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[移动版] 作者:佚名
式(shi)(shi)。起念(nian)时(shi)常是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)阵飘忽的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感(gan),一(yi)(yi)个条理不(bu)(bu)甚分(fen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang),或是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)幅(fu)未加剪裁安排的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)境。这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)者所(suo)要表现(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)胎,生糙的(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)。他从这(zhei)(zhei)个起点(dian)出(chu)发(fa)去思(si)想(xiang)(xiang),内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)跟着形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),意(yi)念(nian)跟着语(yu)文,时(shi)常在(zai)(zai)(zai)变动(dong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)伸展(zhan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)未完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)时(shi),思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)常是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)种动(dong)态,一(yi)(yi)种倾向,一(yi)(yi)种摸索。它(ta)好比照像调(diao)(diao)配(pei)距离和(he)度(du)数,逐渐(jian)使所(suo)要照的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)物形(xing)(xing)(xing)象投在(zai)(zai)(zai)最(zui)(zui)适(shi)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)焦点(dian)上。这(zhei)(zhei)种工作(zuo)自然要靠技巧。老手一(yi)(yi)摆就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)摆在(zai)(zai)(zai)最(zui)(zui)适(shi)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)距离和(he)角度(du)上,初学(xue)有(you)(you)时(shi)须(xu)再三移(yi)动(dong),再三尝试,才调(diao)(diao)配(pei)得好。文艺(yi)(yi)所(suo)要调(diao)(diao)配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)距离角度(du)同(tong)(tong)时(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)与(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)与(yu)(yu)语(yu)文,并(bing)非先把(ba)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)调(diao)(diao)配(pei)停(ting)当,再费一(yi)(yi)番手续去调(diao)(diao)配(pei)语(yu)文。一(yi)(yi)切调(diao)(diao)配(pei)妥帖了(le),内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)与(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)已同(tong)(tong)时(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)已在(zai)(zai)(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)中表现(xian)出(chu)来(lai)。谈文艺(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),必须(xu)以已完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)为凭。在(zai)(zai)(zai)未完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之前(qian),内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)和(he)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)都(dou)可以几经变更;完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)和(he)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)大半与(yu)(yu)最(zui)(zui)初所(suo)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)入很大。在(zai)(zai)(zai)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)中,内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)如(ru)人(ren)(ren)体(ti)(ti),形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)如(ru)人(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing),无(wu)体(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing),无(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)体(ti)(ti),内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)与(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能分(fen)开,犹如(ru)体(ti)(ti)与(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)能分(fen)开。形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)时(shi),内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)没(mei)有(you)(you)完(wan)全成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu);内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)完(wan)全成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)等(deng)于说,它(ta)有(you)(you)了(le)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi);也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)等(deng)于说,它(ta)被表现(xian)了(le)。所(suo)谓(wei)“表现(xian)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)艺(yi)(yi)术的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng);所(suo)谓(wei)“内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)品(pin)里面所(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua);所(suo)谓(wei)“形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)那话(hua)说出(chu)来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)。这(zhei)(zhei)里所(suo)谓(wei)“话(hua)”指作(zuo)者心中想(xiang)(xiang)着要说的(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)情(qing)感(gan)语(yu)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)合体(ti)(ti),先在(zai)(zai)(zai)心中成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),然后用笔记录下来(lai)。

作(zuo)品(pin)无论好坏,都有(you)(you)一(yi)个形(xing)式(shi),通常(chang)所(suo)谓“无形(xing)式(shi)”(formlessness)还是一(yi)种(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)。坏作(zuo)品(pin)的形(xing)式(shi)好比残废(fei)人(ren)的形(xing)貌,丑恶不全(quan)(quan)(quan);好作(zuo)品(pin)的形(xing)式(shi)好比健全(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren),体(ti)(ti)格生得齐(qi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)匀(yun)称,精(jing)神饱满。批评作(zuo)品(pin)的形(xing)式(shi)只有(you)(you)一(yi)个很简单的标准,就(jiu)是看它是否为完整的有(you)(you)机体(ti)(ti)。有(you)(you)机体(ti)(ti)的特征有(you)(you)两个:一(yi)是亚理(li)斯多德(de)所(suo)说的有(you)(you)头有(you)(you)尾有(you)(you)中段,一(yi)是全(quan)(quan)(quan)体(ti)(ti)与部(bu)(bu)分(fen),部(bu)(bu)分(fen)与部(bu)(bu)分(fen),互相连络照(zhao)应,变(bian)更任(ren)何一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen),其余都必同时(shi)受(shou)牵动。

这标准直接应用到语(yu)(yu)文,间接应用到思(si)想。我们读者(zhe)不(bu)能直接看到在作者(zhe)心中活(huo)动(dong)的(de)(de)思(si)想,只能间接从他写(xie)下来(lai)的(de)(de)语(yu)(yu)文窥透(tou)他的(de)(de)思(si)想。这写(xie)下来(lai)的(de)(de)语(yu)(yu)文可以为(wei)(wei)凭(ping),因为(wei)(wei)这原(yuan)来(lai)就(jiu)是作者(zhe)所凭(ping)借以思(si)想的(de)(de),和(he)他写(xie)作时(shi)整个心灵活(huo)动(dong)打成一(yi)(yi)片。思(si)想是实体,语(yu)(yu)文是投影(ying)。语(yu)(yu)文有了完整的(de)(de)形式,思(si)想决不(bu)会零落错(cuo)乱;语(yu)(yu)文精妙(miao),思(si)想也决不(bu)会粗陋。明(ming)(ming)白这一(yi)(yi)点(dian),就(jiu)明(ming)(ming)白文学上的(de)(de)讲究何以大(da)体是语(yu)(yu)文上的(de)(de)讲究,也就(jiu)明(ming)(ming)白许(xu)多(duo)流(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)关于内容(rong)与形式的(de)(de)辩论──例(li)如“形式重要抑内容(rong)重要?”“形式决定内容(rong),抑内容(rong)决定形式?”之类(lei)──大(da)半缺乏哲理(li)的(de)(de)

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