卷十六 月令第六
仲夏之月,日在东井,昏亢中,旦危中。仲夏者,日月会於鹑首,而斗建午之辰也。
○亢音刚,又苦浪(lang)反。
[疏]“仲夏”至“危中”。
○正义曰(yue):按《茸(rong)艹历》:五(wu)月(yue)节,日在(zai)井十(shi)(shi)(shi)六度(du)(du),昏氐二度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong),去日一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九度(du)(du),旦室三度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)。五(wu)月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong),日在(zai)井三十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du),昏房二度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong),去日一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九度(du)(du),旦奎(kui)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)。元《元嘉(jia)历》:五(wu)月(yue)节,日在(zai)井三度(du)(du),昏角十(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong),旦危七(qi)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)。五(wu)月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong),日在(zai)井十(shi)(shi)(shi)八度(du)(du),昏氐五(wu)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong),旦室五(wu)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)。
其日丙丁。其帝炎帝,其神祝融。其虫羽。其音徵,律中蕤宾。其数七。其味苦,其臭焦。其祀灶,祭先肺。蕤宾者,应锺之所生,三分益一,律长六寸八十一分寸之二十六。仲夏气至,则蕤宾之律应。《周语》曰:“蕤宾所以安静神人,献酬交酢。”
○蕤,人谁反。应,应对(dui)之应。酢,才各反。
[疏]注“蕤宾”至“交酢”。
○正义(yi)曰:应锺(zhong)律长(zhang)四(si)寸(cun)(cun)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)分(fen)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),上生蕤宾(bin)三(san)(san)分(fen)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),取应锺(zhong)三(san)(san)寸(cun)(cun),更(geng)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)寸(cun)(cun),其(qi)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)分(fen)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),各三(san)(san)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi),则一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)也。二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)分(fen)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),则为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)整寸(cun)(cun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen),又以六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)益(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi),总为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)。更(geng)三(san)(san)分(fen)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)有(you)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi),更(geng)以四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)益(yi)(yi)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen),总为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)分(fen),是为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)积分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)数。除之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寸(cun)(cun),除八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen),则一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun),益(yi)(yi)前(qian)四(si)寸(cun)(cun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)寸(cun)(cun),馀有(you)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)不成寸(cun)(cun),故云蕤宾(bin)“长(zhang)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)寸(cun)(cun)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)”也。引“《周语》曰”以下(xia)者,证蕤宾(bin)之(zhi)(zhi)律。何胤云:“乾九四(si),是月阳(yang)反於下(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)复,阴(yin)生阳(yang)中为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)姤(gou),各应其(qi)时,所以安静(jing)是安静(jing)神人也。阴(yin)生为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),阳(yang)谢(xie)(xie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宾(bin),宾(bin)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)象,献酬(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)礼。献酢又酬(chou)之(zhi)(zhi),阴(yin)阳(yang)代谢(xie)(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也。”
小暑至,螳螂生,鵙始鸣,反舌无声。皆记时侯也。螳螂,螵蛸母也。鵙,博劳也。反舌,百舌鸟。
○螳音(yin)堂。螂音(yin)郎。鵙,古(gu)闑反(fan);《字林》工役反(fan)。反(fan)舌,蔡伯皆(jie)云“虾(xia)蟆”。螵,匹(pi)遥(yao)反(fan)。蛸音(yin)消(xiao)。搏(bo)音(yin)博,又作伯。
[疏]注“螳螂”至“舌鸟”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):按《释虫(chong)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)<虫(chong)过(guo)(guo)>,螳蠰(rang),其(qi)子(zi)(zi)蜱蛸。”舍人(ren)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“不(bu)<虫(chong)过(guo)(guo)>名(ming)蟷蠰(rang),今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)螳螂也(ye)。”孙炎云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“蟷蠰(rang),螳螂,一名(ming)不(bu)<虫(chong)过(guo)(guo)>。”李巡云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“其(qi)子(zi)(zi)名(ming)蜱蛸,则(ze)螵蛸。”故云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)螵蛸母(mu)。《郑(zheng)志》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“谭鲁(lu)以南,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟷蠰(rang),三河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)螳螂,燕赵(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际(ji),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)食厖,齐(qi)杞(qi)以东,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)马穀。然名(ming)其(qi)子(zi)(zi),同云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)螵螂也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“搏(bo)劳”者(zhe),《诗》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“七月(yue)鸣(ming)(ming)鵙。”笺云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“百劳鸣(ming)(ming),将寒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)候(hou),五月(yue)则(ze)鸣(ming)(ming),豳地晚寒,鸟(niao)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)候(hou),从其(qi)气(qi)焉。”云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“百舌(she)(she)鸟(niao)”者(zhe),蔡云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“虫(chong)名(ming),蛙也(ye)。今(jin)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虾覅,其(qi)舌(she)(she)本前著口侧而未乡内,故谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)反舌(she)(she)。”《通卦验(yan)》曰(yue):“搏(bo)劳鸣(ming)(ming),虾覅无声(sheng)。”又靡信(xin)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“昔於长(zhang)安中(zhong),与书生数(shu)十,共往城北水(shui)(shui)中(zhong),取虾覅屠割视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)舌(she)(she)反乡后。”如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci),郑(zheng)君得(de)不(bu)通乎?蟜(jiao)夙问曰(yue):“诚如(ru)(ru)纬与子(zi)(zi)言(yan)为虾蟆,五月(yue)中(zhong)始(shi)得(de)水(shui)(shui),適当聒人(ren)耳(er),何反无声(sheng)?”此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)著时(shi)候(hou),今(jin)犹昔也(ye),是以知虾覅非反舌(she)(she)。反舌(she)(she)鸟(niao)春始(shi)鸣(ming)(ming),至五月(yue)稍止,其(qi)声(sheng)数(shu)转(zhuan),故名(ming)反舌(she)(she)。时(shi)候(hou)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今(jin)人(ren)识(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故不(bu)从纬与俗儒(ru)也(ye)。或虾覅舌(she)(she)性(xing)自然,不(bu)必为反舌(she)(she)也(ye)。
天子居明堂太庙,乘朱路,驾赤緌,载赤旂,衣朱衣,服赤玉,食菽与鸡,其器高以粗。明堂太庙,南堂当太室也。养壮佼。助长气也。
○佼,古卯反(fan)。长,丁丈反(fan),下(xia)“长气(qi)”同(tong)。
[疏]“养壮佼”。
○正义曰:壮谓(wei)容(rong)体盛(sheng)大(da),佼谓(wei)形容(rong)佼好,以盛(sheng)夏长养之时,故养壮佼之人,助(zhu)长气也。
是月也,命乐师脩鞀、鞞、鼓、均琴瑟、管、箫,执干戚戈羽,调竽笙{⺮}簧,饬锺磬柷敔。为将大雩帝习乐也。脩、均、执、调、饬者,治其器物习其事之言。
○鞀大刀反(fan)本亦作?同(tong)鞞步西(xi)反(fan)竽音(yin)于音(yin)池本又作篪同(tong)簧(huang)音(yin)黄饬(chi)、饬(chi)音(yin)敕。柷,昌六反(fan)。敔,鱼吕反(fan),本又作圉。为(wei)(wei),于伪反(fan),下文“为(wei)(wei)民”、注“为(wei)(wei)伤”、“为(wei)(wei)其”皆同(tong)。雩(yu)音(yin)于。
[疏]“是月”至“柷敔”。
○正义曰:“鞀”字或从兆下鼓。按《周礼·小师》注云:“鼗如鼓而小,持其柄摇之,旁耳还自击。郑注《诗》云:“小鼓在大鼓旁,应鞞之属也。”鞞鼓者,则《周礼·鼓人职》掌六鼓,“雷鼓鼓神祀”之属是也。刘熙《释名》云“鞀,导也,所以导乐作”,“鞞,裨也,裨助鼓节”,“鼓,廓也,张皮以冒之,其中空廓”。琴者,《释乐》云:“大琴谓之离。”孙炎云:“声留离。”《广雅》云:“琴长三尺六寸六分,五弦。”刘熙《释名》云:“施弦张之。”瑟者,《释乐》云:“大瑟谓之洒。”孙炎云:“音多变布如洒出也。”郭景纯云:“瑟长八尺一寸,二十七弦。”管者,《释乐》云:“大管谓之簥。”音骄。郭景纯云:“管长尺,围寸。并漆之,有底。贾氏以为如篪,六孔。”郑注《周礼》云:“管如邃而小,并两而吹之。”箫者,《释乐》云:“大箫谓之言。”郭景纯云:“编二十二管,长尺四寸。”郑注《周礼》:“箫,编小竹管,如今卖饴饣《易》所吹者。”刘熙《释名》:“箫,肃也。”干,盾也。戚,斧也。戈,钩孑戟。羽,鸟羽,《周礼》“羽舞”、“皇舞”之属是也。竽者,郑注《周礼》云:“竽,三十六簧。”《释名》云:“竽,汙也。其中污空。”笙者,郑注《周礼》云:“十三簧。”《释乐》云:“大笙谓之巢。”郭景纯云:“列管瓠中施簧,管端大者十九簧。”《释名》云:“笙,生也。象物出地所生。”篪者,《释乐》云:“大篪谓之沂。”郭景纯云:“篪以竹为之,长尺四寸,围三寸,一孔上出,寸三分,名翘。横吹之。”《广雅》云:“八孔。”郑司农注《周礼》云:“篪七空。”《释名》云:“篪,啼也。声如莺儿啼。”簧者,竽笙之舌也,气鼓之而为声。《释名》云:“簧,横也。於管头横施之。”锺者,按《释乐》云:“大锺谓之镛。”《释名》云:“锺,空也。内空受气多。”磬者,《释乐》云:“大磬谓之旂。”音嚣,以玉石为之。《释名》云:“磬,罄也,声坚,罄罄然。”柷者,《释乐》云:“所以鼓柷谓之止。”郭景纯云:“柷如漆桶,方二尺四寸,深一尺八寸,中有椎柄,连底桐之,令左右击。止者,其椎名。”敔者,《释乐》云:“所以鼓敔谓之籈。”郭景纯云:“敔如伏虎,背上有二十七鉏铻刻,以木长尺栎之。”
○注“脩均”至“之言”。
○正义曰(yue):脩(xiu)者(zhe),脩(xiu)理旧物。均者(zhe),均平(ping)其声。执者(zhe),操(cao)持营为。调(diao)者(zhe),调(diao)和音(yin)曲。饬者(zhe),整顿器物。故云“治其器物、习其事(shi)之(zhi)言”也。
命有司为民祈祀山川百源。大雩帝,用盛乐。乃命百县雩祀百辟卿士有益於民者,以祈穀实。阳气盛而常旱,山川百源,能兴云雨者也。众水始所出为百源,必先祭其本,乃雩。雩,吁嗟求雨之祭也。雩帝,谓为坛南郊之旁,雩五精之帝,配以先帝也。自“鞀鞞”至“柷敔”皆作曰盛乐,凡他雩用歌舞而巳。百辟卿士,古者上公,若句龙、后稷之类也。《春秋传》曰:“龙见而雩。”雩之正,常以四月。凡周之秋三月之中而旱,亦脩雩礼以求雨,因著正雩,此月失之矣。天子雩上帝,诸侯以下雩上公,周冬及春夏虽旱,礼有祷无雩。
○辟,必(bi)亦反(fan),注同。句,古(gu)侯(hou)同。见,贤(xian)遍反(fan),下“御见”同。
[疏]“命有”至“穀实”。
○正义曰:正以将欲雩祭,故先命有司为祈祀山川百源,为将雩之渐,重民之义也。故先为民“大雩帝,用盛乐”者,为民祈穀后,天子乃大雩天帝,用上鞀鞞之等,故云“用盛乐”。“乃命百县雩祀百辟卿士”者,谓天子既雩之后,百县谓诸侯也,命此诸侯以雩祀古之百辟及卿士等,生存之日,能立功有益於人者。
○注“阳气”至“无雩”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):以(yi)(yi)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)纯阳用事(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“阳气(qi)(qi)盛而(er)恒(heng)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)制礼此(ci)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。纵令雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)时(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han),亦(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),以(yi)(yi)吁(yu)嗟求(qiu)(qiu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音近吁(yu)。又(you)《女(nv)巫(wu)职》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“凡(fan)邦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)灾(zai)(zai)(zai),歌(ge)哭而(er)请。”歌(ge)哭则(ze)(ze)(ze)吁(yu)嗟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)。旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)灾(zai)(zai)(zai),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)须吁(yu)嗟求(qiu)(qiu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。注(zhu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)远,谓远为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百穀(gu)(gu)求(qiu)(qiu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),非(fei)郑义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di),谓为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)坛南郊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旁(pang),雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)精之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)(di)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)天(tian),当从阳位,以(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)总(zong)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可遍(bian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)四(si)(si)方,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)知在(zai)(zai)(zai)南郊也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)春(chun)夏(xia)(xia)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)共成(cheng)岁(sui)功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可偏祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)天(tian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)精之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)(di)”。以(yi)(yi)自(zi)外(wai)至(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),无(wu)(wu)(wu)主不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng),当以(yi)(yi)人帝(di)(di)配(pei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)皞(hao)配(pei)灵威(wei)仰(yang),炎帝(di)(di)配(pei)赤熛怒,黄帝(di)(di)配(pei)含枢纽,少皞(hao)配(pei)白招拒(ju),颛顼(xu)配(pei)汁光(guang)纪(ji),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“配(pei)以(yi)(yi)先(xian)(xian)帝(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“凡(fan)他雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用歌(ge)舞(wu)而(er)巳”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),按《女(nv)巫(wu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)则(ze)(ze)(ze)舞(wu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用歌(ge)舞(wu),正(zheng)(zheng)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)非(fei)唯(wei)歌(ge)舞(wu),兼(jian)有(you)(you)(you)馀乐(le),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)《论(lun)语(yu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“舞(wu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)咏(yong)而(er)归”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“百辟(pi)(pi)卿(qing)士(shi),古(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)上公(gong),句龙(long)、后(hou)稷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),百辟(pi)(pi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上公(gong),则(ze)(ze)(ze)《国(guo)语(yu)》鲧为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)崇伯,而(er)《礼记·祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法》有(you)(you)(you)祀(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen),社稷五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)祀(si)(si),虽(sui)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王朝卿(qing)士(shi),兼(jian)带(dai)上公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)《左氏(shi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“封为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上公(gong),祀(si)(si)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贵神”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)身(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百辟(pi)(pi),又(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)卿(qing)士(shi)。