第一套 胜战计 | 瞒天过海 | 围魏救赵 | 借刀杀人 | 以逸待劳 | 趁火打劫 | 声东击西 |
第二套 敌战计 | 无中生有 | 暗渡陈仓 | 隔岸观火 | 笑里藏刀 | 李代桃僵 | 顺手牵羊 |
第三套 攻战计 | 打草惊蛇 | 借尸还魂 | 调虎离山 | 欲擒故纵 | 抛砖引玉 | 擒贼擒王 |
第四套 混战计 | 釜底抽薪 | 混水摸鱼 | 金蝉脱壳 | 关门捉贼 | 远交近攻 | 假途伐虢 |
第五套 并战计 | 偷梁换柱 | 指桑骂槐 | 假痴不颠 | 上屋抽梯 | 树上开花 | 反客为主 |
第六套 败战计 | 美人计 | 空城计 | 反间计 | 苦肉计 | 连环计 | 走为上 |
第十八计 擒贼擒王
摧其坚,夺其魁,以解其体。龙战于野,其道穷也①。
①龙(long)(long)战于野(ye),其道穷也(ye)(ye):语出《易经·坤(kun)》卦(gua)。坤(kun),卦(gua)名。本卦(gua)是(shi)同(tong)卦(gua)相叠(坤(kun)下坤(kun)上),为纯(chun)阴之(zhi)卦(gua)。引本卦(gua)上六,《象(xiang)辞》:“龙(long)(long)战于野(ye),其道穷也(ye)(ye)。”是(shi)说即使强龙(long)(long)争斗在田(tian)野(ye)大地之(zhi)上,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)走入了困顿(dun)的绝境(jing)。比喻战斗中擒贼擒王(wang)谋(mou)略的威力(li)。
古人(ren)(ren)按语说(shuo):攻胜(sheng)则利(li)不(bu)胜(sheng)取。取小遗大(da),卒之(zhi)利(li)、将之(zhi)累、帅之(zhi)害(hai)、功之(zhi)亏也。舍胜(sheng)而不(bu)摧坚摘王(wang).是(shi)纵虎(hu)归山也。擒王(wang)之(zhi)法,不(bu)可图辨旌旗,而当(dang)察其(qi)(qi)阵中(zhong)之(zhi)首动。昔张巡与尹(yin)子(zi)奇(qi)战(zhan),直(zhi)冲敌(di)营,至子(zi)奇(qi)麾下,营中(zhong)大(da)乱,斩贼将五(wu)十余(yu)人(ren)(ren),杀士卒五(wu)千(qian)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)。迎欲(yu)射(she)(she)子(zi)奇(qi)而不(bu)识,剡(yan)蒿为矢,中(zhong)者喜谓(wei)巡矢尽,走白子(zi)奇(qi),乃得其(qi)(qi)状,使霁云射(she)(she)之(zhi),中(zhong)其(qi)(qi)左目,几获之(zhi),子(zi)奇(qi)乃收(shou)军退(tui)还(hai)(《新(xin)唐(tang)书一九(jiu)二《张巡》、《战(zhan)略考·唐(tang)》)。
战(zhan)争中,打败敌(di)人,利(li)益是取(qu)之不尽(jin)的(de)(de)。如果满(man)足于(yu)小的(de)(de)胜利(li)而错过(guo)了获取(qu)大(da)胜的(de)(de)时机,那(nei)是士兵(bing)的(de)(de)胜利(li),将军的(de)(de)累赘,主帅(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)的(de)(de)祸害,战(zhan)功的(de)(de)损(sun)失。打了个小的(de)(de)胜仗,而不去摧毁(hui)敌(di)军主力,不去摧毁(hui)敌(di)军指(zhi)挥部,捉(zhuo)拿敌(di)军首(shou)领,那(nei)就好比(bi)(bi)放虎(hu)归山,后患(huan)无穷。古代交战(zhan),两(liang)军对垒,白刃相交,敌(di)军主帅(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)的(de)(de)位(wei)置比(bi)(bi)较容易(yi)判定。但也不能排除这样的(de)(de)情况:敌(di)方失利(li)兵(bing)败,敌(di)人主帅(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)会(hui)化(hua)装隐蔽,让(rang)你一(yi)时无法认出。张巡计高(gao)一(yi)筹(chou),用秸杆当箭,一(yi)下子让(rang)主帅(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)尹干(gan)奇暴露出来(lai),将他(ta)射伤。
擒贼擒王(wang),语出(chu)唐代诗人(ren)(ren)杜(du)甫《前出(chu)塞(sai)》:“挽弓当挽强,用箭当用长,射人(ren)(ren)先射马,擒贼先擒王(wang)。”民间有“打(da)蛇要打(da)七寸”的说法,也是这(zhei)个意思(si),蛇无头(tou)不行,打(da)了(le)蛇头(tou),这(zhei)条蛇也就完了(le)。此计用于军(jun)事(shi),是指打(da)垮敌军(jun)主力,擒拿敌军(jun)首领,使敌军(jun)彻底瓦解的谋略。擒贼擒王(wang),就是捕(bu)杀(sha)敌军(jun)首领或(huo)者摧毁敌人(ren)(ren)的首脑机(ji)关,敌方陷于混乱,便于彻底击溃之。指挥员不能满足于小的胜利,要通(tong)观全局,扩大(da)战果(guo),以(yi)得全胜。如果(guo)错(cuo)过时(shi)机(ji),放走了(le)敌军(jun)主力和敌方首领,就好比放虎归山(shan),后(hou)患无穷。
唐(tang)朝安史(shi)之乱时(shi)(shi),安禄山(shan)气焰嚣张(zhang)(zhang),连连大捷,安禄山(shan)之子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)安庆绪派(pai)勇将(jiang)尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)率(lv)十万劲旅进攻(gong)睢阳(yang)。御(yu)史(shi)中(zhong)丞(cheng)张(zhang)(zhang)巡驻守(shou)睢阳(yang),见敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)来势汹(xiong)汹(xiong),决定据(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)固守(shou)。敌(di)(di)(di)(di)兵(bing)(bing)二十余次攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),均被击退。尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)见士兵(bing)(bing)已(yi)经疲惫,只得鸣金收兵(bing)(bing)。晚上,敌(di)(di)(di)(di)兵(bing)(bing)刚刚准(zhun)备(bei)休息(xi),忽听城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)头战鼓隆(long)隆(long),喊(han)声震天.尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)急(ji)令(ling)部(bu)队(dui)(dui)准(zhun)备(bei)与冲出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)来的唐(tang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)激(ji)战。而张(zhang)(zhang)巡“只打雷(lei)不下雨”,不时(shi)(shi)擂(lei)鼓,象要杀出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)来,可是(shi)一(yi)直(zhi)紧闭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)门,没有(you)出战。尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)的部(bu)队(dui)(dui)被折腾了(le)整夜,没有(you)得到休息(xi),将(jiang)士们(men)疲乏已(yi)极,眼(yan)(yan)睛都睁(zheng)不开,倒在地(di)上就呼呼大睡(shui)。这时(shi)(shi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)一(yi)声炮响,突然(ran)之间,张(zhang)(zhang)巡率(lv)领守(shou)兵(bing)(bing)冲杀出来.敌(di)(di)(di)(di)兵(bing)(bing)从(cong)梦中(zhong)惊醒,惊慌(huang)失措,乱作一(yi)团。张(zhang)(zhang)巡一(yi)鼓作气,接连斩(zhan)杀五(wu)十余名敌(di)(di)(di)(di)将(jiang),五(wu)千余名士兵(bing)(bing),敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大乱。张(zhang)(zhang)巡急(ji)令(ling)部(bu)队(dui)(dui)擒拿敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)首领尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi),部(bu)队(dui)(dui)一(yi)直(zhi)冲到敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)帅旗之下。张(zhang)(zhang)巡从(cong)未见过尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi),根本不认识,现(xian)在他(ta)又混在乱军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之中(zhong),更加难以(yi)辨认。张(zhang)(zhang)巡心生(sheng)一(yi)计(ji),让(rang)士兵(bing)(bing)用(yong)秸杆削尖作箭,射(she)向(xiang)敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)不少人(ren)中(zhong)箭,他(ta)们(men)以(yi)为这下玩了(le),没有(you)命了(le)。但(dan)是(shi)发现(xian),自己中(zhong)的是(shi)秸杆箭,心中(zhong)大喜,以(yi)为张(zhang)(zhang)巡军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)已(yi)没有(you)箭了(le)。他(ta)们(men)争先(xian)恐(kong)后向(xiang)尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)报告这个好消息(xi)。张(zhang)(zhang)巡见状,立刻辨认出了(le)敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)首领尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi),急(ji)令(ling)神箭手(shou)、部(bu)将(jiang)南(nan)霁云向(xiang)尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)放箭。正(zheng)中(zhong)尹(yin)(yin)(yin)于奇(qi)(qi)左(zuo)眼(yan)(yan),这回(hui)可是(shi)真箭只见尹(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奇(qi)(qi)鲜血淋漓(li),抱头鼠窜(cuan),仓(cang)皇逃(tao)命。敌(di)(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)片混乱,大败而逃(tao)。
明(ming)(ming)(ming)英宗(zong)宠幸太(tai)监(jian)王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)(shi)个奸邪之徒,侍宠专权,朝廷内(nei)外,没(mei)有人(ren)(ren)不(bu)害(hai)怕(pa)他。当时(shi)(shi)北方(fang)瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)逐渐强大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)起来(lai),有觊觎(yu)中(zhong)原的(de)野心(xin)。王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)拒绝了大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣们在(zai)(zai)(zai)瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)通往(wang)南方(fang)的(de)要(yao)道(dao)(dao)上(shang)设防的(de)建议,千方(fang)百计(ji)讨好瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)首(shou)领(ling)也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)。公元1449年,也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)亲自率领(ling)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)军(jun)(jun)(jun)攻打大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)同,进(jin)犯明(ming)(ming)(ming)朝。明(ming)(ming)(ming)英宗(zong)决定御驾亲征,命(ming)王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)为(wei)统帅。粮草没(mei)有准备(bei)充(chong)分(fen)(fen),五(wu)十万(wan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)军(jun)(jun)(jun)仓(cang)促北上(shang)。一路(lu)上(shang),又(you)(you)连(lian)降大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)雨,道(dao)(dao)路(lu)泥(ni)泞,行军(jun)(jun)(jun)缓慢。也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)闻报,满心(xin)欢(huan)喜,认(ren)为(wei)这正是(shi)(shi)捉拿英宗(zong)平定中(zhong)原的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)好时(shi)(shi)机。