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)皆谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng)人初时(shi)虽法道(dao)法神(shen)(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu),体(ti)(ti)(ti)未(wei)能全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu),但行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi),遂(sui)至(zhi)全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“资道(dao)而(er)(er)同(tong)於(wu)(wu)(wu)道(dao),由神(shen)(shen)而(er)(er)冥(ming)於(wu)(wu)(wu)神(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
夫易(yi),广矣大矣,以(yi)言乎(hu)远则(ze)不御;穷幽极深,无所止也。
[疏]正义曰:“夫易广矣,大矣”者(zhe),此(ci)赞明易理(li)之大,易之变化,极於四远,是广矣,穷於上天是大矣,故下云“广大配天地”也。“以言(yan)乎远则不(bu)御”者(zhe),御,止也。言(yan)乎易之变化,穷极幽深之远,则不(bu)有御止也。谓(wei)无所(suo)止息也。
以言乎(hu)迩(er)则静(jing)而正;则近而当。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):迩,近(jin)也。言易之变化(hua),在於迩近(jin)之处(chu),则(ze)宁静而(er)得(de)正(zheng)。谓变化(hua)之道,於其近(jin)处(chu),物各静而(er)得(de)正(zheng),不(bu)(bu)烦(fan)乱邪(xie)僻也。远(yuan)(yuan)尚不(bu)(bu)御,近(jin)则(ze)不(bu)(bu)御可知;近(jin)既静正(zheng),则(ze)远(yuan)(yuan)亦静正(zheng),互文也。
以言乎天地之间,则备矣。夫乾,其(qi)静也(ye)专,其(qi)动也(ye)直(zhi),是以大生焉。专,专一(yi)也(ye)。直(zhi),刚正也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“以言乎天(tian)地之(zhi)间,则(ze)备(bei)(bei)矣(yi)”者(zhe),变通之(zhi)道(dao),遍(bian)满天(tian)地之(zhi)内,是则(ze)备(bei)(bei)矣(yi)。“夫乾(qian)其(qi)静(jing)(jing)也(ye)专(zhuan)(zhuan),其(qi)动也(ye)直(zhi),是以大生(sheng)焉(yan)”者(zhe),上《经》既论易道(dao)资阴阳而(er)(er)成,故(gu)此《经》明乾(qian),复兼明坤也(ye)。乾(qian)是纯阳,德能(neng)普(pu)备(bei)(bei),无所偏主,唯专(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)而(er)(er)已。若气不发(fa)动,则(ze)静(jing)(jing)而(er)(er)专(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi),故(gu)云(yun)“其(qi)静(jing)(jing)也(ye)专(zhuan)(zhuan)”。若其(qi)运转,则(ze)四时不忒(te),寒暑无差(cha),则(ze)而(er)(er)得正,故(gu)云(yun)“其(qi)动也(ye)直(zhi)”。以其(qi)动静(jing)(jing)如此,故(gu)能(neng)大生(sheng)焉(yan)。
夫(fu)坤(kun),其(qi)静(jing)也(ye)翕(xi),其(qi)动也(ye)辟(pi),是以(yi)广生焉。翕(xi),敛也(ye)。止(zhi)则(ze)翕(xi)敛其(qi)气(qi),动则(ze)关开以(yi)生物也(ye)。乾(qian)统天首物,为变化之元,通乎(hu)形外者也(ye)。坤(kun)则(ze)顺(shun)以(yi)承阳,功尽於已,用止(zhi)乎(hu)形者也(ye)。故乾(qian)以(yi)专(zhuan)直言乎(hu)其(qi)材,坤(kun)以(yi)翕(xi)辟(pi)言乎(hu)其(qi)形。
[疏]正义曰:此(ci)《经》明坤(kun)之(zhi)德(de)也。坤(kun)是阴柔,闭藏翕(xi)敛,故(gu)“其(qi)静也翕(xi)”;动则开生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu),故(gu)“其(qi)动也辟”。以其(qi)如此(ci),故(gu)能广(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)於物(wu)(wu)(wu)焉。天体高远,故(gu)乾(qian)云“大生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”;地体广(guang)博,故(gu)坤(kun)云“广(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。对则乾(qian)为物(wu)(wu)(wu)始(shi),坤(kun)为物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),散则始(shi)亦为生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),故(gu)总(zong)云生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也。
广(guang)大(da)配(pei)天地,变通配(pei)四时,阴阳之(zhi)义(yi)配(pei)日月,易(yi)简之(zhi)善配(pei)至德。《易(yi)》之(zhi)所载配(pei)此四义(yi)。
[疏]正义曰:“广(guang)大(da)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)天(tian)(tian)地”者,此《经》申(shen)明(ming)易之德(de)(de),以易道广(guang)大(da),配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)合天(tian)(tian)地,大(da)以配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)天(tian)(tian),广(guang)以配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)地。“变(bian)通(tong)(tong)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)四(si)时”者,四(si)时变(bian)通(tong)(tong),易理亦能(neng)变(bian)通(tong)(tong),故云(yun)“变(bian)通(tong)(tong)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)四(si)时”也(ye)(ye)。“阴阳之义配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)日月,易简(jian)之善配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)至德(de)(de)”者,案初(chu)(chu)章(zhang)论乾(qian)坤(kun)易简(jian),可久可大(da),配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)至极微妙之德(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)。然《易》初(chu)(chu)章(zhang)易为(wei)贤人之德(de)(de),简(jian)为(wei)贤人之业,今总云(yun)“至德(de)(de)”者,对则德(de)(de)业别,散则业由德(de)(de)而来,俱为(wei)德(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)。
子曰:“易(yi)其(qi)至矣(yi)乎?夫易(yi),圣(sheng)人所以崇(chong)德(de)而广(guang)业也(ye)。穷理(li)入神,其(qi)德(de)崇(chong)也(ye)。兼济万(wan)物,其(qi)业广(guang)也(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“子(zi)曰易其至矣乎”者(zhe),更美易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至极,是语(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别端,故(gu)言(yan)“子(zi)曰”。“夫易,圣(sheng)人(ren)所以崇德而广业”者(zhe),言(yan)易道至极,圣(sheng)人(ren)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),增崇其德,广大其业,故(gu)云“崇德而广业也”。
知崇礼卑,知以崇为贵(gui),礼以卑为用。
[疏]正义曰:易兼(jian)知(zhi)(zhi)之与礼(li),故(gu)此明(ming)知(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)之用。知(zhi)(zhi)者通利万物,象(xiang)天阳无(wu)不(bu)覆(fu),以(yi)崇为贵也。礼(li)者卑(bei)敬於(wu)物象(xiang),地柔而(er)在下,故(gu)以(yi)卑(bei)为用也。
崇(chong)效天,卑(bei)法地。极(ji)知之崇(chong),象天高而(er)统物;备(bei)礼之用,象地广而(er)载物也。
[疏]正义曰:知既崇(chong)高(gao),故(gu)效(xiao)天;礼(li)以卑退,故(gu)法(fa)地(di)也。
天地设(she)位,而(er)(er)易(yi)行乎(hu)其中(zhong)矣。天地者,易(yi)之(zhi)门户,而(er)(er)易(yi)之(zhi)为义,兼周万物(wu),故曰“行乎(hu)其中(zhong)矣”。
[疏]正义曰:天(tian)地(di)陈设(she)於位,谓(wei)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)与礼,而效法(fa)天(tian)地(di)也。“而易(yi)行(xing)乎(hu)(hu)其中矣(yi)”者,变易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)道,行(xing)乎(hu)(hu)知(zhi)礼之(zhi)(zhi)中。言(yan)知(zhi)礼与易(yi)而并行(xing)也。若以实象言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),天(tian)在上,地(di)在下,是天(tian)地(di)设(she)位;天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),万物变化(hua),是易(yi)行(xing)乎(hu)(hu)天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)中也。
成性存存,道义之门。物之存成,由乎道义也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此(ci)明易道既在天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),能成其(qi)(qi)万物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),使(shi)物(wu)生不失其(qi)(qi)性(xing),存其(qi)(qi)万物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)存,使(shi)物(wu)得其(qi)(qi)存成也(ye)。性(xing),谓禀其(qi)(qi)始也(ye)。存,谓保(bao)其(qi)(qi)终也(ye)。道,谓开(kai)通也(ye)。义(yi),谓得其(qi)(qi)宜也(ye)。既能成性(xing)存存,则物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)开(kai)通,物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)得宜,从此(ci)易而(er)来,故云“道义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)”,谓易与道义(yi)为(wei)门(men)户(hu)也(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):“圣人有以(yi)”至“如兰”,此第六章(zhang)也。上章(zhang)既明(ming)易(yi)(yi)道(dao)变化,神理不(bu)测,圣人法之(zhi),所以(yi)配於天地,道(dao)义(yi)从易(yi)(yi)而(er)生;此章(zhang)又(you)明(ming)圣人拟议(yi)易(yi)(yi)象,以(yi)赞成变化。又(you)明(ming)人拟议(yi)之(zhi)事,先慎其身,在於慎言(yan)语,同心(xin)行,动举措,守谦退,勿骄盈(ying),保静密,勿贪非位(wei),凡(fan)有七事。是(shi)行之(zhi)於急者(zhe),故引七卦之(zhi)议(yi),以(yi)证成之(zhi)。
圣人有(you)以(yi)见天(tian)下之赜,而拟(ni)诸其形容(rong),象其物宜,乾刚坤柔(rou),各有(you)其体,故(gu)曰“拟(ni)诸形容(rong)”。
[疏]正义曰:“圣人(ren)有(you)以(yi)见天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜”者,赜谓幽深(shen)难见,圣人(ren)有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)神妙,以(yi)能见天下深(shen)赜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至理(li)也(ye)。“而拟(ni)诸(zhu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong)”者,以(yi)此深(shen)赜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li),拟(ni)度诸(zhu)物(wu)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong)也(ye)。见此刚理(li),则(ze)拟(ni)诸(zhu)乾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong);见此柔理(li),则(ze)拟(ni)诸(zhu)坤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong)也(ye)。“象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)”者,圣人(ren)又法象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。若(ruo)象(xiang)阳物(wu),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)於刚也(ye);若(ruo)象(xiang)阴物(wu),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)於柔也(ye),是各象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。六十四(si)卦(gua)(gua)(gua),皆(jie)拟(ni)诸(zhu)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong),象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。若(ruo)泰卦(gua)(gua)(gua)比拟(ni)泰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong),象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi);若(ruo)否(fou)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)则(ze)比拟(ni)否(fou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong),象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)否(fou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。举此而言,诸(zhu)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)可知(zhi)也(ye)。
是故(gu)谓之(zhi)象。圣人有以(yi)见天(tian)下之(zhi)动(dong),而观其会通(tong),以(yi)行其典礼(li),典礼(li),適时之(zhi)所用。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)故谓之象(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)是(shi)之故,谓之象(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye),谓六十四卦是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故前章(zhang)云卦者(zhe)言乎象(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此以(yi)(yi)上结成(cheng)卦象(xiang)(xiang)之义也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“圣人有(you)以(yi)(yi)见天下之动”者(zhe),谓圣人有(you)其(qi)(qi)微妙,以(yi)(yi)见天下万物(wu)之动也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“而观其(qi)(qi)会通(tong),以(yi)(yi)行(xing)其(qi)(qi)典礼(li)”者(zhe),既(ji)知万物(wu)以(yi)(yi)此变动,观看其(qi)(qi)物(wu)之会合变通(tong),当此会通(tong)之时,以(yi)(yi)施行(xing)其(qi)(qi)典法礼(li)仪也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
系(xi)辞焉以断其吉凶,是故谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)爻。言天下之(zhi)(zhi)至赜而(er)不可恶也(ye)。言天下之(zhi)(zhi)至动而(er)不可乱(luan)也(ye)。《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)书,不可远也(ye)。恶之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)逆於顺,错之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)乖於理(li)。
[疏]正义(yi)(yi)曰:“系辞(ci)焉以断(duan)其吉(ji)凶(xiong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),既观其会通而(er)(er)(er)行(xing)其典(dian)礼,以定爻(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)通变,而(er)(er)(er)有三百(bai)八(ba)十四爻(yao)(yao)。於此(ci)爻(yao)(yao)下(xia)系属文(wen)辞(ci),以断(duan)定其吉(ji)凶(xiong)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)会通典(dian)礼得则(ze)为吉(ji),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)会通典(dian)礼失则(ze)为凶(xiong)也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)故谓之(zhi)(zhi)爻(yao)(yao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)故,议此(ci)会通之(zhi)(zhi)事而(er)(er)(er)为爻(yao)(yao)也(ye)(ye)。夫爻(yao)(yao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)效(xiao)也(ye)(ye),效(xiao)诸物之(zhi)(zhi)通变,故上(shang)章云“爻(yao)(yao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)乎变者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)”。自此(ci)巳上(shang),结爻(yao)(yao)义(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜,而(er)(er)(er)不可(ke)恶(e)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)覆说前(qian)文(wen)“见(jian)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)赜”,卦象义(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。谓圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)於天下(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜之(zhi)(zhi)理(li),必重慎明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi),不可(ke)鄙贱轻恶(e)也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)鄙贱轻恶(e),不存意明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)逆於顺(shun)道也(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong),而(er)(er)(er)不可(ke)乱(luan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),覆说上(shang)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)“见(jian)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong)”,爻(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。谓天下(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜变动(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)理(li),论(lun)说之(zhi)(zhi)时,明(ming)(ming)不可(ke)错乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)错乱(luan),则(ze)乖违正理(li)也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)以文(wen)势上(shang)下(xia)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),宜云“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong)而(er)(er)(er)不可(ke)乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)”。
