韩非子· 十过原文与翻译
十过：一曰(yue)(yue)行小忠(zhong)(zhong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)大(da)(da)忠(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)贼也(ye)(ye)。二曰(yue)(yue)顾小利(li)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)大(da)(da)利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)残也(ye)(ye)。三(san)曰(yue)(yue)行僻(pi)自用，无礼诸候，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)亡(wang)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)。四曰(yue)(yue)不务听(ting)治(zhi)而(er)好五音(yin)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)穷身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)。五曰(yue)(yue)贪愎喜利(li)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)灭国杀(sha)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)(ye)。六(liu)曰(yue)(yue)耽(dan)于(yu)女(nv)乐，不顾国政，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)亡(wang)国之(zhi)(zhi)祸也(ye)(ye)。七曰(yue)(yue)离内远游而(er)忽于(yu)谏士，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)危(wei)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。八曰(yue)(yue)过而(er)不听(ting)于(yu)忠(zhong)(zhong)臣，而(er)独行其(qi)意，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)灭高名(ming)为(wei)人笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)始也(ye)(ye)。九曰(yue)(yue)内不量力，外恃(shi)诸候，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)削国之(zhi)(zhi)患也(ye)(ye)。十曰(yue)(yue)国小无礼，不用谏臣，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)绝世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)势也(ye)(ye)。
十(shi)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)过错(cuo)；第(di)一(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)献小(xiao)忠(zhong)，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对大(da)忠(zhong)的祸害(hai)。第(di)二种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)贪图小(xiao)利，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对大(da)利的危(wei)害(hai)。第(di)三种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)行为怪僻(pi)，自以为是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，对其他诸(zhu)侯国(guo)(guo)没有(you)礼貌，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丧身中最(zui)严重(zhong)的了。第(di)四种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)致力(li)于治理(li)国(guo)(guo)家而沉溺于音(yin)乐，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)自己走上末路(lu)的事情(qing)。第(di)五(wu)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)贪心(xin)固执喜欢私利，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亡国(guo)(guo)杀身的根源。第(di)六种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)沉溺于女子歌舞，不(bu)(bu)关心(xin)国(guo)(guo)家政事，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亡国(guo)(guo)的祸害(hai)。第(di)七种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)离(li)开朝廷(ting)到远(yuan)方(fang)游玩，又不(bu)(bu)听谏(jian)士的规(gui)劝，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)自己遭受危(wei)险的做法(fa)。第(di)八种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)过错(cuo)却不(bu)(bu)听忠(zhong)臣劝谏(jian)，而又一(yi)意孤行，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丧失好名声并被人耻笑的开始。第(di)九种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)内不(bu)(bu)量(liang)力(li)，外靠(kao)诸(zhu)侯，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)削(xue)弱国(guo)(guo)家的祸患。第(di)十(shi)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)国(guo)(guo)小(xiao)无礼，不(bu)(bu)听谏(jian)臣，这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)断绝后代的形势。