按《左传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》有(you)(you)(you)社稷五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官,今(jin)直云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“若句龙(long)后(hou)稷”,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)句芒蓐收之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,举(ju)有(you)(you)(you)益於(wu)民功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)显者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。引“《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》曰(yue)‘龙(long)见而(er)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)’”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),欲明(ming)正(zheng)(zheng)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“凡(fan)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han),亦(yi)修雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礼以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)(qiu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)’”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),释此(ci)经大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)脩(xiu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),作记者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)言(yan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)记之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“天(tian)子雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上帝(di)(di)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)此(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“诸侯以(yi)(yi)下(xia)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上公(gong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“乃(nai)(nai)命百县(xian)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祀(si)(si)百辟(pi)(pi)卿(qing)士(shi)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“周冬(dong)(dong)及春(chun)夏(xia)(xia)虽(sui)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han),礼有(you)(you)(you)祷(dao)(dao)无(wu)(wu)(wu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),按《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》周七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)皆(jie)书(shu)(shu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),《穀(gu)(gu)梁(liang)(liang)》不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)讥(ji);成(cheng)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,《穀(gu)(gu)梁(liang)(liang)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讥(ji)其(qi)冬(dong)(dong)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)(dong)无(wu)(wu)(wu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)春(chun)及周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)皆(jie)无(wu)(wu)(wu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)。春(chun)夏(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),虽(sui)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)脩(xiu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),其(qi)周季夏(xia)(xia)当有(you)(you)(you)正(zheng)(zheng)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),则(ze)(ze)(ze)龙(long)见而(er)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。按《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》桓五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“书(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)时(shi)”,服注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),远也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。远为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百穀(gu)(gu)祈膏雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),言(yan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),别山川之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。僖(xi)(xi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。成(cheng)公(gong)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。襄五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”;八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”。昭三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”;六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”;八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”;二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”;二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),上辛(xin)(xin),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),季辛(xin)(xin),又(you)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)书(shu)(shu)再雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)甚”。定元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”;七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。僖(xi)(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“夏(xia)(xia),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”。宣七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”。庄(zhuang)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。僖(xi)(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”;三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),夏(xia)(xia),四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,“六月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“自(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰(yue)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)(zai)(zai)”。文(wen)(wen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“自(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“自(zi)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“自(zi)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi),都并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。庄(zhuang)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,以(yi)(yi)冬(dong)(dong)时(shi)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)气(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)过(guo),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)数(shu)(shu)。僖(xi)(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“夏(xia)(xia),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”,宣七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)灾(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)数(shu)(shu)。昭二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)再雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),祗(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)再雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),一(yi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)数(shu)(shu)。定七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,亦(yi)一(yi)时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),而(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),一(yi)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)数(shu)(shu)。成(cheng)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,《穀(gu)(gu)梁(liang)(liang)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“冬(dong)(dong)无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,明(ming)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)数(shu)(shu)。三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),去此(ci)六事(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)数(shu)(shu),唯(wei)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。就二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)部(bu);桓五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,说雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礼,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)部(bu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);僖(xi)(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“冬(dong)(dong),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,僖(xi)(xi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),夏(xia)(xia),四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,说祷(dao)(dao)礼,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)部(bu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);文(wen)(wen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)皆(jie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”,说旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)(zai)(zai),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)部(bu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)三(san)(san)部(bu)总(zong)有(you)(you)(you)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)条(tiao),於(wu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)去七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)条(tiao),馀有(you)(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)条(tiao),说旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)气(qi)(qi)所由。故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)郑《释废(fei)疾(ji)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》凡(fan)书(shu)(shu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)。”《考异邮》说云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)部(bu),各有(you)(you)(you)义(yi)焉。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡(fan)正(zheng)(zheng)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),常事(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)书(shu)(shu)。书(shu)(shu)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皆(jie)过(guo)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)言(yan)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)脩(xiu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)书(shu)(shu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)脩(xiu)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)得礼,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《穀(gu)(gu)梁(liang)(liang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》曰(yue):“雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),非(fei)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按《玉藻》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),君不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)举(ju)。”注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“建(jian)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),尽建(jian)未乃(nai)(nai)始成(cheng)灾(zai)(zai)(zai)。”而(er)僖(xi)(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“夏(xia)(xia),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”,未至(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)末而(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)(zai)(zai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),若雾(wu)露(lu)霑濡,垄中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)苗,虽(sui)历时(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)(zai)(zai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。文(wen)(wen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),自(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),至(zhi)(zhi)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。至(zhi)(zhi)八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)乃(nai)(nai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)(zai)(zai)。若无(wu)(wu)(wu)雾(wu)露(lu)霑濡,垄中(zhong)无(wu)(wu)(wu)苗,虽(sui)未至(zhi)(zhi)八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)(zai)(zai),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)僖(xi)(xi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“夏(xia)(xia),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《穀(gu)(gu)梁(liang)(liang)》说云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“得雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曰(yue)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曰(yue)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)”,《公(gong)羊》说“言(yan)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)见,言(yan)旱(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)则(ze)(ze)(ze)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见”。此(ci)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同,郑《释废(fei)疾(ji)》从《穀(gu)(gu)梁(liang)(liang)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与祷(dao)(dao)所以(yi)(yi)异者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《考异邮》说云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“天(tian)子祷(dao)(dao)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州(zhou)山川,诸侯祷(dao)(dao)封内(nei),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫祷(dao)(dao)所食邑。”又(you)僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)三(san)(san)时(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),帅群臣祷(dao)(dao)山川,以(yi)(yi)过(guo)自(zi)让。凡(fan)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)必先(xian)(xian)祷(dao)(dao),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)此(ci)经云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)乃(nai)(nai)命百县(xian)祈祀(si)(si)山川百源,始大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。祷(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)(dong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)及三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春(chun)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、夏(xia)(xia)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),直为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祷(dao)(dao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),以(yi)(yi)非(fei)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雩(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。