拟(ni)(ni)之(zhi)而(er)后(hou)言(yan),议之(zhi)而(er)后(hou)动,拟(ni)(ni)议以(yi)成其变化。拟(ni)(ni)议以(yi)动,则尽变化之(zhi)道。
[疏]正义曰:“拟(ni)之(zhi)而后言(yan)”者(zhe),覆说(shuo)上(shang)“天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)至(zhi)赜不可恶也(ye)(ye)”,圣(sheng)人欲言(yan)之(zhi)时,必(bi)拟(ni)度之(zhi)而后言(yan)也(ye)(ye)。“议(yi)(yi)之(zhi)而后动(dong)”者(zhe),覆说(shuo)上(shang)“天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)至(zhi)动(dong)不可乱也(ye)(ye)”,谓(wei)欲动(dong)之(zhi)时,必(bi)议(yi)(yi)论之(zhi)而后动(dong)也(ye)(ye)。“拟(ni)议(yi)(yi)以成其(qi)变化”者(zhe),言(yan)则(ze)先拟(ni)也(ye)(ye),动(dong)则(ze)先议(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye),则(ze)能(neng)成尽其(qi)变化之(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。
“鸣(ming)鹤在阴,其(qi)(qi)子(zi)和(he)之(zhi);我有好(hao)爵,吾与尔(er)靡(mi)之(zhi)”。鹤鸣(ming)则子(zi)和(he),脩诚(cheng)则物应,我有好(hao)爵,与物散之(zhi),物亦以(yi)善应也。明(ming)拟议之(zhi)道,继以(yi)斯(si)义者,诚(cheng)以(yi)吉凶(xiong)失(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)存乎(hu)无所(suo)动(dong)。同乎(hu)道者,道亦得(de)(de)之(zhi);同乎(hu)失(shi)(shi)者,失(shi)(shi)亦违之(zhi)。莫不以(yi)同相顺(shun),以(yi)类相应。动(dong)之(zhi)斯(si)来,缓之(zhi)斯(si)至。鹤鸣(ming)于阴,气(qi)同则和(he)。出(chu)言户庭,千里(li)(li)或应。出(chu)言犹然,况其(qi)(qi)大者乎(hu);千里(li)(li)或应,况其(qi)(qi)迩者乎(hu)。故(gu)夫忧悔吝者,存乎(hu)纤介;定失(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)者,慎於枢机。是以(yi)君子(zi)拟议以(yi)动(dong),慎其(qi)(qi)微(wei)也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):“鸣(ming)鹤在(zai)(zai)(zai)阴”者(zhe),上(shang)既明拟(ni)议而(er)(er)动(dong),若(ruo)拟(ni)议於善(shan),则(ze)(ze)善(shan)来应之(zhi)(zhi);若(ruo)拟(ni)於恶(e),则(ze)(ze)恶(e)亦随(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)。故引鸣(ming)鹤在(zai)(zai)(zai)阴,取同(tong)类相应以证之(zhi)(zhi)。此(ci)引《中孚》九二爻辞也。鸣(ming)鹤在(zai)(zai)(zai)幽阴之(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),虽在(zai)(zai)(zai)幽阴而(er)(er)鸣(ming),其(qi)子则(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)远而(er)(er)和之(zhi)(zhi),以其(qi)同(tong)类相感召(zhao)故也。“我(wo)有(you)(you)好爵(jue)”者(zhe),言我(wo)有(you)(you)美(mei)好之(zhi)(zhi)爵(jue),而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)身。“吾与(yu)尔靡(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),言我(wo)虽有(you)(you)好爵(jue),不自(zi)独有(you)(you),吾与(yu)汝外物共靡(mi)散之(zhi)(zhi)。谓我(wo)既有(you)(you)好爵(jue),能靡(mi)散以施(shi)於物,物则(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)感我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)恩,亦来归从於我(wo)。是善(shan)往则(ze)(ze)善(shan)者(zhe)来,皆证明拟(ni)议之(zhi)(zhi)事。我(wo)拟(ni)议於善(shan)以及(ji)物,物亦以善(shan)而(er)(er)应我(wo)也。
子(zi)曰:“君子(zi)居其(qi)室(shi),出其(qi)言(yan)(yan)善,则(ze)千(qian)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)应之(zhi)(zhi),况(kuang)其(qi)迩(er)者(zhe)乎;居其(qi)室(shi),出其(qi)言(yan)(yan)不善,则(ze)千(qian)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)违(wei)之(zhi)(zhi),况(kuang)其(qi)迩(er)者(zhe)乎。言(yan)(yan)出乎身(shen),加乎民;行发乎迩(er),见(jian)乎远。言(yan)(yan)行,君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)枢(shu)机。枢(shu)机,制(zhi)动之(zhi)(zhi)主。
[疏]“子(zi)曰(yue)君(jun)子(zi)”至“枢机”。正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):“子(zi)曰(yue)君(jun)子(zi)居其(qi)(qi)室”者(zhe),既引《易(yi)》辞(ci),前语巳绝,故(gu)言“子(zi)曰(yue)”。“况其(qi)(qi)迩者(zhe)乎”者(zhe),出其(qi)(qi)言善远尚(shang)应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi),则近应(ying)可(ke)知,故(gu)曰(yue)“况其(qi)(qi)迩者(zhe)乎”。此证明(ming)拟议而(er)动之(zhi)(zhi)事。言身(shen)有善恶,无(wu)问远近皆(jie)应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)也。“言行(xing),君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)枢机”者(zhe),枢谓(wei)户(hu)枢,机谓(wei)弩牙。言户(hu)枢之(zhi)(zhi)转,或(huo)明(ming)或(huo)闇;弩牙之(zhi)(zhi)发,或(huo)中或(huo)否,犹言行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)动,从身(shen)而(er)发,以及於物,或(huo)是或(huo)非也。
枢(shu)机之发,荣辱之主也(ye)(ye)。言行(xing),君子(zi)之所(suo)以(yi)动天地也(ye)(ye),可不慎乎(hu)?”“同(tong)(tong)(tong)人先号咷而(er)后笑”。子(zi)曰:“君子(zi)之道(dao),或出或处,或默(mo)或语(yu)(yu),二人同(tong)(tong)(tong)心,其(qi)利断(duan)金(jin)。”同(tong)(tong)(tong)人终获后笑者,以(yi)有同(tong)(tong)(tong)心之应也(ye)(ye)。夫所(suo)况同(tong)(tong)(tong)者,岂系乎(hu)一(yi)方哉!君子(zi)出处默(mo)语(yu)(yu),不违其(qi)中,则(ze)其(qi)迹虽异,道(dao)同(tong)(tong)(tong)则(ze)应。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“言(yan)行(xing),君(jun)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以动天地”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)行(xing)虽初(chu)在於(wu)(wu)身(shen),其(qi)(qi)善恶(e)积而(er)(er)(er)(er)不已(yi),所(suo)感动天地,岂(qi)可不慎乎?“同(tong)人先号咷而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)笑”者(zhe)(zhe),证(zheng)拟(ni)议而(er)(er)(er)(er)动,则同(tong)类(lei)相应。以同(tong)人初(chu)未和同(tong),故先号咷;后(hou)得同(tong)类(lei),故后(hou)笑也。“子曰君(jun)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道”者(zhe)(zhe),各引《易》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),其(qi)(qi)文势已(yi)绝,故言(yan)“子曰”。“或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)出或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)处(chu)(chu),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)默或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)语(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)同(tong)类(lei)相应,本在於(wu)(wu)心(xin),不必共同(tong)一事(shi)。或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)此物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)出,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)彼(bi)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)处(chu)(chu);或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)此物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)默,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)彼(bi)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)语(yu),出处(chu)(chu)默语(yu),其(qi)(qi)时虽异,其(qi)(qi)感应之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),其(qi)(qi)意则同(tong),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)处(chu)(chu)应於(wu)(wu)出,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)默应於(wu)(wu)语(yu)。“二(er)人同(tong)心(xin),其(qi)(qi)利断金(jin)”者(zhe)(zhe),二(er)人若同(tong)齐其(qi)(qi)心(xin),其(qi)(qi)纤利能断截於(wu)(wu)金(jin)。金(jin)是坚刚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu),能断而(er)(er)(er)(er)截之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),盛言(yan)利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚也。此谓二(er)人心(xin)行(xing)同(tong)也。
同心之(zhi)言,其(qi)臭如兰。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:言二人(ren)同齐(qi)其(qi)心,吐发言语,氤氲(yun)臭(chou)气,香馥如兰也(ye)。此谓二人(ren)言同也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“初(chu)六藉用”至“盗之(zhi)招也(ye)”,此第(di)七章也(ye)。此章欲(yu)求外物来(lai)应,必须拟议谨(jin)(jin)慎,则外物来(lai)应之(zhi)。故引“藉用白茅无(wu)咎”之(zhi)事,以证谨(jin)(jin)慎之(zhi)理。
“初六:藉用白茅(mao),无咎”。子曰(yue):“苟错诸地而可(ke)矣,藉之(zhi)用茅(mao),何咎之(zhi)有?慎之(zhi)至也。夫(fu)茅(mao)之(zhi)为(wei)物薄(bo),而用可(ke)重也。慎斯术也以(yi)往,其无所失矣。”
[疏]正义曰:此“藉用白(bai)茅(mao)”,《大(da)过》初六爻辞也(ye)。“子(zi)曰:苟(gou)错(cuo)诸地(di)而(er)可(ke)矣(yi)”者,苟(gou),且也(ye);错(cuo),置也(ye)。凡(fan)荐献之(zhi)物(wu),且置於(wu)地(di),其理可(ke)矣(yi)。言今乃谨慎,荐藉此物(wu)而(er)用絜白(bai)之(zhi)茅(mao),可(ke)置於(wu)地(di)。“藉之(zhi)用茅(mao),何咎之(zhi)有(you)”者,何愆(qian)咎之(zhi)有(you),是谨慎之(zhi)至也(ye)。
“劳谦(qian),君子(zi)有终,吉。”子(zi)曰:“劳而不(bu)伐,有功而不(bu)德,厚之至也。语以其(qi)功下人(ren)者也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):“劳谦(qian)君(jun)子有终吉”者(zhe)(zhe),欲求外物来应,非唯谨(jin)慎,又须谦(qian)以(yi)(yi)下人。故(gu)引《谦(qian)》卦(gua)(gua)九三(san)爻辞以(yi)(yi)证之(zhi)(zhi)也。“子曰(yue)劳而(er)不(bu)伐”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)引卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)后,故(gu)言(yan)“子曰(yue)”。“劳而(er)不(bu)伐”者(zhe)(zhe),虽(sui)谦(qian)退(tui)疲劳,而(er)不(bu)自(zi)伐其(qi)善也。“有功(gong)而(er)不(bu)德,厚(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)至”者(zhe)(zhe),虽(sui)有其(qi)功(gong),而(er)不(bu)自(zi)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)恩德,是笃厚(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)至极。“语以(yi)(yi)其(qi)功(gong)下人”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)所言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe),语说(shuo)其(qi)《谦(qian)》卦(gua)(gua)九三(san),能以(yi)(yi)其(qi)有功(gong)卑下於(wu)人者(zhe)(zhe)也。
德言(yan)盛(sheng),礼(li)言(yan)恭。谦也者(zhe)(zhe),致恭以存其位(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)也。”
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“德言(yan)(yan)盛,礼言(yan)(yan)恭(gong)(gong)”者(zhe),谓德以盛为本,礼以恭(gong)(gong)为主:德贵盛新,礼尚恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing),故曰“德言(yan)(yan)盛,礼言(yan)(yan)恭(gong)(gong)”。“谦也(ye)者(zhe),致恭(gong)(gong)以存(cun)其(qi)位”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)谦退致其(qi)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing),以存(cun)其(qi)位者(zhe)也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)由恭(gong)(gong)德,保其(qi)禄位也(ye)。
“亢龙有(you)悔。”子(zi)曰:“贵而(er)无位,高而(er)无民(min),贤人在下,位而(er)无辅(fu),是以动而(er)有(you)悔也。”
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“亢(kang)龙(long)有悔”者,上既以谦(qian)德保(bao)位,此明无谦(qian)则有悔。故(gu)引(yin)《乾》之上九“亢(kang)龙(long)有悔”,证骄亢(kang)不谦(qian)也。
“不出户庭,无咎”子(zi)曰:“乱之所生也,则言语(yu)以为阶(jie)。”
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“不出户(hu)庭,无咎”者,又(you)明(ming)拟议之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),非(fei)但谦而不骄,又(you)当谨慎周密,故引《节》之(zhi)(zhi)初九周密之(zhi)(zhi)事以(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)。“子(zi)曰:乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)所生,则(ze)言(yan)语以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)阶(jie)”者,阶(jie)谓(wei)梯(ti)也(ye)。言(yan)乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)所生,则(ze)由言(yan)语以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)阶(jie)梯(ti)也(ye)。
君不密则失(shi)臣,臣不密则失(shi)身,几事不密则害成(cheng)。是以君子慎密而不出(chu)也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“君(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)密(mi)(mi)则(ze)失(shi)臣(chen)(chen)”者(zhe),臣(chen)(chen)既尽忠,不(bu)(bu)(bu)避(bi)危难,为君(jun)谋事,君(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎密(mi)(mi)乃彰露臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)所(suo)为,使在下闻之(zhi),众共(gong)嫉怒,害(hai)(hai)此臣(chen)(chen)而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi),是失(shi)臣(chen)(chen)也(ye)。“臣(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)密(mi)(mi)则(ze)失(shi)身”者(zhe),言臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)言行,既有亏失(shi),则(ze)失(shi)身也(ye)。“几(ji)事不(bu)(bu)(bu)密(mi)(mi)则(ze)害(hai)(hai)成(cheng)”者(zhe),几(ji)谓几(ji)微之(zhi)事,当须密(mi)(mi)慎,预防(fang)祸害(hai)(hai)。若其不(bu)(bu)(bu)密(mi)(mi)而(er)漏泄(xie),祸害(hai)(hai)交起,是害(hai)(hai)成(cheng)也(ye)。“是以君(jun)子慎密(mi)(mi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)(chu)”者(zhe),於(wu)易言之(zhi),是身慎密(mi)(mi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)(chu)户庭,於(wu)此义言之(zhi),亦谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)妄出(chu)(chu)言语也(ye)。
子曰(yue):“作《易》者,其知盗乎?言盗亦乘衅而至也。
[疏]正义曰:此结(jie)上不(bu)密失身之事(shi),事(shi)若(ruo)不(bu)密,人则乘此机危而(er)害之,犹若(ruo)财(cai)之不(bu)密,盗(dao)则乘此机危而(er)窃之。易(yi)者(zhe),爱(ai)恶相攻,远近相取,盛(sheng)衰(shuai)相变(bian),若(ruo)此爻有衅隙衰(shuai)弱,则彼爻乘变(bian)而(er)夺(duo)之。故(gu)云:“作《易(yi)》者(zhe),其(qi)知盗(dao)乎?”
