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毛诗正义卷十四 十四之一在线阅读

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卷十四 十四之一

  ◎甫田之什诂训传第二十(shi)一 

《甫(fu)田》,刺幽王也。君子伤(shang)今而思古焉。刺者,刺其仓廪空虚,政(zheng)烦赋重,农人失职(zhi)。

[疏]《甫田》四章,章十句。
  ○笺“刺者”至“失职”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:经言(yan)(yan)(yan)成王(wang)(wang)庾稼,千仓(cang)万箱,是仓(cang)廪(lin)(lin)实,反(fan)明幽王(wang)(wang)之时(shi),仓(cang)廪(lin)(lin)虚(xu)(xu)也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)適彼南(nan)亩,耘(yun)耔黍稷,是农(nong)(nong)人得职,反(fan)明幽王(wang)(wang)之时(shi),农(nong)(nong)人失职也(ye)。政烦赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong),《楚(chu)茨序》文。次(ci)四篇文势大(da)同,此及(ji)下篇笺皆(jie)引(yin)之,言(yan)(yan)(yan)由(you)政烦赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong),故农(nong)(nong)人失其常职也(ye)。若然,赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)则仓(cang)应(ying)实,仓(cang)虚(xu)(xu)则赋(fu)应(ying)轻,而(er)(er)(er)(er)同刺之者,以王(wang)(wang)贪而(er)(er)(er)(er)无艺,故赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)用而(er)(er)(er)(er)无节,故仓(cang)虚(xu)(xu)。由(you)仓(cang)虚(xu)(xu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)赋(fu)更重(zhong)(zhong),以赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)民逃散。农(nong)(nong)人失职,由(you)政烦赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)所致。其仓(cang)虚(xu)(xu),则别有费散,不由(you)赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong),故笺先言(yan)(yan)(yan)仓(cang)廪(lin)(lin)虚(xu)(xu),则言(yan)(yan)(yan)政烦赋(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)。

倬彼甫田,岁取十千。倬,明貌。甫田,谓天下田也。十千,言多也。笺云:甫之言丈夫也。明乎彼大古之时,以丈夫税田也。岁取十千,於井田之法,则一成之数也。九夫为井,井税一夫,其田百亩。井十为通,通税十夫,其田千亩。通十为成,成方十里,成税百夫,其田万亩。欲见其数,从井、通起,故言十千。上地穀亩一锺。
  ○倬,陟角反,《韩诗》作“箌”,音同,云:“,卓也。”甫之言丈夫也,直两反,依义“丈夫”是也。本又作“大夫”,一本“甫之言夫也”,又一本“甫之言大也”。大古,音泰。见,贤遍反。我取其陈,食我农人,自古有年。尊者食新,农夫食陈。笺云:仓廪有馀,民得赊贳取食之,所以纾官之蓄滞,亦使民爱存新穀。自古者丰年之法如此。
  ○食音嗣。赊音奢。贳音世,又食夜反,《说文》云:“贷也。”纾音舒,何常汝反。蓄,敕六反。今適南亩,或耘或耔,黍稷薿薿。耘,除草也。耔,雍本也。笺云:今者,今成王之法也。使农人之南亩,治其禾稼,功至力尽,则薿薿然而茂盛。於古言税法,今言治田,互辞。
  ○耘音芸,沈又音运(yun),本又作“芸”,音同(tong)。耔音子,沈音兹(zi),壅禾根也。薿(ni),鱼(yu)起反(fan),徐(xu)又鱼(yu)力反(fan)。

攸介攸止,烝我髦士。烝,进。髦,俊也。治田得穀,俊士以进。笺云:介,舍也。礼,使民锄作耘耔,閒暇则於庐舍及所止息之处,以道艺相讲肄,以进其为俊士之行。
  ○介音(yin)界(jie),王“大也”。烝,之承反。髦音(yin)毛。锄,本或(huo)作(zuo)“助”,同(tong)仕鱼反。閒音(yin)闲(xian)。处,昌虑反。肆,以四反,字亦作(zuo)“肄”,同(tong)。行,下孟(meng)反。