奚谓小忠？昔者(zhe)楚共王(wang)(wang)(wang)与晋厉公战(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)鄢(yan)陵，楚师(shi)败，而(er)(er)共王(wang)(wang)(wang)伤(shang)其目。酣战(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)时，司马之(zhi)反渴而(er)(er)求饮，竖谷阳(yang)操(cao)觞酒(jiu)而(er)(er)进(jin)之(zhi)。子(zi)反曰(yue)："嘻(xi)！，退，酒(jiu)也。"阳(yang)曰(yue)："非酒(jiu)也。"子(zi)反受(shou)而(er)(er)饮之(zhi)。子(zi)反之(zhi)为(wei)人也，嗜(shi)酒(jiu)，而(er)(er)甘之(zhi)，弗能绝(jue)于(yu)口(kou)，而(er)(er)醉(zui)。战(zhan)(zhan)既罢，共王(wang)(wang)(wang)欲战(zhan)(zhan)，令人召(zhao)司马子(zi)反，司马子(zi)反辞以(yi)(yi)心疾。共王(wang)(wang)(wang)驾而(er)(er)自往，入其幄中，闻酒(jiu)臭而(er)(er)还，曰(yue)："今(jin)日(ri)之(zhi)战(zhan)(zhan)，不谷亲伤(shang)。所恃(shi)者(zhe)，司马也，而(er)(er)司马又醉(zui)如此，是亡楚国(guo)之(zhi)社稷(ji)而(er)(er)不恤(xu)吾众也。不谷无(wu)复战(zhan)(zhan)矣。"于(yu)是还师(shi)而(er)(er)去，斩司马子(zi)反以(yi)(yi)为(wei)大(da)戮(lu)。故(gu)竖阳(yang)之(zhi)进(jin)酒(jiu)，不以(yi)(yi)仇子(zi)反也，其心忠爱之(zhi)而(er)(er)适足以(yi)(yi)杀之(zhi)。故(gu)曰(yue)：行小忠，则大(da)忠之(zhi)贼也。
什么叫小忠？过去楚共王和晋厉公在鄢陵大战，楚军失败，共王伤了眼睛。战斗激烈之时，楚军司马子反口渴要水喝，侍仆谷阳拿了一觞酒来给他。子反说：“嘿！一边去，这是酒。”谷阳说：“不是酒。”子反接过来喝了。子反这个人，喜爱喝酒，觉得酒味甜美，不能停下来，结果醉了。战斗已经结束，共王想再战，派人召司马子反，司马子反以心病为由推辞不去。共王乘车亲自前往，进了子反帐中，闻到酒气而返回，说：“今天的战斗，我自身受了伤。依靠的是司马，司马却又醉成这样。这是忘了楚国的神灵而不关心我的民众。我不能继续战斗了。”于是把军队撤离鄢陵，把司马子反处以死刑。所以侍仆谷阳献酒，并不是因为仇恨子反，他的内心是忠爱子反的，但却恰好是杀了他。所以说，献小忠，便是对大忠的祸害。
奚谓顾小利？昔者晋献(xian)公欲(yu)假(jia)(jia)(jia)道(dao)于虞(yu)以(yi)伐虢。荀(xun)息(xi)曰(yue)："君(jun)其以(yi)垂棘(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)璧(bi)(bi)与(yu)屈(qu)产之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘，赂(lu)虞(yu)公，求假(jia)(jia)(jia)道(dao)焉，必假(jia)(jia)(jia)我(wo)道(dao)。"君(jun)曰(yue)："垂棘(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)璧(bi)(bi)，吾(wu)先(xian)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宝也(ye)(ye)(ye)；屈(qu)产之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘，寡人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骏马(ma)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)受吾(wu)币(bi)不(bu)假(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)，将奈何？"荀(xun)息(xi)曰(yue)："彼不(bu)假(jia)(jia)(jia)我(wo)道(dao)，必不(bu)敢受我(wo)。若(ruo)受我(wo)，而假(jia)(jia)(jia)我(wo)道(dao)，则是宝犹(you)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)府而藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外府也(ye)(ye)(ye)，马(ma)犹(you)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)厩(jiu)而著之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外厩(jiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。君(jun)勿尤。"君(jun)曰(yue)："诺。"乃使荀(xun)息(xi)以(yi)垂棘(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)璧(bi)(bi)与(yu)屈(qu)产之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘赂(lu)虞(yu)公而求假(jia)(jia)(jia)道(dao)焉。虞(yu)公贪利其璧(bi)(bi)与(yu)马(ma)而欲(yu)许(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。宫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奇谏曰(yue)："不(bu)可许(xu)。夫虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)虢也(ye)(ye)(ye)，如车之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)辅(fu)。辅(fu)依车，车亦依辅(fu)，虞(yu)、虢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势正(zheng)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)假(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)，则虢朝亡(wang)而虞(yu)夕从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。不(bu)可，愿勿许(xu)。"虞(yu)公弗听，逐假(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。荀(xun)息(xi)伐虢克之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，还反(fan)处三年，与(yu)兵(bing)伐虞(yu)，又克之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。荀(xun)息(xi)牵马(ma)操璧(bi)(bi)而报献(xian)公，献(xian)公说曰(yue)："璧(bi)(bi)则犹(you)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽然，马(ma)齿亦益长(zhang)矣。"故虞(yu)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)殆而地削者，何也(ye)(ye)(ye)？爱小利而不(bu)虑其害。故曰(yue)：顾小利，则大利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)残也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