《易》曰:‘负(fu)且乘(cheng),致寇至。’负(fu)也(ye)者,小人之(zhi)事也(ye)。乘(cheng)也(ye)者,君子之(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)。小人而乘(cheng)君子之(zhi)器(qi),盗(dao)(dao)(dao)思(si)夺之(zhi)矣(yi)。上(shang)慢(man)下暴(bao),盗(dao)(dao)(dao)思(si)伐之(zhi)矣(yi)。慢(man)藏诲盗(dao)(dao)(dao),冶容诲淫。
[疏]“《易》曰”至“诲淫”。
○正义曰(yue):“《易》曰(yue):负且乘(cheng),致寇至”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此又明(ming)拟议之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,当量身而(er)(er)行,不(bu)可以(yi)小处大,以(yi)贱贪贵,故引《解》卦六三(san)以(yi)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“负也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)”,负者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),担(dan)负於物(wu),合是小人(ren)所(suo)为(wei)也(ye)。“乘(cheng)也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言乘(cheng)车者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器物(wu)。言君(jun)子(zi)(zi)合乘(cheng)车。今应负之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)而(er)(er)乘(cheng)车,是小人(ren)乘(cheng)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器也(ye),则(ze)盗窃(qie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),思欲(yu)夺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。“上慢下(xia)暴,盗思伐(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),小人(ren)居(ju)上位(wei)必骄慢,而(er)(er)在下(xia)必暴虐。为(wei)政如(ru)此,大盗思欲(yu)伐(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。“慢藏诲(hui)盗,冶容(rong)诲(hui)淫”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),若(ruo)慢藏财物(wu),守掌不(bu)谨,则(ze)教(jiao)诲(hui)於盗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),使来取此物(wu);女子(zi)(zi)妖(yao)冶其(qi)容(rong),身不(bu)精悫,是教(jiao)诲(hui)淫者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),使来淫巳也(ye)。以(yi)此小人(ren)而(er)(er)居(ju)贵位(wei),骄矜而(er)(er)不(bu)谨慎,而(er)(er)致寇至也(ye)。
《易》曰:‘负且(qie)乘,致寇至’,盗之招(zhao)也。
[疏(shu)]正义曰(yue):又引(yin)《易(yi)》之所云,是盗之招(zhao)来也,言自招(zhao)来於盗。以慎重其事,故首尾(wei)皆(jie)称“《易(yi)》曰(yue)”,而(er)载《易(yi)》之爻(yao)辞也。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“大衍(yan)之数(shu)”至“祐神矣”,此第八章,明占筮之法(fa)、揲(she)蓍之体,显天地之数(shu),定乾(qian)坤之策,以为六十(shi)四卦,而生三百八十(shi)四爻。
大衍(yan)之数五十(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)用(yong)(yong)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)九。王弼曰:演天地(di)之数,所(suo)赖者五十(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。其(qi)用(yong)(yong)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)九,则其(qi)一不用(yong)(yong)也(ye)。不用(yong)(yong)而(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)以之通(tong),非数而(er)(er)数以之成,斯易(yi)之太极也(ye)。四十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)九,数之极也(ye)。夫(fu)无不可以无明(ming),必因於有(you),故常(chang)於有(you)物之极,而(er)(er)必明(ming)其(qi)所(suo)由之宗也(ye)。
[疏]“大衍”至“有九”。
○正义曰:京房云:“五十者,谓十日、十二辰、二十八宿也,凡五十。其一不用者,天之生气,将欲以虚来实,故用四十九焉。”马季长云:“易有太极,谓北辰也。太极生两仪,两仪生日月,日月生四时,四时生五行,五行生十二月,十二月生二十四气。北辰居位不动,其馀四十九转运而用也。”荀爽云:“卦各有六爻,六八四十八,加乾、坤二用,凡有五十。《乾》初九‘潜龙勿用’,故用四十九也。”郑康成云:“天地之数五十有五,以五行气通。凡五行减五,大衍又减一,故四十九也。”姚信、董遇云:“天地之数五十有五者,其六以象六画之数,故减之而用四十九。”但五十之数,义有多家,各有其说,未知孰是。今案王弼云“演天地之数,所赖者五十”,据王弼此说,其意皆与诸儒不同。万物之策,凡有万一千五百二十。其用此策推演天地之数,唯用五十策也。一谓自然所须策者唯用五十,就五十策中,其所用揲蓍者,唯用四十有九。其一不用,以其虚无,非所用也,故不数之。顾欢同王弼此说。故顾欢云:“立此五十数,以数神,神虽非数,因数而显。故虚其一数,以明不可言之义。”只如此意,则别无所以,自然而有此五十也。今依用之。
○注“王弼”至“宗也”。
○正义曰:“王弼云(yun):演天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)赖(lai)(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)(wu)十”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),韩(han)氏(shi)亲受业於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王弼,承王弼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨,故引(yin)王弼云(yun)以(yi)(yi)证成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义。“演天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)赖(lai)(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)(wu)十,”谓万物筹,策虽万有(you)(you)一(yi)千(qian)五(wu)(wu)百二十,若用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)推演天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)赖(lai)(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)唯赖(lai)(lai)五(wu)(wu)十,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)馀不(bu)(bu)赖(lai)(lai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。但赖(lai)(lai)五(wu)(wu)十者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),自然(ran)如此(ci)(ci),不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)然(ran)。云(yun)“则其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《经》既云(yun)“五(wu)(wu)十”,又云(yun)“其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)四(si)十九(jiu)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。既称(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)“用(yong)”,明(ming)(ming)(ming)知(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言不(bu)(bu)用(yong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),若全不(bu)(bu)用(yong),理(li)应(ying)不(bu)(bu)赖(lai)(lai)。此(ci)(ci)既当(dang)论用(yong),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)并言不(bu)(bu)用(yong)为用(yong)。五(wu)(wu)十者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),虽是(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)用(yong)从(cong)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)来(lai),以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)得(de)(de)用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故云(yun)“不(bu)(bu)用(yong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)用(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)则四(si)十九(jiu)蓍(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。蓍(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)堪(kan)用(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),从(cong)造化虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)造化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng),此(ci)(ci)蓍(shi)何由(you)得(de)(de)用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?言“非(fei)数(shu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)数(shu)以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),太(tai)一(yi)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu),是(shi)非(fei)可数(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)有(you)(you)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),由(you)非(fei)数(shu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)得(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。即四(si)十九(jiu)是(shi)有(you)(you)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),原从(cong)非(fei)数(shu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)来(lai),故将(jiang)非(fei)数(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),总(zong)为五(wu)(wu)十。故云(yun)“非(fei)数(shu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)数(shu)以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。言“斯易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)极”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),斯,此(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言此(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)极之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形,即无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡(fan)有(you)(you)皆(jie)从(cong)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)来(lai),故易从(cong)太(tai)一(yi)为始也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言“夫(fu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明(ming)(ming)(ming),必(bi)因(yin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti),处(chu)(chu)处(chu)(chu)皆(jie)虚(xu)(xu)(xu),何可以(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)说之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),明(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若欲明(ming)(ming)(ming)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li),必(bi)因(yin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境(jing)(jing),可以(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)本虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。犹若春(chun)生(sheng)秋(qiu)杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,不(bu)(bu)见(jian)生(sheng)杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。就有(you)(you)境(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,见(jian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)杀(sha)(sha),却推於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),始知(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中有(you)(you)生(sheng)杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li),是(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)必(bi)因(yin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言“故常於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极,而(er)(er)(er)(er)必(bi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言欲明(ming)(ming)(ming)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),常须因(yin)有(you)(you)物至极之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)宗(zong)。若易由(you)太(tai),有(you)(you)由(you)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),变化由(you)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)神,皆(jie)是(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言有(you)(you)且何因(yin)如此(ci)(ci),皆(jie)由(you)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)自然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)来(lai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
分(fen)而(er)为二(er)以(yi)(yi)象(xiang)两,挂一(yi)以(yi)(yi)象(xiang)三(san),揲(she)之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)四,以(yi)(yi)象(xiang)四时,归奇於扐(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)象(xiang)闰(run)(run)。五岁(sui)再(zai)闰(run)(run),故(gu)再(zai)扐(le)(le)而(er)后挂。奇,况四揲(she)之(zhi)馀,不足复揲(she)者(zhe)也。分(fen)而(er)为二(er),既(ji)揲(she)之(zhi)馀,合挂於一(yi),故(gu)曰“再(zai)扐(le)(le)而(er)后挂”。凡闰(run)(run),十九年七闰(run)(run)为一(yi)章,五岁(sui)再(zai)闰(run)(run)者(zhe)二(er),故(gu)略举(ju)其凡也。