[疏]“倬彼”至“髦士”。
  ○毛以为,倬然明大者,彼古太平之时,天下之大田也。一岁之收,乃取十千。以其天下皆丰,故不系之於夫井,不限之於斗斛,要言多取田亩之收,举十千多数而已。以其大熟如此,故诗人云:我取其陈者以食农人,使一家之内尊老得食其新粟,卑稚食其陈粟。是为老壮之别,孝养之义也。自古太平有丰年,其时如此。故今成王之时,亦奉而修之。其万民適彼南亩之内,或耘除草木,或拥其根本,功至力尽,故令黍稷得薿薿然而茂盛。收获既多,国用充足,所以成大功,所以自安止,又得进我民人成为髦俊之士。由仓廪实,知礼节,故丰年多获,髦士所以得进也。而幽王不修之,故举以刺焉。郑唯“今適南亩”三句同,其首尾皆异。言倬然明著者,彼太古之时,於丈夫之所税田,一岁之中,於一成之地,取十千亩也。言赋敛不重,仓廪盈实。故於时之民,见官有馀,遂云:我从官取其仓廪之陈者,而食我农夫之民,所以纾官之畜滞,亦使民爱存新穀,故令国以足用,下无困乏。自古丰有之年,其法如此,故今成王之时,奉而修之。其万民適彼南亩之中,或耘或耔,黍稷薿薿然茂盛。其农人所居庐舍,及所止息之处,閒暇则以道艺相讲肄,故得进我农人,成其为俊士之行。是农人尽力而治田,上依古法而税敛,政省赋轻,仓廪以实。今王不能然,故反以刺之。
  ○传“倬明”至“言多”。
  ○正义曰:以《云汉》云“倬彼云汉”,是明貌也。言明者,疾今不能。言古之明信,故云明也。《齐·甫田》传曰:“甫,大也。”以言大田,故谓为天下田也。十千者,数之大成,举其成数,故云十千,言多也。王肃云:“太平之时,天下皆丰,故不系之於夫井,不限之於斗斛,要言多取田亩之收而已。”孙毓曰:“凡诗赋之作,皆总举众义,从多大之辞,非如记事立制,必详度量之数。‘甫田’犹下篇言‘大田’耳。言岁取十千,亦犹颂云‘万亿及秭’,举大数,且以协句。言所在有大田,皆有十千之收。推而广之,以见天下皆丰。”此皆申述毛说也。
  ○笺“甫之”至“亩一锺”。
  ○正义曰:以此意言自古有年。又云“今適南亩”一章之内,而有古今相对。“今適南亩”,言民之治田,则“岁取十千”,宜为官之税法。税法而言十千,为有限之数,则不据天下,不可言大,不得与齐之。甫田同训,故云“甫之言丈夫也”。《穀梁传》曰:“夫犹传也,男子之美称。”《士冠礼》注亦云:“甫,丈夫之美称。甫或作父,是为丈夫也。”《易》曰:“师贞,丈人吉。”言以礼法长於人,可倚丈也。是夫者有传相之德而可倚丈,谓之丈夫,通天下男子之辞。《丧服》曰“丈夫妇人”是也。言明乎彼太古之时者,以此诗据幽王之时,而思古谓思成王也。成王既古矣,而云“今適南亩”,以成王之时为今,则古又古於成王,是为太古也。案《礼记·郊特牲》与《士冠礼》皆曰:“太古冠布,齐则缁之。”下即云:“牟追,夏后氏之道。章甫,殷道。委貌,周道。”然则太古冠布,在三代之前,故注云:“唐、虞以上曰太古。”然世代推移,后之仰先皆为古矣。古有远近,其言无常,故《易》以文王为中古,《礼记》以神农为中古,各有所对,为古不同,则太古之名,亦无定限。此言太古古於成王则可,未必要唐、虞以上也。《孟子》曰:“欲重之於尧、舜,大桀、小桀。轻之於尧、舜,大貉、小貉。则什一而税,尧、舜已然。”此论税法而言太古,亦以太古为唐、虞,於理虽通,但什一而税,三代皆然,据今成王所修,不必要本尧、舜。《信南山》言成王奉禹之功,则此太古盖亦禹也。言丈夫税田,谓於丈夫而税其田,以治田者男子,故言於丈夫也。岁取十千,於井田之法则一成之数者,《司马法》计之而然也。《司马法》曰:“夫三为屋,屋三为井。”是九夫为井也。“井十为通,通十为成”,亦《司马法》文。《孟子》云:“请野九一而助”,谓九夫之内,与公助一夫,田有百亩,故知井税一夫,其田百亩。从此而累计之,故知通税千亩,成税万亩也。又解不言万亩,而称十千,意欲见其数从井、通起,故言十干,明从井税一夫为百亩,千是通之税,故云十干以见之,而不言万亩也。郑以为,税法者,亦以此十千故耳。知此为田亩者,以“十千”之文,连“甫田”之下,明取十千之田,故知田亩,非釜斛也。又解田之所收数,言上地穀亩一钟,明时和而收多,故税轻而用足也。《史记·河渠书》曰:“韩使水工郑国间说秦,凿泾水为渠,并於山东注洛三百馀里。渠成而用溉泻卤之地四万馀顷,收皆亩一钟。”彼泻卤之地,灌溉之功,亩收一钟,明太平阴阳和,风雨时,上地亩亦收一钟也。昭三年《左传》曰:“齐旧四量,豆、区、釜、钟。四升为豆,各自其四,以登於釜。釜十则钟。”是钟容六斛四斗也。《汉书·食货志》曰:“一夫治田百亩,岁收亩一硕半,为粟百五十硕。岁有上中下,上孰其收自四,中孰自三,下孰自倍。”张晏曰:“平岁百亩收百五十硕,今大孰四倍,收六百硕。”自三百五十硕,自倍三百硕。彼谓中平之地,上孰亩六硕,故本太平之上孰,上地准关中,为亩一钟也。《孟子》言三代税法,其实皆什一。若井税一夫,是九税一矣。此诗之意,刺幽王赋重,当陈古税之轻,而言成税万亩,反得重於什一者,《孟子》言什一,据通率而言耳。周制有贡有助,助者九夫而税一夫之田,贡者什一而贡一夫之穀,通之二十夫而税二夫,是为什中税一也,故《冬官·匠人》注广引经传而论之,云:“周制畿内用夏之贡法,税夫无公田。邦国用殷之助法制公田,不税夫。贡者,自治其所受田,贡其税穀;助者,借民之力,以治公田,又使收敛焉。诸侯谓之彻者,通其率以什一为正。《孟子》云:“野九夫而税一,国中什一。”是邦国亦异外内之法耳。是郑解通率为什一之事也。又《孟子》云:“滕文公使毕战问井田,孟子对曰:‘请野九一而助,国中什一使自赋。’”是郑所引异外内之事也。《孟子》又云:“方里而井,井九百亩,其中为公田,八家皆私百亩,同养公田。公事毕,然后治私事,所以别野人也。”是说助法,井别一夫以入公也。言别野人者,别野人之法,使与国中不同也。《尔雅》云:“郊外曰野。”则野人为郊外也。野人为郊外,则国中谓郊内也。郊内谓之国中者,以近国,故系国言之亦可,地在郊内,居在国中故也。助法既言百亩为公田,则使自赋者,明是自治其田,贡其税穀也。助则九而助一,贡则什一而贡一,通率为什一也。若然,九一而助者,为九中一。知什一自赋,非什中一者,以言九一即云而助,明九中一助也。国中言什一,乃云使自赋,是什一之中,使自赋之,明非什中一为赋也。故郑玄通其率,以什一为正。若什一自赋为什中赋一,则不得与九一通率为什一也。且郑引《孟子》云“野九夫而税一,国中什一”,不言国中什而税一,明是国中什一而贡一,故得通率为什一也。如郑之言,邦国亦异外内,则诸侯郊内贡、郊外助矣。而郑正言畿内用贡法,邦国用助法,以为诸侯皆助者,以诸侯郊内之地少,郊外助者,多故以邦国为助,对畿内之贡为异外内也。