农乃登黍。登,进也。是月也,天子乃以雏尝黍,羞以含桃。先荐寝庙。此尝雏也。而云以尝黍,不以牲主穀也。必以黍者,黍,火穀,气之主也。含桃,樱桃也。
○雏(chu)(chu),仕于反(fan),又仕俱反(fan),雏(chu)(chu)也(ye),《尔雅(ya)》云(yun):“生豕雏(chu)(chu)。”含(han)桃,本又作函,湖南反(fan);含(han)桃,樱桃也(ye)。樱,於耕(geng)反(fan)。
[疏]注“必以”至“樱桃”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):黍(shu)(shu)是火穀,於夏(xia)时(shi)与雏同荐之(zhi)(zhi)。如郑此言,则黍(shu)(shu)非新成,直取旧黍(shu)(shu),故(gu)下(xia)孟秋云“农乃登穀”,注云“黍(shu)(shu)稷於是始熟(shu)”,明仲夏(xia)未熟(shu)也。蔡氏(shi)以为此时(shi)黍(shu)(shu)新孰,今(jin)蝉鸣黍(shu)(shu)是也,非郑义(yi)也。按《月令》诸月无荐果(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)文,此独羞含(han)桃者,以此果(guo)先成,异於馀物,故(gu)特记之(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)实诸果(guo)亦时(shi)荐。
令民毋艾蓝以染。为伤长气也。此月蓝始可别,《夏小正》曰:“五月启灌蓝蓼。”
○蓝,力甘(gan)反。别,彼列(lie)反,下文“别群(qun)”同。
[疏]注“此月”至“蓝蓼”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):别种(zhong)蓝(lan)之体(ti),初必丛(cong)生(sheng),若及(ji)早(zao)栽移(yi)(yi),则有所伤损(sun)。此(ci)月蓝(lan)既长大(da),可分移(yi)(yi)布(bu)散,引(yin)《小正(zheng)》“启灌(guan)(guan)蓝(lan)蓼”者,证此(ci)月养蓝(lan)。熊氏云:“灌(guan)(guan)谓(wei)丛(cong)生(sheng)也。言开辟此(ci)丛(cong)生(sheng)蓝(lan)蓼,分移(yi)(yi)使之稀散。”
毋烧灰,为伤火气也。火之气於是为盛,火之灭者为灰。毋暴布。不以阴功干大阳之事。
○暴,步卜反,大音太。门闾毋闭,关市毋索。顺阳敷纵,不难物。
○索(suo),所白反(fan)。难,乃(nai)旦反(fan),又如字。
[疏]“门闾”至“毋索”。
○正义曰:蔡云:“门谓城门,闾谓二十五家为闾。”关市无索(suo)者(zhe),关市停物之所,商旅或隐蔽其物以避征税。是月从(cong)长之时(shi),故不(bu)搜(sou)索(suo)其物。
挺(ting)重囚,益其食。挺(ting)犹宽(kuan)也。
[疏]“益其食”。
○正义曰:“益其食(shi)”“挺重囚(qiu)”连(lian)文,郑又无(wu)注,皇氏(shi)以为增益囚(qiu)之(zhi)饮食(shi),义当然(ran)也。熊氏(shi)以为益群(qun)臣禄食(shi),其义非也。
游牝别群,孕妊之欲止也。则絷腾驹。为其牡气有馀,相蹄齧也。
○执如字,蔡本作絷。蹄,大计反,蹋也;本或作踶,音同。班马政。马政,谓养马之政教也。《廋人职》曰“掌十有二闲之政教,以阜马佚特,教駣,攻驹”,此之谓也。
○廋,所(suo)留反。駣音(yin)(yin)兆。又(you)音(yin)(yin)道,《字(zi)林》音(yin)(yin)祧。
[疏]注“马政”至“政驹”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):《廋人职》曰(yue)(yue):“掌十(shi)有(you)二(er)闲之政教。”按《校人职》云,“天(tian)子十(shi)有(you)二(er)闲”,诸侯六闲,大(da)夫(fu)四闲,每闲马有(you)二(er)百(bai)一十(shi)六匹。又(you)“阜(fu)马佚特,教駣,攻驹”,注(zhu)云“阜(fu),盛壮也(ye)”,郑司农云‘二(er)岁(sui)曰(yue)(yue)驹,三(san)岁(sui)曰(yue)(yue)駣’,玄(xuan)谓逸者,用(yong)之不使甚(shen)劳,安其(qi)血气(qi)也(ye)。教駣,始乘习之。攻驹,騬(cheng)其(qi)蹄齧者”。
是月也,日长至,阴阳争,死生分。争者,阳方盛,阴欲起也。分犹半也。
○争,争斗之(zhi)争,注同。
[疏]“是月”至“生分”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):“长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)至“者(zhe),谓此月之(zhi)时,日长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)至极,大(da)史漏刻(ke),夏至昼漏六十(shi)五(wu)刻(ke),夜漏三十(shi)五(wu)刻(ke),是“日长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)至”也(ye)。“死(si)生(sheng)(sheng)分”者(zhe),分,半(ban)也(ye)。阴气(qi)既起(qi),故物半(ban)死(si)半(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)。蔡云“感(gan)阳气(qi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)者(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng),感(gan)阴气(qi)成者(zhe)死(si)”,故於夏至日相(xiang)与分也(ye)。
君子齐戒,处必掩身,毋躁。掩犹隐翳也。躁犹动也。今《月令》“毋躁为欲静”。止声色,毋或进。进犹御见也。声谓乐也。《易》及《乐》、《春秋》说“夏至,人主与群臣从八能之士,作乐五日”,今止之,非其道也。
○从,子用反。
[疏]“君子”至“或进”。
○正义曰:蔡氏云:“君子,谓人君以下至在位士也。齐戒所以敬道萌阴也。处必掩身,处犹居也。掩,隐翳也。阴既始萌,故君子居处不显露,恐干阴也。毋躁者,躁,动也。既不显露,又不得躁动,宜静以安萌阴也。”郑引今《月令》“无躁为欲静”,欲静则无躁之义。止声色者,歌乐华丽之事,为助阴静,故止之。“无或进”者,进,御见也。既止声色,故嫔房不得进御侍夕也,亦为微阴始动,不可动於阴事也。蔡云“方齐戒,故止色,内御之属勿或有所进也”。
○注“易及”至“其道”。
○正义曰:按《易纬(wei)·通卦验》云(yun)(yun):“夏至(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)主(zhu)从(cong)八能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)黄(huang)锺,或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)六(liu)律(lv),或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)五(wu)(wu)音(yin),或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng),或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)五(wu)(wu)行,或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)律(lv)磨,或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)阴(yin)阳,或(huo)(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)正德所行。”注“从(cong)八能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)”,谓(wei)选於(wu)天下人(ren)(ren)(ren)众之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),取其(qi)(qi)(qi)习晓者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)黄(huang)锺者(zhe)(zhe),县黄(huang)锺於(wu)子,其(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差展其(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)六(liu)律(lv)者(zhe)(zhe),六(liu)律(lv)管,阳也(ye)。又有六(liu)吕为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合,管有长(zhang)短,吹(chui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)乐(le)(le)(le)器之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)五(wu)(wu)音(yin)者(zhe)(zhe),金(jin)为(wei)锺,革为(wei)鼓,石为(wei)磬,竹(zhu)为(wei)管,丝为(wei)弦(xian),皆有声(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)舒(shu)疾也(ye)。匏也(ye),木也(ye),土也(ye),不(bu)言调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)者(zhe)(zhe),声(sheng)(sheng)少变(bian),故(gu)不(bu)调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe),宫、商、角、徵(zhi)、羽,声(sheng)(sheng)弘杀缓急(ji)。凡黄(huang)锺六(liu)律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng),五(wu)(wu)音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动,与神灵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气通,人(ren)(ren)(ren)君听之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)以(yi)察已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得(de)失,而(er)(er)知群臣(chen)贤否。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)五(wu)(wu)行者(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)(wu)行谓(wei)五(wu)(wu)英。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)律(lv)历(li)者(zhe)(zhe),律(lv)历(li)谓(wei)六(liu)茎也(ye)。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)阴(yin)阳者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)《云(yun)(yun)门(men)》、《咸池》。调(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)正德所行者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)韶》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)夏》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)濩(huo)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)武》,此郑云(yun)(yun)《五(wu)(wu)英》,谓(wei)颛顼(xu)乐(le)(le)(le)名,云(yun)(yun)《六(liu)茎》者(zhe)(zhe),帝喾乐(le)(le)(le)名。云(yun)(yun)“从(cong)八能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)”,注云(yun)(yun)“从(cong),就(jiu)也(ye),谓(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)主(zhu)就(jiu)八能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)於(wu)习乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处而(er)(er)观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。“作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)五(wu)(wu)日”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)日至(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,豫前五(wu)(wu)日,令八能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)习作(zuo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)乐(le)(le)(le),以(yi)迎(ying)日至(zhi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)纬(wei)·协(xie)图徵(zhi)》亦云(yun)(yun)“从(cong)八能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)”,今《月令》於(wu)日至(zhi)止声(sheng)(sheng)色,与诸《纬(wei)》文违,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“非(fei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)道”。必(bi)知其(qi)(qi)(qi)《纬(wei)》文作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)为(wei)是者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)《周礼·大(da)(da)(da)(da)司乐(le)(le)(le)》冬至(zhi)祭祭圜丘(qiu),夏至(zhi)祭地(di)方泽,皆有作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文,不(bu)得(de)云(yun)(yun)止乐(le)(le)(le),故(gu)知月令非(fei)也(ye)。
薄滋味,毋致和。为其气异,此时伤人。
○和,户卧反。
[疏]注“为其”至“伤人”。
○正义曰:滋味和调,气味殊异,他(ta)时(shi)可食(shi),此(ci)时(shi)伤人。
节耆欲,定心气。微阴扶精,不可散也。
○耆,市志反。百官静事毋刑。罪罚之事,不可以闻。今《月令》“刑”为“径”。以定晏阴之所成。晏,安也。阴称安。
○晏,伊见反。
[疏]“以定晏阴之所成”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):上从“君子齐戒”以(yi)下,至“无刑”以(yi)上,皆是清静(jing)止息(xi)之(zhi)事,以(yi)正(zheng)定身中安(an)阴之(zhi)所成就,谓初(chu)感安(an)阴,若不(bu)清静(jing),则(ze)微阴与人为(wei)病,故须定之(zhi)。王肃及蔡氏皆云晏(yan)为(wei)以(yi)安(an)定阴阳之(zhi)所成,非郑(zheng)旨也。
鹿角解,蝉始鸣,半夏生,木堇荣。又记时候也。半夏,药草。木堇,王蒸也。
○解,户买反(fan)。始(shi),市志反(fan)。夏,户嫁反(fan)。堇音(yin)谨,一名舜华。蒸,之(zhi)承反(fan)。
[疏]注“木堇”至“蒸也”。
○正义曰:《释草》云(yun):“椵,木槿。榇,木槿。”某氏云(yun)“别三(san)名,可食,或呼为日及,亦云(yun)王蒸(zheng)。其花朝生暮落”。
是月也,毋用火南方。阳气盛,又用火於其方,害微阴也。可以居高明,可以远眺望,可以升山陵,可以处台榭。顺阳在上也。高明谓楼观也。阇者谓之台,有木者谓之榭。
○榭音谢。观,古唤反(fan)。阇音都。
[疏]注“阇者”至“之榭”。
○正义曰:按《释宫》云(yun)(yun):“阇谓(wei)之台(tai)。”李(li)巡云(yun)(yun):“蛔(hui)芰(ji)为之,所(suo)以观望(wang)。”郭景纯云(yun)(yun):“蛔(hui)芰(ji)四方。”又云(yun)(yun):“无室曰榭。”李(li)巡云(yun)(yun):“但有大殿,无室名曰榭。”郭景纯云(yun)(yun):“榭,今之堂堭(huang)。”
仲夏行冬令,则雹冻伤穀。子之气乘之也。阳为雨,阴起胁之,凝为雹。
○雹,步(bu)角反。冻,丁(ding)贡反。道路不通,暴兵来至。盗贼攻劫,亦雹之类。
[疏]“仲夏”至“来至”。
○正义曰:“雹冻伤穀”,天灾(zai)。“道路不通(tong),暴兵来(lai)至(zhi)”,人灾(zai)也。
行春令,则五穀晚熟。卯之气乘之也。生日长。百螣时起,其国乃饥。螣,蝗之属,言百者,明众类并为害。
○螣音(yin)特(te),食苗叶虫。饥,居疑反,又音(yin)机。
[疏]“行春”至“乃饥”。
○正(zheng)义曰:“五穀(gu)晚熟”,天灾(zai)。“百螣时起(qi)”,地灾(zai)。“其国乃饥”,人灾(zai)也。
行秋令,则草木零落,酉之气乘之也。八月宿直昂毕,为天狱主杀。
○零,本又作苓,音同。果实早成,生日短。民殃於疫。大陵之气来为害也。
○殃,於良反。疫(yi)音役。
[疏]“行秋”至“於疫”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):“草木零落,果实早(zao)成”,地灾。“民殃於(wu)疫(yi)”,人灾也。
季(ji)夏(xia)之月,日(ri)在柳,昏(hun)火(huo)中,旦(dan)奎中。季(ji)夏(xia)者,日(ri)月会於鹑火(huo),而斗(dou)建未(wei)之辰也。
[疏]“季夏”至“奎中”。
○正(zheng)义曰:按《茸艹历》:六(liu)月节,日(ri)在(zai)柳九(jiu)度(du)(du),昏尾七度(du)(du)中,去日(ri)一百(bai)一十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)度(du)(du),旦(dan)娄八度(du)(du)中。六(liu)月中,日(ri)在(zai)张三(san)度(du)(du),昏箕三(san)度(du)(du)中,去日(ri)一百(bai)一十(shi)(shi)(shi)七度(du)(du),旦(dan)胃十(shi)(shi)(shi)四度(du)(du)中。《元嘉历》:六(liu)月节,日(ri)在(zai)井三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二度(du)(du),昏房四度(du)(du)中,旦(dan)东壁八度(du)(du)中。六(liu)月中,日(ri)在(zai)柳十(shi)(shi)(shi)二度(du)(du),昏尾八度(du)(du)中,旦(dan)奎十(shi)(shi)(shi)二度(du)(du)中。
其日丙丁。其帝炎帝,其神祝融。其虫羽。其音徵,律中林锺。其数七。其味苦,其臭焦。其祀灶,祭先肺。林锺者,黄锺之所生,三分去一,律长六寸。季夏气至,则林锺之律应。《周语》曰:“林锺和展百物,俾莫不任肃纯恪。”
○去,起吕反(fan),后放此(ci)。任音壬,又(you)如字(zi)。恪,苦(ku)各反(fan)。
[疏]注“林锺”至“纯恪”。
○正义曰:按《律历志》,黄锺(zhong)长(zhang)九寸,三分去一,下生林(lin)(lin)锺(zhong),故林(lin)(lin)锺(zhong)长(zhang)六(liu)寸。引“《周语(yu)》曰”下者,证林(lin)(lin)锺(zhong)之义,故《周语(yu)》云(yun):“林(lin)(lin)锺(zhong)和展百物(wu),俾莫不(bu)任肃纯恪。”按注云(yun)“坤(kun),初六(liu)也”,林(lin)(lin),众(zhong);锺(zhong),聚;肃,速(su);纯,大(da);恪,敬。“言时务(wu)和,审百事,无有(you)诡诈,使莫不(bu)任其(qi)(qi)职(zhi)事,速(su)其(qi)(qi)功(gong),而(er)大(da)敬其(qi)(qi)职(zhi)”。
温风始至,蟋蟀居壁,鹰乃学习,腐草为萤。皆记时侯也。鹰学习,谓攫搏也。《夏小正》曰:“六月,鹰始挚。”萤,飞虫,萤火也。
○蟋蟀,上音悉,下(xia)音率。腐(fu),扶矩反(fan)。荧,本(ben)又作(zuo)萤,户扃反(fan);或作(zuo)“腐(fu)草化为萤”者,非也。攫(jue),俱(ju)縳反(fan),一(yi)音九碧反(fan)。搏音搏。挚音至(zhi),本(ben)亦作(zuo)鸷(zhi),同(tong)。
[疏]“温风”至“为萤”。
○正义曰:“蟋蟀居壁”者,此物生在於土中,至季夏羽翼稍成,未能远飞,但居其壁,至七月则能远飞在野。按《尔雅·释虫》云:“蟋蟀,蛩也。”孙炎曰:“蜻蛚也。梁国谓蛩。”郭景纯云:“今促织。”蔡以为蟋蟀,斯螽,非也。
○“鹰乃学习”者,於时二阴既起,鹰感阴气,乃有杀心,学习抟击之事。按《郑志》,焦氏问云:“仲秋,乃鸠化为鹰。仲春,鹰化为鸠。此六月何言有鹰学习乎?”张逸答曰:“鹰虽为鸠,亦自有真鹰可习矣。”
○“腐草为萤”者,腐草此时得暑湿之气,故为萤。不云化者,蔡氏云“鸠化为鹰,鹰还化为鸠,故称化。今腐草为萤,萤不复为腐草,故不称化”。
○注“谓攫”至“萤火”。
○正(zheng)义曰:攫(jue)谓以足取物(wu),抟(tuan)谓以翼击物(wu)。云(yun)“萤,飞(fei)虫(chong)(chong)”者,按《释(shi)虫(chong)(chong)》云(yun):“萤火,即炤。”李巡(xun)云(yun):“萤火夜飞(fei),腹下(xia)如火光,故曰即炤。”
天子居明堂(tang)右个,乘朱路,驾(jia)赤(chi)緌,载赤(chi)旂,衣朱衣,服赤(chi)玉,食菽与(yu)鸡,其器高以粗(cu)。明堂(tang)右个,南(nan)堂(tang)西(xi)偏也(ye)。
命渔师伐蛟、取鼍、登龟、取鼋。四者甲类,秋乃坚成。《周礼》曰“秋献龟鱼”,又曰“凡取龟用秋时”,是夏之秋也。作《月令》者,以为此秋据周之时也。周之八月,夏之六月,因书於此,似误也。蛟言伐者,以其有兵卫也。龟言登者,尊之也。鼍、鼋言取,羞物贱也。鼍皮又可以冒鼓,今《月令》“渔师”为“榜人”。
○蛟音(yin)交。鼍,大多反(fan),又徒丹反(fan)。鼋(yuan)音(yin)元。冒,亡报反(fan)。榜,必孟反(fan)。
[疏]“命渔”至“取鼋”。
○正义曰:此命渔师及仲夏养壮佼之等,皆是烦细之事,或非止一月所为,故不言“是月也”。故注云“四者甲类,秋乃坚成”,明非独季夏而取。
○注“《周礼》”至“榜人”。
○正义曰(yue):引“《周礼(li)》‘秋(qiu)献龟(gui)鱼’”,是《献人(ren)职(zhi)》文。又云“凡取龟(gui)用(yong)秋(qiu)时”,是《龟(gui)人(ren)职(zhi)》文。引之(zhi)者,证作记之(zhi)人(ren)谓(wei)此礼(li)是周之(zhi)秋(qiu)八(ba)月,当夏之(zhi)六(liu)月,故误书於此,言(yan)记之(zhi)者非也。
命泽人纳材苇。蒲苇之属,此时柔刃,可取作器物也。
○苇,于鬼反。刃,而慎反。
○是月也,命四监大合百县之秩刍,以养牺牲,令民无不咸出其力。四监,主山、林、川、泽之官。百县,乡遂之属,地有山、林、川、泽者也。秩,常也。百县给国养牺牲之刍,多少有常,民皆当出力为艾之。今《月令》“四”为“田”。
○为艾,于伪反,下文“为民”、注“为求福”、“为其”同。以共皇天上帝,名山大川,四方之神。以祠宗庙社稷之灵,以为民祈福。牲以供祠神灵,为民求福,明使民艾刍,是不虚取也。皇天,北辰耀魄宝,冬至所祭於圜丘也。上帝,大微五帝。
○共音恭。
[疏]“命四”至“祈福”。
○正义曰:以四监合其秩刍,以共皇天上帝,其事既大,又异於上,故言“是月”。自“命妇官”至“等给之度”,论黼黻文章,给郊庙祭祀之服,事异於上帝养牺牲,故言“是月”。自“树木方盛”至“则有天殃”,论禁断馀事,助时生养,亦事异於上,故言“是月”,自“土润溽暑”至“土疆”,论上暑下润,粪地为宜,事异於上,故复言“是月”。