[疏]正义曰:“分而(er)(er)(er)为二以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)两(liang)”者(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)(wu)十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei),去其(qi)一(yi),馀(yu)有四(si)(si)十九,合同未分,是(shi)(shi)象(xiang)(xiang)太一(yi)也(ye)(ye)。今以(yi)四(si)(si)十九分而(er)(er)(er)为二,以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)两(liang)仪也(ye)(ye)。“挂一(yi)以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)三”者(zhe)(zhe),就两(liang)仪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),於(wu)(wu)天(tian)数(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),分挂其(qi)一(yi),而(er)(er)(er)配两(liang)仪,以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)三才(cai)也(ye)(ye)。“揲(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)四(si)(si),以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)四(si)(si)时”者(zhe)(zhe),分揲(she)其(qi)蓍,皆以(yi)四(si)(si)四(si)(si)为数(shu),以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)四(si)(si)时。“归(gui)奇於(wu)(wu)扐(le)以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)闰(run)”者(zhe)(zhe),奇谓四(si)(si)揲(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馀(yu),归(gui)此(ci)残奇於(wu)(wu)所扐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)而(er)(er)(er)成数(shu),以(yi)法象(xiang)(xiang)天(tian)道。归(gui)残聚馀(yu),分而(er)(er)(er)成闰(run)也(ye)(ye)。“五(wu)(wu)岁再(zai)闰(run)”者(zhe)(zhe),凡(fan)前(qian)闰(run)后(hou)闰(run),相去大(da)略三十二月,在(zai)五(wu)(wu)岁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)五(wu)(wu)岁再(zai)闰(run)。“再(zai)扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)挂”者(zhe)(zhe),既分天(tian)地,天(tian)於(wu)(wu)左手(shou),地於(wu)(wu)右手(shou),乃(nai)四(si)(si)四(si)(si)揲(she)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),最(zui)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馀(yu),归(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合於(wu)(wu)扐(le)挂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)处,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)揲(she)也(ye)(ye)。又(you)以(yi)四(si)(si)四(si)(si)揲(she)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),最(zui)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馀(yu),又(you)合於(wu)(wu)前(qian)所归(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)裛挂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)再(zai)扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)挂也(ye)(ye)。
天数五。五,奇也(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:谓一、三(san)、五、七、九也。
地(di)数(shu)五。五,耦(ou)也。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:谓(wei)二、四、六、八、十也。
五(wu)位相得而(er)各有(you)合(he),天(tian)地(di)之数各五(wu),五(wu)数相配,以合(he)成(cheng)金、木、水、火、土。
[疏]正义曰:若天(tian)(tian)一与(yu)地六(liu)相(xiang)(xiang)得(de),合(he)为(wei)水(shui),地二与(yu)天(tian)(tian)七相(xiang)(xiang)得(de),合(he)为(wei)火,天(tian)(tian)三与(yu)地八相(xiang)(xiang)得(de),合(he)为(wei)木(mu),地四与(yu)天(tian)(tian)九相(xiang)(xiang)得(de)合(he)为(wei)金,天(tian)(tian)五(wu)与(yu)地十相(xiang)(xiang)得(de),合(he)为(wei)土也。
天数二(er)十有五(wu)(wu),五(wu)(wu)奇合为(wei)二(er)十五(wu)(wu)。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:总合(he)五奇(qi)之数。
地数三十。五耦(ou)合为(wei)三十。
[疏]正义曰(yue):总合(he)五耦之类也。
凡天地之数五十有五。此(ci)所以成(cheng)变(bian)化(hua)而行鬼神(shen)也。变(bian)化(hua)以此(ci)成(cheng),鬼神(shen)以此(ci)行。
[疏]正义曰:“凡天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)数(shu)五(wu)十有五(wu)”者,是(shi)天(tian)(tian)地二数(shu)相合(he)为(wei)五(wu)十五(wu),此(ci)(ci)乃天(tian)(tian)地阴(yin)(yin)阳奇(qi)耦之(zhi)数(shu),非是(shi)上文演天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)策也。“此(ci)(ci)所以(yi)成变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing)鬼(gui)神”者,言(yan)(yan)(yan)此(ci)(ci)阳奇(qi)阴(yin)(yin)耦之(zhi)数(shu),成就其变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)此(ci)(ci)阴(yin)(yin)阳而(er)成,故(gu)云(yun)“成变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”也。而(er)宣行(xing)(xing)(xing)鬼(gui)神之(zhi)用,言(yan)(yan)(yan)鬼(gui)神以(yi)此(ci)(ci)阴(yin)(yin)阳而(er)得(de)宣行(xing)(xing)(xing),故(gu)云(yun)“而(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing)鬼(gui)神也”。
《乾》之(zhi)策二(er)百一十有六(liu)(liu),阳爻(yao)六(liu)(liu),一爻(yao)三(san)十六(liu)(liu)策,六(liu)(liu)爻(yao)二(er)百一十六(liu)(liu)策。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:以乾(qian)老阳(yang),一(yi)爻(yao)(yao)有三十(shi)六(liu)(liu)策,六(liu)(liu)爻(yao)(yao)凡有二百(bai)一(yi)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)策也(ye)。乾(qian)之少阳(yang),一(yi)爻(yao)(yao)有二十(shi)八(ba)策,六(liu)(liu)爻(yao)(yao)则有一(yi)百(bai)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)八(ba)策,此(ci)《经》据(ju)老阳(yang)之策也(ye)。
坤之策(ce)(ce)百(bai)四(si)十有四(si),阴爻(yao)六,一爻(yao)二(er)十四(si)策(ce)(ce),六爻(yao)百(bai)四(si)十四(si)策(ce)(ce)。
[疏]正义曰:坤之老阴,一爻(yao)有二十(shi)(shi)四(si)策,六爻(yao)故一百四(si)十(shi)(shi)有四(si)策也。若(ruo)坤之少阴,一爻(yao)有三十(shi)(shi)二,六爻(yao)则(ze)有一百九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)二。此《经》据(ju)坤之老阴,故百四(si)十(shi)(shi)有四(si)也。
凡三(san)百有六十(shi),当期之(zhi)(zhi)日。二篇(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)策,万有一千(qian)五百二十(shi),当万物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)数也。二篇(pian)三(san)百八十(shi)四爻(yao),阴(yin)阳各半,合万一千(qian)五百二十(shi)策。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“凡三(san)百有六十,当(dang)期(qi)之日(ri)”者,举(ju)合乾、坤(kun)两(liang)策,有三(san)百有六十,当(dang)期(qi)之数(shu)。三(san)百六十日(ri),举(ju)其大略,不(bu)数(shu)五日(ri)四分日(ri)之一也(ye)(ye)。“二(er)篇(pian)之策,万(wan)有一千(qian)五百二(er)十,当(dang)万(wan)物之数(shu)”者,二(er)篇(pian)之爻(yao),总(zong)有三(san)百八十四爻(yao),阴阳各半,阳爻(yao)一百九十二(er)爻(yao),爻(yao)别三(san)十六,总(zong)有六千(qian)九百一十二(er)也(ye)(ye)。阴爻(yao)亦一百九十二(er)爻(yao),爻(yao)别二(er)十四,总(zong)有四千(qian)六百八也(ye)(ye)。阴阳总(zong)合,万(wan)有一千(qian)五百二(er)十,当(dang)万(wan)物之数(shu)也(ye)(ye)。
是故四(si)(si)营而成易,分(fen)而为二(er),以象两,一营也(ye)(ye)。挂一以象三(san),二(er)营也(ye)(ye)。揲之以四(si)(si),三(san)营也(ye)(ye)。归奇於扐,四(si)(si)营也(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:营(ying)谓经营(ying),谓四(si)度经营(ying)蓍策,乃(nai)成易之(zhi)一变也。
十有八变(bian)而成卦(gua),八卦(gua)而小(xiao)成。引而伸之(zhi)。伸之(zhi)六十四卦(gua)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“十(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)八(ba)变(bian)(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)”者(zhe),每一(yi)(yi)(yi)爻(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)变(bian)(bian)(bian),谓(wei)初一(yi)(yi)(yi)揲,不五(wu)则九,是一(yi)(yi)(yi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)也(ye)。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)揲,不四(si)(si)则八(ba),是二(er)(er)变(bian)(bian)(bian)也(ye)。第(di)(di)三(san)揲,亦(yi)不四(si)(si)则八(ba),是三(san)变(bian)(bian)(bian)也(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)三(san)者(zhe)俱(ju)多为(wei)老阴,谓(wei)初得(de)(de)九,第(di)(di)二(er)(er)、第(di)(di)三(san)俱(ju)得(de)(de)八(ba)也(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)三(san)者(zhe)俱(ju)少为(wei)老阳(yang),谓(wei)初得(de)(de)五(wu),第(di)(di)二(er)(er)第(di)(di)三(san),俱(ju)得(de)(de)四(si)(si)也(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)两少一(yi)(yi)(yi)多为(wei)少阴,谓(wei)初与二(er)(er)、三(san)之间,或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)(si)或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)八(ba)也(ye)。或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)个四(si)(si)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个九,此为(wei)两少一(yi)(yi)(yi)多也(ye)。其两多一(yi)(yi)(yi)少为(wei)少阳(yang)者(zhe),谓(wei)三(san)揲之间,或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个九,有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个八(ba)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个四(si)(si),或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)个八(ba),而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个五(wu),此为(wei)两多一(yi)(yi)(yi)少也(ye)。如此三(san)变(bian)(bian)(bian)既毕,乃(nai)定一(yi)(yi)(yi)爻(yao)。六爻(yao)则十(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)八(ba)变(bian)(bian)(bian),乃(nai)始成(cheng)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)也(ye)。“八(ba)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)而(er)(er)(er)小(xiao)成(cheng)”者(zhe),象天地(di)雷风日月山(shan)泽(ze),於(wu)大象略(lve)尽,是易(yi)道小(xiao)成(cheng)。“引(yin)而(er)(er)(er)伸之”者(zhe),谓(wei)引(yin)长八(ba)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)而(er)(er)(er)伸尽之,谓(wei)引(yin)之为(wei)六十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)也(ye)。
触类而长之,天下之能事毕矣。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“触类而长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)”者(zhe),谓触逢事(shi)类而增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi),若触刚(gang)之(zhi)事(shi)类,以(yi)次增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)於刚(gang)。若触柔(rou)之(zhi)事(shi)类,以(yi)次增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)於柔(rou)。“天下(xia)之(zhi)能事(shi)毕(bi)矣”者(zhe),天下(xia)万事(shi),皆(jie)如此(ci)例,各(ge)以(yi)类增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),则天下(xia)所能之(zhi)事(shi),法(fa)象皆(jie)尽,故(gu)曰“天下(xia)之(zhi)能事(shi)毕(bi)矣”也。
显道,显,明也(ye)。神德行。由神以成其用。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):言易理备尽天下之能(neng)事,故可以(yi)显明无为之道(dao),而神灵其(qi)德行之事。言大虚(xu)(xu)以(yi)养(yang)(yang)万(wan)物(wu)为德行,今(jin)易道(dao)以(yi)其(qi)神灵助太虚(xu)(xu)而养(yang)(yang)物(wu),是神其(qi)德行也。
是故可与(yu)(yu)酬(chou)酢(zuo),可与(yu)(yu)祐(you)神(shen)矣。可以应对(dui)万物之求(qiu)助(zhu),成神(shen)化之功(gong)也。酬(chou)酢(zuo),犹应对(dui)也。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)故可(ke)(ke)与酬酢(zuo)”者,酬酢(zuo),谓应对报答,言易道(dao)如此。若万(wan)物有(you)所求为,此易道(dao)可(ke)(ke)与应答,万(wan)物有(you)求则(ze)报,故曰“可(ke)(ke)与酬酢(zuo)也”。“可(ke)(ke)与祐神(shen)矣”者,祐,助(zhu)也。易道(dao)弘大,可(ke)(ke)与助(zhu)成神(shen)化之功(gong)也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):“子曰(yue)知变化”至(zhi)“此之(zhi)(zhi)谓也”。此第九(jiu)章(zhang)(zhang)也。上章(zhang)(zhang)既明大(da)衍之(zhi)(zhi)数,极尽蓍策之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)数,可与助(zhu)成神(shen)化之(zhi)(zhi)功。此又广明易(yi)道深远(yuan)(yuan),圣人之(zhi)(zhi)道有四(si),又明易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)深远(yuan)(yuan),穷极几(ji)神(shen)也。
子曰(yue):“知变(bian)化之(zhi)道者,其知神之(zhi)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)乎?夫变(bian)化之(zhi)道,不为(wei)(wei)而(er)自然。故知变(bian)化者,则知神之(zhi)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:言易既知变化(hua)之(zhi)道理,不(bu)为而(er)自(zi)然(ran)也。则能知神(shen)(shen)化(hua)之(zhi)所(suo)为,言神(shen)(shen)化(hua)亦(yi)不(bu)为而(er)自(zi)然(ran)也。
《易(yi)》有圣人之道四焉(yan):以(yi)(yi)言(yan)者尚其(qi)(qi)辞,以(yi)(yi)动者尚其(qi)(qi)变,以(yi)(yi)制器者尚其(qi)(qi)象,以(yi)(yi)卜筮者尚其(qi)(qi)占(zhan)。”此四者存(cun)乎(hu)器象,可得而用(yong)也。
[疏]“《易》有”至“其占”。
○正义曰:“《易》有圣人之道四焉”者,言《易》之为书,有圣人所用之道者凡有四事焉。“以言者尚其辞”者,谓圣人发言而施政教者,贵尚其爻卦之辞,发其言辞,出言而施政教也。“以动者尚其变”者,谓圣人有所兴动营为,故法其阴阳变化。变有吉凶,圣人之动,取吉不取凶也。“以制器者尚其象”者,谓造制形器,法其爻卦之象。若造弧矢,法睽之象,若造杵臼,法小过之象也。“以卜筮者尚其占”者,策是筮之所用,并言卜者,卜虽龟之见兆,亦有阴阳三行变动之状。故卜之与筮,尚其爻卦变动之占也。
○注“器象”。
○正义曰:“辞”是(shi)(shi)爻辞,爻辞是(shi)(shi)器象也(ye)。“变”是(shi)(shi)变化,见其(qi)来去(qu),亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)器象也(ye)。“象”是(shi)(shi)形象,“占”是(shi)(shi)占其(qi)形状,并(bing)是(shi)(shi)有体之(zhi)物。有体则是(shi)(shi)物之(zhi)可用,故云“可得(de)而用者也(ye)”。
是以(yi)君子将有为也(ye),将有行也(ye),问焉而以(yi)言。其受命也(ye)如响,无有远近(jin)幽深,遂知来物。非天下(xia)之(zhi)至精,其孰能与於(wu)此(ci)?
