●卷十(shi)七(qi)·阳货(huo)第(di)十(shi)七(qi)
[疏]正义曰:此篇论陪臣(chen)专恣,因明性习知愚,礼乐(le)本末,六蔽之恶(e),《二(er)南》之美,君子小(xiao)人为行各异,今之与古(gu),其疾不同。以前篇首(shou)章言大夫之恶(e),此篇首(shou)章记(ji)家臣(chen)之乱,尊卑之差,故以相次也。
阳(yang)(yang)货欲见(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)不(bu)见(jian),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“阳(yang)(yang)货,阳(yang)(yang)虎(hu)也(ye)。季氏家臣,而(er)专(zhuan)鲁国(guo)之(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng),欲见(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi),使(shi)仕。”)归(gui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)豚(tun)。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“欲使(shi)往(wang)谢(xie),故遗孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)豚(tun)。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)时(shi)其亡也(ye),而(er)往(wang)拜之(zhi)。遇(yu)(yu)诸涂。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“涂,道(dao)也(ye)。於(wu)道(dao)路与相逢。”)谓(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)曰(yue):“来(lai)!予与尔言(yan)。”曰(yue):“怀(huai)其宝(bao)而(er)迷其邦,可谓(wei)仁(ren)乎?”曰(yue):“不(bu)可。”(马曰(yue):“言(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)不(bu)仕,是(shi)怀(huai)宝(bao)也(ye)。知(zhi)国(guo)不(bu)治(zhi)而(er)不(bu)为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng),是(shi)迷邦也(ye)。”)“好从(cong)(cong)事而(er)亟失(shi)(shi)时(shi),可谓(wei)知(zhi)乎?”曰(yue):“不(bu)可。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“言(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)栖栖好从(cong)(cong)事,而(er)数不(bu)遇(yu)(yu),失(shi)(shi)时(shi),不(bu)得为(wei)有知(zhi)。”)“日月逝(shi)矣(yi),岁(sui)不(bu)我(wo)与。”(马曰(yue):“年老,岁(sui)月已往(wang),当急(ji)仕。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)曰(yue):“诺,吾将仕矣(yi)。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“以顺辞免。”)
[疏]“阳货”至“仕矣”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此(ci)章论家(jia)臣专(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)恣(zi),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)逊辞(ci)远害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)欲(yu)见(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),阳(yang)货(huo)(huo),阳(yang)虎(hu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖名虎(hu),字货(huo)(huo)。为(wei)季氏家(jia)臣,而专(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)鲁国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,欲(yu)见(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),将使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),疾其(qi)家(jia)臣专(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政,故(gu)不(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)相见(jian)(jian)。“归孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豚”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),归,遗也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。豚,豕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)欲(yu)使(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)往(wang)谢(xie),因得从(cong)容见(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)遗孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豚也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)时其(qi)亡而往(wang)拜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)伺(si)虎(hu)不(bu)(bu)在家(jia)时,而往(wang)谢(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“遇(yu)诸涂”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),涂,道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)既至货(huo)(huo)家(jia),而反於道(dao)路,与(yu)(yu)相逢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“谓(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:来!予与(yu)(yu)尔言(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),货(huo)(huo)呼(hu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),使(shi)来就(jiu)己,言(yan)我(wo)与(yu)(yu)汝(ru)有(you)所言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰:怀其(qi)宝而迷其(qi)邦,可(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)仁乎”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)谓(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宝以喻道(dao)德,言(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)仕,是怀藏其(qi)道(dao)德也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。知(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)不(bu)(bu)治,而不(bu)(bu)为(wei)政,是使(shi)迷乱其(qi)国(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。仕者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)当(dang)拯弱兴衰(shuai),使(shi)功被当(dang)世(shi),今尔乃(nai)怀宝迷邦,可(ke)(ke)以谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁乎?“曰:不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)逊辞(ci),言(yan)如(ru)此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好从(cong)事(shi)而亟失(shi)时,可(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)乎”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)亦阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)谓(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)辞(ci)。亟,数也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)栖(qi)栖(qi)好从(cong)事(shi),而数不(bu)(bu)遇(yu),失(shi)时,可(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)有(you)知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)乎?不(bu)(bu)得为(wei)有(you)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰:不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)亦孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)逊辞(ci),言(yan)如(ru)此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“日月逝矣(yi)(yi),岁不(bu)(bu)我(wo)与(yu)(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)劝孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)求(qiu)仕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)。逝,往(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)年者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),岁月已往(wang),不(bu)(bu)复留待我(wo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),当(dang)急(ji)求(qiu)仕。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:诺。吾将仕矣(yi)(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),诺,应辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)劝仕,故(gu)应答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)我(wo)将求(qiu)仕,以顺辞(ci)免去(qu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)曰:“性(xing)相(xiang)近(jin)也,习(xi)相(xiang)远也。”(孔(kong)曰:“君(jun)子(zi)慎所习(xi)。”)子(zi)曰:“唯上知与下愚(yu)不移(yi)。”(孔(kong)曰:“上知不可使为恶(e),下愚(yu)不可使强贤。”)
[疏]“子曰:性相近也,习相远也。子曰:唯上知与下愚不移”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章言(yan)君(jun)子(zi)当慎其所习(xi)也(ye)。性(xing)(xing),谓(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所禀受,以(yi)生而静者也(ye),未为(wei)(wei)外物所感(gan),则(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆相(xiang)(xiang)似,是(shi)近(jin)也(ye)。既为(wei)(wei)外物所感(gan),则(ze)习(xi)以(yi)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)。若习(xi)於(wu)善(shan)则(ze)为(wei)(wei)君(jun)子(zi),若习(xi)於(wu)恶则(ze)为(wei)(wei)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)远也(ye),故君(jun)子(zi)慎所习(xi)。然此(ci)乃(nai)是(shi)中人(ren)(ren)(ren)耳(er),其性(xing)(xing)可(ke)上可(ke)下,故遇善(shan)则(ze)升,逢恶则(ze)坠(zhui)也(ye)。孔子(zi)又尝曰(yue)(yue):唯上知圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)可(ke)移之(zhi)使为(wei)(wei)恶,下愚之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)可(ke)移之(zhi)使强贤。此(ci)则(ze)非如中人(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)习(xi)相(xiang)(xiang)近(jin)远也(ye)。
子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)城,闻弦歌之(zhi)(zhi)声。(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“子(zi)游为武(wu)城宰。”)夫子(zi)莞尔而笑,(莞尔,小(xiao)笑貌(mao)。)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“割鸡焉用(yong)牛刀?”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“言(yan)治(zhi)小(xiao)何(he)须用(yong)大道(dao)。”)子(zi)游对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“昔者,偃(yan)也(ye)闻诸(zhu)夫子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘君子(zi)学道(dao)则(ze)爱人(ren),小(xiao)人(ren)学道(dao)则(ze)易使(shi)也(ye)。’”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“道(dao),谓礼(li)乐也(ye)。乐以和(he)人(ren),人(ren)和(he)则(ze)易使(shi)。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“二三子(zi)!(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“从(cong)行者。”)偃(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)是也(ye)。前言(yan)戏(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“戏(xi)以治(zhi)小(xiao)而用(yong)大道(dao)。”)
[疏]“子之”至“之耳”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此章论治民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)城(cheng),闻(wen)弦歌之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),之(zhi)(zhi),也(ye)(ye)(ye)。武(wu)城(cheng),鲁邑(yi)名。时子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)游(you)为武(wu)城(cheng)宰,意欲(yu)以(yi)礼乐化导於民(min)(min),故弦歌。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)因武(wu)城(cheng),而(er)闻(wen)其声(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)莞(guan)尔而(er)笑(xiao),曰(yue)(yue):割(ge)鸡(ji)焉用(yong)(yong)牛刀(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),莞(guan)尔,小(xiao)(xiao)笑(xiao)貌(mao)。言(yan)(yan)鸡(ji)乃小(xiao)(xiao)牲(sheng),割(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)当用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)刀(dao),何(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)解牛之(zhi)(zhi)大刀(dao),以(yi)喻治小(xiao)(xiao)何(he)(he)须用(yong)(yong)大道(dao)。今子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)游(you)治小(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)大,故笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)游(you)对(dui)曰(yue)(yue):昔者(zhe)(zhe),偃(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)闻(wen)诸夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)学道(dao)则(ze)爱人(ren),小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)学道(dao)则(ze)易使也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)游(you)见孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)笑(xiao)其治小(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)大,故称名而(er)引昔闻(wen)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)以(yi)对(dui)之(zhi)(zhi)。道(dao),谓礼乐也(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼节人(ren)心(xin),乐和人(ren)声(sheng)。言(yan)(yan)若在位君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)学礼乐则(ze)爱养下(xia)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye),若在下(xia)小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)学礼乐则(ze)人(ren)和而(er)易使也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):二三子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe),呼(hu)其弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)从行者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“偃(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。前言(yan)(yan)戏之(zhi)(zhi)耳”者(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)语其从者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)游(you)之(zhi)(zhi)说是,我前言(yan)(yan)戏之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)治小(xiao)(xiao)而(er)用(yong)(yong)大道(dao),其实用(yong)(yong)大是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