○注“四监”至“为田”。
○正义曰:按《周礼》有山虞、泽虞、林衡、川衡之官,秩刍出於山林,又季冬云“乃命四监,收秩薪柴”,薪柴亦出於山林川泽。云“百县,乡遂之属,地有山林川泽”者,知百县非诸侯,而云乡遂之属,以其取刍养牲,不可大远,故知是畿内乡遂。仲夏云“乃命百县雩祀百辟卿士”者,兼外内诸侯也。此云“乡遂之属”者,不兼公卿大夫之采邑。“秩,常”,《释诂》文。云“今《月令》‘四’为‘田’”者,令田监大合秩刍,义亦通也。
○注“为民”至“五帝”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):为(wei)民(min)求福(fu)(fu)者(zhe),虽是(shi)寻常事(shi)神(shen)(shen),因事(shi)神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)时(shi),为(wei)民(min)祈福(fu)(fu)。云(yun)(yun)“是(shi)不(bu)虚(xu)取”者(zhe),若不(bu)为(wei)祈福(fu)(fu),浪使民(min)艾(ai)刍,是(shi)在上(shang)(shang)虚(xu)取民(min)力。今还祈福(fu)(fu)与民(min),民(min)皆蒙福(fu)(fu),是(shi)不(bu)虚(xu)取民(min)力役使之(zhi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di),大微五帝(di)(di)”者(zhe),按《周礼·司服(fu)》云(yun)(yun)“昊(hao)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di)”,郑(zheng)以为(wei)昊(hao)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di)祇是(shi)一(yi)神(shen)(shen),北极耀魄(po)(po)宝也(ye)。知此(ci)皇天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di)不(bu)祗是(shi)耀魄(po)(po)宝之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di),为(wei)大微者(zhe),以《周礼·司服(fu)》云(yun)(yun)“祀昊(hao)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di),大裘而冕,祀五帝(di)(di)亦(yi)如之(zhi)”,既(ji)别云(yun)(yun)五帝(di)(di),故(gu)知昊(hao)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di)亦(yi)唯(wei)一(yi)神(shen)(shen)。此(ci)《月令》皇天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)下,更无别五帝(di)(di)之(zhi)文,故(gu)分(fen)为(wei)二(er)。
是月也,命妇官染采,黼黻文章,必以法故,无或差贷。妇言,染人也。采,五色。
○黼音(yin)甫。黻音(yin)弗。差贷(dai)音(yin)二,又他得反。
[疏]“命妇”至“差贷”。
○正义曰:於此月之时,命掌妇功之官,谓染人也,染此五色之采,白与黑谓之黼,黑与青谓之黻,青与赤谓之文,赤与白谓之章。染此等之物,必以旧法故事,无得有参差贷变。必以此月染之者,以其盛暑湿,染帛为宜,此是秦法也。若周则於夏豫浸治染纁玄之石,至秋乃总染五色,故《染人》云“夏纁玄,秋梁夏”是也。盖从夏至秋,皆得染物,周秦各用一时也。此云“黼黻文章”,下云“黑黄苍赤”,互相备也。
○注“妇官”至“五色”。
○正义曰:按《周礼》妇(fu)官有(you)典妇(fu)功、典枲(xi)、染人(ren)等,此(ci)据(ju)染采(cai),故为染人(ren)。“采(cai),五色(se)”者,郑注《皋(gao)陶谟》曰:“采(cai)施(shi)曰色(se),未用(yong)谓(wei)之采(cai),巳用(yong)谓(wei)之色(se)。”此(ci)对(dui)文耳,散(san)则(ze)通。
黑黄仓赤,莫不质良,毋敢诈伪。质,正也。良,善也。所用染者,当得真采正善也。以给郊庙祭祀之服,以为旗章,以别贵贱等给之度。旗章,旌旗及章识也。
○别,彼列(lie)反(fan)。旗音其。识,申志反(fan)。及如(ru)字。
[疏]注“旗章”至“章识”。
○正义曰(yue):旌旗(qi)者,则(ze)(ze)《周礼(li)(li)·司常》九旗(qi)是也。章识(shi)者,则(ze)(ze)《周礼(li)(li)》事名号,故《司常》云“官府象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)事,州里象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)名,家象(xiang)其(qi)(qi)号”,郑注《引(yin)士丧礼(li)(li)》以缁广三寸,长(zhang)半幅,赪(cheng)末长(zhang)终幅,《诗》“织文鸟章”是也。
是月也,树木方盛,乃命虞人入山行木,毋有斩伐。为其未坚刃也。
○行,下孟反。不可(ke)(ke)以(yi)兴土(tu)功,不可(ke)(ke)以(yi)合(he)诸侯,不可(ke)(ke)以(yi)起兵动众。土(tu)将用事,气欲静(jing)。
[疏]注“土将用事气欲静”。
○正(zheng)义曰:土虽(sui)寄王(wang)四季,但南(nan)方火(huo)生中央土,土生西方金,金火(huo)之(zhi)间,位当建未(wei)之(zhi)月(yue),故云“土将用事,气(qi)欲静”也。
毋举大事,以摇养气。大事,兴徭役以有为。
○徭役音遥。毋发令而待,以(yi)妨神农之(zhi)事也(ye)。发令而待,谓出繇(zhou)役之(zhi)令,以(yi)预惊(jing)民(min)也(ye)。民(min)惊(jing)则心动,是害(hai)土神之(zhi)气。土神称曰神农者,以(yi)其主於稼穑。
[疏]“毋发”至“之事”。
○正义曰:“发令”者,发动徵召之令也。“而待”者,谓时未顺而豫动召,以待后时乃使也。“以妨神农之事”者,解所以不豫发令也。神农者,土神也。尔时土神用事,若逆令召民,民惊心动,是妨土神之气事也。。
○注“土神”至“稼穑”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):土神(shen)能吐(tu)生(sheng)万物,成其农事(shi),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)神(shen)农。知土主(zhu)稼(jia)(jia)穑者,《尚(shang)书·洪范(fan)》云:“土爰稼(jia)(jia)穑。”孔传曰(yue)(yue):“种曰(yue)(yue)稼(jia)(jia),敛曰(yue)(yue)穑。”蔡(cai)氏(shi)云“神(shen)农则炎(yan)帝(di)”,非郑义(yi)也。
水潦盛(sheng)昌,神(shen)农将(jiang)持功(gong),举(ju)大事则有天殃。言(yan)土以受天雨(yu)泽(ze)(ze)、安静养物(wu)为功(gong),动之(zhi)则致害也。《孝经说》曰:“地顺受泽(ze)(ze),谦虚开张(zhang),含泉任(ren)萌(meng),滋(zi)物(wu)归中。”
[疏]“水潦”至“天殃”。
○正义曰:六月主未,未有东井,东井是水,故六月而水潦盛昌也。“神农将持功”者,神农犹土神也。土地本受天雨泽水潦,以为生养之功,此月多水,故土神方得将持功也。
○“举大事则有天殃”者,神农方持功,若人君有举大事,于养气者,非唯神农罪之,则天亦殃罚之也。犯土而天罚之者,地受天泽,得以含养。今若干地,则是干天也。
○注“言土”至“归中”。
○正义曰(yue):解所(suo)以犯(fan)天殃之义也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“动(dong)之则致灾(zai)害(hai)”者,若动(dong)地则致天灾(zai)害(hai),是地功(gong)(gong)由天也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“《孝经(jing)说(shuo)》曰(yue)‘地顺受(shou)泽,谦(qian)虚开张(zhang)’”者,引《孝经(jing)说(shuo)》证(zheng)地受(shou)天泽,为成(cheng)已功(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)。地体卑顺,故(gu)(gu)受(shou)天之雨泽,而(er)体得谦(qian)虚开张(zhang)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“含(han)泉任萌,滋(zi)(zi)物归中(zhong)”者,亦(yi)《孝经(jing)说(shuo)》也(ye)(ye)。既谦(qian)虚开张(zhang),故(gu)(gu)能含(han)於水泉,任萌一切之物,并滋(zi)(zi)繁而(er)归地中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)。
是月也,土润溽暑。润溽,谓涂湿也。
○辱如字,本或作溽,音同,湿也。大雨时行,烧薙行水,利以杀草,如以热汤。薙谓迫地芟草也。此谓欲稼莱地,先薙其草,草乾烧之,至此月大雨流,水潦畜於其中,则草死不复生,而地美可稼也。《薙人》“掌杀草”职,曰“夏日至而薙之”,又曰“如欲其化也,则以水火变之”。
○薙,他计反(fan),又直履反(fan)。芟,所衔反(fan)。莱音来。畜,敕六反(fan)。复,扶又反(fan)。夏日,人一反(fan)。
[疏]“大雨”至“热汤”。
○正义曰:六月建未,未值井,井主水,大雨时行。土既润辱,又大雨应时行也,不云降,降止是下耳,故言其流义,故云行。行犹通彼也。蔡云“大雨时行。行,降也。从‘土润’以下皆为下句”。烧薙,谓迫地芟除草名也。《周礼》立其官,使除田草也。五月夏至,芟杀暴之,至六月合烧之,故云“烧薙”也。“行水”者,其时也,大雨时行,行於所烧田中,仍壅遏蓄之,以渍烧薙,故云“行水”也。
○“利以杀草”者,利,益也。先芟后烧,又蓄水渍之,即草根烂死,是利益得杀田中之草也。“如以热汤”者,日暴水於烂草田中,水热而洙沸,如热汤渍之也。
○注“薙人”至“变之”。
○正义曰(yue):引《薙(ti)人(ren)》证芟(shan)草(cao)时节。按(an)《薙(ti)氏(shi)》云(yun):“春始生而萌之,夏日至(zhi)而夷(yi)(yi)之,秋(qiu)绳而芟(shan)之,冬日至(zhi)而耜(si)(si)之。”杜子春云(yun):“萌谓(wei)耕反(fan)其(qi)萌牙。”康成云(yun):“萌之者(zhe)(zhe),以兹其(qi)斫其(qi)生者(zhe)(zhe),夷(yi)(yi)之以钩鎌,迫地芟(shan)之也(ye),若今(jin)取菱矣。含(han)实曰(yue)绳,芟(shan)其(qi)绳则(ze)(ze)实不成孰(shu)。耜(si)(si)之,以耜(si)(si)测涷土划(hua)之。”按(an)皇氏(shi)云(yun):“夷(yi)(yi)音薙(ti),绳音孕。”云(yun)“又曰(yue)如欲其(qi)化,则(ze)(ze)以水(shui)(shui)(shui)火变(bian)之”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)先(xian)以火焚烧其(qi)草(cao),在后(hou)以水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸渍(zi)之,变(bian)此瘠地为(wei)肥,故(gu)云(yun)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)火变(bian)之”。先(xian)火后(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui),而云(yun)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)火”者(zhe)(zhe),便言也(ye)。
可以粪田畴,可以美土彊。土润溽,膏泽易行也。粪、美,互文耳。土疆,强之地。
○粪,方问(wen)反(fan)。彊,其(qi)丈反(fan)。注同。易,以豉反(fan)。强,其(qi)两反(fan)。,好览反(fan)。
[疏]“可以”至“土彊”。
○正义曰:於此月之中,又可行以下二事也。粪,壅苗之根也。蔡云:“穀田曰田,麻田曰畴。”言烂草可以粪田使肥也。“可以美土彊”者,彊者,彊磊磈难耕之地,此月亦可止水渍之,乃壅粪之,使田美也。
○注“土润”至“之地”。
○正义(yi)曰:土(tu)润(run)辱(ru)则土(tu)之膏泽易(yi)行(xing),故(gu)可粪美之,使肥易(yi)也。蔡前云(yun)“从‘土(tu)润(run)’以下皆为下句(ju)”,是(shi)与郑相合也。云(yun)“粪、美,互文(wen)耳”者(zhe),亦可颜美田畴,可以粪土(tu)彊,故(gu)言“互文(wen)”也。云(yun)“土(tu)彊,强(qiang)之地(di)”者(zhe),强(qiang)是(shi)不软,是(shi)罅阚也,并谓磥礰(li)磊磈之地(di)也。《草人职》云(yun)“彊用蕡(fen)”,彊,强(qiang)坚(jian)者(zhe)也。
季夏行春令,则穀实鲜落,国多风欬。辰之气乘之也。未属巽,辰又在巽位,二气相乱为害。
○鲜音仙,又仙典反。欬(kai),苦(ku)代反。民(min)乃迁徙。象风转移物也。
[疏]“季夏”至“迁徙”。
○正义曰:“穀实鲜落“,谓鲜少堕落,由风多故也。或云以夏召春气,初鲜絜,而逢秋气肃杀,故穀鲜絜而堕落也,此地灾也。“国多风欬”,此是天灾也。“民乃迁徙”,是人灾也。
○注“未属巽”。
○正义曰:按《易林》云“震(zhen)主(zhu)庚(geng)子午,巽主(zhu)辛(xin)丑未(wei)(wei),坎(kan)主(zhu)戊寅申,离(li)主(zhu)已(yi)卯酉,艮主(zhu)丙(bing)辰(chen)戌,兑主(zhu)丁(ding)已(yi)亥”,是未(wei)(wei)属巽也。
行秋令(ling),则(ze)丘隰水(shui)潦,戌之气乘之也。九月宿直奎,奎为沟渎,沟渎与此月大雨并而高下皆(jie)水(shui)。禾稼不(bu)熟,伤於水(shui)也。乃多女灾。含任之类败也。
[疏]“丘隰”至“女灾”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“丘隰水(shui)潦”及“禾稼不熟”,此地(di)灾(zai)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)其水(shui)气多故也(ye)(ye)。“乃(nai)多女灾(zai)”,人灾(zai)也(ye)(ye),亦为水(shui)伤(shang)含任也(ye)(ye)。
行冬令,则风寒不时,丑之气乘之也。鹰隼蚤鸷。得疾厉之气也。
○隼,息允反。蚤鸷,上音早;下音至,亦作鸷,击也。四鄙入保。象鸟雀之走窜也。都邑之城曰保。
○窜,七乱反。
[疏]“风寒”至“入保”。
○正义曰:以丑未属巽,十二月建丑,得巽之气,故为风。又建丑之月大寒中,故多风寒,此天灾也。
○“鹰隼(sun)蚤鸷”,季(ji)夏地(di)(di)气杀害之象(xiang),地(di)(di)灾也。
中央土。火休而盛德在土也。
○央,於相反。
[疏]“中央土”。
○正义曰:夫四时五(wu)(wu)行(xing),同是天(tian)地(di)所(suo)生,而四时是气,五(wu)(wu)行(xing)是物。气是轻虚,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)丽天(tian);物体质<山皃>,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)属地(di)。四时系天(tian),年有(you)三百六十日(ri),则春(chun)夏秋冬(dong)各分居九(jiu)十日(ri)。五(wu)(wu)行(xing)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)四时,布(bu)於三百六十日(ri)间(jian),以(yi)(yi)木配(pei)(pei)(pei)春(chun),以(yi)(yi)火配(pei)(pei)(pei)夏,以(yi)(yi)金(jin)配(pei)(pei)(pei)秋,以(yi)(yi)水配(pei)(pei)(pei)冬(dong),以(yi)(yi)土则每时辄寄(ji)王十八日(ri)也(ye)。虽每分寄(ji),而位本未,宜处於季夏之(zhi)末,金(jin)火之(zhi)间(jian),故(gu)在此陈(chen)之(zhi)也(ye)。
其日(ri)戊已。戊之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)茂(mao)也(ye)。已之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)起也(ye)。日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)行四时之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),从黄道,月为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)佐。至此万物皆枝(zhi)叶茂(mao)盛,其含秀者抑屈而起,故因(yin)以为(wei)(wei)日(ri)名焉(yan)。
[疏]“其日戊已”。
○正义曰:虽处於夏末,而实为四行之主,不可没其生用之功,故因亦为日名也。
○注“日之”至“之佐”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):按《考灵耀》“春(chun)(chun)则星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)西游(you)(you)(you)”,谓星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西游(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)常行(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)东(dong),至(zhi)季春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月,星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)入(ru)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao),复其正(zheng)处,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)而(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)春(chun)(chun)夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)从黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)。夏(xia)则星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)北游(you)(you)(you),谓星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北游(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)常行(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南,至(zhi)季夏(xia),星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)入(ru)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao),复正(zheng)位,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)常行(xing)(xing)(xing)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao),至(zhi)夏(xia)秋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)从黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。秋(qiu)则星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)东(dong)游(you)(you)(you),谓星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)东(dong)游(you)(you)(you)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)常行(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西,至(zhi)季秋(qiu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)入(ru)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao),还复正(zheng)位,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)而(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing),至(zhi)秋(qiu)冬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)从黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。冬则星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)南游(you)(you)(you),谓星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)南游(you)(you)(you)。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)常行(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北,至(zhi)季冬星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰(chen)(chen)入(ru)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao),还正(zheng)位,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)依(yi)常行(xing)(xing)(xing)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao),至(zhi)冬春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)从黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。郑注《洪范(fan)》云(yun)(yun):“四时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),合(he)於黄(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。”月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)(dao)与日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)同,故云(yun)(yun)“月为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)佐”也(ye)(ye)。
其帝(di)黄帝(di),其神后(hou)(hou)土。此(ci)黄精之君(jun),土官之神,自古以(yi)来,著德立功者也。黄帝(di),轩辕(yuan)氏也。后(hou)(hou)土,亦颛(zhuan)顼氏之子曰黎,兼为土官。
[疏]注“后土”至“土官”。
○正义(yi)曰:按昭二十九(jiu)年(nian)《左传》云:“颛(zhuan)顼氏有子曰犁(li)(li),为(wei)祝融。共工氏有子曰句(ju)(ju)龙,为(wei)后(hou)(hou)土。”后(hou)(hou)土为(wei)土官。知(zhi)此经后(hou)(hou)土非句(ju)(ju)龙而为(wei)犁(li)(li)者,以句(ju)(ju)龙初为(wei)后(hou)(hou)土,后(hou)(hou)转为(wei)社(she),后(hou)(hou)土官阙,犁(li)(li)则兼之(zhi),故郑(zheng)注《大宗(zong)伯》云“犁(li)(li)食(shi)於(wu)火(huo)土”。以《宗(zong)伯》别云社(she)稷,又云五祀(si),句(ju)(ju)龙为(wei)社(she)神,则不得(de)又为(wei)五祀(si),故云“犁(li)(li)兼”也。
其虫倮。象物露见不隐藏,虎豹之属,恒浅毛。
○倮,力果反,又(you)乎瓦(wa)反。见,贤遍反。
[疏]注“象物”至“浅毛”。
○正义曰:《大戴礼》及《乐纬》云(yun):麟虫三(san)(san)百(bai)六十(shi),龙为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。羽虫三(san)(san)百(bai)六十(shi),凤为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。毛虫三(san)(san)百(bai)六十(shi),麟为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。介虫三(san)(san)百(bai)六十(shi),龟为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。倮虫三(san)(san)百(bai)六十(shi),圣(sheng)人为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。云(yun)“象物(wu)露(lu)见不隐藏”者,案(an)仲夏(xia)云(yun)“可以居高明”,“可以处台榭”。至六月土王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,物(wu)转盛大,露(lu)见不隐藏也。云(yun)“虎(hu)豹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,恒浅毛”者,诸郑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所云(yun),皆象四(si)时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),与(yu)鳞羽毛介相似者言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不取五(wu)灵(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),故中央不言人,西(xi)云(yun)狐貉(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,东(dong)方兼(jian)言蛇,北方兼(jian)言鳖,是不取五(wu)灵(ling)也。