案《王制》云:“千里之内曰甸,其外曰采。”注云:“取其美物以当穀税。”又《尚书》,《郑志》说“贡篚”之义云:“凡所贡篚之物,皆以税物市之,随时物价,以当邦赋。”然畿外诸侯不以穀入天子。此若成税万亩,是畿外助法,则诗说天子之事,得云“岁取十千”者,以天子天下为家,故美其收入之多,则广举天下之田。若贡之天子,自可随其所须,变为货物,皆是税穀市之,亦得为天子所取也。史传说助、贡之法,唯《孟子》为明。郑据其言,以什十而彻,为通外内之率,理则然矣。而《食货志》云:“井方一里,是九夫。八家共之,各受私田百亩,公田十亩,是为八百八十亩,馀二十亩为庐舍。”其言取《孟子》为说,而失其本旨。班固既有此言,由是群儒遂谬。何休之注《公羊》,范甯之解《穀梁》,赵岐之注《孟子》,宋均之说《乐纬》,咸以为然,皆义异於郑,理不可通。何则?言井九百亩,其中为公田,则中央百亩共为公田,不得家取十亩也。又言八家皆私百亩,则百亩皆属公矣,何得复以二十亩为庐舍也?言同养公田,是八家共理公事,何得家分十亩自治之也?若家取十亩,各自治之,安得谓之同养也?若二十亩为庐舍,则家别二亩半,亦入私矣,则家别私有百二亩半,何得为八家皆私百亩也?此皆诸儒之谬。郑於《匠人》注云:“野九夫而税一。”此笺云:“井税一夫,其田百亩。”是郑意无家别公田十亩及二亩半为庐舍之事。俗以郑说同於诸儒,是又失郑旨矣。此井税一夫,是为定法,而《禹贡》注“上上出九夫税,下下出一夫税,通率九州一井税五夫”者,以《禹贡》九州之赋法凡有九等,郑欲品其多少,无所比况,遂以九井拟之,以示税之多少耳,非其实税之也。何则?九州之地,不至九倍。若第一之州为三等,岂第九州之上者,一家受田九百亩,中者千八百亩,下者二千七百亩?斯不然矣!若亦以百亩、二百亩、三百亩为三等给之,以地有薄厚,差降其税,不可下州九家而共积一夫之税。此乃不近人情也。明是以九等井税拟之耳。笺必易毛者,以此诗之作,刺幽王政烦赋重,废民农业,而此章下言治田,则此为税法,互言其事,以相发明耳。且取者,自此取彼之辞耳。岁取既为税敛之言,十千即是期限之数,若子孙千亿万亿及秭,文无指定,可为多大之辞。其此文与“十千维耦”,“百室盈止”,周公之东征四国,成汤之式於九围,皆是数有限量,不得为总举大辞也。又参之於《司马》之书,校之於一成之税,其数正允,其若合符,故不从毛氏也。而孙毓难云:“一成之收,裁是十里之丰。”谓笺之说,不足以该天下。然毓以所在天下大田,皆有十千之收,可推而广之,则每於十里皆取十千,何独不可推而广也?郑氏之说,亦足通矣。
  ○传“尊者”至“食陈”。
  ○正义曰:言“食我农人”,是辞有所别。《七月》云“采荼”薪樗,食我农夫,以对“为此春酒,以介眉寿”,是农夫别於眉寿。彼农夫与此农人一也。言农夫食陈,明对眉寿为尊者食新矣。孙毓云:“一家之中,尊长食新,农夫食陈,老壮之别,孝养之义也。”
  ○笺“仓廪”至“如此”。
  ○正义曰:上言古之税法,一成而岁取十千,故知此言我取,取於官,是仓廪有馀,赊贷取而食之也。以官有畜积,恐其久而腐败,所以纾出官粟之畜积久滞者,待秋收然后取民新穀以纳官也。於官则积而不腐,亦是使民爱重,存留此新穀也。定本及《集注》“贷”皆作“贳”,义或然也。《地官·旅师》云:“凡用粟,春颁而秋敛之。”注云:“困时施之,饶时收之。”此即“我取其陈”也。此又特言农人,不对眉寿,则老壮总为农人,不与《七月》同也。若然,《王制》云“古者三年耕,必有一年之食”,则太平丰年,当家自有积,而得有贷官粟者,然古今时运,人亦一也,作制者美古之辞,据多以言,不能使皆有畜积。犹今之丰年,而民有贫而无食者。税敛有义,用之以道。以仓粟则陈陈相因,民贫则贷取以食,所以上下交济,海内乂安,岂言皆无畜积,人尽取之也?
  ○传“耘,除草。耔,雍本”。
  ○正义曰:《食货志》云:“后稷始畎田,以二耜为耦,广尺深尺曰畎,长终亩。一亩三畎,一夫三百畎,而播种於畎中。苗叶以上,稍耨垄草,因墤其土以附苗根。比成垄尽而根深,能风与旱,故薿薿而盛也。”是说耘耔之事,“附根”即此“雍本”也。
  ○笺“今者”至“治田互辞”。
  ○正义曰:以上言“自古有年”,此言今以别之,而下言“曾孙来止”,故知今者,成王之时也。言不夺农时,故得使农人之其南亩也。
  ○传“治田”至“以进”。
  ○正义曰:《管子》云:“仓廪实,知礼节;衣食足,知荣辱。”明人成俊士,由田之得穀,故云“治田得穀,俊士以进”也。“攸介攸止”,毛虽不训,准《生民》之传,则不为舍而止息。王肃云:“是君子治道所大,功所定止。”传意当然。言太平年丰,为功成治定,故俊士以进,以由得穀故耳。
  ○笺“介舍”至“之行”。
  ○正义曰(yue):以(yi)此田(tian)农之(zhi)事(shi),介(jie)(jie)、止(zhi)相(xiang)对,止(zhi)是止(zhi)息(xi),故介(jie)(jie)为舍(she)也(ye)。《信南(nan)山》云:“中(zhong)田(tian)有庐。”舍(she)则(ze)必归於庐,止(zhi)则(ze)随其所惓而息(xi),故介(jie)(jie)、止(zhi)分为二事(shi)也(ye)。礼,使民锄作耘耔(zi),其有閒暇,则(ze)於庐舍(she)及(ji)所止(zhi)息(xi)之(zhi)处(chu),相(xiang)讲论(lun)而肄习其业(ye)。言礼者,以(yi)其礼法(fa)当然(ran),非有礼文也(ye)。《汉书·艺(yi)文志》曰(yue):“古之(zhi)学者,且耕(geng)且养(yang),三(san)年而通一艺(yi),用日少而畜德多,三(san)十(shi)而五经立。”即(ji)此“烝(zheng)我髦士(shi)(shi)”,是也(ye)。以(yi)文承“或耔(zi)”之(zhi)下,以(yi)止(zhi)舍(she)讲习,以(yi)成俊(jun)士(shi)(shi),於理(li)为切,故易(yi)传(chuan)。

以我齐明,与我牺羊,以社以方。器实曰齐,在器曰盛。社,后土也。方,迎四方气於郊也。笺云:以絜齐丰盛,与我纯色之羊,秋祭社与四方,为五穀成熟,报其功也。
  ○齐,本又作“赍”,又作“齍”,同音资。注同。牺,许宜反。为,于伪反。下“为农”、“亲为”、“为之”皆同。我田既臧,农夫之庆。笺云:臧,善也。我田事已善,则庆赐农夫。谓大蜡之时,劳农以休息之也。年不顺成,则八蜡不通。
  ○蜡,仕(shi)诈反(fan)。劳(lao),力报反(fan)。篇(pian)末“劳(lao)赐”同(tong)。