公(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)弗(fu)(fu)扰以费(fei)畔,召,子(zi)欲(yu)往。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“弗(fu)(fu)扰为(wei)季氏(shi)宰,与(yu)阳虎(hu)共执季桓子(zi),而召孔子(zi)。”)子(zi)路(lu)不(bu)说,曰(yue)(yue):“末之也已,何(he)必(bi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)氏(shi)之之也?”(孔曰(yue)(yue):“之,也。无(wu)可(ke)之则(ze)止,何(he)必(bi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)氏(shi)之。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“夫召我(wo)(wo)者(zhe),而岂徒哉(zai)!如有用我(wo)(wo)者(zhe),吾其为(wei)东周乎(hu)?”(兴周道於东方,故曰(yue)(yue)东周。)
[疏]“公山”至“周乎”。
○正义曰:此章论孔子欲不避乱而兴周道也。“公山弗扰以费畔,召,子欲往”者,弗扰,即《左传》公山不狃也,字子氵曳,为季氏费邑宰,与阳虎共执季桓子,据邑以畔,来召孔子,孔子欲往从之也。“子路不说,曰:末之也已,何必公山氏之之也”者,上下二“之”俱训为。末,无也。已,止也。子路以为,君子当去乱就治,今孔子乃欲就乱,故不喜说,且曰:无可也则止之,何必公山氏之也?“子曰:夫召我者,而岂徒哉!如有用我者,吾其为东周乎”者,孔子答其欲往之意也。徒,空也。言夫人召我者,岂空然哉,必将用我道也。如有用我道者,我则兴周道於东方,其使鲁为周乎!吾是以不择地而欲往也。
○注“弗扰为季氏宰,与阳虎共执季桓子”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):案定五年(nian)《左传》曰(yue)(yue):“六月(yue),季平子(zi)(zi)行东野。还,未至,丙(bing)申,卒(zu)于(yu)房(fang)。阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)将(jiang)以敛,仲梁怀弗(fu)与,曰(yue)(yue):‘改(gai)步改(gai)玉。’阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)欲逐之(zhi),告公(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)狃(niu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)狃(niu)曰(yue)(yue):‘彼为君(jun)也,子(zi)(zi)何怨焉?’既葬,桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)行东野,及费。子(zi)(zi)氵(shui)曳(ye)为费宰,逆劳於郊(jiao),桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)敬(jing)之(zhi)。劳仲梁怀,仲梁怀弗(fu)敬(jing)。子(zi)(zi)氵(shui)曳(ye)怒,谓阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu):‘子(zi)(zi)行之(zhi)乎(hu)?’九月(yue),乙(yi)亥,阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)囚季桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)。”是(shi)其事也。至八年(nian),又与阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)谋杀(sha)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)。阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)败(bai)而出。至十(shi)二年(nian),“季氏将(jiang)堕费,公(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)狃(niu)、叔(shu)孙(sun)辄率(lv)费人以袭鲁。国人败(bai)诸姑(gu)蔑。二子(zi)(zi)奔齐。”
子张问仁(ren)於(wu)孔子。孔子曰:“能行五者(zhe)於(wu)天下,为仁(ren)矣(yi)。”“请问之。”曰:“恭,宽,信(xin),敏,惠。恭则(ze)(ze)不侮,(孔曰:“不见侮慢。”)宽则(ze)(ze)得(de)众,信(xin)则(ze)(ze)人任焉,敏则(ze)(ze)有功,(孔曰:“应事疾则(ze)(ze)多成功。”)惠则(ze)(ze)足以使人。”
[疏]“子张”至“使人”。
○正义曰(yue):此章明仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)张问仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)於孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),问何如斯可谓之(zhi)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):能(neng)行(xing)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)於天下(xia),为(wei)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)为(wei)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)道(dao)有(you)(you)五(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“请问之(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)张复请问五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)目也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):恭,宽(kuan),信,敏,惠”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)略言(yan)(yan)为(wei)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恭则(ze)不(bu)侮(wu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此下(xia)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)又历说(shuo)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)己(ji)若恭以接人(ren),人(ren)亦恭以待己(ji),故不(bu)见侮(wu)慢(man)。“宽(kuan)则(ze)得众”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)行(xing)能(neng)宽(kuan)简则(ze)为(wei)众所(suo)归(gui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“信则(ze)人(ren)任(ren)焉”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)而有(you)(you)信则(ze)人(ren)所(suo)委(wei)任(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“敏则(ze)有(you)(you)功”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),敏,疾也(ye)(ye)(ye),应(ying)事敏疾则(ze)多成(cheng)功也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“惠则(ze)足以使人(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)恩惠则(ze)人(ren)忘其劳(lao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
佛召,子(zi)欲往。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“晋大夫(fu)赵简子(zi)之(zhi)邑宰(zai)。”)子(zi)路曰(yue)(yue):“昔者(zhe)(zhe),由(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)闻诸夫(fu)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):‘亲(qin)於其身为不(bu)善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)不(bu)入也(ye)(ye)(ye)。’(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)入其国。”)佛以(yi)(yi)中牟畔,子(zi)之(zhi)往也(ye)(ye)(ye),如(ru)之(zhi)何?”子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“然,有是(shi)言也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)曰(yue)(yue)坚乎(hu),磨而不(bu)磷。不(bu)曰(yue)(yue)白乎(hu),涅而不(bu)缁。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“磷,薄也(ye)(ye)(ye)。涅,可以(yi)(yi)染皂。言至坚者(zhe)(zhe)磨之(zhi)而不(bu)薄,至白者(zhe)(zhe)染之(zhi)於涅而不(bu)黑(hei),喻(yu)君子(zi)虽在浊(zhuo)乱,浊(zhuo)乱不(bu)能(neng)污。”)吾(wu)(wu)岂匏瓜(gua)也(ye)(ye)(ye)哉?焉(yan)能(neng)系(xi)(xi)而不(bu)食(shi)(shi)?”(匏,瓠也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言瓠瓜(gua)得(de)系(xi)(xi)一处者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)食(shi)(shi)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。吾(wu)(wu)自食(shi)(shi)物(wu),当东西南北,不(bu)得(de)如(ru)不(bu)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)物(wu),系(xi)(xi)滞一处。)
[疏]“佛”至“不食”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章亦(yi)言(yan)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)择地(di)而(er)(er)治(zhi)也(ye)。“佛(fo)召,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)往(wang)(wang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),佛(fo)为(wei)(wei)晋(jin)大(da)夫(fu)赵简子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)牟邑宰,以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)牟畔(pan),来召孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)往(wang)(wang)从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)曰(yue):昔(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),由(you)也(ye)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)诸夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):亲於其身为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入(ru)(ru)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国也(ye)。“佛(fo)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)牟畔(pan),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往(wang)(wang)也(ye),如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)今佛(fo)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)牟畔(pan),则是身为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan),而(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)往(wang)(wang),如(ru)前(qian)言(yan)何?“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):然,有是言(yan)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答云(yun),虽有此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)。“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰(yue)坚(jian)乎,磨(mo)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)磷。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰(yue)白乎,涅(nie)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)缁(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,虽言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan),缘君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)见几而(er)(er)作,亦(yi)有可入(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,故(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作譬(pi)。磷,薄(bo)也(ye)。涅(nie),水中(zhong)(zhong)黑土,可以(yi)(yi)染(ran)皂。缁(zi)(zi),黑色也(ye)。人岂(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰(yue),至(zhi)(zhi)坚(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)磨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)薄(bo),至(zhi)(zhi)白者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)染(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於涅(nie)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)黑,以(yi)(yi)喻君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),虽居(ju)浊乱(luan),浊乱(luan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)污(wu)也(ye)。“吾岂(qi)匏(pao)瓜也(ye)哉?焉(yan)能(neng)系而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)为(wei)(wei)言(yan)其欲(yu)(yu)(yu)往(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意也(ye)。匏(pao),瓠也(ye)。瓠瓜得(de)(de)系一处者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食故(gu)也(ye)。吾自食物,当(dang)东西南北,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,系滞一处。江熙云(yun):夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)岂(qi)实之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公山佛(fo)乎?欲(yu)(yu)(yu)往(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,以(yi)(yi)示(shi)无(wu)系,以(yi)(yi)观门(men)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。如(ru)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)居(ju)九(jiu)夷,乘(cheng)桴浮(fu)于海耳(er)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)见形(xing)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及道,故(gu)闻(wen)(wen)(wen)乘(cheng)桴而(er)(er)喜闻(wen)(wen)(wen),闻(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公山而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo),升堂(tang)而(er)(er)未入(ru)(ru)室,安得(de)(de)圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣?
子曰(yue)(yue):“由也(ye)!女闻六(liu)言(yan)六(liu)蔽(bi)(bi)矣乎(hu)?”(六(liu)言(yan)六(liu)蔽(bi)(bi)者,谓(wei)下六(liu)事(shi):仁(ren)(ren),知,信,直,勇(yong),刚也(ye)。)对曰(yue)(yue):“未也(ye)。”“居!吾(wu)语(yu)女。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“子路(lu)起对,故(gu)使(shi)还坐。”)好(hao)(hao)仁(ren)(ren)不(bu)好(hao)(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)也(ye)愚。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“仁(ren)(ren)者爱物,不(bu)知所(suo)以裁之(zhi),则(ze)愚。”)好(hao)(hao)知不(bu)好(hao)(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)也(ye)荡。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“荡,无所(suo)守。”)好(hao)(hao)信不(bu)好(hao)(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)也(ye)贼。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“父子不(bu)知相(xiang)为隐之(zhi)辈。”)好(hao)(hao)直不(bu)好(hao)(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)也(ye)绞。好(hao)(hao)勇(yong)不(bu)好(hao)(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)也(ye)乱。好(hao)(hao)刚不(bu)好(hao)(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)也(ye)狂(kuang)(kuang)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“狂(kuang)(kuang),妄抵触(chu)人(ren)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“也狂”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章劝学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子曰:由也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)!女(nv)(nv)闻六(liu)言(yan)(yan)六(liu)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)矣乎”者(zhe)(zhe),蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),谓蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)塞(sai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)自见其(qi)(qi)过(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子呼子路而问(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“汝(ru)尝闻六(liu)言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而皆蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)塞(sai)者(zhe)(zhe)乎?”