其音宫(gong)(gong)。声(sheng)始於宫(gong)(gong),宫(gong)(gong)数八十一(yi),属(shu)土者,以其最浊,君(jun)之(zhi)象也。季夏之(zhi)气和,则宫(gong)(gong)声(sheng)调。《乐记》曰:“宫(gong)(gong)乱(luan)则荒,其君(jun)骄。”
[疏]注“声始”至“之象”。
○正义曰:按《律历志(zhi)》,五声(sheng)始(shi)於宫,阳数极於九(jiu)(jiu),九(jiu)(jiu)九(jiu)(jiu)相(xiang)乘(cheng),故(gu)数八(ba)十一。以(yi)五声(sheng)中(zhong)最(zui)尊,故(gu)云“以(yi)其最(zui)浊(zhuo),君之象也(ye)”。
律(lv)中黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)之宫(gong)。黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)之宫(gong)最长也。十(shi)二(er)律(lv)转相(xiang)生,五(wu)声具终於六(liu)十(shi)焉。季夏之气至,则黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)之宫(gong)应。《礼运》曰:“五(wu)声六(liu)律(lv)十(shi)二(er)管,还相(xiang)为宫(gong)。”
[疏]“律中”至“之宫”。
○正义曰:黄锺之宫,於诸宫为长。季夏土王,其声最重,谓土之声气,应此黄锺之宫声,非黄锺一声也。故特云律中者,黄锺之宫也。黄锺候气之管,本位在子。此是黄锺宫声,与中央土声相应,但土无候气之法,取黄锺宫声以应土耳,非候气也。故贺玚云:“黄锺是十一月管,何缘复应此月?正以土义居中,故虚设律於其月,实不用候气也。十二律互相为宫,据律主言之也。”崔灵恩云:“凡阴阳之管,合有十二律,律各为一调,迭相为宫,而生五声,合而成乐,黄锺宫最长,为声调之始,十二宫之主。宫音者,是五音之长,故与黄锺之调宫声相应。”此论宫声相应,非论候。此月气之相应,是以注云“季夏气至,则黄锺之宫应”,不直云黄锺之律应也。然则直言律应,不言宫者,明主为所候之气应也。直言“律中黄锺之宫”,不言律应者,明谓中央土声,与黄锺为宫音相应,非为气应也,故郑引《礼运》云“迭相为宫”以证之也。四时之律,皆取气应,而土王之律独取声应者,一者欲与四行为互,二者为无别候土气之管故也。土无候气之管者,以寄王四季之末,故从四时之管,而不别候也,唯以四行末十八日为土之气也。蔡氏及熊氏以为黄锺之宫,谓黄锺少宫也,半黄锺九寸之数,管长四寸五分,六月用为候气。按六月林锺之律长六寸,七月夷则长五寸三分有馀,何以四寸五分之律,於六月候之乎?又土声最浊,何得以黄锺平声相应乎?蔡、熊之说非也。
○注“黄锺”至“为宫”。
○正义曰:不云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)最(zui)长,而云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)最(zui)长”者(zhe),唯黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)宫(gong)(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),於(wu)(wu)诸(zhu)宫(gong)(gong)最(zui)长,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“之(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)”也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“十二律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)转相生,五声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)具(ju)终於(wu)(wu)六十”者(zhe),故(gu)黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)调(diao)(diao)均,则黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)。黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)生林锺(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)徵,林锺(zhong)(zhong)生犬(quan)蔟(cu)为(wei)(wei)商,大蔟(cu)生南(nan)吕为(wei)(wei)羽,南(nan)吕生姑洗为(wei)(wei)角,此是黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)一调(diao)(diao)之(zhi)五声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。凡十二律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)各有五声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),则总有六十声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“终於(wu)(wu)六十声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。至《礼(li)运》更(geng)具(ju)详之(zhi),云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“季夏气(qi)至,则黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)应(ying)”者(zhe),谓季夏土声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),与黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相应(ying),以其非实候气(qi),故(gu)不云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)应(ying),或本云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)应(ying)者(zhe)误也(ye)。引《礼(li)运》“还相为(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)”者(zhe),证所明十二律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)循环为(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong),声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)调(diao)(diao)则具(ju),而此经得黄(huang)(huang)锺(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)。
其数五。土生数五,成数十,但言五者,土以生为本。其味甘,其臭香。土之臭味也。凡甘香者,皆属之。其祀中霤,祭先心。中霤,犹中室也。土主中央,而神在室。古者复穴,是以名室为霤云。祀之先祭心者,五藏之次,心次肺,至此心为尊也。祀中霤之礼,设主於牖下,乃制心及肺肝为俎,其祭肉,心肺肝各一,他皆如祀户之礼。
○霤,力又反。复,方(fang)服(fu)反。藏,才浪反。
[疏]注“中霤”至“之礼”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):郑意言(yan)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)犹中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)室(shi)(shi)”,乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)开牖(you)(you)象中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取明,则(ze)其(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)不(bu)当栋,而(er)(er)在(zai)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央,故《丧礼》云(yun)(yun)“浴於(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu),饭(fan)於(wu)牖(you)(you)下”,明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)不(bu)关牖(you)(you)下也(ye)。“主(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央而(er)(er)神在(zai)室(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所以(yi)必(bi)在(zai)室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),祭(ji)(ji)(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也(ye)。土(tu)(tu)(tu),五(wu)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu),故其(qi)(qi)神在(zai)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央也(ye),是(shi)(shi)明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)所祭(ji)(ji)(ji)则(ze)土(tu)(tu)(tu)神也(ye)。故杜注《春秋(qiu)》云(yun)(yun):“在(zai)家则(ze)祀(si)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu),在(zai)野则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社也(ye)。”又《郊特牲》云(yun)(yun)“家主(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu),而(er)(er)国主(zhu)社”,社神亦中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)神也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“古者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)复(fu)(fu)(fu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),是(shi)(shi)以(yi)名室(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)霤(liu)云(yun)(yun)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),解所以(yi)谓(wei)(wei)室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由也(ye)。古者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)未(wei)有宫室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时也(ye)。复(fu)(fu)(fu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)窟(ku)居也(ye)。古者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)窟(ku)居随地(di)(di)而(er)(er)造,若(ruo)平(ping)地(di)(di)则(ze)不(bu)凿,但累(lei)(lei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)复(fu)(fu)(fu),言(yan)於(wu)地(di)(di)上(shang)重复(fu)(fu)(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。若(ruo)高地(di)(di)则(ze)凿为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)坎(kan),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)形(xing)皆(jie)如陶(tao)灶,故《诗》云(yun)(yun)“陶(tao)复(fu)(fu)(fu)陶(tao)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)。故毛云(yun)(yun)“陶(tao)其(qi)(qi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)而(er)(er)复(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),陶(tao)其(qi)(qi)壤而(er)(er)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,郑云(yun)(yun)“复(fu)(fu)(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),复(fu)(fu)(fu)於(wu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)上(shang),凿地(di)(di)曰(yue)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),皆(jie)如陶(tao)然”。故庾(yu)蔚云(yun)(yun)“复(fu)(fu)(fu)谓(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)上(shang)累(lei)(lei)土(tu)(tu)(tu),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)则(ze)穿地(di)(di)也(ye)。复(fu)(fu)(fu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)皆(jie)开其(qi)(qi)上(shang)取明,故雨霤(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)以(yi)后因(yin)名室(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)也(ye)”。云(yun)(yun)“祀(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先祭(ji)(ji)(ji)心者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次(ci),心次(ci)肺(fei),至此(ci)心为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊也(ye)”,云(yun)(yun)“祀(si)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)霤(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,设(she)主(zhu)於(wu)牖(you)(you)下”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),开牖(you)(you)象霤(liu),故设(she)主(zhu)於(wu)牖(you)(you)下也(ye)。五(wu)祀(si)皆(jie)先席(xi)於(wu)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奥,此(ci)不(bu)言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),前祀(si)户注巳备言(yan)也(ye)。此(ci)别设(she)主(zhu),当庙(miao)室(shi)(shi)牖(you)(you)内之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下而(er)(er)北乡也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“乃(nai)制(zhi)心及肺(fei)肝(gan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)俎,其(qi)(qi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)肉,心肺(fei)肝(gan)各一,他皆(jie)如祀(si)户之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亦祭(ji)(ji)(ji)竟彻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),更陈鼎俎,迎尸如祭(ji)(ji)(ji)户也(ye)。
天子居大庙大室,乘大路,驾黄緌,载黄旂,衣黄衣,服黄玉,食稷与牛,其器圜以闳。大庙大室,中央室也。大路,殷路也。车如殷路之制,而饰之以黄。稷,五穀之长。牛,土畜也。器圜者,象土周匝於四时。闳读如纮。弦谓中宽,象土含物。
○圜音于(yu)权(quan)反。闳音宏。长,丁丈反。畜呼又反,下金(jin)畜同。
[疏]注“大庙”至“含物”。
○正(zheng)义曰:按(an)《考(kao)工记》云(yun)(yun)“周人明(ming)(ming)堂”,“东西九筵,南(nan)北(bei)七筵”,“凡室(shi)二筵”,则五室(shi)并(bing)皆二筵,无大(da)(da)小也(ye)。今(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)室(shi)称大(da)(da)室(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),以中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)是土(tu)(tu)室(shi),土(tu)(tu)为五行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主,尊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)称大(da)(da)。以夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世室(shi),则四(si)(si)旁(pang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi),皆南(nan)北(bei)三步,东西三步三尺;中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)土(tu)(tu)室(shi),南(nan)北(bei)四(si)(si)步,东西四(si)(si)步四(si)(si)尺。则周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)(ming)堂,亦(yi)应(ying)土(tu)(tu)室(shi)在中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang),大(da)(da)於(wu)四(si)(si)角之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)也(ye),但文不具耳(er)。云(yun)(yun)“大(da)(da)路(lu),殷路(lu)”者(zhe)(zhe),《明(ming)(ming)堂位(wei)》文也(ye)。形(xing)制似殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)者(zhe)(zhe),但服色尚黄(huang)(huang),饰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黄(huang)(huang)耳(er)。四(si)(si)时用(yong)鸾路(lu),此(ci)用(yong)大(da)(da)路(lu)者(zhe)(zhe),以土(tu)(tu)五行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主,故(gu)取尊大(da)(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名。乘殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)路(lu),又尚质之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,春有(you)(you)青苍两色,夏(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)朱赤二色,此(ci)及(ji)秋惟有(you)(you)黄(huang)(huang)白,不更加(jia)他色者(zhe)(zhe),黄(huang)(huang)与(yu)白更无馀色相(xiang)涉,故(gu)不言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)。“牛(niu),土(tu)(tu)畜”者(zhe)(zhe),按(an)《易》“乾为马(ma),坤为牛(niu)”,又《五行(xing)传》云(yun)(yun)“思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不睿,则有(you)(you)牛(niu)祸”,是牛(niu)属土(tu)(tu)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“器圜者(zhe)(zhe),象(xiang)土(tu)(tu)周匝於(wu)四(si)(si)时”者(zhe)(zhe),方(fang)则有(you)(you)所不足,圜则无所不覆,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“象(xiang)土(tu)(tu)周匝於(wu)四(si)(si)时”。云(yun)(yun)“闳读如(ru)纮,纮谓(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)宽”者(zhe)(zhe),《祭义》云(yun)(yun)天子“冕而朱纮”,故(gu)读从(cong)此(ci)“纮”,谓(wei)组上属於(wu)冕,屈从(cong)颐下(xia)度而还上属於(wu)冕,以中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)宽缓(huan),象(xiang)土(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含物也(ye),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“中(zhong)(zhong)宽,象(xiang)土(tu)(tu)含物”也(ye)。
孟秋之月,日在翼,昏建(jian)星中,旦毕中。孟秋者,日月会於鹑尾,而(er)斗建(jian)申(shen)之辰(chen)也。
[疏]“孟秋”至“毕中”。
○正(zheng)义曰:按《茸艹历(li)》:七月(yue)节,日(ri)在(zai)(zai)张十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)度(du)(du),昏(hun)(hun)斗四度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),去日(ri)一百一十(shi)(shi)(shi)四度(du)(du),旦毕八(ba)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。七月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),日(ri)在(zai)(zai)翼十(shi)(shi)(shi)五度(du)(du),昏(hun)(hun)斗十(shi)(shi)(shi)六度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),去日(ri)一百一十(shi)(shi)(shi)一度(du)(du),旦井初度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。《元嘉(jia)历(li)》:七月(yue)节,日(ri)在(zai)(zai)张五度(du)(du),昏(hun)(hun)箕(ji)二(er)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),旦胃二(er)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。七月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),日(ri)在(zai)(zai)翼十(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du),昏(hun)(hun)斗三度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),旦昴七度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