琴瑟击鼓,以御田祖,以祈甘雨,以介我稷黍,以穀我士女。田祖,先啬也。穀,善也。笺云:御,迎。介,助。穀,养也。设乐以迎祭先啬,谓郊后始耕也。以求甘雨,佑助我禾稼,我当以养士女也。《周礼》曰:“凡国祈年于田祖,吹《豳》雅,击土鼓,以乐田畯。”
  ○御,牙嫁反(fan)。注(zhu)同(tong)。豳,彼贫反(fan),本亦(yi)作“邠”。以乐,音洛。

[疏]“以我”至“士女”。
  ○毛以为,絜黍稷茂盛,故今至秋,以用我器实之齐丰而明报,及与我牺而纯色之羊,用此齐牲,以祭社稷,以祀四方,以报其能成五穀之功也。五穀成熟,则我田事已善矣。於孟冬之月,其农夫之人受庆赐,谓息田夫而飨劳之也。至前孟春月,以琴瑟及击其土鼓,以迎田祖先啬之神而祭之,所以求甘澍之雨,以大得我稷之与黍。其成熟,则人皆修饰,以善我士之与女。今王不能然,故刺之。郑唯以佑助我禾稼之黍稷,及其成熟,当以养我士之与女为异。馀同。
  ○传“器实”至“於郊”。
  ○正义曰:经、传多“齐盛”连文,故传因齐解盛。《春官·肆师》:“祭之日,表齍盛,告絜。”注云:“粢,六穀也。”则六穀总为齐。《天官·甸师》注云:“粢,稷也。”唯以稷为粢者,以稷是穀之长,为诸穀之总名。六穀皆为器之实,故曰器实曰齐,指穀体也。在器曰盛,据巳盛於器也。故桓六年《左传》曰:“絜粢丰盛。”言为穀则絜清,在器则丰满。是指器实为粢,在器为盛也。毛氏解社,其言不明,惟此言“社,后土”,其义当与郑同。郑《驳异义》以为,社者,五土之神,能生万物者,以古之有大功者配之。《祭法》曰:“共工氏之霸九州也,其子曰后土,能平九州,故祀以为社。”昭二十九年《传》曰:“共工氏有子曰句龙,为后土则社。”《郑志》答赵商云:“后土为社,转作社神。”赵商问:“《郊特牲》社祭土而主阴气。《大宗伯职》曰:‘王大封则先告后土。’注云:‘后土,土神也。’若此之义,后工则社,社则后土,二者未知云何?敢问后土祭谁?社祭谁乎?”答曰:“句龙本后土,后迁之为社。大封先告后土,玄注云‘后土,土神’,不云后土,社也。”田琼问:“《周礼》‘大封,先告后土’。注云:‘后土,社也。’前答赵商曰:‘当言后土,土神。言社,非也。’《檀弓》曰:‘国亡大县邑。’或曰:‘君举而哭於后土。’注云:‘后土,社也。’《月令》:‘仲春命民社。’注云:‘社,后土。’《中庸》云:‘郊社之礼,所以事上帝也。’注云:‘社,祭地神。不言后土,省文。’此三者,皆当定之否?”答曰:“后土,土官之名也。死以为社,社而祭之,故曰后土,社句龙为后土,后转为社,故世人谓社为后土,无可怪也。欲定者,定之亦可,不须由此言。‘后土者,地之大名也。’”僖十五年《左传》曰:“履后土而戴皇天。”指谓地为后土也。句龙职主土地,故谓其官为后土。此人为后土之官,后转以配社,又谓社为后土。且社亦土地之神。是后土之言,参差不一,故弟子疑而发问也。《宗伯》大封告后土者,以其大封是上地之事,宜告土神,不告句龙,故云定为“后土,土神”。《檀弓》曰:“国亡大县邑。哭於后土”者,以诸侯守社稷失地,哭於社,故云“后土,社也”。此文与《月令》皆谓祭祀后土,则配社之神,故云“社,后土”也。《中庸》云郊、社相对,郊是天,则社是地,故云“社祭土神”。以《宗伯》与《左传》皆谓地为后土,则土神宜称后土。而《中庸》言社,不言后土,故云省文。以理皆可通,故云“欲定,定之亦可,不须言”也。言迎四方之神於郊者,《下曲礼》云:“天子祭四方,岁遍。”注云:“祭四方,谓祭五宫之神於四郊也。句芒在东,祝融、后土在南,蓐收在西,玄冥在北。”是也。实五官而云四郊者,火、土俱在南,其火、土俱祀黎,故《郑志》答赵商云:“后土转为者,无复代者。故先师之说黎兼之,亦因火、土位在南。”又《大宗伯》注云:“五祀者,五官之神在四郊,四时迎五行之气於郊,而祭五德之帝,亦食此神焉。少昊氏之子曰重,为句芒,食於木。该为蓐收,食於金。修及熙为玄冥,食於水。颛顼氏之子曰黎,为祝融、后土,食於火、土。”是黎兼二祀也。《曲礼》言岁遍,此祀在秋而并言四方,盖常祀岁遍,此秋成报功则总祭,故并言四方也。
  ○笺“以絜”至“其功”。
  ○正义曰:《楚茨》笺云:“明,犹洁也。”齐言明,谓絜清;羊言牺,谓纯色。故云“以絜齐丰盛,与纯色之羊”。经言“齐明”,笺云“絜齐”,文倒者,各从其便而言耳。《郊特牲》云:“社稷太牢。”则四方之神亦太牢。此独言羊以会句,言牺以见纯明,非特羊而已。社为阴祀,其牺用纯黑色也。其方祀,则各以其方之色也。知比社与四方皆为秋祭报功者,以上言黍稷之盛,而此言齐羊之祭,明是物成而祭也。下言“农夫之庆”,当孟冬休息;“以御田祖”,是来春祈穀,故知此祭在秋为时次也,故《大司马》仲秋云“遂以狝田,罗弊,致禽以祀祊”。注云:“祊当为方,声之误也。狝田主祭四方,报成万物。”即引此诗云:“以社以方。”是报祭四方在仲秋也。《良耜序》云:“秋报社稷。”郑《驳异义》引《大司徒》五地之物云:“此五土地者,土生万物,养鸟兽草木之类,皆为民利,有贡税之法。王者秋祭之,以报其功。”是祭社亦在秋也。
  ○笺“我田”至“不通”。
  ○正义曰:农夫之得庆赐,唯劳赐之耳。岁事不成,则无此劳息,故言“我田事既善,则庆赐农夫”也。“谓大蜡之时,劳农以休息之”者,王者以岁事成熟,搜索群神而报祭之,而谓之大蜡。又为腊先祖五祀,因令党正属民饮酒于序,以正齿位,而劳赐农夫,令得极欢大饮,是谓休息之。知如此者,《郊特牲》曰:“天子大蜡八。蜡也者,索也。岁十有二月,合聚万物,索飨之也。”是说大蜡之祭也。《月令》孟冬云:“是月也,腊门闾及先祖五祀,劳农以休息之。”是说休息之事也。《郊特牲》蜡祭之下又曰:“黄衣黄冠而祭,息田夫也。”注云:“既蜡,腊先祖五祀,於是劳农以休息之。”是腊即次蜡之后,与蜡异也。《郊特牲》止云“息田夫”,不谓之腊。必知《月令》之“腊祭”与《特牲》“息田夫”为一者,《郊特牲》说蜡祭之服云:“皮弁素服以送终。葛带榛杖,丧杀也。”其下别云:“黄衣黄冠而祭。”明非蜡也。又曰:“既蜡而收,民息已。”既蜡乃云息民,明知息民非蜡。息民与《月令》休息文同,故知黄冠而祭为腊祭也。是以注云:“息民与蜡异。”则黄衣黄冠而祭,为腊必也。以此知腊在既蜡之后也。《地官·党正职》曰:“国索鬼神而祭祀,则以礼属民,而饮酒于序,以正齿位。”以此知党正饮酒亦此时也。《下杂记》云:“子贡观於蜡,曰:‘一国之人皆若狂。’”是恣民大饮也。《酒诰》周公戒康叔禁民饮酒,民无故不饮酒欢乐。今以岁穀丰熟,场功毕入,而特听之,故谓之庆赐劳息。汉世每有国庆而赐民大酺,亦此义也。腊与息民,蜡后为之,以其与蜡同月。若不为蜡,则此事亦废。事皆相将,故系之蜡焉。年不顺成,八蜡不通。《郊特牲》文引此者,解言“我田既臧”,乃云“农夫之庆”之意也。彼注数八蜡云:“先啬一也,司啬二也,农三也,邮表畷四也,猫虎五也,坊六也,水庸七也,昆虫八也。”此八蜡为其主耳,所祭不止於此。四方百物皆祭之。《春官·大司乐》云:“凡六乐者,一变而致羽物及川泽之示,再变而致臝物及山林之示,三变而致鳞物及丘陵之示,四变而致毛物及坟衍之示,五变而致介物及土示,六变而致象物及天神。”注云:“此谓大蜡,索鬼神而致百物,六奏乐而礼毕。”又《大宗伯》云:“辜祭四方百物。”注云:“谓磔攘及蜡祭。”是蜡祭,四方百物皆祭之。
  ○传“田祖”至“穀善”。
  ○正义曰:《郊特牲》注云:“先啬,若神农。”《春官·籥章》注云:“田祖,始耕田者,谓神农。”是一也。以祖者,始也。始教造田,谓之田祖。先为稼穑,谓之先啬。神其农业,谓之神农。名殊,而实同也。以神农始造田谓之田祖,而后稷亦有田功,又有事於尊可以及卑,则祭田祖之时,后稷亦食焉。后土则五穀所生,本云句龙能平之,则句龙亦在祭中。而《籥章》云“以乐田畯”,尚及典田之大夫,明兼后土、后稷矣。故《大司徒》注云:“田主,田神后土及田正之神所依也。”诗人谓之田祖,以句龙为后土,后稷为田正,而言诗人谓之田祖,则田祖之文,虽主於神农,而祭尊可以兼卑,其祭田祖之时,后土、田正皆在焉,故郑总言诗人谓之田祖也。言此田祖,其文得兼有后土、后稷,而《司徒》言田主,则其文不得兼神农。何则?彼云“设其社稷之壝而树之田主”,则田主唯社稷,不得有神农,故郑唯云“后土、田正”,其言不及神农,是其意也。“穀,善”,《释诂》文。王肃云:“大得我稷黍,以善我男女,言仓廪实而知礼节也。”
  ○笺“设乐”至“田畯”。
  ○正义曰(yue):言(yan)设(she)乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),总琴瑟击(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)。鼓(gu)(gu)言(yan)击(ji),明琴瑟亦(yi)击(ji)可(ke)知。《籥(yue)(yue)章(zhang)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“吹(chui)(chui)《豳(bin)》雅(ya)”则(ze)有(you)籥(yue)(yue)吹(chui)(chui)之(zhi)。此(ci)不云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)籥(yue)(yue),彼(bi)《籥(yue)(yue)章(zhang)》不言(yan)琴瑟,皆(jie)文(wen)不备(bei)耳。知迎先(xian)啬谓(wei)郊(jiao)后(hou)始(shi)耕(geng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《月(yue)(yue)令》:“孟春,天(tian)子(zi)乃(nai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)日祈(qi)(qi)穀于(yu)上(shang)帝。”注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“谓(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)辛郊(jiao)祭天(tian)。”即引(yin)襄七(qi)年《左传》曰(yue):“夫郊(jiao)祀后(hou)稷以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祈(qi)(qi)农(nong)事(shi),是(shi)故(gu)(gu)启蛰而(er)郊(jiao),郊(jiao)而(er)后(hou)耕(geng)。”又曰(yue):“乃(nai)择元(yuan)辰(chen),天(tian)子(zi)亲(qin)载耒耜,躬(gong)耕(geng)帝籍。”注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“元(yuan)辰(chen),郊(jiao)后(hou)吉亥。”是(shi)郊(jiao)后(hou)始(shi)耕(geng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。谓(wei)於(wu)始(shi)耕(geng)时而(er)祭之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)先(xian)啬,人神(shen),不宜先(xian)天(tian)而(er)祭,故(gu)(gu)当郊(jiao)后(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。祈(qi)(qi)雨(yu)(yu)又宜早,不可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至二月(yue)(yue)。而(er)田(tian)(tian)祖(zu)(zu)是(shi)始(shi)教(jiao)田(tian)(tian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),故(gu)(gu)知是(shi)始(shi)耕(geng)时祭之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)甘雨(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)长(zhang)物则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)甘,害(hai)物则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)苦(ku)。昭四年《左传》曰(yue):“秋无苦(ku)雨(yu)(yu)。”服虔曰(yue):“害(hai)物之(zhi)雨(yu)(yu),民(min)所苦(ku)。”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。雨(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甘故(gu)(gu),故(gu)(gu)得(de)祐助(zhu)我禾稼,当以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)养士女也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)事(shi)在孟春,则(ze)事(shi)最在后(hou),时次於(wu)上(shang),故(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)结章(zhang),见后(hou)当恒然,反明此(ci)年之(zhi)春已(yi)有(you)此(ci)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兴嗣岁亦(yi)此(ci)义也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。引(yin)《周(zhou)礼》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《籥(yue)(yue)章(zhang)》文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。彼(bi)注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“祈(qi)(qi)年,求(qiu)丰年也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《豳(bin)》雅(ya)、《七(qi)月(yue)(yue)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《七(qi)月(yue)(yue)》有(you)‘于(yu)耜举趾,馌彼(bi)南(nan)亩’之(zhi)事(shi),歌其类也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。谓(wei)之(zhi)雅(ya),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其言(yan)男(nan)女之(zhi)正。郑(zheng)司农(nong)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):‘田(tian)(tian)畯(jun)(jun),古之(zhi)先(xian)教(jiao)田(tian)(tian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。’《尔(er)雅(ya)》曰(yue):‘畯(jun)(jun),农(nong)夫也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。’”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)言(yan)之(zhi),云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)吹(chui)(chui)《豳(bin)》雅(ya),谓(wei)籥(yue)(yue)吹(chui)(chui)之(zhi),故(gu)(gu)其职“掌土鼓(gu)(gu)豳(bin)籥(yue)(yue)”。杜子(zi)春云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“土鼓(gu)(gu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)瓦为(wei)(wei)(wei)匡(kuang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)革为(wei)(wei)(wei)两面(mian),可(ke)击(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郑(zheng)司农(nong)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“豳(bin)籥(yue)(yue),豳(bin),国(guo)之(zhi)地竹。”玄谓(wei)“籥(yue)(yue),豳(bin)人吹(chui)(chui)籥(yue)(yue)之(zhi)声章(zhang)”。是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。祭田(tian)(tian)祖(zu)(zu)而(er)并(bing)祭田(tian)(tian)畯(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)农(nong)始(shi)造田(tian)(tian)法,典田(tian)(tian)大夫以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其法教(jiao)民(min),亦(yi)是(shi)先(xian)教(jiao)田(tian)(tian),其祭并(bing)及(ji)之(zhi)。先(xian)言(yan)祈(qi)(qi)年于(yu)田(tian)(tian)祖(zu)(zu),是(shi)此(ci)祭主祭田(tian)(tian)祖(zu)(zu),末言(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)田(tian)(tian)畯(jun)(jun),见其次及(ji)之(zhi),故(gu)(gu)异其文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