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)以(yi)君子将(jiang)有(you)(you)为也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),将(jiang)有(you)(you)行也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),问(wen)焉而(er)以(yi)言(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),既易(yi)道有(you)(you)四,是(shi)以(yi)君子将(jiang)欲有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)施为,将(jiang)欲有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)行,往占(zhan)问(wen)其(qi)吉凶(xiong)(xiong),而(er)以(yi)言(yan)命(ming)蓍也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“其(qi)受命(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)如(ru)响”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓蓍受人(ren)命(ming),报人(ren)吉凶(xiong)(xiong),如(ru)响之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应声也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“无有(you)(you)远(yuan)近(jin)幽深(shen)(shen)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)告(gao)人(ren)吉凶(xiong)(xiong),无问(wen)远(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与近(jin),及(ji)幽遂深(shen)(shen)远(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处,悉(xi)皆告(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“遂知来物(wu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),物(wu),事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然易(yi)以(yi)万事(shi)告(gao)人(ren),人(ren)因此遂知将(jiang)来之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“非天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至精,其(qi)孰能(neng)与於(wu)此”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功深(shen)(shen)如(ru)此,若非天下万事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei),至极(ji)精妙,谁(shei)能(neng)参与於(wu)此,与易(yi)道同也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此已上论易(yi)道功深(shen)(shen),告(gao)人(ren)吉凶(xiong)(xiong),使豫知来事(shi),故(gu)以(yi)此结之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
参伍(wu)以变(bian),错综(zong)其(qi)数,通其(qi)变(bian),遂成天(tian)下(xia)之文;极其(qi)数,遂定天(tian)下(xia)之象。非(fei)天(tian)下(xia)之至变(bian),其(qi)孰能与於此?
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰:“参伍(wu)(wu)以(yi)变(bian)”者(zhe)(zhe),参,三也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。伍(wu)(wu),五(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。或三或五(wu),以(yi)相参合,以(yi)相改变(bian)。略举三五(wu),诸数(shu)(shu)皆(jie)然也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“错综其数(shu)(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe),错谓交(jiao)错,综谓总聚(ju),交(jiao)错裛聚(ju)其阴阳(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“通其变(bian)”者(zhe)(zhe),由交(jiao)错总聚(ju),通极(ji)(ji)其阴阳(yang)(yang)相变(bian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“遂(sui)(sui)成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)其相变(bian),故(gu)能(neng)遂(sui)(sui)成(cheng)就(jiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)。若青(qing)赤(chi)相杂,故(gu)称文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“极(ji)(ji)其数(shu)(shu),遂(sui)(sui)定天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓穷极(ji)(ji)其阴阳(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu),以(yi)定天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)万物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)。犹若极(ji)(ji)二百一十六策(ce),以(yi)定乾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老阳(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),穷一百四(si)十四(si)策(ce),以(yi)定坤(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老阴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),举此(ci)馀可知也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“非天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)变(bian),其孰能(neng)与(yu)於此(ci)”者(zhe)(zhe),言此(ci)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li),若非天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)万事至(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)化(hua),谁(shei)能(neng)与(yu)於此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe),言皆(jie)不能(neng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)结成(cheng)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,故(gu)更言“与(yu)於此(ci)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。前《经》论易(yi)理(li)深,故(gu)云“非天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)精”。此(ci)《经》论极(ji)(ji)数(shu)(shu)变(bian)通,故(gu)云“非天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
易无(wu)思也(ye),无(wu)为也(ye),寂(ji)然不动,感而遂通天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)故,非(fei)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)神,其孰(shu)能(neng)与(yu)於(wu)此?夫(fu)非(fei)忘象者,则无(wu)以制象。非(fei)遗(yi)数(shu)者,无(wu)以极数(shu)。至(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)者,无(wu)筹策而不可乱。至(zhi)(zhi)变者,体一而无(wu)不周。至(zhi)(zhi)神者,寂(ji)然而无(wu)不应。斯盖功用之(zhi)(zhi)母,象数(shu)所由立(li),故曰非(fei)至(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)至(zhi)(zhi)变至(zhi)(zhi)神,则不得与(yu)於(wu)斯也(ye)。
[疏]“易无思”至“於此”。
○正义曰:“易无思也,无为也”者,任运自然,不关心虑,是无思也;任运自动,不须营造,是无为也。“寂然不动,感而遂通天下之故”者,既无思无为,故“寂然不动”。有感必应,万事皆通,是“感而遂通天下之故”也。故谓事故,言通天下万事也。“非天下之至神,其孰能与於此”者,言易理神功不测,非天下万事之中,至极神妙,其孰能与於此也。此《经》明易理神妙不测,故云“非天下之至神”,若非天下之至神,谁能与於此也。
○注“非忘象”。
○正义曰(yue):云“夫非忘(wang)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe),则无(wu)以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe),凡自(zi)有(you)(you)形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)他(ta)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),犹(you)若(ruo)(ruo)海不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),山不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。遗(yi)(yi)忘(wang)巳象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe),乃(nai)能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)众物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)。“非遗(yi)(yi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe),无(wu)以(yi)(yi)极(ji)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”者(zhe),若(ruo)(ruo)以(yi)(yi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)物(wu),则不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)极(ji)其(qi)物(wu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。犹(you)若(ruo)(ruo)以(yi)(yi)万而(er)(er)(er)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),则不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)苞(bao)亿(yi),以(yi)(yi)一亿(yi)而(er)(er)(er)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),则不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)苞(bao)千亿(yi)万亿(yi)。遗(yi)(yi)去(qu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)名者(zhe),则无(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)苞(bao)。是(shi)非遗(yi)(yi)去(qu)其(qi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),无(wu)以(yi)(yi)极(ji)尽(jin)於数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)者(zhe),无(wu)筹策而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)乱(luan)”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing),理在玄通,无(wu)不(bu)(bu)记(ji)亿(yi),虽无(wu)筹策,而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变者(zhe),体一而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)不(bu)(bu)周”者(zhe),言(yan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)晓(xiao)达变理者(zhe),能(neng)(neng)体於淳(chun)一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,其(qi)变通无(wu)不(bu)(bu)周遍。言(yan)虽万类之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变,同归於一变也(ye)(ye)。“斯盖(gai)功用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母,象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)(you)(you)立”者(zhe),言(yan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,三者(zhe)是(shi)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母。物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功用(yong),象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),由(you)(you)(you)此至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)(you)(you)来(lai),故云“象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)(you)(you)立”也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)立有(you)(you)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe),岂由(you)(you)(you)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)而(er)(er)(er)来(lai),由(you)(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)虚自(zi)然而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye);数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe),岂由(you)(you)(you)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)来(lai),由(you)(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)虚自(zi)然而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye);是(shi)太(tai)(tai)虚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),太(tai)(tai)虚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),是(shi)其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变也(ye)(ye)。由(you)(you)(you)其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing),故能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);由(you)(you)(you)其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变,故能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。若(ruo)(ruo)非至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,则不(bu)(bu)得参(can)与妙极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玄理也(ye)(ye)。
夫易,圣人之(zhi)(zhi)所以极(ji)深(shen)而(er)研几(ji)(ji)也。唯(wei)(wei)深(shen)也,故能通天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)志。唯(wei)(wei)几(ji)(ji)也,故能成天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)务。极(ji)未形之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)则(ze)曰(yue)深(shen),適(shi)动(dong)微之(zhi)(zhi)会(hui)则(ze)曰(yue)几(ji)(ji)。
[疏]正义曰:“夫易(yi)(yi)圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)极(ji)(ji)(ji)深(shen)(shen)(shen)而(er)研几(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,言(yan)易(yi)(yi)道弘大,故(gu)(gu)圣人(ren)用之(zhi)(zhi),所以(yi)穷(qiong)极(ji)(ji)(ji)幽深(shen)(shen)(shen),而(er)研覈几(ji)(ji)(ji)微(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“极(ji)(ji)(ji)深(shen)(shen)(shen)”者,则前《经(jing)(jing)(jing)》初一节云:“君子将有为,将有行(xing)(xing),问焉(yan)而(er)以(yi)言(yan),其受命如响,无有远近幽深(shen)(shen)(shen)”,是极(ji)(ji)(ji)深(shen)(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“研几(ji)(ji)(ji)”者,上(shang)《经(jing)(jing)(jing)》次(ci)节云“参伍以(yi)变(bian),错综其数,通(tong)(tong)其变(bian),遂(sui)成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen);极(ji)(ji)(ji)其数,以(yi)定天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”,是研几(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“唯(wei)深(shen)(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)通(tong)(tong)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)务(wu)”者,圣人(ren)用易(yi)(yi)道以(yi)极(ji)(ji)(ji)深(shen)(shen)(shen),故(gu)(gu)圣人(ren)德深(shen)(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)通(tong)(tong)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)志意(yi),即是前《经(jing)(jing)(jing)》上(shang)节“问焉(yan)而(er)以(yi)言(yan),其受命如响”,“遂(sui)知来物”,是通(tong)(tong)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)志也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“唯(wei)几(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)务(wu)”者,圣人(ren)用易(yi)(yi)道以(yi)研几(ji)(ji)(ji),故(gu)(gu)圣人(ren)知事之(zhi)(zhi)几(ji)(ji)(ji)微(wei)(wei),是前《经(jing)(jing)(jing)》次(ci)节“参伍以(yi)变(bian),错综其数,通(tong)(tong)其变(bian),遂(sui)成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)”是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。几(ji)(ji)(ji)者离(li)无入有,是有初之(zhi)(zhi)微(wei)(wei)。以(yi)能(neng)(neng)知有初之(zhi)(zhi)微(wei)(wei)。则能(neng)(neng)兴(xing)行(xing)(xing)其事,故(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)事务(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