“对(dui)(dui)曰:未(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),子路对(dui)(dui)言(yan)(yan),未(wei)曾闻也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“居!吾语(yu)女(nv)(nv)”者(zhe)(zhe),居,由坐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼:“君(jun)子问(wen)更(geng)端,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)起。”子路起对(dui)(dui),故使还坐。吾将(jiang)语(yu)女(nv)(nv)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)仁(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)愚”者(zhe)(zhe),此下历说六(liu)言(yan)(yan)六(liu)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe),觉也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)觉寤未(wei)知也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为行,学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固,是(shi)以(yi)(yi)爱物好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)与曰仁(ren)。若但好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)仁(ren),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知所(suo)以(yi)(yi)裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),所(suo)施(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)当,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)如愚人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)荡”者(zhe)(zhe),明照(zhao)於(wu)事曰知,若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)於(wu)荡逸(yi)无所(suo)守也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)信(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)贼”者(zhe)(zhe),人(ren)(ren)(ren)言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欺为信(xin),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)当信(xin)义(yi)。若但好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)信(xin),而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)於(wu)贼害,父子不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知相为隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辈也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)直不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)绞(jiao)”者(zhe)(zhe),绞(jiao),切也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。正人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲曰直,若好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)直不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)失於(wu)讥刺太切。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)勇(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)乱(luan)”者(zhe)(zhe),勇(yong),谓果敢,当学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)知义(yi)。若好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)勇(yong)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)有(you)勇(yong)而无义(yi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)为贼乱(luan)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)刚(gang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)狂(kuang)”者(zhe)(zhe),狂(kuang),犹妄也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。刚(gang)者(zhe)(zhe)无欲,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为曲求。若好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)恃其(qi)(qi)刚(gang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)妄抵触人(ren)(ren)(ren)。
子(zi)曰(yue):“小子(zi)何莫学夫《诗》(包曰(yue):“小子(zi),门(men)人也(ye)。”)《诗》,可(ke)以兴,(孔(kong)曰(yue):“兴,引(yin)譬(pi)连(lian)类(lei)。”)可(ke)以观,(郑曰(yue):“观风俗之盛(sheng)衰。”)可(ke)以群(qun),(孔(kong)曰(yue):“群(qun)居相(xiang)切差。”)可(ke)以怨(yuan)。(孔(kong)曰(yue):“怨(yuan)刺上政(zheng)。”)迩之事父,远之事君,(孔(kong)曰(yue):“迩,近(jin)也(ye)。”)多识於鸟兽草木之名。”子(zi)谓伯(bo)鱼曰(yue):“女(nv)为(wei)《周南(nan)》、《召(zhao)南(nan)》矣乎?人而不为(wei)《周南(nan)》、《召(zhao)南(nan)》,其犹(you)正墙(qiang)面(mian)而立也(ye)与?”(马曰(yue):“《周南(nan)》、《召(zhao)南(nan)》、《国风》之始。乐得淑女(nv)以配君子(zi),三纲之首,王教之端,故人而不为(wei),如向墙(qiang)而立。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“也与”。
○正义曰:此章劝人学《诗》也。“子曰:小子何莫学夫《诗》”者,小子,门人也。莫,不也。孔子呼门人曰:何不学夫《诗》也。“《诗》,可以兴”者,又为说其学《诗》有益之理也。若能学《诗》,《诗》可以令人能引譬连类以为比兴也。“可以观”者,《诗》有诸国之风俗,盛衰可以观览知之也。“可以群”者,《诗》有“如切如磋”,可以群居相切磋也。“可以怨”者,《诗》有“君政不善则风刺之”,“言之者无罪,闻之者足以戒”,故可以怨刺上政。“迩之事父,远之事君”者,迩,近也。《诗》有《凯风》、《白华》,相戒以养,是有近之事父之道也。又有《雅》、《颂》君臣之法,是有远之事君之道也。言事父与君,皆有其道也。“多识於鸟兽草木之名”者,言诗人多记鸟兽草木之名以为比兴,则因又多识於此鸟兽草木之名也。“子谓伯鱼曰:女为《周南》、《召南》矣乎”者,为,犹学也。孔子谓其子伯鱼曰:女学《周南》、《召南》之诗矣乎?“人而不为《周南》、《召南》,其犹正墙面而立也与”者,又为说宜学《周南》、《召南》之意也。墙面,面向墙也。《周南》、《召南》,《国风》之始,三纲之首,王教之端,故人若学之,则可以观兴;人而不为,则如面正向墙而立,无所观见也。
○注“《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)南》”至(zhi)(zhi)“而立”。正(zheng)义曰(yue):云“《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)南》、《召南》,《国(guo)(guo)风(feng)(feng)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),《诗序》云:“然(ran)则《关雎(ju)(ju)》、《麟趾》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua),王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)(feng),故系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)。南,言化(hua)(hua)自北而南也(ye)。《鹊巢(chao)》、《驺(zou)虞(yu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)(feng)也(ye),先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)教(jiao),故系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)召公(gong)。《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)南》、《召南》,正(zheng)始(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,王(wang)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基。”是(shi)以(yi)(yi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)南》、《召南》二十(shi)五篇谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)国(guo)(guo)风(feng)(feng),为(wei)十(shi)五国(guo)(guo)风(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)也(ye)。云“乐(le)得(de)淑(shu)女以(yi)(yi)配君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)《诗·关雎(ju)(ju)序文(wen)》也(ye)。言《二南》皆(jie)是(shi)正(zheng)始(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,先(xian)美家(jia)(jia)内(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua),是(shi)以(yi)(yi)《关雎(ju)(ju)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)篇,说后妃(fei)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)乐(le),乐(le)得(de)此贤(xian)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女,以(yi)(yi)配己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)。云“三(san)纲(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首(shou),王(wang)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)”者(zhe)(zhe),《白虎通》云:“三(san)纲(gang)者(zhe)(zhe)何谓(wei)?谓(wei)君(jun)(jun)臣、父子(zi)(zi)、夫(fu)妇也(ye)。君(jun)(jun)为(wei)臣纲(gang),父为(wei)子(zi)(zi)纲(gang),夫(fu)为(wei)妻纲(gang)。”有(you)(you)夫(fu)妇然(ran)後有(you)(you)父子(zi)(zi),有(you)(you)父子(zi)(zi)然(ran)後有(you)(you)君(jun)(jun)臣。《二南》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗,首(shou)论(lun)夫(fu)妇。文(wen)王(wang)刑于寡(gua)妻,至(zhi)(zhi)于兄弟,以(yi)(yi)御于家(jia)(jia)邦,是(shi)故二国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗以(yi)(yi)后妃(fei)夫(fu)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德为(wei)首(shou),终(zhong)以(yi)(yi)《麟趾》、《驺(zou)虞(yu)》,言后妃(fei)夫(fu)人有(you)(you)斯德,兴助其君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi),皆(jie)可以(yi)(yi)成功,至(zhi)(zhi)于致嘉瑞,故为(wei)三(san)纲(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首(shou),王(wang)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)也(ye)。
子曰:“礼云(yun)(yun)礼云(yun)(yun),玉(yu)帛(bo)(bo)云(yun)(yun)乎哉?(郑曰:“玉(yu),圭璋之(zhi)属。帛(bo)(bo),束帛(bo)(bo)之(zhi)属。言礼非但崇此玉(yu)帛(bo)(bo)而已,所贵(gui)者(zhe),乃贵(gui)其安上(shang)治(zhi)民。”)乐云(yun)(yun)乐云(yun)(yun),锺(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)云(yun)(yun)乎哉?”(马曰:“乐之(zhi)所贵(gui)者(zhe),移风易俗,非谓(wei)锺(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)而已。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“乎哉”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章(zhang)辨礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)之本(ben)也(ye)。“子曰:礼(li)(li)(li)云礼(li)(li)(li)云,玉(yu)帛(bo)云乎哉(zai)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),玉(yu),圭璋之属;帛(bo),束帛(bo)之属,皆(jie)行礼(li)(li)(li)之物也(ye)。言礼(li)(li)(li)之所(suo)云,岂在此玉(yu)帛(bo)云乎哉(zai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)?言非(fei)但(dan)崇此玉(yu)帛(bo)而已,所(suo)贵(gui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在於(wu)安上治民。“乐(le)(le)(le)云乐(le)(le)(le)云,锺(zhong)鼓(gu)云乎哉(zai)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),锺(zhong)鼓(gu),乐(le)(le)(le)之器也(ye)。乐(le)(le)(le)之所(suo)贵(gui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),贵(gui)其移风易俗,非(fei)谓贵(gui)此锺(zhong)鼓(gu)铿(keng)锵而已,故孔子叹之。重(zhong)言之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),深明乐(le)(le)(le)之本(ben)不在玉(yu)帛(bo)锺(zhong)鼓(gu)也(ye)。
子曰(yue):“色(se)厉而(er)内(nei)荏,(孔(kong)曰(yue):“荏,柔(rou)(rou)也(ye)。为外自矜(jin)厉而(er)内(nei)柔(rou)(rou)佞。”)譬诸(zhu)小人,其(qi)犹(you)穿窬之盗(dao)也(ye)与?”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“为人如此,犹(you)小人之有盗(dao)心。穿,穿壁。窬,窬墙。”)
[疏]“子曰:色厉而内荏,譬诸小人,其犹穿窬之盗也与?”
○正义曰(yue):此章疾时人(ren)体与情反也。厉,矜(jin)庄也。荏,柔(rou)佞也。穿(chuan),穿(chuan)壁(bi)。窬,窬墙也。言(yan)外(wai)自矜(jin)厉,而内(nei)柔(rou)佞,为人(ren)如此,譬之犹小人(ren),外(wai)虽持正,内(nei)常有穿(chuan)壁(bi)窬墙窃盗(dao)之心也与。
子曰:“乡原(yuan),德(de)之贼(zei)也(ye)。”(周曰:“所(suo)至之乡,辄(zhe)原(yuan)其人(ren)情,而(er)为意以待之,是贼(zei)乱德(de)也(ye)。。”一(yi)曰:“乡,向(xiang)也(ye),古字(zi)同。谓人(ren)不能(neng)刚(gang)毅,而(er)见人(ren)辄(zhe)原(yuan)其趣向(xiang),容媚而(er)合之,言此所(suo)以贼(zei)德(de)。”)
[疏]“子曰:乡原,德之贼也”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章疾时人(ren)之诡(gui)随也(ye)(ye)。旧解有二:周曰(yue):“所(suo)至之乡(xiang),辄原其人(ren)情(qing),而(er)为(wei)意(yi)以待之,是贼乱德(de)也(ye)(ye)。”何晏云:“一曰(yue):乡(xiang),向也(ye)(ye),古字同。谓人(ren)不能刚毅,而(er)见人(ren)辄原其趣向,容媚而(er)合之言,此所(suo)以贼德(de)也(ye)(ye)。”
子曰(yue)(yue):“道听而涂(tu)说(shuo),德(de)之弃也。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“闻之於道路(lu),则传而说(shuo)之。”)
[疏]“子曰:道听而涂说,德之弃也”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章疾时(shi)人(ren)不习(xi)而传(chuan)之也。涂(tu)亦道(dao)也。言(yan)闻之於道(dao)路,则於道(dao)路传(chuan)而说(shuo)之,必(bi)多谬妄,为(wei)有德者(zhe)所弃也。
子曰:“鄙夫可与事(shi)君也(ye)与哉?(孔曰:“言不(bu)可与事(shi)君。”)其未得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)也(ye),患(huan)得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)。(患(huan)得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)者,患(huan)不(bu)能得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi),楚俗(su)言。)既得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi),患(huan)失(shi)(shi)之(zhi)。苟患(huan)失(shi)(shi)之(zhi),无所(suo)(suo)不(bu)至矣。”(郑(zheng)曰:“无所(suo)(suo)不(bu)至者,言其邪媚,无所(suo)(suo)不(bu)为(wei)。”)