曾孙来止,以其妇子,馌彼南亩。田畯至喜,攘其左右,尝其旨否。笺云:曾孙,谓成王也。攘读当为饟。馌、饟,馈也。田畯,司啬,今之啬夫也。喜读为饎。饎,酒食也。成王来止,谓出观农事也。亲与后、世子行,使知稼穑之艰难也。为农人之在南亩者,设馈以劝之。司啬至,则又加之以酒食,饟其左右从行者。成王亲为尝其馈之美否,示亲之也。
  ○馌,于辄反。畯,子峻反,本又作“峻”。后篇同。喜,毛如字,郑为“饎”,尺志反。下篇同。攘,如羊反,郑读为饟,式尚反,王如字。馈,巨愧反。从,才用反。禾易长亩,终善且有。易,治也。长亩,竟亩也。
  ○易(yi),以豉反,徐以赤(chi)反。

曾(ceng)孙不怒(nu),农(nong)夫(fu)(fu)克敏。敏,疾也。笺云:禾治而(er)竟亩,成王则无(wu)所责怒(nu),谓此农(nong)夫(fu)(fu)能自敏也。

[疏]“曾孙”至“克敏”。
  ○毛以为,成王之时,非直为民报祭祈年,又曾孙成王亦自来止,亲循畎亩,以劝稼穑也。君既劝之於上,民又勤之於下。农夫务事,遂以其妇之与子并来馈馌於彼南亩之中,家尽欢乐矣。其田畯之官典田大夫既至,见其勤劳,则喜乐其事矣。即教农夫以间暇之时攘除田之左右,辟其草莱,尝其气旨土地和美与否也,故使禾生易而治理长,而次列遍竟亩中,终至成善,且收而大有。曾孙成王见其如此,不有恚怒,乃谓此农夫,其田事既有工能,而且敏疾,故不怒之,以是致黍稷茂盛而年丰矣。今王不能然,故刺之。
  ○郑以为,曾孙成王之来止也,则以其己之妇与子,谓后与世子,出观农事,使知稼穑之艰难也。又以饮食而行馈饷彼在南亩之农人,设食以劝之,使其乐事也。田畯之官至,又加之酒食之饎,以慰其典田之勤也。又饟其左右从已之行者,以赏其行途之劳,令喜於巡劝不厌也。又亲为尝其馈之美否,示亲而爱之。故上下用命,农畯劝乐。馀同。
  ○笺“曾孙”至“亲之”。
  ○正义(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue):以(yi)(yi)(yi)《信南(nan)(nan)山(shan)》准之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。上言(yan)(yan)(yan)馌,下言(yan)(yan)(yan)尝(chang),皆饮食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)攘(rang)读(du)当(dang)(dang)为(wei)饟(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《释诂》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“馌、饟(xiang),馈也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”舍人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue):“饟(xiang)自家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)攘(rang)字(zi)在馌、喜(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,而(er)先言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)诗(shi)中(zhong)未(wei)有其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)先明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)官(guan)(guan),在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)司(si)(si)主(zhu)稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)谓司(si)(si)啬(se)(se)。汉(han)世(shi)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)有此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)官(guan)(guan),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)啬(se)(se)夫(fu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)啬(se)(se)夫(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《郊(jiao)特牲(sheng)》曰(yue)(yue):“蜡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭也(ye)(ye)(ye),主(zhu)先啬(se)(se)而(er)祭司(si)(si)啬(se)(se)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“先啬(se)(se),若(ruo)神农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)。司(si)(si)啬(se)(se),若(ruo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)稷(ji)。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)神农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)始(shi)造其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),后(hou)(hou)(hou)稷(ji)教(jiao)民播(bo)种,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大功者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。蜡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),为(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)报祭,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。稷(ji)为(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)臣教(jiao)稼(jia)(jia),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)官(guan)(guan),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)司(si)(si)啬(se)(se)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯,乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)(dang)时(shi)主(zhu)稼(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)司(si)(si)啬(se)(se)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),与(yu)(yu)(yu)《郊(jiao)特牲(sheng)》名同(tong)而(er)实异(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“馌彼南(nan)(nan)亩,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯至喜(xi)(xi)”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)及《大田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)》文(wen)(wen)与(yu)(yu)(yu)《七月》正同(tong),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)读(du)喜(xi)(xi)为(wei)饎。饎,酒食(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)为(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)事(shi)(shi)(shi),而(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)来(lai),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)来(lai)止(zhi)。谓出观(guan)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事(shi)(shi)(shi),曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)来(lai)止(zhi),即言(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),明(ming)曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)自以(yi)(yi)(yi)已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)与(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)、世(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)必(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)。知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)唯(wei)世(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)将欲传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国祚,明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)教(jiao)戒(jie)尢深,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)馀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)艰(jian)难(nan),《尚书·无(wu)(wu)(wu)逸》周(zhou)公戒(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下而(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,明(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下皆曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“为(wei)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在南(nan)(nan)亩者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);设馈以(yi)(yi)(yi)劝(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,谓成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)设也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)司(si)(si)啬(se)(se)至则(ze)(ze)又(you)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)酒食(shi),则(ze)(ze)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馈无(wu)(wu)(wu)酒,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)左右之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),虽各(ge)(ge)有粮食(shi),王(wang)(wang)(wang)欲其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)劝(quan)(quan)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)忘(wang)苦(ku),从行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)厌,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)饟(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),必(bi)有公卿大臣,亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)为(wei)尝(chang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)馈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美否,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经毛不(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)传,但毛氏於(wu)(wu)(wu)诗(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)破字(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),与(yu)(yu)(yu)郑不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)同(tong)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)肃云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)来(lai)止(zhi),亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)循畎亩劝(quan)(quan)稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)夫(fu)务(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi),使(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)并馌馈也(ye)(ye)(ye)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至,喜(xi)(xi)乐(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),教(jiao)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)间暇(xia)攘(rang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左右,除其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)草莱,尝(chang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)气(qi)旨(zhi)土和美与(yu)(yu)(yu)否也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”传意当(dang)(dang)然(ran)(ran)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)肃又(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“妇(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)无(wu)(wu)(wu)阃外(wai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。”又(you)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)乃(nai)躬自食(shi)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),周(zhou)则(ze)(ze)力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)供(gong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)遍(bian)则(ze)(ze)为(wei)惠不(bu)(bu)(bu)普(pu),玄(xuan)说(shuo)非(fei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)毓云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)无(wu)(wu)(wu)外(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi),送兄弟不(bu)(bu)(bu)逾阈(yu)。唯(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)桑(sang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)劝(quan)(quan)蚕事(shi)(shi)(shi),又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)随(sui)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)出劝(quan)(quan)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事(shi)(shi)(shi),何(he)得(de)(de)将妇(fu)(fu)(fu)儿自随(sui)?而(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)使(shi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)艰(jian)难(nan),王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)宁(ning)复(fu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se)事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)乎(hu)?此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)与(yu)(yu)(yu)《豳(bin)风》‘同(tong)我妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),馌彼南(nan)(nan)亩,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯至喜(xi)(xi)’之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)皆同(tong)。农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)遽於(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)俱饟(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯见其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)勤修(xiu),喜(xi)(xi)乐(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。又(you)王(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)从官(guan)(guan),自有常饩,非(fei)独於(wu)(wu)(wu)南(nan)(nan)亩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),乃(nai)饟(xiang)左右,而(er)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尝(chang),又(you)非(fei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君待下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)。”皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)郑说(shuo)为(wei)短,斯不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)矣(yi)(yi)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)刺今(jin)(jin)思(si)古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi),言(yan)(yan)(yan)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)难(nan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)伤(shang)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)废业也(ye)(ye)(ye)。首章(zhang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)轻(qing)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)税(shui)敛(lian),二章(zhang)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祈报,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)章(zhang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)恩泽深厚,卒章(zhang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)收穫弘多。历观(guan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次,粲然(ran)(ran)有叙,宁(ning)当(dang)(dang)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)甫(fu)说(shuo)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)馌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)?又(you)《大田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)》卒章(zhang),上言(yan)(yan)(yan)曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),下言(yan)(yan)(yan)禋祀,并是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)辄厕其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)间也(ye)(ye)(ye)。且言(yan)(yan)(yan)“曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)来(lai)止(zhi)”,即言(yan)(yan)(yan)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”,则(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。上无(wu)(wu)(wu)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen),何(he)得(de)(de)为(wei)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)乎(hu)?既言(yan)(yan)(yan)曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),则(ze)(ze)后(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),於(wu)(wu)(wu)文(wen)(wen)自见,复(fu)何(he)所(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan),而(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)无(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)?若(ruo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)必(bi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)外(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)蚕於(wu)(wu)(wu)北郊(jiao)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)基(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)蚕决之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)理矣(yi)(yi)。衣(yi)食(shi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)资,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)蚕并为(wei)急(ji)务(wu)。蚕则(ze)(ze)后(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)专,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)当(dang)(dang)独行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)则(ze)(ze)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)劝(quan)(quan),后(hou)(hou)(hou)从行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)耳。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)乃(nai)外(wai)内之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别,职司(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi),而(er)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)毓反言(yan)(yan)(yan)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)桑(sang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)随(sui)王(wang)(wang)(wang),非(fei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)难(nan)矣(yi)(yi)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)忧深思(si)远,以(yi)(yi)(yi)世(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生於(wu)(wu)(wu)深宫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,长於(wu)(wu)(wu)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手(shou),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俱行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)艰(jian)难(nan),欲其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)国用而(er)爱(ai)黎民,保(bao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)业而(er)全(quan)宗(zong)祀也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),莫过於(wu)(wu)(wu)母(mu),使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俱观(guan)辛勤,内相规谏(jian),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)圣贤(xian)明(ming)训,可(ke)与(yu)(yu)(yu)日月俱县。《豳(bin)风》“同(tong)我妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”,事(shi)(shi)(shi)连(lian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)“举趾”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”,文(wen)(wen)系於(wu)(wu)(wu)“曾(ceng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”,辞既不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong),义(yi)(yi)固当(dang)(dang)异(yi),又(you)安得(de)(de)皆为(wei)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)?田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯所(suo)喜(xi)(xi),当(dang)(dang)喜(xi)(xi)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勤事(shi)(shi)(shi),文(wen)(wen)在“馌彼”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)(ze)喜(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)饟(xiang)食(shi),非(fei)复(fu)说(shuo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)勤劳,何(he)有国史(shi)吟咏立文(wen)(wen)若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)哉!王(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)从官(guan)(guan),非(fei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)常饩,直以(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)循稼(jia)(jia)穑(se)(se),共(gong)食(shi)旨(zhi)甘,与(yu)(yu)(yu)夫(fu)《秦风》所(suo)谓“与(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)同(tong)袍”,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)复(fu)何(he)异(yi)?而(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)非(fei)待下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)乎(hu)?此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)馈南(nan)(nan)亩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),赐(ci)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)畯以(yi)(yi)(yi)酒食(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)省,固无(wu)(wu)(wu)周(zhou)遍(bian),值其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)幸,便即赐(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使(shi)天(tian)下知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爱(ai)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)也(ye)(ye)(ye),则(ze)(ze)莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)尽力(li)。农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)见饟(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye),则(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)各(ge)(ge)用心。赏一劝(quan)(quan)百,可(ke)使(shi)海(hai)内从风,何(he)必(bi)每地(di)皆往,农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)尽赉?而(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)供(gong)、惠不(bu)(bu)(bu)普(pu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)?王(wang)(wang)(wang)基(ji)因於(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)遍(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan),而(er)引《周(zhou)语》以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)为(wei)藉(jie)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),谬矣(yi)(yi)。然(ran)(ran)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)诗(shi)止(zhi)说(shuo)丰(feng)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi),无(wu)(wu)(wu)刺废藉(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)。笺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上下言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及藉(jie)。下篇刺矜寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)自存,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)於(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。岂(qi)令矜寡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),就(jiu)藉(jie)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)捃拾也(ye)(ye)(ye)?又(you)下章(zhang)庾、稼(jia)(jia),共(gong)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)接连(lian),笺称“古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)税(shui)法”,非(fei)为(wei)藉(jie)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),明(ming)矣(yi)(yi)。

曾孙之稼,如茨如梁。曾孙之庾,如坻如京。茨,积也。梁,车梁也。京,高丘也。笺云:稼,禾也,谓有藁者也。茨,屋盖也。上古之税法,近者纳<禾怱>,远者纳粟米。庾,露积穀也。坻,水中之高地也。
  ○茨,徐私反。庾,羊主反。坻,直基反。积如字,又子赐反。下皆同。藁,古老反。<禾怱>,作孔反。乃求千斯仓,乃求万斯箱。笺云:成王见禾穀之税,委积之多,於是求千仓以处之,万车以载之,是言年丰收入逾前也。
  ○委积,如字,又(you)(you)於伪反。年(nian)收,手(shou)又(you)(you)反,又(you)(you)如字。

黍稷稻粱,农夫之庆。报以介福,万寿无疆!笺云:庆,赐也。年丰则劳赐,农夫益厚,既有黍稷,加以稻粱。报者为之求福,助於八蜡之神,万寿无疆竟也。
  ○疆(jiang),居良反。竟如字。