等明(ming)(ming)(ming)朝大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)军(jun)(jun)(jun)抵(di)达(da)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)同的(de)时(shi)(shi)候,也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)命(ming)令大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)队人(ren)(ren)马(ma)向后撤退。王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)认(ren)为(wei)瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)军(jun)(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)害(hai)怕(pa)明(ming)(ming)(ming)朝的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)部队,畏缩而迅,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)下令追击(ji)瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)军(jun)(jun)(jun)。也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)早(zao)已(yi)(yi)料(liao)到(dao),已(yi)(yi)派(pai)骑兵精锐(rui)分(fen)(fen)两路(lu)从(cong)两侧(ce)包(bao)围(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)先(xian)(xian)(xian)锋朱瑛、先(xian)(xian)(xian)晃,遭到(dao)瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)军(jun)(jun)(jun)伏(fu)击(ji),全(quan)军(jun)(jun)(jun)覆(fu)没(mei)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)英宗(zong)无可奈(nai)何,只得下今班师回(hui)京。明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)撤退到(dao)土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao),已(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)黄(huang)昏(hun)时(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣们建议,部队再(zai)前行二(er)十里,到(dao)怀来(lai)城凭险拒守(shou),以待(dai)援军(jun)(jun)(jun)。王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)以千辆辎重未到(dao)为(wei)理由(you),坚(jian)持在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao)等待(dai),也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)深怕(pa)明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)进(jin)驻怀来(lai),拒城固守(shou),所以下令急追不(bu)舍(she)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)抵(di)达(da)土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao)的(de)第二(er)天(tian),就(jiu)趁势包(bao)围(wei)土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao)。土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)一高地(di),缺乏水(shui)(shui)源。瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)军(jun)(jun)(jun)控制(zhi)当地(di)唯一水(shui)(shui)深—一土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao)两侧(ce)的(de)一条小河。明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)人(ren)(ren)马(ma)断水(shui)(shui)两天(tian),军(jun)(jun)(jun)心(xin)不(bu)稳。也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)又(you)(you)施(shi)—计(ji),派(pai)人(ren)(ren)送信(xin)王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),建议两军(jun)(jun)(jun)议和。王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)误以为(wei)这正是(shi)(shi)突围(wei)的(de)好时(shi)(shi)机,他急令部队往(wang)怀来(lai)城方(fang)向突围(wei)。这一下正中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)诱敌之计(ji),明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)离开土(tu)木(mu)堡(bao)(bao)不(bu)到(dao)四(si)(si)里地(di),瓦(wa)刺(ci)(ci)军(jun)(jun)(jun)从(cong)四(si)(si)面包(bao)围(wei)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)英宗(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)乱军(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong),由(you)几名亲兵保护(hu),几番突围(wei)不(bu)成,终于(yu)被(bei)也(ye)(ye)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生擒(qin)。王(wang)(wang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)仓(cang)皇逃命(ming)时(shi)(shi),被(bei)护(hu)卫将军(jun)(jun)(jun)樊忠(zhong)一锤(chui)打死。明(ming)(ming)(ming)军(jun)(jun)(jun)没(mei)有了指挥中(zhong)心(xin),溃(kui)不(bu)成军(jun)(jun)(jun),五(wu)十万(wan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)军(jun)(jun)(jun)全(quan)军(jun)(jun)(jun)覆(fu)没(mei)。
<< 上一计 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] ... 下一计 >>
更多有关三十六计 孙子兵法 中国古代经典名著 的资料