什么(me)叫贪(tan)(tan)图小(xiao)利(li)？过去晋(jin)(jin)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)想(xiang)向虞(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)借(jie)路去讨伐(fa)虢(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。荀息(xi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“您(nin)最好是(shi)用垂棘的(de)(de)宝(bao)玉(yu)和(he)屈(qu)产的(de)(de)良(liang)马(ma)(ma)贿(hui)赂(lu)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君主(zhu)，向他(ta)(ta)要(yao)求借(jie)路，他(ta)(ta)定会把路借(jie)给(ji)我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)。”晋(jin)(jin)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“垂棘宝(bao)玉(yu)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)祖(zu)先的(de)(de)珍宝(bao)，屈(qu)产良(liang)马(ma)(ma)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)骏马(ma)(ma)。假(jia)如(ru)他(ta)(ta)接受(shou)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)礼(li)(li)物(wu)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)借(jie)给(ji)道路，怎么(me)办？”荀息(xi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)借(jie)给(ji)我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)道路，必定不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢接受(shou)我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)礼(li)(li)物(wu)。假(jia)如(ru)接受(shou)我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)礼(li)(li)物(wu)而(er)借(jie)给(ji)我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)道路，那(nei)(nei)么(me)这(zhei)块宝(bao)玉(yu)就像是(shi)从(cong)内府取出(chu)来(lai)藏(zang)到外府一样(yang)(yang)(yang)，骏马(ma)(ma)就像是(shi)从(cong)内厩牵出(chu)来(lai)拴到外厩一样(yang)(yang)(yang)。您(nin)别担(dan)心。”晋(jin)(jin)君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“好吧。”就让苟息(xi)用垂棘宝(bao)玉(yu)和(he)屈(qu)产良(liang)马(ma)(ma)，去贿(hui)赂(lu)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，向他(ta)(ta)借(jie)路。虞(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)贪(tan)(tan)得宝(bao)玉(yu)和(he)良(liang)马(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)小(xiao)利(li)而(er)打(da)算答应借(jie)路。宫(gong)之奇(qi)劝谏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)能答应。虞(yu)(yu)(yu)有虢(guo)好比车两(liang)边有护木。护木依靠车子，车子也依靠护木，虞(yu)(yu)(yu)虢(guo)两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)地理形势(shi)正是(shi)这(zhei)样(yang)(yang)(yang)。假(jia)如(ru)借(jie)路给(ji)他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)，那(nei)(nei)么(me)虢(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)早上灭亡，虞(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)晚上就要(yao)跟着(zhe)(zhe)灭亡了(le)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)能借(jie)，希望(wang)您(nin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)答应。”虞(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)，于(yu)是(shi)借(jie)路给(ji)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。荀息(xi)讨伐(fa)虢(guo)貌国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)取得了(le)胜利(li)，回(hui)来(lai)后过了(le)三年，发兵(bing)伐(fa)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)，又打(da)败了(le)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。荀息(xi)牵着(zhe)(zhe)马(ma)(ma)拿着(zhe)(zhe)璧(bi)回(hui)来(lai)报告晋(jin)(jin)献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)高兴地说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“壁还和(he)以前(qian)一样(yang)(yang)(yang)。虽说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)如(ru)此，马(ma)(ma)却长几岁了(le)。”那(nei)(nei)么(me)，虞(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)军危(wei)地削的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)什么(me)呢？是(shi)贪(tan)(tan)恋小(xiao)利(li)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)考(kao)虑它的(de)(de)危(wei)害。所以说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，贪(tan)(tan)图小(xiao)利(li)，便是(shi)对大利(li)的(de)(de)危(wei)害。