[疏]“曾孙”至“无疆”。
  ○毛以为,上言曾孙之亲循畎亩,此言税获之多。曾孙成王所税得禾穀之稼,其积聚高大如屋茨,如车梁也。曾孙成王所税得米粟之庾,其唯高大如渚坻,如丘京也。成王既见禾稼之积,粟庾之多,於是乃求千仓以处其庾也,乃求万箱以载其稼也。以其收入逾前,故求仓廪车箱以载置之。喜其收获之广,愍念农夫之勤,故以黍稷稻粱为农夫之庆。谓党正饮酒,加其馔食以稻粱也,非直劳而息之,又为之求福於八蜡之神,而报我农夫以大大之福,使之得万年之寿,无有疆境。今幽王不能然,故刺之也。二“斯”皆为语助。
  ○郑唯以介为助。馀同。
  ○传“茨积”至“高丘”。
  ○正义曰:墨子称茅茨不剪,谓以茅覆屋,故笺以茨为屋盖。传言茨积,非训茨为积也,言其积聚高大如屋茨耳。其意与笺同也。《孟子》“十二月车梁成”,梁谓水上横桥。桥有广狭,得容车渡,则高广者也,故以比禾积。《释丘》云:“绝高为之京。”是“京,高丘”也。
  ○笺“稼禾”至“高地”。
  ○正义曰:庾是平地委粟,而与稼相对,则知稼有藁草矣。故云“稼,禾稼,谓有藁者也”。此言曾孙所有,则是税而得之。而有庾、稼二种,明是税有两法。故言古之税法,近者纳总,谓并禾稼纳之;远者纳粟米,谓路远者唯纳粟,又远者唯纳米。以运输为难,故轻之也。此文稼、庾相对,面下言千仓、万箱,是箱以载稼,仓以纳庾,故知“庾,露地积穀也”。《释水》云:“水中可居者曰洲,小洲曰渚,小渚曰沚,小沚曰坻。”是水中之高地也。此言禾庾,当在畿内。若畿外,则采取美物以当邦赋,不入穀矣。畿内虽用贡法,亦校其岁以为率。依税法,近郊十一,远郊二十而三,甸、稍、县都无过十二。以禾及米贡入於王。《掌客》有刍薪倍禾之言,是明周法有禾稼之税矣。《禹贡》有纳铚、纳秸,周之有无,无以言也。依《禹贡》云:“五百里甸服。百里赋纳总,二百里纳铚,三百里秸服,四百里粟,五百里米。”注云:“甸服者,尧制赋其田使入穀。禹弼其外,百里者赋入总,谓入刈禾也;二百里铚,铚,断去藁也;三百里秸,秸又去颖也;四百里入粟;五百里入米者,远弥轻也。甸服之制,本自纳总。禹为之差,使百里者从之耳。以此言之,有轻远之法,故为近者纳总,远者粟米。既无铚、秸之文,不知远近以何为差也。若然,后世之役宜繁於上代。周止千里纳穀。唐、虞则弼其外五百里,为方二千里,是方千里者四纳穀。多於周者,唐、虞万国,诸侯岁朝,其用或费於后代,故纳穀多也。又《郑志》答赵商云:“畿内四百国。”则周郊内亦封诸侯矣。於周法十国而入其一於天子,然则虽千里者四其税,犹少於周,故使方二千里入粟米。世代不同,故异法也。
  ○笺“年丰”至“疆竟”。
  ○正义(yi)曰(yue):《特牲》、《少牢》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)皆无稻粱(liang),此特言黍稷(ji)稻粱(liang),故知劳赐农(nong)夫加以(yi)(yi)稻粱(liang)也。报者,自神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci),明求(qiu)神而得报。为(wei)农(nong)夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)求(qiu)神,唯蜡(la)祭(ji)耳(er),故云“为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)求(qiu)助於八蜡(la)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神”。以(yi)(yi)祭(ji)有尸祝(zhu),故云“万寿无疆竟”,为(wei)得福之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci),与三(san)章互相成也。蜡(la)在息农(nong)夫前,而后(hou)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,以(yi)(yi)祭(ji)者虽在前,而福庆是将(jiang)来之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,故后(hou)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)结篇也。定本“疆境”字(zi)作“境”。

《甫田》四章,章十句。

《大田》,刺幽王也。言矜寡不能自存焉。幽王之时,政烦赋重,而不务农事,虫灾害穀,风雨不时,万民饥馑,矜寡无所取活,故时臣思古以刺之。
  ○矜,古顽反(fan)。注(zhu)皆同(tong)。字或作“鳏(guan)”。

[疏]“《大田》四章,上二章章八句,下二章章九句”至“自存焉”。
  ○正义曰:四章皆陈古善,反以刺王之辞。经唯言寡妇,序并言矜者,以无妻为矜,无夫为寡,皆天民之穷,故连言之。由此而言孤独老疾,亦矜寡之类,其文可以兼之矣。
  ○笺“幽王”至“刺之”。
  ○正义(yi)曰:笺亦以序省略,反(fan)(fan)取(qu)经意以明(ming)之(zhi)。经从首章(zhang)(zhang)尽二章(zhang)(zhang)上(shang)三句(ju)(ju),言(yan)(yan)成王教民(min)(min)治(zhi)田,百穀(gu)茂(mao)盛,止役(yi)顺时(shi)(shi),秀实成好(hao),反(fan)(fan)明(ming)幽(you)王之(zhi)时(shi)(shi),政烦赋(fu)重,而不务农事也。二章(zhang)(zhang)下(xia)五句(ju)(ju),言(yan)(yan)时(shi)(shi)无(wu)虫灾,反(fan)(fan)明(ming)幽(you)王之(zhi)时(shi)(shi),虫灾害穀(gu)也。三章(zhang)(zhang)上(shang)四句(ju)(ju),言(yan)(yan)云雨(yu)安舒,反(fan)(fan)明(ming)幽(you)王之(zhi)时(shi)(shi),风雨(yu)不时(shi)(shi)也。三章(zhang)(zhang)下(xia)五句(ju)(ju),言(yan)(yan)收刈有馀,寡(gua)妇获(huo)利,是下(xia)民(min)(min)丰盈(ying),矜寡(gua)得济,反(fan)(fan)明(ming)幽(you)王之(zhi)时(shi)(shi),万民(min)(min)饥馑,矜寡(gua)无(wu)所(suo)取(qu)活也。诗皆公卿国史所(suo)作,故(gu)云时(shi)(shi)臣思古(gu)以刺(ci)之(zhi)。序不言(yan)(yan)思古(gu)者,《楚茨》至此,文指相类,承上(shang)篇而略之(zhi)也。

大田多稼,既种既戒,既备乃事。笺云:大田,谓地肥美,可垦耕,多为稼,可以授民者也。将稼者,必先相地之宜,而择其种。季冬,命民出五种,计耦耕事,脩耒耜,具田器,此之谓戒,是既备矣。至孟春,土长冒橛,陈根可拔而事之。
  ○种,章勇反。此注及下注“择种”并同。垦,苦狠反。相,息亮反。长,张丈反。冒,莫报反。橛,其月反。以我覃耜,俶载南亩。覃,利也。笺云:俶读为炽。载读为菑栗之菑。时至,民以其利耜,炽菑发所受之地,趋农急也。田一岁曰菑。
  ○覃(tan),以(yi)冉反,徐(xu)以(yi)廉反。俶(ti)、载,众(zhong)家并如(ru)字。俶(ti)音(yin)(yin)尺叔反,始也。载,事(shi)也。郑(zheng)读(du)(du)为炽、菑。炽音(yin)(yin)尺志反。菑音(yin)(yin)缁。栗音(yin)(yin)列(lie),郑(zheng)注《周礼》云:“读(du)(du)如(ru)裂(lie)繻之裂(lie)。”播厥百穀(gu),既庭(ting)且硕,曾(ceng)孙是若(ruo)。庭(ting),直也。笺云:硕,大(da)。若(ruo),顺(shun)也。民既炽菑,则种(zhong)其(qi)众(zhong)穀(gu)。众(zhong)穀(gu)生,尽条(tiao)直茂大(da)。成王於是则止(zhi)力役(yi),以(yi)顺(shun)民事(shi),不夺其(qi)时。