其日庚辛。庚之言更也。辛之言新也。日之行,秋西从白道,成熟万物,月为之佐。万物皆肃然改更,秀实新成,又因以为日名焉。其帝少皞,其神蓐收。此白精之君,金官之臣,自古以来,著德立功者也。少皞,金天氏。蓐收,少皞氏之子曰该,为金官。
○少,诗(shi)召反,注(zhu)下放此(ci);少皞,黄帝之子。蓐(ru)音(yin)辱。
[疏]注“少皞”至“金官”。
○正义(yi)曰:案此(ci)秋云(yun)(yun)(yun)“其帝(di)少(shao)皞(hao)(hao)”,在西方金(jin)(jin)位。《左传(chuan)》昭元年(nian)云(yun)(yun)(yun),“昔金(jin)(jin)天氏(shi)(shi)有(you)裔(yi)子曰昧(mei),为玄冥师,生允格、台骀”,称(cheng)金(jin)(jin)天氏(shi)(shi),与(yu)少(shao)皞(hao)(hao)金(jin)(jin)位相当,故少(shao)昊则金(jin)(jin)天氏(shi)(shi)也。又(you)(you)《帝(di)王世纪》“少(shao)皞(hao)(hao)帝(di)号曰金(jin)(jin)天氏(shi)(shi)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“少(shao)皞(hao)(hao)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)子曰该(gai)(gai),为金(jin)(jin)官”者,按《左传(chuan)》昭二十(shi)九年(nian)蔡墨(mo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)少(shao)昊氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)子该(gai)(gai),又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“该(gai)(gai)为蓐收”,是为金(jin)(jin)神(shen),佐(zuo)少(shao)皞(hao)(hao)於秋。蓐收者,言秋时万物摧(cui)辱(ru)而(er)收敛。
其虫毛,象物应凉气而备寒。狐貉之属,生旃毛也。
○应,应对之应。貉,户各反,依字作貊。旃,之然反。其音商,三分徵益一以生商,商数七十二。属金者,以其浊次宫,臣之象也。秋气和则商声调。《乐记》曰:“商乱则陂,其宫坏。”
○陂,彼义反。
[疏]注“三分”至“官坏”。
○正义曰:按《律历志》云,徵数(shu)五十(shi)四(si),三分(fen)之(zhi),则一分(fen)有十(shi)八。今於(wu)徵数(shu)五十(shi)有四(si)更加十(shi)八,是(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)数(shu)七十(shi)二也(ye)。凡五声,浊者尊,清者卑,为商(shang)(shang)(shang)声之(zhi)浊次(ci)於(wu)宫,宫既(ji)为君,商(shang)(shang)(shang)则为臣,故云“以(yi)其浊次(ci)宫,臣之(zhi)象也(ye)”。引《乐记》云者,证商(shang)(shang)(shang)为臣之(zhi)义。云“商(shang)(shang)(shang)乱(luan)则陂(po)”者,谓商(shang)(shang)(shang)声杂乱(luan),感动(dong)人心,令(ling)情性倾陂(po),情既(ji)不正,是(shi)以(yi)官(guan)司败坏也(ye)。
律中(zhong)夷(yi)则(ze)。孟秋气(qi)至,则(ze)夷(yi)则(ze)之律应。夷(yi)则(ze)者,大吕之所生也,三分(fen)去一,律长(zhang)五寸(cun)七百二十九分(fen)寸(cun)之四百五十一。《周语》曰(yue):“夷(yi)则(ze)所以咏歌九则(ze),平民无(wu)贰。”
[疏]注“夷则”至“无贰”。
○正义曰(yue):大(da)吕长(zhang)八(ba)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)二(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)(si),三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),下(xia)生(sheng)夷则,故(gu)夷则律(lv)长(zhang)五(wu)(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)七(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。六寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)去(qu)(qu)二(er)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),馀(yu)(yu)有(you)四(si)(si)(si)(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在,又(you)大(da)吕一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),今(jin)每寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)更三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之,则一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),两(liang)个(ge)整(zheng)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),总(zong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。其(qi)大(da)吕二(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)(si),每又(you)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之,此(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)(si)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),益(yi)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba),则总(zong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千七(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。下(xia)生(sheng)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)作三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),则每一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)得五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi),去(qu)(qu)其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi),馀(yu)(yu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)在,是其(qi)积分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)以七(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)。益(yi)前(qian)四(si)(si)(si)(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),为(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),馀(yu)(yu)有(you)四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)在,故(gu)云(yun)夷则“律(lv)长(zhang)五(wu)(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)七(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。引“周语(yu)”以下(xia)者,证(zheng)夷则之义。按《周语(yu)》注(zhu)云(yun),《乾(qian)》九(jiu)(jiu)五(wu)(wu)用(yong)事(shi)。夷,平。则,法(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言法(fa)度平,故(gu)可咏歌九(jiu)(jiu)功之法(fa),平民使不(bu)贷也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
其数(shu)(shu)(shu)九。金生数(shu)(shu)(shu)四,成数(shu)(shu)(shu)九,但言九者,亦举(ju)其成数(shu)(shu)(shu)。其味辛(xin),其臭腥。金之(zhi)臭味也。凡辛(xin)腥者皆属焉。其祀门(men),祭先(xian)肝(gan)(gan)。秋阴气出,祀之(zhi)於(wu)(wu)门(men)外阴也。祀之(zhi)先(xian)祭肝(gan)(gan)者,秋为阴中(zhong),於(wu)(wu)藏直(zhi)肝(gan)(gan),肝(gan)(gan)为尊也。祀门(men)之(zhi)礼,北面设主(zhu)(zhu)於(wu)(wu)门(men)左枢,乃制肝(gan)(gan)及肺(fei)心为俎,奠于主(zhu)(zhu)南。又设盛(sheng)于俎东,其他皆如(ru)祭灶之(zhi)礼。
[疏]注“祀之”至“之礼”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)“祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先祭(ji)肝(gan)者,秋(qiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)(yin)中(zhong),於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藏(zang)(zang)值(zhi)(zhi)肝(gan)”者,以阴(yin)(yin)气(qi)始於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)五月(yue)(yue),终(zhong)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十月(yue)(yue),其七月(yue)(yue)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“秋(qiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)(yin)中(zhong)”。其阳(yang)(yang)气(qi)始於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十一月(yue)(yue),终(zhong)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)四(si)月(yue)(yue),正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)二月(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)(yang)中(zhong),故(gu)正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“春(chun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)(yang)中(zhong)”。然阴(yin)(yin)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时兼有(you)(you)阳(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时兼有(you)(you)阴(yin)(yin),亦是阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)。今五藏(zang)(zang)肺(fei)最(zui)在(zai)前,心次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),肝(gan)次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),脾次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),肾为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)。肝(gan)在(zai)心肺(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),脾肾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藏(zang)(zang)值(zhi)(zhi)肝(gan)”。然脾在(zai)肺(fei)心肝(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),肾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,则是上有(you)(you)肺(fei)心肝(gan),下(xia)(xia)唯有(you)(you)肾,不(bu)当其中(zhong),而云(yun)(yun)(yun)“春(chun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)(yang)中(zhong),於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藏(zang)(zang)值(zhi)(zhi)脾”者,但五行相次(ci),水(shui)则次(ci)木(mu),故(gu)春(chun)继(ji)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)冬,肾后(hou)则次(ci)脾,其火后(hou)则次(ci)土,土后(hou)乃次(ci)金,故(gu)秋(qiu)不(bu)得继(ji)夏,由隔於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)土。由此(ci)脾不(bu)得继(ji)肺(fei),隔於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)心也(ye)(ye)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)肝(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上有(you)(you)肺(fei)有(you)(you)心,脾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)唯有(you)(you)肾,俱(ju)得为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)藏(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“北面设主於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)门(men)左枢”者,谓(wei)庙门(men)外(wai)(wai)左枢北面,以在(zai)门(men)外(wai)(wai),故(gu)主得南(nan)乡而北面设之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“乃制肝(gan)及肺(fei)心为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)俎,奠于主南(nan),设盛於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)俎东(dong)”者,皆约《中(zhong)霤礼》文(wen)也(ye)(ye)。“其他皆如祭(ji)灶(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼”者,谓(wei)祭(ji)心肺(fei)肝(gan)各一,及祭(ji)醴三(san),并设席於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)奥,迎尸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)。
凉风至,白露降,寒蝉鸣,鹰乃祭鸟,用始行戮。皆记时候也。寒蝉,寒蜩,谓蜺也。鹰祭鸟者,将食之,示有先也。既祭之后,不必尽食,若人君行刑,戮之而巳。
○戮(lu)音六。蜩(tiao),大彫反。蜺,五兮反,寒(han)螀。
[疏(shu)]注“寒(han)蝉(chan)”至“而(er)巳”。正(zheng)义曰:按《释虫》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“蜺,寒(han)蜩。”郭(guo)景(jing)纯云(yun)(yun)(yun):“寒(han)螀也。似(si)蝉(chan)而(er)小(xiao),青(qing)赤。”“云(yun)(yun)(yun)“鹰(ying)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)鸟(niao)者(zhe),将食之(zhi)(zhi),示有先(xian)”者(zhe),谓鹰(ying)欲(yu)食鸟(niao)之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),先(xian)杀鸟(niao)而(er)不食,与人之(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)食相(xiang)似(si),犹(you)若供祀先(xian)神(shen),不敢即食,故云(yun)(yun)(yun)“示有先(xian)也”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“既祭(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),不必(bi)尽(jin)食,若人君行(xing)刑,戮之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)巳”者(zhe),以经“用(yong)始(shi)行(xing)戮”,不据事(shi),以经唯记时(shi)候,谓鹰(ying)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)鸟(niao)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),杀鸟(niao)不必(bi)尽(jin)食,犹(you)若人君行(xing)刑,但(dan)戮之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)巳。以人君行(xing)戮,明鹰(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)杀,言鹰(ying)於(wu)此时(shi)始(shi)行(xing)戮鸟(niao)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。
天子居总章左个,乘戎路,驾白骆,载白旂,衣白衣,服白玉,食麻与犬,其器廉以深。总章左个,大寝西堂南偏。戎路,兵车也,制如周革路,而饰之以白。白马黑鬛曰骆,麻实有文理,属金。大,金畜也。器廉以深,象金伤害物入藏。
○总,子孔反(fan)。辂音(yin)洛,鬛音(yin)猎(lie),本亦作髦(mao),音(yin)毛(mao);又一本作旄(mao),毛(mao)也。
是月也,以立秋。先立秋三日,大史谒之天子曰:“某日立秋,盛德在金。”谒,告。
○先,悉荐反。天子乃齐。立秋之日,天子亲帅三公、九卿、诸侯、大夫以迎秋於西郊,还反,赏军帅、武人於朝。迎秋者,祭白帝白招拒於西郊之兆也。军帅,诸将也。武人,谓环人之属,有勇力者。
○帅,於类反,下同,本或作帅,注放此。朝,直遥反。拒音矩。将,子匠反,下同。天子乃命将帅选士厉兵,简练桀俊,专任有功,以征不义。征之言正也,伐也。诘诛暴慢,以明好恶,顺彼远方。诘,谓问其罪,穷治之也。顺犹服也。
○诘,去吉反(fan)。好恶,并如字,上呼报反(fan),下乌路反(fan)。
是月也,命有司脩法制,缮囹圄,具桎梏,禁止奸,慎罪邪,务搏执。顺秋气,政尚严。
○缮,巿战反。邪,似嗟反。搏音博。命理瞻伤,察创视折。理,治狱官也。有虞氏曰士,夏曰大理,周曰大司寇。创之浅者曰伤。
○创,初良反,注同。审断、决狱,讼必端平。端犹正也。
○审断决,丁乱反,下同;蔡徒管反,一读绝句,“决”字下属。戮有罪,严断刑。天地始肃,不可以赢。肃,严急之言也。赢犹解也。
○赢音盈,注同解,古(gu)卖(mai)反。
是月也,农(nong)乃登(deng)穀。天子尝新(xin),先荐寝庙。黍稷之(zhi)属,於是始孰。
[疏]“是月”至“寝庙”。
○正义曰:按仲秋云“以犬(quan)尝麻”,今(jin)不(bu)云牲者,皇氏云“不(bu)云牲,《记》文(wen)略也”。
命百官始收敛。顺秋气收敛物。完隄坊,谨壅塞,以备水潦。备者,备八月也。八月宿直毕,毕好雨。
○完,胡官反。隄,本又作堤,丁兮反。防,本又作坊,音房。壅,於勇反。好,呼报反。脩宫室,坏墙垣,补城郭。象秋收敛物当藏也。
○坏(huai),步回(hui)反。垣音袁。
是月也,毋以封诸侯,立大官。毋以割地,行大使,出大币。古者於尝出田邑,此其月也。而禁封诸侯割地,失其义。
○使,疏吏反。
[疏]注“古者”至“其义”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:按(an)《祭统》古者於尝(chang)也(ye)出田(tian)邑(yi),尝(chang)谓(wei)秋祭,於此尝(chang)祭之时,王者割出田(tian)邑(yi)以与诸侯(hou)(hou)。今(jin)正(zheng)是尝(chang)祭之月,而禁封诸侯(hou)(hou)及(ji)割地之事,故(gu)云“失其义(yi)也(ye)”。郑唯偏(pian)云不封诸侯(hou)(hou)及(ji)割地失其义(yi),则毋立大官,毋行大使,毋出大币为得礼(li),以其收敛之月故(gu)也(ye)。
孟秋行冬令,则阴气大胜,亥之气乘之也。介虫败穀,介,甲也。甲虫属冬。败穀者,稻蟹之属。
○介(jie)音界,注(zhu)同。蟹(xie),胡买反。戎兵乃来。十月宿直营(ying)室(shi),营(ying)室(shi)之气为害也(ye)。营(ying)室(shi)主武(wu)事。
[疏]“孟秋”至“乃来”。
○正义曰:阴气大胜,天灾。介虫败穀,地灾。戎兵乃来,人灾也。
○注“介甲”至“之属”。
○正义曰:按《越语》云:“越伐吴,吴王使王孙雄请成於越,越王欲许之,范蠡不许。王孙雄谓范蠡曰:‘先人有言曰:无助天为虐,助天为虐者不祥。今吴稻蟹无遗种,子将助天为虐乎?’”注:“稻蟹,谓蟹食稻也。”
○注“营室”至“武士”。
○正义曰:按《元命包》云“营(ying)室星十六度,主(zhu)军之粮”,是主(zhu)武事(shi)也。
行春令,则其国乃旱,寅之气乘之也。云雨以风除也。阳气复还,五穀无实。阳气能生,而不能成。
○复还(hai),扶又反(fan);下音环,又音旋。
[疏]“其国”至“无实”。
○正(zheng)义曰:其国乃旱,阳气(qi)复还,天(tian)灾也。五(wu)穀无实,地灾也。
行夏令,则国多火灾。巳之气乘之也。寒热不节,民多疟疾。疟疾,寒热所为也。今《月令》“疟疾”为“疾疫”。
○疟,鱼略反。
[疏]“国多”至“疟疾”。
○正义曰:国多(duo)火灾,寒热不(bu)节(jie),天(tian)灾也。民多(duo)疟疾(ji),人(ren)灾也。
仲秋之月,日在角,昏牵牛中,旦觜觿中。仲秋者,日月会于寿星,而斗建酉之辰也。
○觜,子斯(si)反(fan),又(you)子髓反(fan)。觿(xi),户圭(gui)反(fan),又(you)户规反(fan)。
[疏]“仲秋”至“觿中”。
○正义曰:《茸(rong)艹历(li)》:八(ba)月节,日(ri)(ri)在(zai)轸十(shi)(shi)二度(du)(du)(du)(du),昏斗(dou)二十(shi)(shi)六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)(du)中,去日(ri)(ri)一百六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)(du),旦(dan)井二度(du)(du)(du)(du)中。八(ba)月中,日(ri)(ri)在(zai)角十(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du),昏女(nv)三(san)度(du)(du)(du)(du)中,去日(ri)(ri)一百六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)(du),旦(dan)井二十(shi)(shi)一度(du)(du)(du)(du)中。按《元嘉历(li)》:八(ba)月节,日(ri)(ri)在(zai)翼(yi)十(shi)(shi)七度(du)(du)(du)(du),昏斗(dou)十(shi)(shi)四度(du)(du)(du)(du)中,旦(dan)毕十(shi)(shi)六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)(du)中。八(ba)月中,日(ri)(ri)在(zai)轸十(shi)(shi)五(wu)度(du)(du)(du)(du),昏斗(dou)二十(shi)(shi)四度(du)(du)(du)(du)中,旦(dan)井九度(du)(du)(du)(du)中。
其(qi)(qi)日庚辛。其(qi)(qi)帝(di)少皞,其(qi)(qi)神蓐收。其(qi)(qi)虫毛。其(qi)(qi)音商,律(lv)(lv)中南吕。其(qi)(qi)数九。其(qi)(qi)味辛,其(qi)(qi)臭(chou)腥(xing)。其(qi)(qi)祀门(men)祭先肝。南吕者(zhe),大蔟(cu)之(zhi)所生,三(san)分去一(yi),律(lv)(lv)长五寸(cun)三(san)分寸(cun)之(zhi)一(yi)。仲(zhong)秋(qiu)气至,则(ze)南吕之(zhi)律(lv)(lv)应。《周语》曰:南吕者(zhe),赞阳秀物(wu)。”