[疏]“子曰鄙夫”至“至矣”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)(ci)章论鄙(bi)夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰:鄙(bi)夫可与事(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)与哉”者(zhe),言(yan)凡鄙(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人不(bu)可与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“其未(wei)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),患得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)下明鄙(bi)夫不(bu)可与事(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由也(ye)(ye)(ye)。患得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),患不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)其初未(wei)得(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye),时常患己不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“既得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),患失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),言(yan)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)任直守道,常忧患失其禄位也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“苟患失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),无(wu)所(suo)不(bu)至矣”者(zhe),苟,诚也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)诚忧失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)用心(xin)顾惜,窃位偷安(an),言(yan)其邪(xie)媚无(wu)所(suo)不(bu)为也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以此(ci)(ci)故不(bu)可与事(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子曰(yue):“古(gu)(gu)者民有三疾,今(jin)(jin)也(ye)或是之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亡也(ye)。(包(bao)曰(yue):“言古(gu)(gu)者民疾与今(jin)(jin)时异。”)古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狂(kuang)也(ye)肆(si),(包(bao)曰(yue):“肆(si),极意敢言。”)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狂(kuang)也(ye)荡(dang);(孔曰(yue):“荡(dang),无(wu)所据。”)古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矜也(ye)廉,(马(ma)曰(yue):“有廉隅(yu)。”)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矜也(ye)忿(fen)戾(li);(孔曰(yue):“恶理多怒(nu)。”)古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愚(yu)也(ye)直,今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愚(yu)也(ye)诈(zha)而已矣。”
[疏]“子曰”至“已矣”。
○正义曰(yue):此章论今人浇薄,不(bu)如古(gu)(gu)人也(ye)(ye)。“子曰(yue):古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)民有三(san)疾(ji),今也(ye)(ye)或是之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亡也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),亡,无也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)淳(chun)朴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)有三(san)疾(ji),今也(ye)(ye)浇薄,或是亦无也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)民疾(ji)与今时(shi)异(yi)。“古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狂也(ye)(ye)肆”者(zhe)(zhe),此下(xia)历言(yan)(yan)三(san)疾(ji)也(ye)(ye)。肆,谓(wei)极意(yi)敢言(yan)(yan),多(duo)(duo)抵(di)触人也(ye)(ye)。“今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狂也(ye)(ye)荡”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)忿怒而多(duo)(duo)弗戾(li),恶理多(duo)(duo)怒。“古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愚也(ye)(ye)直”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)心直而无邪曲。“今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愚也(ye)(ye)诈而已矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)多(duo)(duo)行(xing)欺(qi)诈自利也(ye)(ye)。
子曰(yue):“巧言令色,鲜矣仁。”(王曰(yue):“巧言无(wu)实,令色无(wu)质。”)
[疏]“子曰:巧言令色,鲜矣仁”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章与(yu)《学而(er)篇(pian)》同。弟子各记所(suo)闻(wen),故重出之。
子曰:“恶紫(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)夺朱也,(孔曰:“朱,正(zheng)色。紫(zi),间色之(zhi)(zhi)好者(zhe)。恶其邪好而夺正(zheng)色。”)恶郑声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)乱雅乐也,(包曰:“郑声(sheng),淫声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)哀者(zhe)。恶其乱雅乐。”)恶利口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)覆(fu)邦(bang)家者(zhe)。”(孔曰:“利口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)人,多言少实(shi),苟能悦媚(mei)时君,倾覆(fu)国(guo)家。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“家者”。
○正义曰:此章记孔子恶邪夺正也。“恶紫之夺朱也”者,朱,正色。紫,间色之好者。恶其邪好而夺正色也。“恶郑声之乱雅乐也”者,郑声,淫声之哀者。恶其淫声乱正乐也。“恶利口之覆邦家”者,利口之人,多言少实,苟能悦媚时君,倾覆国家也。
○注“孔曰”至“正色”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰(yue):云“朱(zhu),正(zheng)(zheng)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。紫(zi),间(jian)(jian)(jian)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)”者,皇氏云:正(zheng)(zheng),谓(wei)青(qing)赤田白(bai)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)(zheng)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。不正(zheng)(zheng),谓(wei)五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)间(jian)(jian)(jian)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),绿(lv)红(hong)碧(bi)紫(zi)骝(liu)黄(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)是(shi)(shi)也。青(qing)是(shi)(shi)东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)(zheng),绿(lv)是(shi)(shi)东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)间(jian)(jian)(jian)。东(dong)为(wei)(wei)木,木色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)青(qing)。木克土(tu),土(tu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)黄(huang)(huang),并以所克为(wei)(wei)间(jian)(jian)(jian),故(gu)绿(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)青(qing)黄(huang)(huang)也。朱(zhu)是(shi)(shi)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)(zheng),红(hong)是(shi)(shi)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)间(jian)(jian)(jian)。南为(wei)(wei)火,火色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)赤。火克金(jin),金(jin)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)白(bai),故(gu)红(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)赤白(bai)也。白(bai)是(shi)(shi)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)(zheng),碧(bi)是(shi)(shi)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)间(jian)(jian)(jian)。西为(wei)(wei)金(jin),金(jin)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)白(bai)。金(jin)克木,木色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)青(qing),故(gu)碧(bi)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)青(qing)白(bai)也。黑(hei)(hei)(hei)是(shi)(shi)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)(zheng),紫(zi)是(shi)(shi)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)间(jian)(jian)(jian)。北方(fang)(fang)(fang)水,水色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)。水克火,火色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)赤,故(gu)紫(zi)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)赤黑(hei)(hei)(hei)也。黄(huang)(huang)是(shi)(shi)中央(yang)正(zheng)(zheng),骝(liu)黄(huang)(huang)是(shi)(shi)中央(yang)间(jian)(jian)(jian)。中央(yang)土(tu),土(tu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)黄(huang)(huang)。土(tu)克水,水色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)黑(hei)(hei)(hei),故(gu)骝(liu)黄(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)黄(huang)(huang)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)也。
子(zi)曰(yue):“予欲无言。”子(zi)贡曰(yue):“子(zi)如(ru)不言,则小子(zi)何(he)(he)述焉(yan)?”(言之(zhi)为益少,故欲无言。)子(zi)曰(yue):“天(tian)何(he)(he)言哉?四时行焉(yan),百物生(sheng)焉(yan),天(tian)何(he)(he)言哉?”
[疏]“子曰”至“言哉”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章戒(jie)人(ren)慎言(yan)(yan)也。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):予欲无言(yan)(yan)”者,君子(zi)(zi)讷(ne)於言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)敏(min)於行(xing),以言(yan)(yan)之为益少,故(gu)欲无言(yan)(yan)。“子(zi)(zi)贡曰(yue)(yue):子(zi)(zi)如不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan),则小子(zi)(zi)何(he)(he)述焉(yan)(yan)”者,小子(zi)(zi),弟子(zi)(zi)也。子(zi)(zi)贡闻孔子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)欲言(yan)(yan),故(gu)告曰(yue)(yue):“夫子(zi)(zi)若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan),则弟子(zi)(zi)等(deng)何(he)(he)所传述?”“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):天(tian)(tian)何(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)哉?四时行(xing)焉(yan)(yan),百(bai)物生(sheng)焉(yan)(yan),天(tian)(tian)何(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)哉”者,此(ci)孔子(zi)(zi)举天(tian)(tian)亦不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)令行(xing)以为譬也。天(tian)(tian)何(he)(he)尝有言(yan)(yan)语(yu)哉?而(er)(er)(er)四时之令递行(xing)焉(yan)(yan),百(bai)物皆(jie)依时而(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)焉(yan)(yan),天(tian)(tian)何(he)(he)尝有言(yan)(yan)语(yu)教命哉?以喻人(ren)若(ruo)无言(yan)(yan),但(dan)有其行(xing),不(bu)(bu)亦可乎!
孺(ru)悲欲见孔子,孔子辞以疾。将(jiang)命者出户(hu),取瑟而歌,使之闻(wen)之。(孺(ru)悲,鲁人也。孔子不(bu)欲见,故(gu)辞之以疾。为其将(jiang)命者不(bu)已,故(gu)歌令(ling)将(jiang)命者悟,所以令(ling)孺(ru)悲思之。)
[疏]“孺悲”至“闻之”。
○正义曰(yue):此章盖言孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)疾恶(e)也。“孺(ru)(ru)悲欲见(jian)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)辞(ci)(ci)以疾”者(zhe)(zhe),孺(ru)(ru)悲,鲁人也。来(lai)(lai)欲见(jian)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)欲见(jian),故(gu)辞(ci)(ci)之以疾也。“将(jiang)命者(zhe)(zhe)出户,取瑟而(er)(er)歌,使之闻之”者(zhe)(zhe),将(jiang)犹(you)奉也。奉命者(zhe)(zhe),主人传辞(ci)(ci)出入人也。初,将(jiang)命者(zhe)(zhe)来(lai)(lai),入户言孺(ru)(ru)悲求见(jian),夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)辞(ci)(ci)之以疾。又为将(jiang)命者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)已,故(gu)取瑟而(er)(er)歌,令将(jiang)命者(zhe)(zhe)闻之而(er)(er)悟,己无疾,但不(bu)欲见(jian)之,所以令孺(ru)(ru)悲思(si)之。
宰我问:“三(san)(san)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),期(qi)已(yi)久矣。君(jun)子(zi)三(san)(san)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)为礼,礼必坏;三(san)(san)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)为乐,乐必崩(beng)。旧既(ji)没,新既(ji)升,钻燧改(gai)火(huo)(huo)(huo),期(qi)可已(yi)矣。”(马曰:“《周书(shu)·月令》有更(geng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文。春取(qu)榆柳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo),夏取(qu)枣杏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo),季夏取(qu)桑柘(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo),秋取(qu)柞酋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo),冬取(qu)槐檀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)。一(yi)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,钻火(huo)(huo)(huo)各(ge)异木,故(gu)(gu)曰改(gai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)也。”)子(zi)曰:“食(shi)夫稻(dao),衣夫锦,於(wu)(wu)女安(an)乎(hu)?”曰:“安(an)。”“女安(an),则(ze)为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居(ju)丧(sang),食(shi)旨不(bu)(bu)甘,闻乐不(bu)(bu)乐,居(ju)处不(bu)(bu)安(an),故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)为也。今女安(an),则(ze)为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)!”(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“旨,美也。责其(qi)无仁(ren)恩於(wu)(wu)亲(qin),故(gu)(gu)再言‘女安(an),则(ze)为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)’。”)宰我出。子(zi)曰:“予(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)仁(ren)也!子(zi)生三(san)(san)年(nian),然後免於(wu)(wu)父母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怀。(马曰:“子(zi)生未三(san)(san)岁,为父母(mu)所(suo)怀抱。”)夫三(san)(san)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)丧(sang)也,(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“自天子(zi)达(da)於(wu)(wu)庶(shu)人。”)予(yu)也有三(san)(san)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爱於(wu)(wu)其(qi)父母(mu)乎(hu)!”(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“言子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)父母(mu),‘欲(yu)报之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩,昊天罔极’,而(er)予(yu)也有三(san)(san)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爱乎(hu)!”)
[疏]“宰我”至“母乎”。
○正义曰:此章论三年丧礼也。“宰我问:三年之丧,期已久矣”者,《礼·丧服》为至亲者三年。宰我嫌其期月大远,故问於夫子曰:“三年之丧,期已久矣乎?”“君子三年不为礼,礼必坏;三年不为乐,乐必崩”者,此宰我又说丧不可三年之义也。言礼检人迹,乐和人心,君子不可斯须去身。惟在丧则皆不为也。不为既久,故礼坏而乐崩也。“旧既没,新既升,钻燧改火,期可已矣”者,宰我又言,三年之丧,一期为足之意也。夫人之变迁,本依天道。一期之间,则旧已没,新已成。钻木出火谓之燧。言钻燧者又已改变出火之木。天道万物既已改新,则人情亦宜从旧,故丧礼但一期而除,亦可已矣。“子曰:食夫稻,衣夫锦,於女安乎”者,孔子见宰我言至亲之丧,欲以期断,故问之。言礼为父母之丧,既殡,食粥,居倚庐,斩衰三年。期而小祥,食菜果,居垩室,练冠纟原缘,要不除。今女既期之後,食稻衣锦,於女之心,得安否乎?“曰:安”者,宰我言,既期除丧,即食稻衣锦,其心安也。“女安,则为之”者,孔子言,女心安,则自为之。“夫君子之居丧,食旨不甘,闻乐不乐,居处不安,故不为也。今女安,则为之”者,孔子又为说不可安之礼。旨,美也。言君子之居丧也疾,即饮酒食肉,虽食美味,不以为甘,虽闻乐声,不以为乐,寝苫枕块,居处不求安也。故不为食稻衣锦之事。今女既心安,则任自为之。责其无仁恩於亲,故再言“女安,则为之”。“宰我出。子曰:予之不仁也!子生三年,然後免於父母之怀”者,予,宰我名。宰我方当愚执,夫子不欲面斥其过,故宰我既问而出去,孔子对二三子言曰:夫宰予不仁於父母也!凡人子生未三岁,常为父母所怀抱,既三年,然後免离父母之怀。是以圣人制丧礼,为父母三年。“夫三年之丧,天下之通丧也”者,通,达也。谓上自天子,下达庶人,皆为父母三年,故曰通丧也。“予也有三年之爱於其父母乎”者,为父母爱己,故丧三年。今予也不欲行三年之服,是有三年之恩爱於父母乎?