[疏]“大田”至“是若”。
  ○毛以为,古者成王之时,有大肥美之田可垦耕矣,又多为稼而以授民也。民已受地,相地求种,既已择其种矣。时王者,又号令下民豫具田器,既已戒敕之矣。此受地择种,戒敕具器,既巳周备矣。至孟春之月,乃耕而事之矣。用我覃然之利耜,始设事於南亩而耕之,以种其百种之众穀。其穀之生,尽条直且又长而茂大。民既勤力,已专其务,曾孙成王於是止力役以顺民,不夺其时,令民得尽力於田。今王不能然,故刺之。
  ○郑唯用利耜炽菑,耕发其南亩所受之田为异。馀同。
  ○笺“大田”至“事之”。
  ○正义曰:知大田非天下田者,以文连“多稼”,又云“既种既戒”,皆谓田中之事,不得为天下之田,故以为肥美之大田,可垦耕者也。举肥美以与民,则自然为天下田矣。地自山陵、林麓、川泽、沟渎、城郭、宫室、涂巷,其外皆可垦耕作者,举其年丰,明田多,故云大田。地之肥美者,谓可垦耕者,皆肥美也。言多为稼,可授民者,以此方陈择种豫戒,是本之於初所授受之辞。其实此地先在民矣。言多为稼者,《地官·司稼》注云“种穀曰稼,如嫁女有所生”,《草人》“掌土化之法”,《稻人》“掌稼下地”,《秋官·薙氏》“掌杀草”,《月令》云“烧薙行水”,皆是为稼也。为稼,谓多为此等之稼。以粪美其地,故云多稼。若其不然,郑则不宜言为也。此当在授民之后,民自稼之。言多为稼乃授民者,疾今之田莱多荒,而本之初授不废,授民而稼之,或公家令民稼之而后授,故薙氏掌之也。又云将稼者,谓将稼种之,与多为稼者别也。以别起此文,明多为稼者,故非稼种矣。以下经始说耕事,则此未得下种,故知既种为相地之宜,而择其种也。《月令》云:“善相丘陵土地所宜,五穀所殖。”《司稼》云:“掌巡邦野之稼,而辨其穜稑之种与其所宜。”注云:“知种所宜之地。”《草人》云:“物地相其宜而为之种。”即分地之利是也。以既知地所宜种,故引《月令》,并云出五穀为之种也。计耦事者,以耕必二耜相对,共发一尺之地,故计而耦之也。耒耜之具,别言田器,则耘耨所用,故彼注云:“鎡箕之属。”命民即是戒之,故云“此之谓戒”也。既备者,辞总上事,故云“是故备矣”。此在往年,至春始用,云乃者,缓辞也。孟春,土长昌橛,陈根可拔。《月令》注引此言“农书曰”,则此出於农书也。《汉书·艺文志》农书有九家,不知出谁书也。以冬土定,故稼橛於地,与地平。孟春土气升长,而昌覆於橛,则旧陈之根可拔,於是乃耕,故云而事之。
  ○传“覃,利也”。
  ○正义曰:《良耜》云“畟畟”,《载芟》云“有略”,与此“覃”皆连耜言之,明为耜之利意,故云“覃,利也”。传不解“俶载”之文,以毛不破字,必不与郑同。王肃以俶为始,载为事,言“用我之利耜,始发事於南亩”。
  ○笺“俶读”至“曰菑”。
  ○正义曰:此及《载芟》、《良耜》皆於耜之下言“俶载南亩”,是俶载者,用耜於地之事,故知当为炽菑,谓耜之炽而入地,以菑杀其草,故《方言》“入地曰炽,反草曰菑”也。连言“菑栗之菑”者,《弓人》云:“凡锯幹之道,菑栗不迆,则弓不发。”注云:“玄谓栗读如裂繻之裂。”彼锯弓幹,以锯菑而裂之,犹耕者以耜菑而发之,义理既同,故读从其文以见之也。上云“乃事”,是豫以待时之言,故云“时至”,以为相连文次也。“田一岁曰菑”,《释地》文。郭璞曰:“今江东呼初耕地反草为菑。”则是入地杀草之名,故引为证也。
  ○笺“民既”至“其时”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):《论(lun)语》云“长沮(ju)、桀溺(ni)耦(ou)而耕”,即云“耰而不辍”。注云:“耰,覆种(zhong)也。”是古者(zhe)未解(jie)牛(niu)耕,人耕即下(xia)种(zhong),故云“民(min)既(ji)炽(chi)菑,则种(zhong)其(qi)众穀”,此“既(ji)庭”及下(xia)章(zhang)“既(ji)方”之等,皆论(lun)天下(xia)之田(tian),宜为(wei)普遍之辞,故皆以(yi)既(ji)为(wei)尽,言“穀生(sheng),尽条直茂大(da)(da)”也。《月令》云:“毋聚大(da)(da)众,毋作大(da)(da)事(shi),以(yi)妨(fang)农事(shi)。”是止刀役以(yi)顺民(min)事(shi),不夺其(qi)时。

既方既皂,既坚既好,不稂不莠。实未坚者曰皂。琅,童梁也。莠,似苗也。笺云:方,房也,谓孚甲始生而未合时也。尽生房矣,尽成实矣,尽坚熟矣,尽齐好矣,而无稂莠,择种之善,民力之专,时气之和所致之。
  ○皂,才老反。稂音郎,又音梁,童梁,草也,《说文》作“蓈”,云“稂”或字也。禾粟之莠,生而不成者,谓之童蓈也。莠,馀久反。去其螟螣,及其蟊贼,无害我田穉。食心曰螟,食叶曰螣,食根曰蟊,食节曰贼。笺云:此四虫者,恒害我田中之穉禾,故明君以正已而去之。
  ○去,起吕(lv)反(fan)。注同。螟,莫(mo)庭反(fan)。螣字亦(yi)作“”,徒得反(fan),《说文》作“<虫貣>”。蟊,本(ben)又(you)作“蛑”,莫(mo)侯反(fan)。《尔雅(ya)》云:“随所食(shi)为(wei)名。”郭(guo)云:“皆(jie)蝗(huang)类也(ye)。”穉音稚。下同。

田祖有神,秉畀炎火。炎火,盛阳也。笺云:螟螣之属,盛阳气嬴则生之。今明君为政,田祖之神不受此害,持之付与炎火,使自消亡。
  ○秉如字。执(zhi),持也(ye)(ye),《韩(han)诗》作(zuo)“卜”。卜,报(bao)也(ye)(ye)。畀,必二反,与也(ye)(ye)。炎,于沾反,沈于凡(fan)反。嬴音(yin)盈(ying)。

[疏]“既方”至“炎火”。
  ○正义曰:上言穀生茂大,此言秀实之好。云众穀既秀穗,上巳有孚甲,尽生房矣。稍复结粒,尽成实矣。粒又稍成,尽坚熟矣。并无死伤,尽齐好矣。不有童梁之稂,不有似苗之莠,是其五穀大成也。所以得然者,由其明王能自正己,去其食心叶之螟,及食根节之蟊贼,无害我田中之穉禾者,由此而皆得大成也。明所以能去四虫者,以其明君为政,德当灵祇,故云“田祖有神”,不受此等之害,持于炎火,使自消亡。今王不能然,故刺之。
  ○传“实未”至“似苗”。
  ○正义曰:以此章承上苗长之后,皆论秀实之事。皂音为造,训为成也。文在“坚”上,皂成而未坚,故云“实未坚曰皂”也。“稂,童梁”,《释草》文。舍人曰:“稂一名童梁。”郭璞曰:“似莠是也。《仲虺之诰》曰:‘若苗之有莠,若粟之有秕。’秕似粟,莠似苗也。”
  ○笺“方房”至“致之”。
  ○正义曰:皂是未坚,方文又在皂上,初秀始欲结实之时,故云“方,房也,谓孚甲始生而未合时也”。谓米外之房者,言其孚甲,米生於中,若人之房舍然也。孚者,米外之粟皮,故秠者一孚二米,言一皮之内有两米也。甲者,以在米外,若铠甲之在人表,其种於地,则开甲始生,故《月令》孟春云“其日甲乙”,注云:“物之孚甲始生,谓开此孚甲生出也。”禾既有穗,即生孚甲,故云“尽生房矣”。房生既成,则有米实,故云“尽成实矣”。既已有实,稍向熟成,故云“尽坚熟矣”。众穗皆熟,故云“尽齐好矣”。稂莠苗既似禾,实亦类粟,若择种去其细粒,锄禾除其非类,则无复稂莠,亦由时气之和使然。
  ○传“食心”至“曰贼”。
  ○正义曰:皆《释虫》文。李巡云:“食禾心为螟,言其奸冥冥难知也。食禾叶者,言假贷无厌,故曰<虫貣>也。食禾节,言贪很,故曰贼也。食禾根者,言其税取万民财货,故云蟊也。孙炎曰:“皆政贪所致,因以为名也。”郭璞曰:“分别虫啖禾所在之名耳。”<虫貣>与螣,蟊与,古今字耳。郭璞直以虫食所在为名,而李巡孙炎并因讬恶政,则灾由政起,虽食所在为名,而所在之名缘政所致,理为兼通也。陆机《疏》云:“螟似子方而头不赤。螣,蝗也。贼似桃李中蠹虫,赤头身长而细耳。或说云:‘蟊,蝼蛄也。食苗根,为人患。’许慎云:‘吏犯法则生螟。乞贷则生螣。’旧说螟螣蟊贼一穗虫也,如言寇贼奸宄,内外言之耳。故犍为文学曰:‘此四种虫皆蝗也。’实不同,故分别释之。”
  ○笺“此四”至“去之”。
  ○正义曰:以特言田穉,故云“恒害我田中之穉禾”。虫灾之盛,稙者亦食,以穉者偏甚,故举以言之。以其由政而然,故云“明君正己而去之”。
  ○传“炎火,盛阳”。
  ○正义曰:以言炎火,恐其是火之实,故云“盛阳也”。阳而称火者,以南方为火,炎为甚之,故云“盛阳也”。知非实火者,以四者所谓昆虫,得阴而藏,得阳而生,故笺云“盛阳气嬴则生之”,义无取於火之实,故为盛阳也。
  ○笺“螟螣”至“消亡”。
  ○正义曰:解本言(yan)炎火之(zhi)意。以(yi)螟螣之(zhi)属(shu)四者,盛(sheng)(sheng)阳气(qi)嬴则(ze)生之(zhi),以(yi)得阳而(er)(er)生,故阳盛(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)为害(hai)。《月(yue)令》:“仲夏行春令,百螣时(shi)起(qi)。”是阳行而(er)(er)生,阳盛(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)虫起(qi),消之(zhi)则(ze)付於(wu)所生之(zhi)本。今明(ming)君为政(zheng),田祖(zu)之(zhi)神不受(shou)此害(hai),故持之(zhi)付于炎火,使(shi)自消亡也。田祖(zu)所以(yi)受(shou)者,以(yi)害(hai)由政(zheng)起(qi)。今明(ming)君为政(zheng),害(hai)无由作(zuo),故云田祖(zu)不受(shou)四虫之(zhi)害(hai)。若(ruo)政(zheng)能消之(zhi),则(ze)本无可(ke)受(shou),而(er)(er)云田祖(zu)不受(shou)者,以(yi)田祖(zu)主(zhu)田之(zhi)神,讬而(er)(er)言(yan)耳。