[疏]注“南吕”至“秀物”。
○正义曰:大(da)蔟长八寸(cun),三分(fen)(fen)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi),下生南(nan)吕,三寸(cun)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)寸(cun),六寸(cun)去(qu)(qu)二(er)寸(cun),得四寸(cun),又有整二(er)寸(cun)在(zai)。分(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)寸(cun)作(zuo)三分(fen)(fen),二(er)寸(cun)为(wei)(wei)六分(fen)(fen),更三分(fen)(fen)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi),馀有四分(fen)(fen)在(zai)。以三分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)寸(cun),益前(qian)四寸(cun)为(wei)(wei)五寸(cun),仍(reng)有一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)在(zai),故云(yun)南(nan)吕“律长五寸(cun)三分(fen)(fen)寸(cun)之一(yi)(yi)”也(ye)(ye)。引“《周语》曰”以下者,证(zheng)南(nan)吕之义。按《周语》注“《坤》六二(er)也(ye)(ye)”,“南(nan),任也(ye)(ye)。阴任阳事,助(zhu)成万物(wu)。赞佐也(ye)(ye)”,阴佐阳秀成物(wu)也(ye)(ye)。
盲风至,鸿雁来,玄鸟归,群鸟养羞。皆记时候也。盲风,疾风也。玄鸟,燕也。归谓去蛰也。凡鸟随阴阳者,不以中国为居。羞谓所食也。《夏小正》曰“九月,丹鸟羞白鸟”,说曰:“丹鸟也者,谓丹良也。白鸟也者,谓闽蚋也。其谓之鸟者,重其养者也。有翼为鸟,养也者,不尽食也。”二者文异,群鸟、丹良,未闻孰是。
○盲,亡(wang)庚反(fan)。闽音文(wen),依字作蟁,又(you)作蚊。蚋,人(ren)锐反(fan),又(you)如悦反(fan)。养,馀亮(liang)反(fan),下同。
[疏]注“盲风”至“孰是”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰:“盲风,疾风”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皇(huang)氏云(yun)(yun)(yun)“秦人谓疾风为(wei)盲风”。“玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao),燕”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《释鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)》文(wen)。玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)归(gui)为(wei)仲秋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)候,玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)至不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)仲春之(zhi)(zhi)候,由别与郊禖为(wei)候,或可仲春时候非一,故(gu)记时候之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)载玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“凡鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)随阴阳(yang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)国(guo)为(wei)居”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),凡鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao),鸿(hong)雁之(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)季秋(qiu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“鸿(hong)雁来宾(bin)”,言来宾(bin)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)国(guo)为(wei)居。皇(huang)氏之(zhi)(zhi)说,即兼云(yun)(yun)(yun)玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)称归(gui)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)之(zhi)(zhi)蛰(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)远在四夷,而(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)国(guo)为(wei)居”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),他物之(zhi)(zhi)蛰(zhe)近在本(ben)处,今玄(xuan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)之(zhi)(zhi)蛰(zhe),虽不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)远在四夷,必於幽僻之(zhi)(zhi)处,非中(zhong)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)常见,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)国(guo)为(wei)居”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“羞(xiu)谓所(suo)食(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),按(an)《夏小正(zheng)(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“羞(xiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)进(jin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”若食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)珍(zhen)羞(xiu)相似,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“羞(xiu)谓所(suo)食(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“《夏小正(zheng)(zheng)》曰‘九月(yue)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)羞(xiu)白(bai)(bai)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)’”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),今按(an)《大戴礼(li)》“八(ba)月(yue),丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)羞(xiu)白(bai)(bai)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)”,今云(yun)(yun)(yun)九月(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),郑所(suo)见本(ben)异也(ye)(ye)(ye)。丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)为(wei)珍(zhen)羞(xiu),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)羞(xiu)白(bai)(bai)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“说曰丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)下至“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽食(shi)”,皆(jie)《小正(zheng)(zheng)》文(wen)。“白(bai)(bai)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓闽蚋也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),重(zhong)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)养”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang)是虫(chong)(chong),乃谓之(zhi)(zhi)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao),是重(zhong)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)养之(zhi)(zhi)物,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi),虽虫(chong)(chong)而(er)(er)为(wei)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)也(ye)(ye)(ye),但未(wei)知丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang)竟(jing)是何(he)物,皇(huang)氏以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang)是萤火。今按(an)《尔雅·释虫(chong)(chong)》郭氏等诸释,皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)萤火是丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang),未(wei)闻(wen)皇(huang)氏何(he)所(suo)依据。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)文(wen)异,群(qun)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang),未(wei)闻(wen)孰是”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《月(yue)令》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“群(qun)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)养羞(xiu)”,《夏小正(zheng)(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)羞(xiu)白(bai)(bai)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)”,是二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)文(wen)异。《月(yue)令》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“群(qun)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)”,《夏小正(zheng)(zheng)》说者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang)”,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“群(qun)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)良(liang),未(wei)闻(wen)孰是”。
天子居总(zong)(zong)章大庙(miao),乘戎(rong)路,驾白骆,载白旂(qi),衣(yi)(yi)白衣(yi)(yi),服白玉(yu),食麻与(yu)犬(quan),其(qi)器廉以深。总(zong)(zong)章,大庙(miao)西堂当(dang)大室(shi)也。
是月也,养衰老,授几杖,行縻粥饮食。助老气也。行犹赐也。
○縻,亡皮反。粥,之六反,《字林》羊六反。
○乃命司服,具饬衣裳,文绣有恒,制有小大,度有长短。此谓祭服也。文谓画也。祭服之制,画衣而绣裳。
○饬,丑力反,后放此。衣服有量,必循其故。此谓朝燕及他服凡此为寒益至也。《诗》云:“七月流火,九月授衣。”於是作之可也。
○量音量,下“度量”同。朝,直遥反。为,于伪反,下“为民”同。冠带有常。因制衣服而作之也。
○乃命有司申严百刑,斩杀必当。毋或枉桡,枉桡不当,反受其殃。申,重也。当谓值其罪。
○当,丁(ding)浪反(fan),下“不(bu)当”及注(zhu)同。枉,纡往反(fan)。桡,女教反(fan),又乃绞反(fan),《字林(lin)》作挠,非。重,直用(yong)反(fan)。
[疏]“是月”至“其殃”。
○正义曰:此论养老及制衣服之事,皆此月所为,故言“是月”。所命有司斩杀必当,虽异衣服养老,但此事起孟秋,此月申严而巳,故附於养老衣服之下,不更别言“是月”也。自“乃命祝宰”至“先荐寝庙”,论循行牺牲享祭上帝,并“难以达秋气”,“犬以尝麻”,总是祠祀之事,事异於上,故言“是月”。自“可以筑城郭”至“行罪无疑”,论筑造城邑,收敛积聚,劝课种麦,为农为民,亦事异於上,故云“是月”。自“日夜分”至“角斗甬”,论昼夜既等,齐平度量,又事异於前,故言“是月”。自“易关市”至“慎因其类”,论秋物新成,使民财丰备,无逆于天,有顺於时,亦事异於前,故言“是月”。
○注“此谓”至“绣裳”。
○正义曰:此云“文绣”,又下文别云“衣服有量”,故郑知此经谓祭服也。经云“具饬衣裳”,饬谓正也,言备具正理衣裳。云“文谓画也”者,以经文与绣相对,祭服裳绣而衣画,故以文为画也。云”祭服之制,画衣而绣裳”者,按《尚书·咎繇谟》云“予欲观古人之象,日、月、星、辰、山、龙、华虫,作会”,是衣画也;“宗彝、藻、火、粉、米、黼黻、絺绣”,是裳绣也。画色轻,故在衣以法天;绣色重,故在裳以法地也。
○“衣服有量,必循其故”。
○正义曰:此朝燕等之衣服,小大长短,及制度采色,皆有度量,必因循故法也,不得别更改造。此云“循其故”,上云“文绣有恒”,恒则故也。但上是祭服,委曲言之。
○注“此谓”至“之可”。
○正义曰:上是祭服,故知此是朝燕也。“及他服”者,谓战伐田猎等之服。引《诗》“七月流火”者,证寒之益至,故作衣服。此《诗》是《邠风》,周公所作。周公因管、蔡流言,遂陈先公居豳施化之事,言七月之时,火星西流,九月之时,常授民以衣服。
○注“申重”至“其罪”。
○正义曰:“申,重也(ye)”,《释诂(gu)》文。云(yun)“当谓值其罪”者,言断(duan)决(jue)罪人之时,必须当值所犯之罪。经云(yun)“枉桡(rao)不当”,枉谓违法曲(qu)断(duan),桡(rao)谓有理不申,应重乃轻,应轻更重,是其不当也(ye)。
是月也,乃命宰祝循行牺牲,视全具,案刍豢,瞻肥瘠,察物色,必比类,量小大,视长短,皆中度。五者备当,上帝其飨。於鸟兽肥充之时,宜省群牲也。宰祝,太宰、大祝,主祭祀之官也。养牛羊曰刍,犬豕曰豢。五者,谓所视也,所按也,所瞻也,所察也,所量也。此皆得其正,则上帝飨之;上帝飨之,而无神不飨也。
○行,下孟(meng)反(fan)(fan)。刍,初俱反(fan)(fan),草也。豢音患,养也,以所食(shi)得(de)名。瞻音占(zhan)。瘠(ji),在(zai)亦反(fan)(fan)。中(zhong),丁(ding)仲反(fan)(fan)。
[疏]“乃命”至“其飨”。
○正义曰:此月鸟兽肥充,因宜省视,故命之“循行牺牲”以下之事也。
○“视全具”者,亦宰祝所视也,下皆然。王肃云:“纯色曰牺,体完曰全。”
○“按刍豢”者,食草曰刍,食穀曰豢,皆按行之也。“瞻肥瘠”者,瞻亦视也。肥,充也。瘠,瘦也。
○“察物色”者,物色,骍黝之别也。《周礼》阳祀用骍,阴祀用黝,望祀各以其方之色也。
○“必比类”者,巳行故事曰比,品物相随曰类,五方本异其色,是比也。大皞配东,亦用青,是其类也。
○“量小大”者,大谓牛羊豕成牲者,小谓羔豚之属也。
○“视长短”者,谓天地之牛角茧栗,宗庙之牛角握之属也。
○“五者备当,上帝其飨”者,上帝,天也。若事事当法,则天神飨之也。
○注“宰祝”至“曰豢”。
○正(zheng)义曰:按《周(zhou)礼·大(da)宰(zai)职》“祀(si)五帝,则掌百官(guan)之誓(shi)戒(jie)”,“及执事(shi)(shi),视(shi)(shi)涤濯,及纳(na)享,赞王牲(sheng)事(shi)(shi)”,故(gu)郑知此视(shi)(shi)牲(sheng)由大(da)宰(zai)。云(yun)(yun)“养牛羊曰刍,犬(quan)(quan)豕(shi)曰豢(huan)”者(zhe),按《充人》云(yun)(yun)“祀(si)五帝,系於(wu)牢刍之三月”,是牛羊曰刍。按《乐(le)记》云(yun)(yun)“豢(huan)豕(shi)为酒”,《周(zhou)礼·犬(quan)(quan)人》云(yun)(yun)“掌豢(huan)祭祀(si)之犬(quan)(quan)”,是犬(quan)(quan)豕(shi)曰豢(huan)。
天子乃难,以达秋气。此难,难阳气也。阳暑至此不衰,害亦将及人。所以及人者,阳气左行,此月宿直昴毕,昴毕亦得大陵积尸之气,气佚则厉鬼亦随而出行,於是亦命方相氏帅百隶而难之。《王居明堂礼》曰:“仲秋,九门磔禳,以发陈气,御止疾疫。”
○难,乃多反,注同。
[疏]注“此难”至“疾疫”。
○正义曰:季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冬及(ji)(ji)(ji)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)春难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),皆难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye),恐此(ci)亦(yi)(yi)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)“难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,言(yan)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)不衰(shuai),害(hai)亦(yi)(yi)将及(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。秋(qiu)凉(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)后,阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)应退(tui),至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)不退(tui),是凉(liang)反热,故(gu)(gu)害(hai)及(ji)(ji)(ji)於(wu)人(ren)。云(yun)(yun)“亦(yi)(yi)将及(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)”者(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)谓对(dui)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)春,言(yan)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)春之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)右行,日在(zai)(zai)昴(mao)(mao)毕之(zhi)(zhi)间,得(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)陵(ling)积尸(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),故(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)。今此(ci)月(yue)(yue)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)左行,至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)昴(mao)(mao)毕,亦(yi)(yi)得(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)陵(ling)积尸(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)“亦(yi)(yi)将及(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)”。云(yun)(yun)“阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)左行,此(ci)月(yue)(yue)宿(su)直(zhi)(zhi)昴(mao)(mao)毕”者(zhe),以(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)左旋(xuan),星辰(chen)与(yu)斗建(jian)循天(tian)(tian)(tian)而行,此(ci)月(yue)(yue)斗建(jian)在(zai)(zai)酉,酉是昴(mao)(mao)毕本位,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)“宿(su)直(zhi)(zhi)昴(mao)(mao)毕”也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)八月(yue)(yue)合昏之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi),斗柄建(jian)指昴(mao)(mao)毕本位,其(qi)昴(mao)(mao)毕之(zhi)(zhi)星,於(wu)时(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)寅。云(yun)(yun)“气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)佚则(ze)厉(li)鬼(gui)(gui)随(sui)(sui)而出行”者(zhe),大(da)(da)(da)(da)陵(ling)既为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)积尸(shi),秋(qiu)时(shi)(shi)又得(de)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)益(yi),疾病应气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)感(gan),故(gu)(gu)厉(li)鬼(gui)(gui)随(sui)(sui)而出行。云(yun)(yun)“亦(yi)(yi)命方(fang)相(xiang)氏(shi)”者(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冬,以(yi)《周礼》季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冬命方(fang)相(xiang)氏(shi),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)亦(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。引《王居明(ming)堂礼》者(zhe),证仲秋(qiu)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)义。云(yun)(yun)“以(yi)发陈(chen)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”者(zhe),谓秋(qiu)时(shi)(shi)凉(liang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)新(xin)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),发去阳(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)陈(chen)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),防御禁止疾疫(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)。既引《明(ming)堂礼》“仲秋(qiu),九门磔禳(rang)(rang)”,则(ze)此(ci)亦(yi)(yi)磔禳(rang)(rang)也(ye)(ye),但(dan)文不备耳。