唯神也,故不疾而速,不行而至。子曰(yue):“易有圣(sheng)人之道四焉”者,此(ci)之谓也。四者由圣(sheng)道以成,故曰(yue)“圣(sheng)人之道”。
[疏(shu)]正义曰(yue):“唯(wei)(wei)神(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故不(bu)(bu)疾而(er)(er)(er)(er)速,不(bu)(bu)行而(er)(er)(er)(er)至”者,此(ci)(ci)覆(fu)说上《经》下(xia)(xia)节(jie)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)功也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以无(wu)(wu)思无(wu)(wu)为,寂然(ran)不(bu)(bu)动,感而(er)(er)(er)(er)遂通(tong),故不(bu)(bu)须(xu)急疾,而(er)(er)(er)(er)事(shi)速成;不(bu)(bu)须(xu)行动,而(er)(er)(er)(er)理自至也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)下(xia)(xia)节(jie)云“唯(wei)(wei)深(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”言(yan)“通(tong)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志”,“唯(wei)(wei)几也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”言(yan)“成天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)务”。今“唯(wei)(wei)神(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”直云“不(bu)(bu)疾而(er)(er)(er)(er)速,不(bu)(bu)行而(er)(er)(er)(er)至”,不(bu)(bu)言(yan)“通(tong)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”者,神(shen)则(ze)至理微(wei)妙,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测知(zhi)(zhi)。无(wu)(wu)象无(wu)(wu)功,於天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),理绝名言(yan),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)论也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故不(bu)(bu)云“成天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子曰(yue):“易有(you)圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道四(si)(si)(si)焉者,此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,章(zhang)(zhang)首论圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道四(si)(si)(si)焉,章(zhang)(zhang)中历陈(chen)(chen)其三(san)事(shi),章(zhang)(zhang)末(mo)结而(er)(er)(er)(er)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故曰(yue)“圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道四(si)(si)(si)焉”是此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。章(zhang)(zhang)首“圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道有(you)四(si)(si)(si)”者,韩(han)氏(shi)注云“此(ci)(ci)四(si)(si)(si)者存乎(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)象,可(ke)得而(er)(er)(er)(er)用者”,则(ze)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),变也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),象也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),占也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是有(you)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,形器(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若章(zhang)(zhang)中所陈(chen)(chen)则(ze)有(you)三(san)事(shi),一是至精(jing)(jing),精(jing)(jing)则(ze)唯(wei)(wei)深(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。二是至变,变则(ze)唯(wei)(wei)几也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。三(san)是至神(shen),神(shen)则(ze)微(wei)妙无(wu)(wu)形,是其无(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。神(shen)既无(wu)(wu)形,则(ze)章(zhang)(zhang)中三(san)事(shi),不(bu)(bu)得配(pei)章(zhang)(zhang)首四(si)(si)(si)事(shi)。韩(han)氏(shi)云“四(si)(si)(si)者存乎(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)象”,故知(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)(zhang)中三(san)事(shi),不(bu)(bu)得配(pei)章(zhang)(zhang)首四(si)(si)(si)事(shi)者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。但行此(ci)(ci)四(si)(si)(si)者,即能致章(zhang)(zhang)中三(san)事(shi)。故章(zhang)(zhang)中历陈(chen)(chen)三(san)事(shi),下(xia)(xia)总以“圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道四(si)(si)(si)焉”结之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“天一地二”至“谓之神”,此(ci)第十章(zhang)也。前章(zhang)论《易(yi)》有圣人之道(dao)四(si)焉,以卜筮尚其占(zhan)。此(ci)章(zhang)明卜筮蓍龟所用,能通神知也。
天一,地(di)(di)二;天三,地(di)(di)四;天五,地(di)(di)六;天七,地(di)(di)八(ba);天九,地(di)(di)十。易(yi)以极数通神明之德,故明易(yi)之道,先(xian)举天地(di)(di)之数也。
[疏]“天一”至“地十”。
○正义曰:此言天地阴阳自然奇偶之数也。
○注“易以极”至“数也”。
○正义曰(yue):“易以极(ji)数(shu)通(tong)神(shen)明之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)”者,谓易之(zhi)(zhi)为道,先由(you)穷(qiong)极(ji)其数(shu),乃以通(tong)神(shen)明之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)也。“故明易之(zhi)(zhi)道,先举(ju)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)”者,此章欲(yu)明神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)德(de),先由(you)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)而(er)成,故云“故明易之(zhi)(zhi)道,先举(ju)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)”也。
子(zi)曰:“夫(fu)易,何为者也(ye)(ye)?夫(fu)易,开物成(cheng)务,冒天下之(zhi)道,如斯而已者也(ye)(ye)。”冒,覆也(ye)(ye)。言易通万物之(zhi)志,成(cheng)天下之(zhi)务,其道可以覆冒天下也(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):“子曰(yue)(yue)夫(fu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)何(he)为”者,言易(yi)(yi)(yi)之功用(yong)(yong),其(qi)体(ti)何(he)为,是问其(qi)功用(yong)(yong)之意(yi)。“夫(fu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)开(kai)物成(cheng)务(wu),冒天下(xia)(xia)之道(dao)(dao),如斯而(er)已”者,此(ci)夫(fu)子还自释易(yi)(yi)(yi)之体(ti),用(yong)(yong)之状言易(yi)(yi)(yi)能开(kai)通万(wan)物之志,成(cheng)就天下(xia)(xia)之务(wu),有(you)覆(fu)冒天下(xia)(xia)之道(dao)(dao)。斯,此(ci)也,易(yi)(yi)(yi)之体(ti)用(yong)(yong)如此(ci)而(er)已。
是故圣人以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)志,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)业(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)断天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)疑。是故蓍之(zhi)德圆(yuan)而神,卦之(zhi)德方以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi),圆(yuan)者运而不(bu)穷,方者止而有分。言蓍以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)圆(yuan)象(xiang)(xiang)神,卦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方象(xiang)(xiang)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。唯变所適,无数不(bu)周,故曰圆(yuan)。卦列爻分,各有其体,故曰方也(ye)。
[疏]“是故圣人”至“以知”。正义曰:“是故圣人以通天下之志”者,言易道如此,是故圣人以其易道通达天下之志,极其幽深也。“以定天下之业”者,以此易道定天下之业,由能研几成务,故定天下之业也。“以断天下之疑”者,以此易道决断天下之疑,用其蓍龟占卜,定天下疑危也。“是故蓍之德圆而神,卦之德方以知”者,神以知来,是来无方也;知以藏往,是往有常也。物既有常,犹方之有止;数无恒体,犹圆之不穷。故蓍之变通则无穷,神之象也;卦列爻分有定体,知之象也。知可以识前言往行,神可以逆知将来之事,故蓍以圆象神,卦以方象知也。注“圆者”至“方也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):“圆者(zhe)(zhe)运而(er)不穷(qiong)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)团圆之物,运转无穷(qiong)已(yi),犹阪(ban)上走丸也。蓍亦运动(dong)不已(yi),故称(cheng)圆也。言“方(fang)(fang)(fang)者(zhe)(zhe)止(zhi)而(er)有分”者(zhe)(zhe),方(fang)(fang)(fang)谓(wei)处所(suo),既有处所(suo),则是(shi)止(zhi)而(er)有分。且物方(fang)(fang)(fang)者(zhe)(zhe),著地则安(an),其卦(gua)既成(cheng),更(geng)不移(yi)动(dong),亦是(shi)止(zhi)而(er)有分,故卦(gua)称(cheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)也。
六爻(yao)(yao)之义易以(yi)贡。贡,告也。六爻(yao)(yao)变易,以(yi)告吉凶。
[疏]正义曰(yue):贡,告(gao)也。六(liu)爻有吉凶(xiong)之(zhi)义,变易以告(gao)人也。
圣(sheng)人以此洗心,洗濯万物之(zhi)心。
[疏]正义曰:圣人(ren)以此易之卜(bu)筮(shi),洗荡万(wan)物(wu)之心(xin)。万(wan)物(wu)有疑(yi)则卜(bu)之,是荡其疑(yi)心(xin);行善得吉,行恶遇凶,是荡其恶心(xin)也。
退藏於(wu)密(mi)。言(yan)其道深(shen)微,万(wan)物日用而不能(neng)知其原,故曰“退藏於(wu)密(mi)”,犹藏诸用也。
[疏]正义曰:言(yan)易道(dao)进则荡除万物之心,退则不知其所以然(ran),万物日用而(er)不知,有功用藏於密(mi)也。
吉凶与民(min)同(tong)患。表吉凶之象,以同(tong)民(min)所忧患之事(shi),故曰“吉凶与民(min)同(tong)患也”。
[疏]正义曰:易道(dao)以示人(ren)吉凶(xiong)(xiong),民(min)则亦忧患(huan)其(qi)(qi)吉凶(xiong)(xiong),是(shi)与(yu)民(min)同其(qi)(qi)所(suo)忧患(huan)也(ye)。凶(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)民(min)之所(suo)忧也(ye),上并言吉凶(xiong)(xiong),此独言同患(huan)者(zhe),凶(xiong)(xiong)虽民(min)之所(suo)患(huan),吉亦民(min)之所(suo)患(huan)也(ye)。既得其(qi)(qi)吉,又患(huan)其(qi)(qi)失。故(gu)《老子(zi)》云“宠辱若(ruo)惊”也(ye)。
神(shen)以知来(lai)(lai),知以藏往(wang)。明蓍卦之(zhi)用,同(tong)神(shen)知也。蓍定数於(wu)(wu)始,於(wu)(wu)卦为(wei)来(lai)(lai)。卦成(cheng)象於(wu)(wu)终,於(wu)(wu)蓍为(wei)往(wang)。往(wang)来(lai)(lai)之(zhi)用相成(cheng),犹神(shen)知也。
[疏]正义曰:此明(ming)蓍(shi)(shi)(shi)卦(gua)(gua)德同(tong)神(shen)知(zhi)(zhi),知(zhi)(zhi)来(lai)(lai)藏往也。蓍(shi)(shi)(shi)定(ding)数於(wu)始,於(wu)卦(gua)(gua)为来(lai)(lai)。卦(gua)(gua)成象於(wu)终,於(wu)蓍(shi)(shi)(shi)为往。以(yi)(yi)蓍(shi)(shi)(shi)望卦(gua)(gua),则是知(zhi)(zhi)卦(gua)(gua)象将来(lai)(lai)之(zhi)事(shi),故言(yan)“神(shen)以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)来(lai)(lai)”。以(yi)(yi)卦(gua)(gua)望蓍(shi)(shi)(shi),则是聚於(wu)蓍(shi)(shi)(shi)象往去之(zhi)事(shi),故言(yan)“知(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)藏往”也。
其(qi)孰能与(yu)此(ci)哉!古(gu)之聪明叡知神(shen)武而不杀者夫(fu)!服万物(wu)而不以威形也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“其孰(shu)能(neng)(neng)与此(ci)哉”者,言(yan)谁能(neng)(neng)同此(ci)也,盖(gai)是古之聪明叡(rui)知(zhi)神(shen)武而(er)不杀者夫。易(yi)(yi)道(dao)深远,以吉(ji)凶祸(huo)福,威服万(wan)物。故(gu)古之聪明叡(rui)知(zhi)神(shen)武之君,谓(wei)伏牺等,用此(ci)易(yi)(yi)道(dao),能(neng)(neng)威服天下(xia),而(er)不用刑杀而(er)畏(wei)服之也。
是以(yi)明(ming)於(wu)天之(zhi)道,而察(cha)於(wu)民之(zhi)故,是兴神物以(yi)前民用(yong)。定吉凶於(wu)始也。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)以(yi)明於(wu)(wu)天之道(dao)”者,言圣人能明天道(dao)也(ye)(ye)。“而(er)察於(wu)(wu)民(min)之故(gu)”者,故(gu),事也(ye)(ye)。易穷变(bian)化而(er)察知民(min)之事也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)兴神物以(yi)前民(min)用”者,谓易道(dao)兴起神理事物,豫为法象,以(yi)示於(wu)(wu)人,以(yi)前民(min)之所用。定吉(ji)凶於(wu)(wu)前,民(min)乃法之所用,故(gu)云“以(yi)前民(min)用”也(ye)(ye)。
圣人以此齐戒,洗心(xin)曰齐,防(fang)患曰戒。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰(yue):圣人以“易”道自(zi)齐(qi)自(zi)戒,谓照了吉(ji)凶,齐(qi)戒其(qi)身(shen)。洗心曰(yue)齐(qi),防患曰(yue)戒。
以神明其德夫。是故阖户谓之坤。坤道包物。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:以(yi)(yi)“神明(ming)(ming)其德夫(fu)”者,言(yan)圣人(ren)既以(yi)(yi)易(yi)(yi)道(dao)自齐(qi)戒(jie),又以(yi)(yi)易(yi)(yi)道(dao)神明(ming)(ming)其已之德化(hua)也。“是(shi)故(gu)阖(he)户(hu)(hu)谓(wei)之坤”者,圣人(ren)既用(yong)此易(yi)(yi)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)化(hua)天下,此以(yi)(yi)下又广明(ming)(ming)易(yi)(yi)道(dao)之大。易(yi)(yi)从(cong)乾(qian)坤而来,故(gu)更明(ming)(ming)乾(qian)坤也。凡物先(xian)(xian)藏而后(hou)(hou)出,故(gu)先(xian)(xian)言(yan)坤而后(hou)(hou)言(yan)乾(qian)。阖(he)户(hu)(hu),谓(wei)闭藏。万物若室之闭阖(he)其户(hu)(hu),故(gu)云“阖(he)户(hu)(hu)谓(wei)之坤”也。
辟户谓(wei)之(zhi)乾。乾道施生。
[疏]正义曰:辟(pi)户,谓吐生万物也(ye);若室之开辟(pi)其户,故云“辟(pi)户谓之乾”也(ye)。
一阖一辟谓之变(bian),往来(lai)不穷谓之通。见(jian)乃谓之象。兆见(jian)曰象。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“一阖一辟(pi)谓(wei)之变(bian)(bian)”者,开闭相循,阴阳(yang)递至,或阳(yang)变(bian)(bian)为阴,或开而更闭,或阴变(bian)(bian)为阳(yang),或闭而还开,是谓(wei)之变(bian)(bian)也(ye)。“往来(lai)不(bu)穷谓(wei)之通(tong)”者,须往则变(bian)(bian)来(lai)为往,须来(lai)则变(bian)(bian)往为来(lai),随须改(gai)变(bian)(bian),不(bu)有穷已(yi),恒得通(tong)流,是“谓(wei)之通(tong)”也(ye)。“见(jian)(jian)乃(nai)(nai)谓(wei)之象”者,前往来(lai)不(bu)穷,据其(qi)气(qi)也(ye)。气(qi)渐积聚,露见(jian)(jian)萌兆,乃(nai)(nai)谓(wei)之象,言物体尚微也(ye)。
形(xing)乃谓之器(qi)。成形(xing)曰器(qi)。
[疏]正义曰:体质成(cheng)器,是谓(wei)器物。故曰“形乃谓(wei)之器”,言其著也。
制而(er)用(yong)之(zhi)谓之(zhi)法。利(li)用(yong)出入,民(min)咸(xian)用(yong)之(zhi)谓之(zhi)神。