○注“马曰”至“火也”。
○正义曰:云“《周礼·月令》有更火之文”者,《周书》,孔子所删《尚书》百篇之馀也,晋成康中得之汲冢,有《月令》篇,其辞今亡。案《周礼》“司掌行火之政令,四时变国火,以救时疾”。郑玄注云:“行犹用也。变犹易也。”郑司农说以《鄹子》曰:“春取榆柳之火,夏取枣杏之火,季夏取桑柘之火,秋取柞酋之火,冬取槐檀之火。”其文与此正同。释者云:“榆柳青故春用之,枣杏赤故夏用之,桑柘黄故季夏用之,柞酋白故秋用之,槐檀黑故冬用之。”
○注“孔曰:自天子达於庶人”。
○正义曰:《礼记·三年问》云:“夫三年之丧,天下之通丧也。”郑玄云:“达,谓自天子至於庶人。”《丧服四制》曰:“此丧之所以三年,贤者不得过,不肖者不得不及。”《檀弓》曰:“先王制礼也,过之者俯而就之,不至焉者而及之也。”圣人虽以三年为文,其实二十五月而毕,若驷之过隙,然而遂之,则是无穷也,故先王为之立中制节,壹使足以成文理则释之矣。《丧服四制》曰:“始死,三日不怠,三月不解,期悲哀。三年忧,恩之杀也。”故孔子云:“子生三年,然後免於父母之怀。夫三年之丧,天下之达丧也。”所以丧必三年为制也。
○注“孔曰”至“爱乎”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)“欲报之德(de),昊(hao)天(tian)罔极”者,《小雅·蓼莪(e)》文。郑笺云(yun)(yun):“之犹是也。我(wo)(wo)(wo)欲报父母是德(de),昊(hao)天(tian)乎(hu),我(wo)(wo)(wo)心无(wu)极。”云(yun)(yun)“予(yu)也有(you)三(san)年(nian)之爱乎(hu)”者,言宰(zai)予(yu)不欲服丧三(san)年(nian),是无(wu)三(san)年(nian)之爱也。缪协云(yun)(yun):“尔时礼坏(huai)乐崩(beng),三(san)年(nian)不行。宰(zai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)大惧其往,以为圣人无(wu)微旨以戒将(jiang)来,故(gu)假时人之谓,启愤於夫子,义在(zai)屈(qu)己以明道也。”
子曰:“饱食(shi)终日,无所(suo)用心,难(nan)矣哉!不(bu)有博(bo)奕者乎?为之,犹贤乎已。”(马(ma)曰:“为其无所(suo)据(ju)乐(le),善生(sheng)淫欲。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“乎已”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此章(zhang)疾(ji)人之不(bu)学也(ye)(ye)。“子曰(yue)(yue):饱食终日(ri),无(wu)所(suo)用心,难矣(yi)哉(zai)”者(zhe),言人饱食终日(ri),於善道无(wu)所(suo)用心,则难以为(wei)处(chu)矣(yi)哉(zai)。“不(bu)有博(bo)奕(yi)者(zhe)乎?为(wei)之,犹(you)贤乎已”者(zhe),贤,胜(sheng)也(ye)(ye)。已,止也(ye)(ye)。博(bo),《说(shuo)文》作(zuo){博(bo)},扃戏(xi)也(ye)(ye),六箸十二也(ye)(ye)。古者(zhe)乌胄作(zuo){博(bo)}。围谓之奕(yi)。《说(shuo)文》弈(yi)从廾,言竦两手而执(zhi)之。棋(qi)(qi)者(zhe)所(suo)执(zhi)之子,以子围而相杀(sha),故谓之围棋(qi)(qi)。围称弈(yi)者(zhe),又取其(qi)落弈(yi)之义也(ye)(ye)。夫子为(wei)其(qi)饱食终日(ri),无(wu)所(suo)据乐(le),善生淫欲,故教(jiao)之曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)有博(bo)弈(yi)之戏(xi)者(zhe)乎?若其(qi)为(wei)之,犹(you)胜(sheng)乎止也(ye)(ye)。”欲令据此为(wei)乐(le),则不(bu)生淫欲也(ye)(ye)。
子路(lu)曰:“君(jun)子尚勇乎?”子曰:“君(jun)子义(yi)以为(wei)上,君(jun)子有勇而无义(yi)为(wei)乱,小(xiao)人有勇而无义(yi)为(wei)盗(dao)。”
[疏]“子路”至“为盗”。
○正义曰:此章抑(yi)子(zi)(zi)路也。“子(zi)(zi)路曰:君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)尚(shang)勇(yong)乎(hu)”者(zhe),子(zi)(zi)路有勇(yong),意谓勇(yong)可崇(chong)尚(shang),故问於夫子(zi)(zi)曰:“君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)当尚(shang)勇(yong)乎(hu)?“子(zi)(zi)曰:君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)义以为(wei)(wei)(wei)上”者(zhe),言君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)不尚(shang)勇(yong)而(er)上义也。上即尚(shang)也。“君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)有勇(yong)而(er)无(wu)义为(wei)(wei)(wei)乱(luan)(luan),小人有勇(yong)而(er)无(wu)义为(wei)(wei)(wei)盗”者(zhe),君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)指在位(wei)者(zhe),合宜为(wei)(wei)(wei)义。言在位(wei)之人,有勇(yong)而(er)无(wu)义,则(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乱(luan)(luan)逆。在下小人,有勇(yong)而(er)无(wu)义,则(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)盗贼。
子(zi)(zi)贡曰:“君子(zi)(zi)亦有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e)乎?”子(zi)(zi)曰:“有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e):恶(e)(e)(e)称(cheng)人之(zhi)恶(e)(e)(e)者,(包(bao)曰:“好称(cheng)说(shuo)人之(zhi)恶(e)(e)(e),所以为恶(e)(e)(e)。”)恶(e)(e)(e)居下流而(er)讪(shan)上者,(孔(kong)曰:“讪(shan),谤毁。”)恶(e)(e)(e)勇(yong)而(er)无礼(li)者,恶(e)(e)(e)果敢(gan)而(er)窒(zhi)(zhi)者。”(马曰:“窒(zhi)(zhi),窒(zhi)(zhi)塞也。”)曰:“赐也亦有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e)乎?”“恶(e)(e)(e)徼(jiao)以为知者,(孔(kong)曰:“徼(jiao),抄也。抄人之(zhi)意,以为己有(you)(you)。”)恶(e)(e)(e)不孙以为勇(yong)者,恶(e)(e)(e)讦以为直者。”(包(bao)曰:“讦,谓攻发(fa)人之(zhi)阴私(si)。”)
[疏]“子贡”至“直者”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章论人(ren)(ren)有恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)行可(ke)憎恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)曰(yue):君子(zi)(zi)(zi)亦(yi)有恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)乎(hu)(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)谓夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)问:夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意亦(yi)有憎恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)者(zhe)(zhe)乎(hu)(hu)?“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):有恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)”者(zhe)(zhe),答言有所憎恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)称人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓好称说人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)居下流而(er)(er)讪(shan)上(shang)”者(zhe)(zhe),讪(shan),谤毁也(ye)(ye)(ye)。谓人(ren)(ren)居下位而(er)(er)谤毁在(zai)上(shang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)勇而(er)(er)无礼”者(zhe)(zhe),勇而(er)(er)无礼义(yi)为(wei)(wei)乱,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)果(guo)敢(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)窒(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),窒(zhi),谓窒(zhi)塞。谓好为(wei)(wei)果(guo)敢(gan)(gan),窒(zhi)塞人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善道,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):赐(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)亦(yi)有恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)乎(hu)(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)言,赐(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)亦(yi)有所憎恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)徼(jiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)知”者(zhe)(zhe),徼(jiao),抄也(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼“毋抄说”,若(ruo)(ruo)抄人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)己有,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)不(bu)孙以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)勇”者(zhe)(zhe),孙,顺(shun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。君子(zi)(zi)(zi)义(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)勇。若(ruo)(ruo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)顺(shun)为(wei)(wei)勇者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)可(ke)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)讦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)直”者(zhe)(zhe),讦,谓攻(gong)发(fa)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阴私(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)直,当自直。己若(ruo)(ruo)攻(gong)发(fa)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)阴私(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)可(ke)恶(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)曰(yue):“唯女子(zi)与(yu)小人(ren)为难养也,近之则不孙,远之则怨。”
[疏]“子曰:唯女子与小人为难养也,近之则不孙,远之则怨”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章言女子(zi)与小人皆无(wu)正性(xing)(xing),难畜养(yang)。所以难养(yang)者,以其(qi)亲近(jin)之则多不孙顺(shun),疏远之则好生(sheng)怨恨。此言女子(zi),举(ju)其(qi)大(da)率耳。若其(qi)禀性(xing)(xing)贤(xian)明(ming),若文母之类,则非所论也。
子曰:“年四十而见(jian)恶焉,其终也已。”(郑曰:“年在不惑而为人所恶,终无(wu)善行。”)
[疏]“子曰:年四十而见恶焉,其终也已”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章言人(ren)(ren)(ren)年(nian)四十犹为恶行(xing),而见憎恶於人(ren)(ren)(ren)者,则(ze)是其(qi)(qi)终无善(shan)行(xing)也已。以其(qi)(qi)年(nian)在(zai)不惑,而犹为人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)恶,必不能追改故也。
●卷十八·微子第十八
[疏]正义曰:此篇(pian)(pian)论(lun)天(tian)下无道,礼坏乐(le)崩,君(jun)子仁人或去(qu)或死(si),否则(ze)隐沦岩野,周(zhou)流四方(fang),因记周(zhou)公戒鲁公之语(yu),四乳生八士之名。以(yi)前(qian)篇(pian)(pian)言群小(xiao)在位,则(ze)必致仁人失所(suo),故以(yi)此篇(pian)(pian)次之。
微子去之(zhi),箕(ji)子为(wei)之(zhi)奴,比(bi)干谏(jian)而死。(马曰(yue):“微、箕(ji),二(er)国名。子,爵也。微子,纣之(zhi)庶兄。箕(ji)子、比(bi)干,纣之(zhi)诸(zhu)父。微子见(jian)纣无道,早去之(zhi)。箕(ji)子佯狂为(wei)奴,比(bi)干以谏(jian)见(jian)杀。”)孔子曰(yue):“殷(yin)有三(san)仁(ren)焉。”(仁(ren)者爱人。三(san)人行异而同称仁(ren),以其俱(ju)在忧乱宁民。)
[疏]“微子”至“仁焉”。
○正义曰:此章论殷有三仁,志同行异也。“微子去之,箕子为之奴,比干谏而死”者,微子,纣之庶兄。箕子、比干、纣之诸父。见纣无道,微子去之,箕子佯狂为奴,比干以谏见杀。“孔子曰:殷有三仁焉”者,爱人谓之仁。三人所行异而同称仁,以其俱在忧乱宁民也。
○注“马曰”至“见杀”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、箕(ji)(ji),二国(guo)名(ming)(ming)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),爵也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)安国(guo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),圻(qi)内(nei)国(guo)名(ming)(ming),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)爵,为(wei)(wei)(wei)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)卿(qing)士(shi),去无道(dao)。”郑(zheng)玄以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)与箕(ji)(ji)俱在圻(qi)内(nei),孔(kong)虽不言(yan)箕(ji)(ji),亦当在圻(qi)内(nei)。王(wang)(wang)肃(su)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),国(guo)名(ming)(ming),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)爵,入为(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)卿(qing)士(shi)。”肃(su)意(yi)盖以(yi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)圻(qi)外,故言(yan)入也(ye)。微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)名(ming)(ming)启(qi)(qi),《世(shi)家》作开,辟汉景帝名(ming)(ming)也(ye)。“微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)庶兄(xiong)。箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、比(bi)干,纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)诸(zhu)父(fu)(fu)”者(zhe)(zhe),启(qi)(qi)与其弟仲衍皆(jie)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)同母(mu)庶兄(xiong)也(ye)。《吕氏春秋·仲冬纪》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)母(mu)生微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)启(qi)(qi)与仲衍,其时尤尚(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)妾。改而(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)妻,後生纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)父(fu)(fu)欲(yu)立(li)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)启(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),太(tai)(tai)史据法而(er)争曰(yue):‘有(you)妻之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),不可立(li)妾之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。’故立(li)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)後。”遍检书(shu)传,不见(jian)(jian)箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)。惟(wei)司马彪注《庄(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),名(ming)(ming)胥馀。”不知(zhi)(zhi)出何书(shu)也(ye)。《家语(yu)》曰(yue)“比(bi)干于(yu)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),亲(qin)则(ze)诸(zhu)父(fu)(fu)”,知(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)干是纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)诸(zhu)父(fu)(fu)耳(er)。箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)则(ze)无文。《宋世(shi)家》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)亲(qin)戚(qi)也(ye)。”言(yan)亲(qin)戚(qi),不知(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)父(fu)(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)兄(xiong)也(ye)。郑(zheng)玄、王(wang)(wang)肃(su)皆(jie)以(yi)箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)诸(zhu)父(fu)(fu),服虔(qian)、杜预以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)庶兄(xiong),既无正文,各以(yi)意(yi)言(yan)之(zhi)耳(er)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)见(jian)(jian)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)无道(dao),早去之(zhi)。箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)佯狂为(wei)(wei)(wei)奴(nu),比(bi)干以(yi)谏(jian)见(jian)(jian)杀(sha)”者(zhe)(zhe),《尚(shang)书(shu)·微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)篇》备有(you)去殷之(zhi)事。《本纪》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“西(xi)伯既卒(zu),周(zhou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)东伐,至(zhi)盟(meng)津。诸(zhu)侯叛殷,会周(zhou)者(zhe)(zhe)八(ba)百。诸(zhu)侯皆(jie)曰(yue):‘纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)可伐矣。’武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):‘尔未知(zhi)(zhi)天命。’乃复归。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)愈(yu)淫(yin)乱(luan)不止。微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)数谏(jian)不听,乃与太(tai)(tai)师(shi)谋,遂去。比(bi)干曰(yue):‘为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)臣者(zhe)(zhe),不得不以(yi)死争。’乃强(qiang)谏(jian)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)怒曰(yue):‘吾闻圣(sheng)人(ren)心(xin)有(you)七窍。’剖比(bi)干,观其心(xin)。箕(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)惧,乃佯狂为(wei)(wei)(wei)奴(nu),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)又囚之(zhi)。”是也(ye)。
柳下惠为士师(shi),(孔曰(yue):“士师(shi),典狱之(zhi)官。”)三黜(chu)。人(ren)曰(yue):“子未(wei)可以(yi)(yi)去乎?”曰(yue):“直道而(er)事(shi)人(ren),焉往而(er)不(bu)三黜(chu)?(孔曰(yue):“苟直道以(yi)(yi)事(shi)人(ren),所至之(zhi)国俱当复三黜(chu)。”)枉道而(er)事(shi)人(ren),何(he)必(bi)去父母之(zhi)邦?”