季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冬云(yun)(yun)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)”,明(ming)九门磔禳(rang)(rang),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冬称(cheng)大(da)(da)(da)(da),则(ze)贵贱皆为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)春云(yun)(yun)“国(guo)(guo)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)”,熊氏(shi)云(yun)(yun)“唯(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子诸(zhu)侯(hou)有国(guo)(guo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)”。此(ci)云(yun)(yun)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)子乃(nai)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)”,唯(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子得(de)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),以(yi)其(qi)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),阳(yang)(yang)(yang)是君象,则(ze)诸(zhu)侯(hou)以(yi)下不得(de)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)。按阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)陵(ling),俱致(zhi)积尸(shi)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。按十一月(yue)(yue)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于危(wei)(wei)虚而不难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),十二月(yue)(yue)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于虚危(wei)(wei)而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)者(zhe),以(yi)十一月(yue)(yue)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)初起(qi),未能(neng)与(yu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)相(xiang)竞,故(gu)(gu)无疫(yi)(yi)(yi)疾可难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)。六月(yue)(yue)宿(su)直(zhi)(zhi)柳鬼(gui)(gui),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微(wei),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)始动,未能(neng)与(yu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)相(xiang)竞,故(gu)(gu)无疾害(hai)可难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)也(ye)(ye)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冬亦(yi)(yi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)初起(qi)而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)者(zhe),以(yi)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)虚危(wei)(wei),又是一岁之(zhi)(zhi)终,总(zong)除疫(yi)(yi)(yi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),故(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)磔禳(rang)(rang)之(zhi)(zhi)牲(sheng),按《小(xiao)司徒职》云(yun)(yun):“小(xiao)祭(ji)祀奉(feng)牛牲(sheng)。”又《牧人(ren)》:“凡毁事,用(yong)駹(mang)可也(ye)(ye)。”是则(ze)用(yong)牛也(ye)(ye)。《羊(yang)(yang)人(ren)》云(yun)(yun):“凡沈辜侯(hou)禳(rang)(rang),共其(qi)牲(sheng)。”《犬(quan)人(ren)》云(yun)(yun):“凡几珥沈辜,用(yong)駹(mang)可也(ye)(ye)。”《鸡人(ren)》云(yun)(yun):“面禳(rang)(rang)共其(qi)鸡牲(sheng)。”则(ze)用(yong)羊(yang)(yang)、用(yong)犬(quan)、用(yong)鸡也(ye)(ye)。盖大(da)(da)(da)(da)难(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)用(yong)牛,其(qi)馀杂(za)禳(rang)(rang),大(da)(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)用(yong)羊(yang)(yang)、用(yong)犬(quan)、小(xiao)者(zhe)用(yong)鸡,此(ci)皆熊氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)说也(ye)(ye)。
以犬尝麻,先荐寝庙。麻始熟也。是月也,可以筑城郭,建都邑,穿窦窖,脩囷仓。为民将入物当藏也。穿窦窖者,入地隋曰窦,方曰窖。《王居明堂礼》曰:“仲秋,命庶民毕入于室,曰‘时杀将至,毋罹其灾’。”
○窦音豆。窖,古孝反。囷,丘(qiu)伦反。隋(sui),他果反,谓狭(xia)而长(zhang)。
[疏]注“隋曰”至“其灾”。
○正义(yi)曰:隋者(zhe)似方(fang)非方(fang),似圆非圆,以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)名窦(dou),与窖(jiao)相似,故云(yun)“隋曰窦(dou)”。“方(fang)曰窖(jiao)”者(zhe),窦(dou)既(ji)为(wei)(wei)隋圆,故以(yi)(yi)(yi)窖(jiao)为(wei)(wei)方(fang)也。引《王居(ju)明堂(tang)礼》,证此(ci)月(yue)“筑城郭,建都邑”之(zhi)意。云(yun)“杀气(qi)将(jiang)至(zhi),无(wu)(wu)罹其(qi)灾”者(zhe),於此(ci)仲(zhong)秋(qiu)之(zhi)时(shi),戒敕於民曰,此(ci)时(shi)杀害气(qi)将(jiang)欲至(zhi),民当(dang)入(ru)室,无(wu)(wu)在田野,罹被其(qi)灾。按(an)《豳诗》十月(yue)之(zhi)后云(yun):“嗟我妇子(zi),曰为(wei)(wei)改岁(sui),入(ru)此(ci)室处。”此(ci)仲(zhong)秋(qiu)已入(ru)室者(zhe),但仲(zhong)秋(qiu)之(zhi)时(shi),耘锄既(ji)了(le),暂(zan)时(shi)入(ru)室,以(yi)(yi)(yi)避阴灾,未(wei)尽成熟,须出野收敛。至(zhi)十月(yue)之(zhi)后,又入(ru)室避寒,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不同。
乃命有司趣民收敛,务畜菜,多积聚。始为御冬之备。
○趣,七(qi)住反(fan)(fan),本(ben)又作趋,又七(qi)录反(fan)(fan)。务畜,丑六反(fan)(fan)。乃劝种麦,毋或(huo)失时,其有失时,行罪(zui)无疑。麦者,接绝续之之穀,尤重之。
[疏]注“麦者”至“重之”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):前年秋穀,至(zhi)夏(xia)绝(jue)尽,后(hou)年秋穀,夏(xia)时(shi)未(wei)登,是(shi)其(qi)绝(jue)也(ye)。夏(xia)时(shi)人民粮食阙(que)短,是(shi)其(qi)乏(fa)也(ye)。麦(mai)乃(nai)夏(xia)时(shi)而熟,是(shi)接其(qi)绝(jue),续其(qi)乏(fa)也(ye)。“尤重之”者(zhe),以(yi)黍稷百穀,不云(yun)劝种(zhong),於(wu)(wu)麦(mai)独劝之,是(shi)尤重故也(ye)。蔡氏(shi)云(yun):“阳气初(chu)胎(tai)於(wu)(wu)酉,故八月(yue)种(zhong)麦(mai),应时(shi)而生也(ye)。”
是月也,日夜分,雷始收声,蛰虫坏户,杀气浸盛,阳气日衰,水始涸。又记时候也。雷始收声在地中,动内物也。坏,益也。蛰虫益户,谓稍小之也。涸,竭也。此甫八月中,雨气未止,而云水竭,非也。《周语》曰:“辰角见而雨毕,天根见而水涸。”又曰:“雨毕而除道,水涸而成梁。”辰角见,九月本也。天根见,九月末也。《王居明堂礼》曰:“季秋除道致梁,以利农也。”
○坏音陪。浸,子(zi)鸩反(fan)。涸,户各反(fan)。见,贤遍反(fan),下同(tong)。
[疏]注(zhu)“雷(lei)(lei)始(shi)(shi)”至“利(li)农(nong)”。正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):知“动内(nei)物(wu)”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雷(lei)(lei)是阳气(qi)(qi)(qi),主於(wu)动,不惟地中(zhong)(zhong)潜伏(fu)而(er)(er)巳。至十一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)一(yi)阳初生(sheng),震(zhen)(zhen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)坤上,复卦用事,震(zhen)(zhen)为(wei)(wei)动,坤为(wei)(wei)地,是动於(wu)地下(xia)(xia)(xia),是从此(ci)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)始(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)“动内(nei)物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。云(yun)(yun)“蛰虫(chong)益(yi)户,稍(shao)小之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),户谓(wei)穴也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)增益(yi)穴之(zhi)(zhi)四畔(pan),使通明处稍(shao)小。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)然者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)将至,此(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)坏(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)稍(shao)小,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)时气(qi)(qi)(qi)尚温,犹(you)须出(chu)入,故(gu)(gu)十月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)寒(han)甚,乃闭(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“此(ci)甫八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong),雨(yu)(yu)(yu)气(qi)(qi)(qi)未止,而(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)水(shui)竭,非也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),甫,始(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)在(zai)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)初,今此(ci)始(shi)(shi)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),对九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)始(shi)(shi),八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)宿(su)直昴毕(bi)(bi),毕(bi)(bi)星(xing)主雨(yu)(yu)(yu),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)气(qi)(qi)(qi)未止”,今言“水(shui)竭,非也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。引《周语(yu)(yu)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe),证九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)水(shui)始(shi)(shi)涸(he),不得在(zai)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)”,注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao),大(da)辰(chen)(chen)苍龙之(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)。角(jiao),星(xing)名(ming)。见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe),朝见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)东(dong)方(fang),杀气(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)盛,雨(yu)(yu)(yu)气(qi)(qi)(qi)尽(jin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”云(yun)(yun)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)水(shui)涸(he)”者(zhe)(zhe),注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen),亢(kang)氐之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),谓(wei)寒(han)露雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)五日(ri)(ri),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)朝见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),水(shui)潦尽(jin)竭。”又(you)云(yun)(yun)“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)而(er)(er)除道(dao)(dao)(dao),水(shui)涸(he)而(er)(er)成梁”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《国语(yu)(yu)》上文(wen)既云(yun)(yun)“水(shui)涸(he)”,下(xia)(xia)(xia)又(you)云(yun)(yun)“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)除道(dao)(dao)(dao)”,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)又(you)曰(yue)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)除道(dao)(dao)(dao)治梁者(zhe)(zhe),《国语(yu)(yu)》注(zhu)“除道(dao)(dao)(dao),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)便行旅(lv)通也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。成梁,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使民不涉”,皆《国语(yu)(yu)》注(zhu)文(wen)。云(yun)(yun)“辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)本,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)末(mo)”,此(ci)郑(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)言也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)本”谓(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)初也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。按《律历(li)志》角(jiao)十二度(du),亢(kang)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)度(du),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)在(zai)亢(kang)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)与(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)相去二十一(yi)度(du)馀(yu),日(ri)(ri)校一(yi)度(du),则九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)本与(yu)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)末(mo)相去二十一(yi)日(ri)(ri)有馀(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。而(er)(er)韦昭注(zhu)《国语(yu)(yu)》辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),五日(ri)(ri)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不同者(zhe)(zhe),盖辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou),雨(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)渐而(er)(er)毕(bi)(bi),毕(bi)(bi)后(hou)(hou)五日(ri)(ri),始(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),中(zhong)(zhong)间(jian)亦(yi)(yi)校二十馀(yu)日(ri)(ri)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),非谓(wei)辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou)五日(ri)(ri)则天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《国语(yu)(yu)》皆谓(wei)朝见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)今《管历(li)》验(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)亦(yi)(yi)然。而(er)(er)皇氏云(yun)(yun):九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)时,辰(chen)(chen)角(jiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)根(gen)(gen)昏见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)东(dong)方(fang),未闻也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。不知何(he)意如此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)说。此(ci)《周语(yu)(yu)》所云(yun)(yun)单(dan)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)聘(pin)宋,假道(dao)(dao)(dao)於(wu)陈,见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)灵公(gong)与(yu)孔宁仪行父如夏氏,单(dan)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)归告周定王之(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)又(you)引《王居明堂礼》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe),证雨(yu)(yu)(yu)毕(bi)(bi)水(shui)涸(he)在(zai)季(ji)秋(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“除道(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)梁以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)利(li)农(nong)”者(zhe)(zhe),农(nong)既收刈,当运辇,故(gu)(gu)法地治道(dao)(dao)(dao),水(shui)上为(wei)(wei)梁,便利(li)民之(zhi)(zhi)转运,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)利(li)农(nong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
日夜分,则同度量,平权衡,正钧石,角斗甬。是月也,易关市,来商旅,纳货贿,以便民事。四方来集,远乡皆至,则财不匮,上无乏用,百事乃遂。易关市,谓轻其税,使民利之。商旅,贾客也。匮亦乏也。遂犹成也。
○易,以豉反,注同。便,婢面反。匮,其位反,注同。贾音古,又古雅反。
○凡举大事,毋(wu)逆大数,必顺(shun)其时,慎(shen)因其类。事谓(wei)兴土功,合(he)诸侯,举兵众也。季夏禁(jin)之,孟(meng)秋始征伐。此月筑(zhu)城郭,季秋教田猎,是以於(wu)中为之戒焉。
[疏]“是月”至“其类”。
○正义曰:关市之处,轻其赋税,不为节碍,是易关市也。关市既易,则商旅自来,是来商旅也。商旅既来,则货贿自入,是纳货贿也。以此之故,便利民人之事,四方总来聚集,远乡於是皆至。货贿既多,则库财不匮,所须皆供,故国无乏用,上下丰足,故百事乃遂。遂,成也。百事皆成,於此之时,兴举其事,无逆天之大数,必须顺其阴阳之时,谨慎因其事类,不可烦乱妄为。
○注“事谓”至“戒焉”。
○正义曰:以(yi)此(ci)月云(yun)“筑(zhu)城郭”,故云(yun)“事谓兴土功”。孟秋(qiu)云(yun)“始征伐”,季(ji)秋(qiu)云(yun)“教(jiao)田猎(lie)”,故云(yun)“合诸侯,举兵众也”。但此(ci)月上(shang)有孟秋(qiu)始征伐,下以(yi)季(ji)秋(qiu)教(jiao)田猎(lie),故云(yun)“是以(yi)於中为之戒焉”。
仲秋行春令,则秋雨不降。卯之气乘之也。卯宿直房心,心为天火。草木生荣,应阳动也。
○应,应对之应。国乃有恐。以火讹相惊。
○恐,丘勇反。
[疏]“仲秋”至“有恐”。
○正义曰:“秋雨不降”,天灾。“草木生荣”,地灾。“国乃有恐”,人灾。
○注“宿直房心,心为大火”。
○正义曰:郑云此者,解仲秋行春令时雨不降之意。仲秋是应雨之时,今行春之令,位当卯,致大火之气,火是积阳,故时雨不降。
○注“以火讹相惊”。
○正义曰:以(yi)仲秋(qiu)致仲春(chun)(chun)火(huo)气,故有火(huo)。但(dan)(dan)仲秋(qiu)为金,仲春(chun)(chun)为木,金能克木。又仲秋(qiu)雨水(shui),水(shui)又克火(huo),火(huo)竟不能为害,但(dan)(dan)以(yi)讹伪言语(yu)相惊(jing),故云“以(yi)火(huo)讹相惊(jing)”。
行夏令,则其国乃旱,蛰虫不藏,五穀复生。午之气乘之也。
○复,扶又反。
[疏]“其国”至“复生”。
○正义曰(yue):“其国乃旱(han)”,天(tian)灾也。“蛰虫不藏,五(wu)穀复生(sheng)”,地灾也。
行冬令,则风灾数起。子之气乘之也。北风杀物。
○数(shu),所(suo)角反。收雷先(xian)行(xing)。先(xian)犹蚤(zao)(zao)也。冬主闭藏。草木蚤(zao)(zao)死(si)。寒气盛(sheng)也。
[疏]“风灾”至“蚤死”。
○正义曰:“风灾数起(qi),收(shou)雷先行(xing)”,天灾。“草木蚤死(si)”,地灾也。