[疏]正义曰:“制而用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之谓(wei)之法”者(zhe),言(yan)圣人(ren)裁制其物而施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之,垂为(wei)模范,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)“谓(wei)之法”。“利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)出(chu)入(ru),民(min)咸(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之谓(wei)之神(shen)(shen)”者(zhe),言(yan)圣人(ren)以利(li)而用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),或出(chu)或入(ru),使民(min)咸(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之,是圣德微妙,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)“谓(wei)之神(shen)(shen)”。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰:“是故易有”至“无不利也(ye)(ye)”。此第十一章(zhang)也(ye)(ye)。前章(zhang)既明(ming)蓍(shi)卦有神明(ming)之(zhi)用,圣(sheng)人(ren)则而象之(zhi),成其神化(hua)。此又(you)明(ming)易道之(zhi)大,法於天地,明(ming)象日月,能定(ding)天下(xia)之(zhi)吉(ji)凶,成天下(xia)之(zhi)亹(wei)亹(wei)也(ye)(ye)。
是故易(yi)有(you)(you)太极(ji)(ji)(ji),是生(sheng)两(liang)仪。夫有(you)(you)必始於无,故太极(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)两(liang)仪也。太极(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe),无称之(zhi)(zhi)称,不可得而名,取有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)所极(ji)(ji)(ji),况之(zhi)(zhi)太极(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)也。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):太(tai)极谓(wei)天(tian)地未分(fen)之前,元气混而为一,即(ji)是太(tai)初、太(tai)一也(ye)。故《老子(zi)(zi)》云:“道(dao)生(sheng)一。”即(ji)此太(tai)极是也(ye)。又谓(wei)混元既分(fen),即(ji)有天(tian)地,故曰(yue)“太(tai)极生(sheng)两(liang)(liang)仪(yi)(yi)”,即(ji)《老子(zi)(zi)》云:“一生(sheng)二”也(ye)。不言天(tian)地而言两(liang)(liang)仪(yi)(yi)者,指其物体,下(xia)与四象相(xiang)对(dui),故曰(yue)两(liang)(liang)仪(yi)(yi),谓(wei)两(liang)(liang)体容仪(yi)(yi)也(ye)。
两仪生四(si)象,四(si)象生八卦(gua)。卦(gua)以象之。
[疏]正义曰:“两(liang)仪生(sheng)四(si)(si)象(xiang)”者,谓(wei)金木水火,禀天(tian)地而有,故云:“两(liang)仪生(sheng)四(si)(si)象(xiang)”,土(tu)则分王(wang)四(si)(si)季,又地中(zhong)之别(bie),故唯云四(si)(si)象(xiang)也。“四(si)(si)象(xiang)生(sheng)八卦”者,若谓(wei)震木、离火、兑金、坎(kan)水,各(ge)主(zhu)一(yi)时,又巽同(tong)震木,乾同(tong)兑金,加以(yi)坤、艮之土(tu)为八卦也。
八卦定吉(ji)凶。八卦既立,则(ze)吉(ji)凶可定。
[疏(shu)]正义曰(yue):八(ba)(ba)卦既立(li),爻象变(bian)而相推,有(you)吉有(you)凶,故八(ba)(ba)卦定(ding)吉凶也。
吉凶(xiong)生(sheng)大业。既定(ding)吉凶(xiong),则广大悉备。
[疏]正义曰:万事(shi)各有吉(ji)凶,广(guang)大悉备,故能王天下大事(shi)业也。
是故法象莫大乎(hu)(hu)天地,变通莫大乎(hu)(hu)四时,县象著明莫大乎(hu)(hu)日月,崇高莫大乎(hu)(hu)富贵(gui)。位所以(yi)一(yi)天下之动,而济万(wan)物。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)故(gu)法象莫(mo)(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)(hu)天(tian)地(di)”者(zhe),言天(tian)地(di)最大(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)。“变通(tong)莫(mo)(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)(hu)四时”者(zhe),谓四时以变得通(tong),是(shi)变中最大(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)。“县(xian)象著明莫(mo)(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)(hu)日(ri)月(yue)”者(zhe),谓日(ri)月(yue)中时,遍照天(tian)下(xia)(xia),无(wu)幽不烛,故(gu)云“著明莫(mo)(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)(hu)日(ri)月(yue)”也(ye)(ye)。“崇高(gao)莫(mo)(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)(hu)富(fu)(fu)贵(gui)”者(zhe),以王者(zhe)居九五富(fu)(fu)贵(gui)之位(wei),力能齐一天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之动,而道(dao)济万(wan)物,是(shi)崇高(gao)之极(ji),故(gu)云“莫(mo)(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)(hu)富(fu)(fu)贵(gui)”。
备物致用(yong),立成器(qi)以(yi)为天下(xia)利,莫大乎圣人(ren)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:谓备天(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)物(wu),招致(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下所用(yong),建立成就(jiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)器,以(yi)为天(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)利,唯圣人(ren)能然,故(gu)云“莫大(da)乎圣人(ren)也”。
探赜索隐,钩深致(zhi)远,以定天下(xia)之(zhi)吉凶(xiong),成天下(xia)之(zhi)亹亹者,莫(mo)大乎(hu)蓍龟。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:探(tan),谓(wei)(wei)闚探(tan)求取(qu)(qu)。赜(ze),谓(wei)(wei)幽深(shen)难(nan)见。卜筮(shi)则能(neng)(neng)(neng)闚探(tan)幽昧之(zhi)理,故(gu)云(yun)探(tan)赜(ze)也(ye)(ye)。索,谓(wei)(wei)求索。隐(yin),谓(wei)(wei)隐(yin)藏(zang)。卜筮(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)求索隐(yin)藏(zang)之(zhi)处(chu),故(gu)云(yun)索隐(yin)也(ye)(ye)。物(wu)在(zai)深(shen)处(chu),能(neng)(neng)(neng)钩取(qu)(qu)之(zhi);物(wu)在(zai)远(yuan)方(fang),能(neng)(neng)(neng)招(zhao)致之(zhi),卜筮(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)然,故(gu)云(yun)“钩深(shen)致远(yuan)”也(ye)(ye)。以此诸事,正(zheng)定天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)吉凶,成就天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)亹(wei)亹(wei)者,唯(wei)卜筮(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)然,故(gu)云(yun)“莫大(da)乎蓍(shi)龟”也(ye)(ye)。案《释诂》云(yun):“亹(wei)亹(wei),勉也(ye)(ye)。”言天(tian)下(xia)万事,悉动而(er)好(hao)生,皆勉勉营(ying)为,此蓍(shi)龟知其(qi)好(hao)恶得(de)失,人则弃(qi)其(qi)得(de)而(er)取(qu)(qu)其(qi)好(hao),背其(qi)失而(er)求其(qi)得(de),是成天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)亹(wei)亹(wei)也(ye)(ye)。
是故天(tian)生神物,圣人(ren)则(ze)之(zhi)。天(tian)地变化,圣人(ren)效之(zhi)。天(tian)垂象,见吉凶,圣人(ren)象之(zhi)。河出(chu)图,洛出(chu)书,圣人(ren)则(ze)之(zhi)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“是(shi)故天(tian)(tian)生神物,圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)则之(zhi)(zhi)”者,谓天(tian)(tian)生蓍龟(gui),圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)法(fa)则之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)为卜筮(shi)也(ye)(ye)。“天(tian)(tian)地(di)变化,圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)效之(zhi)(zhi)”者,行四(si)时生杀(sha),赏以(yi)(yi)春夏,刑以(yi)(yi)秋(qiu)冬(dong),是(shi)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)效之(zhi)(zhi)。“天(tian)(tian)垂(chui)象,见吉(ji)凶,圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)象之(zhi)(zhi)”者,若璿玑玉(yu)衡,以(yi)(yi)齐七(qi)政,是(shi)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)象之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“河出图(tu),洛(luo)出书(shu)(shu),圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)则之(zhi)(zhi)”者,如(ru)郑康(kang)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)义,则《春秋(qiu)纬》云:河以(yi)(yi)通(tong)乾出天(tian)(tian)苞,洛(luo)以(yi)(yi)流(liu)坤吐地(di)符。河龙图(tu)发,洛(luo)龟(gui)书(shu)(shu)感。《河图(tu)》有九篇,《洛(luo)书(shu)(shu)》有六篇。孔安国以(yi)(yi)为《河图(tu)》则八卦是(shi)也(ye)(ye),《洛(luo)书(shu)(shu)》则九畴(chou)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。辅嗣(si)之(zhi)(zhi)义,未知何从。
易(yi)有四象,所以(yi)示也。系(xi)辞焉,所以(yi)告也。定之(zhi)以(yi)吉(ji)凶,所以(yi)断也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)示(shi)”者,庄氏(shi)(shi)云(yun):四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),谓六(liu)十四(si)(si)(si)卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),有(you)实(shi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),有(you)假(jia)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),有(you)义象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),有(you)用象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),为四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今於(wu)释卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处,已破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。何氏(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),谓“天生(sheng)神(shen)物,圣(sheng)人则(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”一也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“天地变化,圣(sheng)人效之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,二也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“天垂象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),见吉(ji)凶(xiong),圣(sheng)人象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,三(san)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“河(he)出图,洛出书(shu),圣(sheng)人则(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,四(si)(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今谓此等四(si)(si)(si)事,乃是圣(sheng)人易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外别(bie)有(you)其(qi)(qi)功,非专易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)内(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,何得(de)(de)称(cheng)“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”?且又云(yun)“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)示(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。系辞焉(yan),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)告也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)则(ze)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与辞,相(xiang)对之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物。辞既爻卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)辞,则(ze)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为爻卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。则(ze)上(shang)两仪生(sheng)四(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),七(qi)八九六(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故诸(zhu)儒有(you)为七(qi)八九六(liu),今则(ze)从以(yi)(yi)(yi)为义。“系辞焉(yan),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)告”者,系辞於(wu)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)卦(gua)下(xia),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)告其(qi)(qi)得(de)(de)失(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)吉(ji)凶(xiong),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)断”者,谓於(wu)系辞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),定其(qi)(qi)行事吉(ji)凶(xiong),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)断其(qi)(qi)行事得(de)(de)失(shi)。
《易》曰(yue):“自天祐之,吉无不利(li)(li)。”子(zi)曰(yue):“祐者(zhe),助也(ye)(ye)(ye)。天之所助者(zhe),顺也(ye)(ye)(ye);人之所助者(zhe),信也(ye)(ye)(ye)。履信思乎顺,又(you)以(yi)尚贤也(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)以(yi)自天祐之,吉无不利(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:“《易(yi)》曰:自(zi)天(tian)祐之(zhi)(zhi),吉(ji)无不(bu)利(li)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言人(ren)於(wu)此(ci)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)四象所(suo)(suo)以(yi)示,系辞所(suo)(suo)以(yi)告,吉(ji)凶(xiong)告所(suo)(suo)断而行之(zhi)(zhi),行则鬼神无不(bu)祐助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),无所(suo)(suo)不(bu)利(li),故(gu)引《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)《大有》上九爻辞以(yi)证之(zhi)(zhi)。“子(zi)曰:祐者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),上既引《易(yi)》文,下又释其(qi)易(yi)理,故(gu)云“子(zi)曰:祐者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)”。“天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),顺(shun)也(ye);人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),信(xin)也(ye)。履信(xin)思乎(hu)顺(shun)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),唯(wei)在於(wu)信(xin),此(ci)上九能(neng)履践於(wu)信(xin)也(ye);天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),唯(wei)在於(wu)顺(shun),此(ci)上九恒(heng)思於(wu)顺(shun);既有信(xin)思顺(shun),又能(neng)尊尚贤人(ren),是以(yi)从天(tian)已下,皆祐助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi),而得其(qi)吉(ji),无所(suo)(suo)不(bu)利(li)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:子(zi)曰:“书不(bu)尽言”至“乎德行”,此第十二章也(ye)。此章言立象(xiang)尽意,系辞尽言。易之兴(xing)废,存乎其人(ren)事也(ye)。
子曰:“书不(bu)尽言,言不(bu)尽意(yi)。”然则圣人之(zhi)意(yi),其不(bu)可见乎?