[疏]“柳下”至“之邦”。
○正义曰:此一章论柳下惠之行也。“柳下惠为士师”者,士师,典狱之官也。“三黜”者,时柳下惠为鲁典狱之官,任其直道,群邪丑直,故三被黜退。“人曰:子未可以去乎”者,或人谓柳下惠曰:吾子数被黜辱,未可以去离鲁乎?“曰:直道而事人,焉往而不三黜?枉道而事人,何必去父母之邦”者,答或人不去之意也。焉,何也。枉,曲也。时世皆邪,已用直道以事於人,则何往而不三黜乎?言苟直道以事人,所至之国俱当复三黜。若舍其直道,而曲以事人,则在鲁亦不见黜,何必去父母所居之国也?
○注“士师,典狱之官”。
○正义曰:士(shi)师,即《周礼》司寇之属,有士(shi)师、卿士(shi),皆以士(shi)为官(guan)名。郑玄云:“士(shi),察也,主察狱讼之事。”是士(shi)师为典狱之官(guan)也。
齐景公(gong)待(dai)孔(kong)(kong)子曰:“若季氏(shi),则吾(wu)不(bu)能(neng),以(yi)(yi)季、孟之间待(dai)之。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“鲁(lu)三卿,季氏(shi)为(wei)上卿,最贵;孟氏(shi)为(wei)下卿,不(bu)用事。言待(dai)之以(yi)(yi)二(er)者之间。”)曰:“吾(wu)老(lao)矣(yi),不(bu)能(neng)用也。”孔(kong)(kong)子行。(以(yi)(yi)圣道难(nan)成,故云吾(wu)老(lao)不(bu)能(neng)用。)
[疏]“齐景”至“子行”。正义曰:此章言孔子失所也。“齐景公待孔子”者,待,遇也,谓以禄位接过孔子也。“曰:若季氏,则吾不能,以季、孟之间待之”者,鲁三卿,季氏为上卿,最贵;孟氏为下卿,不用事。景公言,我待孔子以上卿之位,若鲁季氏,则不能,以其有田氏专政故也。又不可使其位卑,若鲁孟氏。故欲待之以季、孟二者之间。“曰:吾老矣,不能用也”者,时景公为臣下所制,虽说孔子之道,而终不能用,故云圣道难成,吾老不能用也。“孔子行”者,去齐而归鲁也。
○注“以圣道难成,故云吾老不能用”。
○正(zheng)义曰:案《世家》云:“鲁昭公(gong)(gong)奔齐(qi)。顷之(zhi),鲁乱。孔(kong)子(zi)齐(qi)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)数(shu)问(wen)政(zheng)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)说,将以尼田(tian)封孔(kong)子(zi)。晏(yan)婴谏而止之(zhi)。异曰,景(jing)公(gong)(gong)止孔(kong)子(zi)曰:‘奉子(zi)以季氏,吾(wu)不能。以季、孟之(zhi)间待之(zhi)。’齐(qi)大夫欲害孔(kong)子(zi),孔(kong)子(zi)闻之(zhi)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)曰:‘吾(wu)老(lao)矣(yi),弗能用也。’孔(kong)子(zi)遂行,反乎(hu)鲁。”是(shi)其事也。
齐人归(gui)女(nv)乐,季桓子(zi)受(shou)之,三(san)日(ri)不(bu)朝(chao),孔子(zi)行(xing)。(孔曰:“桓子(zi),季孙斯也,使定公受(shou)齐之女(nv)乐,君(jun)臣相与观之,废朝(chao)礼(li)三(san)日(ri)。”)
[疏]“齐人归女乐,季桓子受之,三日不朝,孔子行”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):此章言孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)去无道也。桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi),季(ji)孙斯也,使定公(gong)受(shou)齐(qi)之(zhi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)乐,君(jun)臣相(xiang)与(yu)观之(zhi),废朝礼三日(ri),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)遂行也。案《世家》:“定公(gong)十(shi)四(si)(si)年,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)年五十(shi)六(liu),由(you)大(da)司寇行摄相(xiang)事。於是(shi)(shi)诛鲁(lu)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)乱政(zheng)(zheng)者(zhe)少正卯。与(yu)闻(wen)国政(zheng)(zheng)三月,粥羔豚(tun)者(zhe)弗饰(shi)贾;男女(nv)(nv)(nv)行者(zhe)别於涂;涂不(bu)拾遗(yi);四(si)(si)方之(zhi)客至乎(hu)(hu)邑者(zhe),不(bu)求有司,皆(jie)予之(zhi)以(yi)归。齐(qi)人闻(wen)之(zhi)而(er)(er)惧,曰(yue)(yue):‘孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)必霸(ba),霸(ba)则(ze)(ze)吾地(di)近焉,我之(zhi)为(wei)先并矣。盍(he)致地(di)?’犁Θ:‘请先尝沮(ju)之(zhi),沮(ju)之(zhi)而(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)则(ze)(ze)致地(di),庸迟乎(hu)(hu)?’於是(shi)(shi)选齐(qi)国中女(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)好者(zhe)八十(shi)人,皆(jie)衣(yi)文衣(yi)而(er)(er)舞《康乐》,文马三十(shi)驷,遗(yi)鲁(lu)君(jun)。陈女(nv)(nv)(nv)乐文马於鲁(lu)城(cheng)南高门外。季(ji)桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)微(wei)服往(wang)观再三,将受(shou),乃语鲁(lu)君(jun)为(wei)周道游(you),往(wang)观终日(ri),怠於政(zheng)(zheng)事。子(zi)(zi)路曰(yue)(yue):‘夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)可(ke)以(yi)行矣。’孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):‘鲁(lu)今且郊,如(ru)致番乎(hu)(hu)大(da)夫(fu)(fu),则(ze)(ze)吾犹可(ke)以(yi)止。’桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)卒(zu)受(shou)齐(qi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)乐,三日(ri)不(bu)听政(zheng)(zheng)。郊,又不(bu)致番俎(zu)於大(da)夫(fu)(fu)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)遂行,宿乎(hu)(hu)屯。而(er)(er)师(shi)己送,曰(yue)(yue):‘夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)则(ze)(ze)非罪。’孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):‘吾歌可(ke)夫(fu)(fu)?’歌曰(yue)(yue):‘彼妇(fu)(fu)人之(zhi)口,可(ke)以(yi)出(chu)走(zou);彼妇(fu)(fu)人之(zhi)谒,可(ke)以(yi)死败(bai)。盖优哉(zai)游(you)哉(zai),维以(yi)卒(zu)岁。’师(shi)己反,桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):‘孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)亦何言?’师(shi)己以(yi)实告。桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)喟然叹曰(yue)(yue):‘夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)罪我以(yi)群婢也夫(fu)(fu)!’孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)遂卫。”
楚(chu)狂(kuang)接舆(yu)歌而(er)过孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰:“接舆(yu),楚(chu)人。佯狂(kuang)而(er)来(lai)歌,欲以感切孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)。”)曰:“凤兮凤兮,何德之(zhi)(zhi)衰?(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰:“比孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)於凤鸟。凤鸟待(dai)圣君(jun)乃(nai)见,非孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)周行(xing)求合,故曰衰。”)往(wang)者(zhe)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)谏,(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰:“已(yi)往(wang)所行(xing),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)复谏止。”)来(lai)者(zhe)犹可(ke)(ke)追(zhui)。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰:“自今已(yi)来(lai),可(ke)(ke)追(zhui)自止,辟乱隐居。”)已(yi)而(er),已(yi)而(er),今之(zhi)(zhi)从政(zheng)者(zhe)殆而(er)!”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰:“已(yi)而(er)已(yi)而(er)者(zhe),言世乱已(yi)甚,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)复治也。再言之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),伤之(zhi)(zhi)深也。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)下(xia),欲与之(zhi)(zhi)言。趋而(er)辟之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)得与之(zhi)(zhi)言。(包曰:“下(xia),下(xia)车。”)
[疏]“楚狂”至“之言”。
○正义曰:此章(zhang)记(ji)接(jie)(jie)舆(yu)(yu)(yu)佯狂(kuang)(kuang)感切(qie)(qie)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。“楚(chu)(chu)狂(kuang)(kuang)接(jie)(jie)舆(yu)(yu)(yu)歌(ge)(ge)而(er)(er)过孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)”者,接(jie)(jie)舆(yu)(yu)(yu),楚(chu)(chu)人,姓陆名通,字接(jie)(jie)舆(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)。昭王时(shi)(shi)(shi),政令无(wu)常(chang),乃被发佯狂(kuang)(kuang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)仕,时(shi)(shi)(shi)人谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)楚(chu)(chu)狂(kuang)(kuang)也(ye)(ye)。时(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)楚(chu)(chu),与(yu)接(jie)(jie)舆(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)遇,而(er)(er)接(jie)(jie)舆(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)歌(ge)(ge)从孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)边(bian)过,欲感切(qie)(qie)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。“曰:凤(feng)(feng)兮(xi)凤(feng)(feng)兮(xi),何德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)衰(shuai)?往者不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)谏(jian),来(lai)者犹可(ke)(ke)追(zhui)。已(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er),已(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er),今之(zhi)(zhi)从政者殆而(er)(er)”者,此其歌(ge)(ge)辞也(ye)(ye)。知孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)有圣德(de),故(gu)(gu)比孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)於凤(feng)(feng)。但凤(feng)(feng)鸟待圣君(jun)乃见(jian),今孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)周行(xing)(xing)求合诸国,而(er)(er)每不(bu)(bu)(bu)合,是凤(feng)(feng)德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)衰(shuai)也(ye)(ye)。谏(jian),止也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)已(yi)(yi)(yi)往所行(xing)(xing)者,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)复谏(jian)止也(ye)(ye)。自(zi)今已(yi)(yi)(yi)来(lai),犹可(ke)(ke)追(zhui)而(er)(er)自(zi)止。欲劝孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)辟(pi)乱隐居也(ye)(ye)。“已(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er),已(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)”者,言(yan)(yan)世乱已(yi)(yi)(yi)甚,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)复治也(ye)(ye)。再言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)者,伤之(zhi)(zhi)深也(ye)(ye)。殆,危也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)今之(zhi)(zhi)从政者皆(jie)无(wu)德(de),自(zi)将危亡(wang)无(wu)日(ri),故(gu)(gu)曰殆而(er)(er)。而(er)(er)皆(jie)语辞也(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)下,欲与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”者,下,谓(wei)下车。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)感其言(yan)(yan),故(gu)(gu)下车,欲与(yu)语。“而(er)(er)辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”者,,谓(wei)疾行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。疾行(xing)(xing)以辟(pi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi),故(gu)(gu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)。