有渰萋萋,兴雨祈祈,雨我公田,遂及我私。渰,云兴貌。萋萋,云行貌。祈祈,徐也。笺云:古者阴阳和,风雨时,其来祈祈然而不暴疾。其民之心,先公后私,令天主雨於公田,因及私田尔。此言民怙君德,蒙其馀惠。
  ○渰,本又作“弇”,於(wu)检反。《汉书》作“黤”。萋,七西反。兴(xing)(xing)雨如字,本或作“兴(xing)(xing)云”非也。祈,巨移(yi)反。雨我,于(yu)付(fu)反。注内“主雨”同。一本“主”作“注”,雨如字。

彼有不获稚,此有不敛穧;彼有遗秉,此有滞穗,伊寡妇之利。秉,把也。笺云:成王之时,百穀既多,种同齐孰,收刈促遽,力皆不足,而有不获不敛,遗秉滞穗,故听矜寡取之以为利。
  ○获,户郭反。敛穧(ji),上力检反,下才(cai)计(ji)反,又子(zi)计(ji)反。穧(ji),获也。穗音(yin)遂(sui)。把(ba),巴(ba)马反。矜音(yin)鳏。

[疏]“有渰”至“之利”。
  ○正义曰:言太平之时,有渰然既起,萋萋然行者,雨之云也。此云既行,乃起其雨泽,祁祁然安徐而落,不暴疾也。民见云行雨降,归之於君,云此雨本主为雨我公田耳,因遂及我之私田。虽作者广见太平之时,民心先公之义,要雨无不遍,天泽以时,故得五穀大成。由此民所收刈,力皆不足,而令彼处有不获刈之稚禾,此处有不收敛之穧束,又彼处有遗馀之秉把,此处有滞漏之禾穗。此皆主不暇取,维是寡妇之所利。言捃拾取之,以自利己。今王不能然,使矜寡无所资,故刺之。定本、《集注》“穧”作“积”。
  ○传“渰云兴貌”,定本、《集注》云“渰阴云貌”。
  ○正义曰:既言有渰,即云兴雨,雨出於云,故知“渰,云兴貌”。云既兴而后行。萋萋在渰之下,故知云行貌。云行然后雨落,故萋萋之下言兴雨也。祁祁,徐貌,谓徐缓而降,故笺云“不暴疾”也。经“兴雨”或作“兴云”,误也。定本作“兴雨”。
  ○笺“成王”至“为利”。
  ○正义曰:穧者(zhe)(zhe),禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)铺(pu)而(er)未束者(zhe)(zhe)。秉(bing)(bing),刈(yi)禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)把也。《聘礼》曰:“四秉(bing)(bing)曰筥(ju)(ju)。”注云(yun):“此(ci)秉(bing)(bing)谓刈(yi)禾盈手之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉(bing)(bing)。筥(ju)(ju),穧名也。若今莱易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)刈(yi)稻,聚(ju)把有名为筥(ju)(ju)者(zhe)(zhe),即引此(ci)诗云(yun)‘彼(bi)有遗(yi)秉(bing)(bing)’,‘此(ci)有不敛穧’,是也。彼(bi)注言(yan)此(ci)秉(bing)(bing)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)对米秉(bing)(bing)为异,故(gu)《掌客》注云(yun):“米禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉(bing)(bing)筥(ju)(ju),字同(tong)数异。禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉(bing)(bing),手把耳。筥(ju)(ju)谓一穧。”然则(ze)禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉(bing)(bing),一把耳。米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉(bing)(bing),十六斛。禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)筥(ju)(ju),四把耳。米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)筥(ju)(ju),则(ze)五斗。是有对,故(gu)言(yan)此(ci)以(yi)别之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《王(wang)制》及(ji)《书传(chuan)》皆云(yun)矜寡(gua)孤(gu)独,天民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穷(qiong)而(er)无告者(zhe)(zhe),皆有常饩(xi)。《地官·遗(yi)人》:“门关(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)委积(ji),以(yi)养老孤(gu)。”则(ze)官自(zi)有饩(xi),而(er)须(xu)捃(jun)拾者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)丰年,矜寡(gua)捃(jun)拾,足能自(zi)活(huo)。王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)恐其(qi)不济,或力(li)不堪事,乃饩(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

曾孙来止,以其妇子,馌彼南亩,田畯至喜。笺云:喜读为饎。饎,酒食也。成王出观农事,馈食耕者,以劝之也。司啬至,则又加之以酒食劳倦之尔。
  ○馈食,音(yin)嗣(si)。劳(lao),力报反。

来方禋祀,以其骍黑,与其黍稷。以享以祀,以介景福。骍,牛也。黑,羊、豕也。笺云:成王之来,则又禋祀四方之神,祈报焉。阳祀用骍牲,阴祀用黝牲。
  ○禋(yin)音因。享,许(xu)(xu)两反(fan),徐又许(xu)(xu)亮(liang)反(fan)。黝,伊(yi)纠(jiu)反(fan),黑也。

[疏]“曾孙”至“景福”。毛以为,曾孙成王之身自来止,亲循畎亩,以观稼穑也。时耕者皆以其妇之与子,同馌彼农人於南亩之中。田畯之官至,喜乐其事,以劝慕能勤,故得成获。故成王之来,乃於四方之神则禋敬而絜祀焉。其祀之也,以其骍赤之牛、黑之羊豕、与其黍稷之粢盛,用此以献,以祀四方之神,为神歆飨,而报以大大之福,所以常得年丰。今王不能然,故刺之。
  ○郑以为,曾孙来止,则以其妇之与子出共观之,又设食馌彼南亩之农人以劝之,其田畯又加之以酒食劳之,故上下乐业,穀得以成也。曾孙之来,则又於四方之神而往禋祀焉。所祀者,以其牲或赤或黑,与其黍稷之粢盛,以献以祀四方之神。神飨之,而报以祐助与大福。
  ○传“骍,牛。黑,羊、豕”。
  ○正义曰:毛以诸言骍者皆牛,故云“骍,赤牛也”。定本、《集注》骍下无“赤”字,是也。上篇云“以社以方”,而方社连文,则方与社稷同用大牢,故以黑为羊、豕,通牛为三牲也。目上篇言,“牺羊”,是方有羊,明不特牛,故为大牢。牢中色而色不同者,毛意綯以此四方既非望祀,又非五方之帝,故用是牲,所以无方色之别。
  ○笺“成王”至“黝牲”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)田事(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)主,成王(wang)出观(guan)民事(shi)(shi),因(yin)即祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)成王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)来,则(ze)(ze)又禋(yin)(yin)祀(si)(si)(si)四方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen),祈报(bao)(bao)焉。对出观(guan)为(wei)(wei)文(wen)也。此出观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji),则(ze)(ze)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)当(dang)在秋,祈报(bao)(bao)并(bing)言(yan)者,言(yan)其(qi)报(bao)(bao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成而(er)祈后年也。“阳(yang)祀(si)(si)(si)用(yong)骍(xing)(xing)牲(sheng),阴祀(si)(si)(si)用(yong)黝牲(sheng)”,《地(di)官·牧人》文(wen)也。彼(bi)注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“阳(yang)祀(si)(si)(si)南郊及(ji)宗(zong)庙(miao),阴祀(si)(si)(si)北(bei)郊及(ji)社(she)稷。”非四方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen),而(er)引以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)解此者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)毛分骍(xing)(xing)、黑为(wei)(wei)三牲(sheng)。郑以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)骍(xing)(xing)、黑为(wei)(wei)二色(se),故(gu)引《牧人》骍(xing)(xing)、黝以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明骍(xing)(xing)、黑为(wei)(wei)别(bie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)牲(sheng)耳(er)(er),非谓(wei)四方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)在阳(yang)祀(si)(si)(si)、阴祀(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)中也。知方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)祀(si)(si)(si)各以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)色(se)牲(sheng)者,《大宗(zong)伯》云(yun)(yun):“青圭礼(li)(li)东方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),赤璋礼(li)(li)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),白琥(hu)礼(li)(li)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),玄(xuan)璜(huang)礼(li)(li)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),皆有牲(sheng)币,各放其(qi)器之(zhi)(zhi)色(se)。”注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)五天(tian)(tian)帝(di)(di),人帝(di)(di)而(er)句芒等食焉。”是五官之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen),其(qi)牲(sheng)各从其(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)色(se),则(ze)(ze)宜五色(se)。独言(yan)骍(xing)(xing)、黑者,略举二方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)韵句耳(er)(er),故(gu)易传。《大宗(zong)伯职》祀(si)(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)乃称禋(yin)(yin)。五祀(si)(si)(si)在血祭(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)中,而(er)言(yan)禋(yin)(yin)者,此五官之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen)有配天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)时,配天(tian)(tian)则(ze)(ze)禋(yin)(yin)祀(si)(si)(si)。此祭(ji)(ji)(ji)虽(sui)不(bu)配天(tian)(tian),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)尝为(wei)(wei)禋(yin)(yin)祀(si)(si)(si),故(gu)亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禋(yin)(yin)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)。五祀(si)(si)(si)在血祭(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)中,则(ze)(ze)用(yong)太牢矣,故(gu)上篇云(yun)(yun)“与我(wo)牺羊,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)社(she)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”,是方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)有羊。孙毓以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei),方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)用(yong)特牲(sheng),非礼(li)(li)意(yi)也。

《大(da)田》四章(zhang)(zhang),二章(zhang)(zhang)章(zhang)(zhang)八句,二章(zhang)(zhang)章(zhang)(zhang)九(jiu)句。

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