[疏]正义(yi)曰:此(ci)一节夫(fu)子(zi)自发(fa)其问(wen),谓圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之意(yi)(yi)难见(jian)也(ye)。所(suo)以难见(jian)者,书(shu)所(suo)以记言(yan),言(yan)有(you)烦碎,或楚夏不(bu)同,有(you)言(yan)无字,虽欲书(shu)录,不(bu)可(ke)尽(jin)竭於其言(yan),故云“书(shu)不(bu)尽(jin)言(yan)”也(ye)。“言(yan)不(bu)尽(jin)意(yi)(yi)”者,意(yi)(yi)有(you)深邃委(wei)曲,非言(yan)可(ke)写,是言(yan)不(bu)尽(jin)意(yi)(yi)也(ye)。圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之意(yi)(yi),意(yi)(yi)又(you)深远。若言(yan)之不(bu)能尽(jin)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之意(yi)(yi),书(shu)之又(you)不(bu)能尽(jin)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之言(yan),是圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之意(yi)(yi),其不(bu)可(ke)见(jian)也(ye)。故云:“然(ran)则(ze)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之意(yi)(yi),其不(bu)可(ke)见(jian)乎?”疑而问(wen)之,故称“乎”也(ye)。
子曰(yue):圣人立象(xiang)以(yi)尽(jin)意(yi),设卦以(yi)尽(jin)情伪,系(xi)辞焉(yan)以(yi)尽(jin)其言,变(bian)而通之(zhi)以(yi)尽(jin)利,极(ji)变(bian)通之(zhi)数,则(ze)尽(jin)利也。故曰(yue)“易穷则(ze)变(bian),变(bian)则(ze)通,通则(ze)久。”
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“子曰圣(sheng)人(ren)立(li)象(xiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)意(yi)”巳下,至“几(ji)乎息矣”,此一节是夫子还自释圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)意(yi),有可(ke)(ke)见之(zhi)理也(ye)。“圣(sheng)人(ren)立(li)象(xiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)意(yi)”者(zhe),虽言(yan)不(bu)(bu)尽(jin)(jin)意(yi),立(li)象(xiang)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)之(zhi)也(ye)。“设(she)卦(gua)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)情伪”者(zhe),非唯立(li)象(xiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)意(yi),又设(she)卦(gua)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)百(bai)姓之(zhi)情伪也(ye)。“系辞焉(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)其言(yan)”者(zhe),虽书不(bu)(bu)尽(jin)(jin)言(yan),系辞可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)其言(yan)也(ye)。“变而通之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)利(li)”者(zhe),变,谓化而裁之(zhi),通,谓推而行之(zhi),故能尽(jin)(jin)物之(zhi)利(li)也(ye)。
鼓之(zhi)(zhi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)尽神。乾坤其易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)缊(yun)邪?缊(yun)渊奥也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以尽(jin)神”者,此一句总结立(li)象(xiang)尽(jin)意,系辞(ci)(ci)尽(jin)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美。圣人立(li)象(xiang)以尽(jin)其(qi)(qi)意,《系辞(ci)(ci)》则(ze)尽(jin)其(qi)(qi)言(yan),可以说(shuo)化百姓(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,百姓(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心自然(ran)乐顺(shun),若(ruo)鼓(gu)舞(wu)然(ran),而(er)天下从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非尽(jin)神,其(qi)(qi)孰能与(yu)於此?故曰“鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以尽(jin)神也”。“乾(qian)坤(kun)其(qi)(qi)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)缊邪”者,上明尽(jin)言(yan)尽(jin)意,皆由於易(yi)(yi)道,此明易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所立(li),本乎(hu)乾(qian)坤(kun)。若(ruo)乾(qian)坤(kun)不存(cun),则(ze)易(yi)(yi)道无由兴起,故乾(qian)坤(kun)是易(yi)(yi)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所缊积(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)源也。是与(yu)易(yi)(yi)川(chuan)府奥藏。故云“乾(qian)坤(kun)其(qi)(qi)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)缊邪”。
乾(qian)坤成列,而(er)易立乎(hu)其中矣。乾(qian)坤毁(hui),则(ze)元以(yi)见易。易不(bu)可见,则(ze)乾(qian)坤或几乎(hu)息(xi)矣。
[疏]正义曰:“乾坤(kun)(kun)成(cheng)(cheng)列,而易立(li)乎(hu)其中(zhong)矣(yi)”者,夫易者,阴(yin)阳变(bian)(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)谓。阴(yin)阳变(bian)(bian)化(hua),立(li)爻(yao)以效(xiao)之(zhi),皆(jie)从乾坤(kun)(kun)而来(lai)。故(gu)(gu)乾生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)男(nan),坤(kun)(kun)生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)女(nv)而为八(ba)卦(gua),变(bian)(bian)而相(xiang)重,而有六十四卦(gua),三(san)(san)百八(ba)十四爻(yao),本之(zhi)根(gen)(gen)源,从乾坤(kun)(kun)而来(lai)。故(gu)(gu)乾坤(kun)(kun)既(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)列位,而易道(dao)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)建立(li)乎(hu)乾坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)中(zhong)矣(yi)。“乾坤(kun)(kun)毁(hui),则(ze)(ze)无以见(jian)易”者,易既(ji)从乾坤(kun)(kun)而来(lai),乾坤(kun)(kun)若(ruo)缺毁(hui),则(ze)(ze)易道(dao)损(sun)坏,故(gu)(gu)云“无以见(jian)易”也(ye)。“易不(bu)可(ke)见(jian),则(ze)(ze)乾坤(kun)(kun)或几(ji)乎(hu)息矣(yi)”,若(ruo)易道(dao)毁(hui)坏,不(bu)可(ke)见(jian)其变(bian)(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)理,则(ze)(ze)乾坤(kun)(kun)亦坏,或其近乎(hu)止息矣(yi)。几(ji),近也(ye)。犹若(ruo)树之(zhi)枝(zhi)(zhi)幹(gan)生(sheng)(sheng)乎(hu)根(gen)(gen)株(zhu),根(gen)(gen)株(zhu)毁(hui),则(ze)(ze)枝(zhi)(zhi)条不(bu)茂(mao)。若(ruo)枝(zhi)(zhi)幹(gan)已枯死(si)(si),其根(gen)(gen)株(zhu)虽未全(quan)死(si)(si),仅有微生(sheng)(sheng),将死(si)(si)不(bu)久。根(gen)(gen)株(zhu)譬乾坤(kun)(kun)也(ye),易譬枝(zhi)(zhi)幹(gan)也(ye)。故(gu)(gu)云:“易不(bu)可(ke)见(jian),则(ze)(ze)乾坤(kun)(kun)或几(ji)乎(hu)息矣(yi)”。
是故形而上(shang)者谓之道(dao),形而下者谓之器。化而裁之谓之变(bian),因而制其会通,適变(bian)之道(dao)也。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)(shi)故形(xing)而(er)(er)上(shang)(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),形(xing)而(er)(er)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)”者(zhe)(zhe),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)无体之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming),形(xing)是(shi)(shi)有(you)质之(zhi)(zhi)称。凡(fan)有(you)从无而(er)(er)生,形(xing)由道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)立,是(shi)(shi)先(xian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)后(hou)形(xing),是(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang),形(xing)在(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)。故自形(xing)外已上(shang)(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye),自形(xing)内而(er)(er)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)(ye)。形(xing)虽处道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)两畔之(zhi)(zhi)际(ji),形(xing)在(zai)器(qi),不在(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。既有(you)形(xing)质,可为器(qi)用,故云(yun)“形(xing)而(er)(er)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)”也(ye)(ye)。“化而(er)(er)裁(cai)(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)”者(zhe)(zhe),阴阳(yang)变(bian)(bian)化而(er)(er)相(xiang)裁(cai)(cai)节之(zhi)(zhi),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)得以理(li)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)。犹若阳(yang)气之(zhi)(zhi)化不可久长,而(er)(er)裁(cai)(cai)节之(zhi)(zhi)以阴雨也(ye)(ye),是(shi)(shi)得理(li)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)。阴阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)化,自然相(xiang)裁(cai)(cai),圣人亦法此而(er)(er)裁(cai)(cai)节也(ye)(ye)。
推(tui)而(er)行之谓(wei)之通。乘变(bian)而(er)往(wang)者(zhe),无(wu)不通也。
[疏]正义曰:因(yin)推此以可变(bian)而施行之,谓之通也。犹(you)若亢(kang)阳之后变(bian)为阴雨(yu),因(yin)阴雨(yu)而行之,物得开(kai)通,圣人亦(yi)当然也。
举(ju)而错(cuo)之(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)民,谓之(zhi)(zhi)事业。事业所以济物,故(gu)举(ju)而错(cuo)之(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)民。
[疏]正义曰:谓举此(ci)(ci)理以(yi)为(wei)(wei)变(bian)(bian)化(hua),而错(cuo)置於(wu)天下之民(min)。凡民(min)得以(yi)营为(wei)(wei)事(shi)业,故(gu)云(yun)“谓之事(shi)业”也(ye)。此(ci)(ci)乃自然(ran)以(yi)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)错(cuo)置於(wu)民(min)也(ye),圣人(ren)(ren)亦当(dang)法(fa)此(ci)(ci)错(cuo)置变(bian)(bian)化(hua)於(wu)万(wan)民(min),使(shi)成其事(shi)业也(ye)。凡《系辞(ci)》之说(shuo),皆说(shuo)易道,以(yi)为(wei)(wei)圣人(ren)(ren)德化(hua),欲使(shi)圣人(ren)(ren)法(fa)易道以(yi)化(hua)成天下,是故(gu)易与圣人(ren)(ren),恒相(xiang)将也(ye)。以(yi)作易者,本(ben)为(wei)(wei)立教故(gu)也(ye),非是空说(shuo)易道,不关人(ren)(ren)事(shi)也(ye)。
是(shi)故(gu)夫(fu)象,圣(sheng)人有(you)以(yi)见(jian)(jian)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)赜,而拟诸其形容,象其物宜,是(shi)故(gu)谓之(zhi)象。圣(sheng)人有(you)以(yi)见(jian)(jian)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)动,而观其会通,以(yi)行其典礼(li),系辞焉(yan)以(yi)断其吉凶,是(shi)故(gu)谓之(zhi)爻。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“是(shi)故夫(fu)象圣人有以见天下之赜”至(zhi)“是(shi)故谓之爻”者(zhe)(zhe),於第六章(zhang)已具其文,今(jin)於此更复(fu)言者(zhe)(zhe)何也?为下云“极(ji)天下之赜存(cun)乎卦,鼓天下之动存(cun)乎辞”,为此故更引其文也。且巳下又云“存(cun)乎变(bian)”“存(cun)乎通”“存(cun)乎其人”,广(guang)陈所存(cun)之事,所以须重论也。
极天(tian)下(xia)之赜者存(cun)(cun)乎(hu)卦,鼓天(tian)下(xia)之动(dong)者存(cun)(cun)乎(hu)辞(ci)。辞(ci),爻辞(ci)也。爻以(yi)鼓动(dong),效天(tian)下(xia)之动(dong)也。
[疏]正义曰:“极天下(xia)之(zhi)赜存乎(hu)卦”者,言穷极天下(xia)深赜之(zhi)处存乎(hu)卦,言观(guan)卦以知赜也。“鼓天下(xia)之(zhi)动(dong)存乎(hu)辞(ci)”者,鼓,谓(wei)发扬天下(xia)之(zhi)动(dong)。动(dong)有得(de)失,存乎(hu)爻卦之(zhi)辞(ci),谓(wei)观(guan)辞(ci)以知得(de)失也。
化而裁之存(cun)乎变,推而行之存(cun)乎通,神(shen)而明(ming)之存(cun)乎其(qi)人(ren)。体神(shen)而明(ming)之,不假於(wu)象,故存(cun)乎其(qi)人(ren)。
[疏]正义曰:“化(hua)而(er)(er)裁之(zhi)(zhi)存乎(hu)变(bian)”者(zhe),谓覆(fu)(fu)说上文“化(hua)而(er)(er)裁之(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)”也(ye)。“推而(er)(er)行之(zhi)(zhi)存乎(hu)通”者(zhe),覆(fu)(fu)说上文“推而(er)(er)行之(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)通”也(ye)。“神(shen)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)存乎(hu)其(qi)人(ren)(ren)”者(zhe),言人(ren)(ren)能(neng)神(shen)此易道而(er)(er)显明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),存在(zai)於(wu)其(qi)人(ren)(ren)。若其(qi)人(ren)(ren)圣,则能(neng)神(shen)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi);若其(qi)人(ren)(ren)愚,则不(bu)能(neng)神(shen)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi);故存於(wu)其(qi)人(ren)(ren),不(bu)在(zai)易象也(ye)。
默(mo)而成之(zhi),不言而信,存乎德(de)行(xing)。德(de)行(xing),贤人之(zhi)德(de)行(xing)也(ye)。顺足於(wu)内,故默(mo)而成之(zhi)也(ye)。体与理(li)会,故不言而信也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):若能顺理足於(wu)内,默然而(er)(er)成就(jiu)之,闇与(yu)理会,不须言而(er)(er)自信也(ye)。“存(cun)乎德(de)行(xing)(xing)”者,若有德(de)行(xing)(xing),则得默而(er)(er)成就(jiu)之,不言而(er)(er)信也(ye)。若无德(de)行(xing)(xing)则不能然。此言德(de)行(xing)(xing),据贤人(ren)之德(de)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。前《经》“神(shen)而(er)(er)明(ming)之,存(cun)乎其人(ren)”,谓圣人(ren)也(ye)。