长(zhang)沮(ju)、桀溺耦而(er)耕(geng),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)过之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路问津(jin)(jin)焉(yan)。(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“长(zhang)沮(ju)、桀溺,隐者(zhe)也(ye)。耜广五寸(cun),二耜为(wei)(wei)(wei)耦。津(jin)(jin),济渡处。”)长(zhang)沮(ju)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫执(zhi)舆(yu)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)谁(shei)?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)丘(qiu)(qiu)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“是(shi)鲁孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)丘(qiu)(qiu)与(yu)(yu)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“是(shi)也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“是(shi)知(zhi)津(jin)(jin)矣(yi)。”(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“言数周流(liu),自知(zhi)津(jin)(jin)处。”)问於(wu)桀溺。桀溺曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)谁(shei)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)(wei)(wei)仲由。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“是(shi)鲁孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)丘(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)(tu)与(yu)(yu)?”对(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“然(ran)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“滔滔者(zhe)天(tian)(tian)下皆是(shi)也(ye),而(er)谁(shei)以(yi)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“滔滔,周流(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌(mao)。言当今天(tian)(tian)下治(zhi)乱同,空舍(she)此彼(bi),故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)谁(shei)以(yi)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)且而(er)与(yu)(yu)其从辟(pi)(pi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)也(ye),岂若从辟(pi)(pi)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)哉?”(士(shi)有(you)辟(pi)(pi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),有(you)辟(pi)(pi)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。长(zhang)沮(ju)、桀溺谓孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)士(shi),从辟(pi)(pi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa);已(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)士(shi),则从辟(pi)(pi)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辍。(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“,覆种也(ye)。辍,止也(ye)。覆种不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)止,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)津(jin)(jin)告。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路行以(yi)告。夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)怃(wu)然(ran),(为(wei)(wei)(wei)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)达已(yi)意而(er)便(bian)非(fei)己(ji)也(ye)。)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“鸟(niao)兽不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可与(yu)(yu)同群(qun)(qun),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“隐於(wu)山林(lin)是(shi)同群(qun)(qun)。”)吾非(fei)斯人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)(tu)与(yu)(yu)而(er)谁(shei)与(yu)(yu)?(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾自当与(yu)(yu)此天(tian)(tian)下人(ren)同群(qun)(qun),安能去人(ren)从鸟(niao)兽居乎?”)天(tian)(tian)下有(you)道,丘(qiu)(qiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)易也(ye)。”(言凡(fan)天(tian)(tian)下有(you)道者(zhe),丘(qiu)(qiu)皆不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)易也(ye),己(ji)大而(er)人(ren)小故也(ye)。)
[疏]“长沮”至“易也”。
○正义曰:此章记孔子周流,为隐者所讥也。“长沮、桀溺耦而耕,孔子过之,使子路问津焉”者,长沮、桀溺,隐者也。耜,耕器也。二耜为耦。津,济渡之处也。长沮、桀溺并二耜而耕,孔子道行於旁过之,使子路往问济渡之处也。“长沮曰:夫执舆者为谁”者,执舆,谓执辔在车也。时子路为御,既使问津,孔子代之而执辔,故长沮见而问子路曰:夫执辔者为谁人?“子路曰:为孔丘”者,子路以其师名闻於天下,故举师之姓名以答长沮也。“曰:是鲁孔丘与”者,长沮旧闻夫子之名,见子路之答,又恐非是,故复问之曰:“是鲁国之孔丘与?与是疑而未定之辞。“曰:是也”者,子路言,是鲁孔丘也。”曰:是知津矣”者,长沮言,既是鲁孔丘,是人数周流天下,自知津处,故乃不告。“问於桀溺”者,长沮不告津处,故子路复问桀溺。“桀溺曰:子为谁”者,不识子路,故问之。“曰:为仲由”者,子路称姓名以答也。“曰:是鲁孔丘之徒与”者,桀溺旧闻鲁孔丘之门徒有仲由,有恐非是,故复问之曰是与?“曰:然”者,然尤是也。子路言已是鲁孔丘之徒也。“曰:滔滔者天下皆是也,而谁以易之”者,此讥孔子周流天下也。滔滔,周流之貌。言孔子何事滔滔然周流者乎?当今天下治乱同,皆是无道也,空舍此彼,谁以易之为有道者也?“且而与其从辟人之士也,岂若从辟世之士哉”者,士有辟人、辟世之法,谓孔子从辟人之法,长沮、桀溺自谓从辟世之法。且而皆语辞,与犹等也。既言天下皆乱,无以易之,则贤者皆合隐辟。且等其隐辟,从辟人之法则有周流之劳,从辟世之法则有安逸之乐,意令孔子如已也。“而不辍”者,,覆种也。辍,止也。覆种不止,不以津告。“子路行以告”者,子路以长沮、桀溺之言告夫子。“夫子怃然”者,怃,失意貌。谓不达己意而便非己也。“曰:鸟兽不可与同群”者,孔子言其不可隐居避世之意也。山林多鸟兽,不可与同群。若隐於山林,是同群也。“吾非斯人之徒与而谁与”者,与,谓相亲与。我非天下人之徒众相亲与而更谁亲与?言吾自当与此天下人同群,安能去人从鸟兽居乎?天下有道,丘不与易也”者,言凡天下有道者,我皆不与易也,为其己大而人小故也。
○注“耜广五寸,二耜为耦”。
○正义(yi)曰:此《周礼·考(kao)工记》文也。郑(zheng)注云(yun):“古者耜(si)一金(jin),两人并发之(zhi)。今之(zhi)耜(si)歧头两金(jin),象古之(zhi)耦也。”《月令》云(yun):“耒耜(si)。”郑(zheng)注云(yun):“耜(si)者,耒之(zhi)金(jin)。”
子路(lu)从而(er)後,遇丈(zhang)(zhang)人(ren)以杖(zhang)荷(he)。(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“丈(zhang)(zhang)人(ren),老(lao)人(ren)也(ye)。,竹器。”)子路(lu)问(wen)曰(yue)(yue):“子见(jian)(jian)(jian)夫(fu)子乎?”丈(zhang)(zhang)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue):“四(si)体(ti)不(bu)勤(qin),五不(bu)分,孰为(wei)夫(fu)子?”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“丈(zhang)(zhang)人(ren)云(yun):不(bu)勤(qin)劳四(si)体(ti),不(bu)分殖五,谁为(wei)夫(fu)子而(er)索之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪?”)植(zhi)其(qi)(qi)杖(zhang)而(er)芸(yun)。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“植(zhi),倚也(ye)。除(chu)草曰(yue)(yue)芸(yun)。”)子路(lu)拱而(er)立(li)。(未知(zhi)(zhi)所以答(da)。)止子路(lu)宿,杀鸡为(wei)黍而(er)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),见(jian)(jian)(jian)其(qi)(qi)二子焉。明日,子路(lu)行(xing)以告。子曰(yue)(yue):“隐(yin)者也(ye)。”使子路(lu)反见(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi),则行(xing)矣(yi)。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“子路(lu)反至(zhi)其(qi)(qi)家,丈(zhang)(zhang)人(ren)出行(xing)不(bu)在。”)子路(lu)曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)仕(shi)无(wu)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。(郑曰(yue)(yue):“留言(yan)以语丈(zhang)(zhang)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二子。”)长幼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节,不(bu)可废(fei)也(ye);君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi),如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)其(qi)(qi)废(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)女知(zhi)(zhi)父子相养(yang)不(bu)可废(fei),反可废(fei)君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)邪?”)欲其(qi)(qi)身,而(er)乱(luan)大伦。(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“伦,道理也(ye)。”)君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi)也(ye),行(xing)其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)行(xing),已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi),所以行(xing)君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi),不(bu)必自己(ji)道得行(xing)。孔(kong)子道不(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)用,自已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子路”至“之矣”。
○正义曰:此章记隐者与子路相讥之语也。“子路从而後,遇丈人,以杖荷”者,子路随从夫子,行不相及而独在後,逢老人以杖担荷竹器。“子路问曰:子见夫子乎”者,夫子,孔子也。“丈人曰:四体不勤,五不分,孰为夫子”者,丈人责子路云:“不勤劳四体,不分殖五,谁为夫子,而来问我求索之邪?”“植其杖而芸”者,植,倚立也。芸,除草也。丈人既责子路,至於田中,倚其荷之杖而芸其苗。“子路拱而立”者,子路未知所以答,故随至田中,拱手而立也。“止子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之,见其二子焉”者,丈人留子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之。丈人知子路贤,故又以二子见於子路也。“明日,子路行以告”者,既宿之明日,子路行去,遂及夫子,以丈人所言及鸡、黍、见子之事△告之也。子曰:“隐者,也。使子路反见之。至则行矣”者,夫子言,此丈人必贤人之隐者也。使子路反求见之,欲语以己道。子路反而至其家,则丈人出行不在也。“子路曰:不仕无义”者,丈人既不在,留言以语丈人之二子,令其父还则述之。此下之言,皆孔子之意,言父子之道,天性也,君臣之义也,人性则皆当有之。若其不仕,是无君臣之义也。“长幼之节,不可废也;君臣之义,如之何其废之”者,言女知父子相养,是知长幼之节不可废也,反可废君臣之义而不仕浊世?欲清其身,则乱於君臣之义大道理也。“君子之仕也,行其义也。道之不行,已知之矣”者,言君子之仕,非苟利禄而已,所以行君臣之义,亦不必自己道得行。孔子道不见用,自已知之也。
○注“,竹器”。
○正(zheng)义曰:《说文》作莜,芸田器(qi)也。
逸民:伯(bo)夷(yi)、叔齐(qi)、虞仲、夷(yi)逸、朱张、柳下惠、少连。(逸民者(zhe)(zhe),节行(xing)超逸也(ye)。包曰(yue):“此七人皆逸民之(zhi)贤(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)。”)子曰(yue):“不(bu)(bu)降其(qi)志,不(bu)(bu)辱其(qi)身(shen),伯(bo)夷(yi)、叔齐(qi)与!”(郑曰(yue):“言其(qi)直已(yi)(yi)之(zhi)心,不(bu)(bu)入庸君(jun)之(zhi)朝。”)谓(wei)“柳下惠、少连,降志辱身(shen)矣,言中伦,行(xing)中虑(lv),其(qi)斯而已(yi)(yi)矣”。(孔(kong)曰(yue):“但能言应(ying)伦理,行(xing)应(ying)思(si)虑(lv),如此而已(yi)(yi)。”)谓(wei)“虞仲、夷(yi)逸,隐(yin)居放言,(包曰(yue):“放,置也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)复言世(shi)务(wu)。”)身(shen)中清,废(fei)(fei)中权。(马(ma)曰(yue):“清,纯洁也(ye)。遭世(shi)乱,自废(fei)(fei)弃(qi)以免患,合於权也(ye)。”)我则异於是,无可无不(bu)(bu)可”。(马(ma)曰(yue):“亦不(bu)(bu)必进,亦不(bu)(bu)必退,唯义所(suo)在。”)
[疏]“逸民”至“不可”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章(zhang)论(lun)逸民(min)(min)贤者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。“逸民(min)(min):伯夷(yi)、叔齐、虞(yu)仲、夷(yi)逸、朱张(zhang)(zhang)、柳下(xia)惠、少(shao)连”者(zhe)(zhe),逸民(min)(min),谓(wei)民(min)(min)之(zhi)节行(xing)(xing)超逸者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。此(ci)七人(ren)皆逸民(min)(min)之(zhi)贤者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:不(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)志(zhi),不(bu)辱(ru)其(qi)身(shen),伯夷(yi)、叔齐与”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)下(xia)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)论(lun)其(qi)逸民(min)(min)之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)其(qi)直己之(zhi)心,不(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)志(zhi)也(ye),不(bu)入庸君之(zhi)朝,不(bu)辱(ru)身(shen)也(ye),惟伯夷(yi)、叔齐有此(ci)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。“谓(wei)柳下(xia)惠、少(shao)连,降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)志(zhi)辱(ru)身(shen)矣,言(yan)(yan)中(zhong)伦(lun)(lun),行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)虑,其(qi)斯而(er)已矣”者(zhe)(zhe),又论(lun)此(ci)二人(ren)食(shi)禄(lu)乱(luan)朝,是(shi)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)志(zhi)辱(ru)身(shen)也(ye)。伦(lun)(lun),理(li)也(ye)。中(zhong)伦(lun)(lun)中(zhong)虑,但能言(yan)(yan)应(ying)(ying)伦(lun)(lun)理(li),行(xing)(xing)应(ying)(ying)思虑,如此(ci)而(er)已。不(bu)以世务婴(ying)心,故(gu)亦(yi)谓(wei)之(zhi)逸民(min)(min)。“谓(wei)虞(yu)仲、夷(yi)逸,隐居放言(yan)(yan),身(shen)中(zhong)清,废(fei)中(zhong)权”者(zhe)(zhe),放,置也(ye)。清,纯洁也(ye)。权,反常(chang)合道也(ye)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)又论(lun)此(ci)二人(ren)隐Т退(tui)居,放置言(yan)(yan)语,不(bu)复言(yan)(yan)其(qi)世务,其(qi)身(shen)不(bu)仕浊世,应(ying)(ying)於纯洁;遭世乱(luan),自废(fei)弃以免患,应(ying)(ying)於权也(ye)。“我则异於是(shi),无(wu)可(ke)(ke)无(wu)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)”者(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan),我之(zhi)所行(xing)(xing),则与此(ci)逸民(min)(min)异,亦(yi)不(bu)必进(jin),亦(yi)不(bu)必退(tui),唯义所在,故(gu)曰无(wu)可(ke)(ke)无(wu)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)也(ye)。不(bu)论(lun)朱张(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),王弼云:“朱张(zhang)(zhang)字子(zi)(zi)(zi)弓,荀卿以比孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”言(yan)(yan)其(qi)行(xing)(xing)与孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)同,故(gu)不(bu)论(lun)也(ye)。
大师(shi)挚齐,亚饭(fan)(fan)(fan)干楚,(孔曰(yue):“亚,次(ci)也(ye)。次(ci)饭(fan)(fan)(fan),乐(le)师(shi)也(ye)。挚、干皆(jie)(jie)名。”)三(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)缭(liao)蔡,四(si)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)缺(que)秦,(包曰(yue):“三(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)、四(si)饭(fan)(fan)(fan),乐(le)章(zhang)名,各(ge)异(yi)师(shi)。缭(liao)、缺(que)皆(jie)(jie)名也(ye)。”)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)方叔入於(wu)(wu)河,(包曰(yue):“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),击鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)者。方叔,名。入,谓居其(qi)河内。”)播鼗武入於(wu)(wu)汉,(孔曰(yue):“播,摇也(ye)。武,名也(ye)。)少(shao)师(shi)阳、击磬襄入於(wu)(wu)海。(孔曰(yue):“鲁哀公时,礼(li)坏乐(le)崩,乐(le)人皆(jie)(jie)去。阳,襄皆(jie)(jie)名。”)
[疏]“大师”至“於海”。
○正义曰:此章记(ji)鲁(lu)哀公时,礼坏(huai)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)崩,乐(le)(le)(le)(le)人皆去也(ye)。“大师(shi)(shi)(shi)挚(zhi)(zhi)齐”者(zhe),太师(shi)(shi)(shi),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)官之长,名挚(zhi)(zhi),去鲁(lu)而齐也(ye)。“亚(ya)饭干楚(chu)”者(zhe),亚(ya),次也(ye)。天(tian)子诸侯每食奏乐(le)(le)(le)(le),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)章各(ge)异,各(ge)有(you)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)。次饭乐(le)(le)(le)(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)名干往(wang)楚(chu),三(san)饭乐(le)(le)(le)(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)名缭往(wang)蔡,四饭乐(le)(le)(le)(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)名缺往(wang)秦。“鼓(gu)(gu)方叔入(ru)於(wu)河”者(zhe),击(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)者(zhe)名方叔入(ru)於(wu)河内也(ye)。“播鼗(tao)武(wu)(wu)入(ru)於(wu)汉(han)”者(zhe),播,摇(yao)(yao)也(ye)。鼗(tao)如鼓(gu)(gu)而小,有(you)两耳(er),持其柄摇(yao)(yao)之,旁耳(er)还自(zi)击(ji)。摇(yao)(yao)鼗(tao)鼓(gu)(gu)者(zhe)名武(wu)(wu)入(ru)居於(wu)汉(han)中也(ye)。“少(shao)师(shi)(shi)(shi)阳、击(ji)磬(qing)襄入(ru)於(wu)海(hai)”者(zhe),阳、襄皆名,二人入(ru)居於(wu)海(hai)内也(ye)。
周公谓鲁(lu)公(孔曰(yue):“鲁(lu)公,周公之(zhi)(zhi)子伯禽(qin),封於鲁(lu)。”)曰(yue):“君子不(bu)施其亲,(孔曰(yue):“施,易(yi)也(ye)。不(bu)以他人之(zhi)(zhi)亲易(yi)已之(zhi)(zhi)亲。”)不(bu)使大(da)臣怨乎不(bu)以。(孔曰(yue):“以,用也(ye)。怨不(bu)见(jian)听用。”)故(gu)旧无(wu)大(da)故(gu),则不(bu)弃也(ye)。无(wu)求备於一(yi)人!”(孔曰(yue):“大(da)故(gu),谓恶逆之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。”)
[疏]“周公”至“故旧无大故,则不弃也。无求备於一人”。
○正义曰:此(ci)一章记周公(gong)(gong)(gong)戒鲁公(gong)(gong)(gong)之语也(ye)。“周公(gong)(gong)(gong)谓鲁公(gong)(gong)(gong)”者(zhe),鲁公(gong)(gong)(gong),周公(gong)(gong)(gong)之子(zi)伯禽,封於鲁。将之国,周公(gong)(gong)(gong)戒之也(ye)。“曰:君(jun)子(zi)不(bu)(bu)施(shi)其亲(qin)(qin)”者(zhe),施(shi),易也(ye)。言君(jun)子(zi)为(wei)国,不(bu)(bu)以他人之亲(qin)(qin)易己之亲(qin)(qin),当(dang)(dang)行博爱广(guang)敬也(ye)。“不(bu)(bu)使大(da)(da)臣(chen)怨乎不(bu)(bu)以”者(zhe),以,用(yong)也(ye)。既仕为(wei)大(da)(da)臣(chen),则当(dang)(dang)听用(yong)之,不(bu)(bu)得(de)令大(da)(da)臣(chen)怨不(bu)(bu)见(jian)听用(yong)。“故(gu)旧无(wu)大(da)(da)故(gu),则不(bu)(bu)弃”者(zhe),大(da)(da)故(gu),谓恶(e)逆之事也(ye)。故(gu)旧朋(peng)友无(wu)此(ci)恶(e)逆之事,则不(bu)(bu)有遗弃也(ye)。“无(wu)求(qiu)备於一人”者(zhe),求(qiu),责也(ye)。任(ren)人当(dang)(dang)随其才,无(wu)得(de)责备於一人也(ye)。
周(zhou)有八(ba)士(shi):伯达、伯适、仲(zhong)突、仲(zhong)忽、叔夜、叔夏、季(ji)随、季(ji)。(包曰:“周(zhou)时四(si)乳(ru)生八(ba)子,皆(jie)为显(xian)士(shi),故(gu)记之尔。”)
[疏]“周有八士:伯达、伯适、仲突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季随、季”。
○正义曰:此章记异(yi)也。周时(shi)有人(ren)四偏生子(zi)而乳之(zhi),每乳皆(jie)二子(zi),凡八子(zi),皆(jie)为(wei)显士,故记之(zhi)耳。郑玄(xuan)以为(wei)成王(wang)时(shi)。刘向、马融(rong)皆(jie)以为(wei)宣王(wang)时(shi)。