【说明与解析】
本(ben)篇的(de)主(zhu)要内容，是叙述陈国历(li)史(shi)(shi)发展(zhan)的(de)兴(xing)亡过程，同(tong)时简要记(ji)载了(le)杞(qi)国的(de)世系源流，篇末兼及概括简介(jie)了(le)十一(yi)位尧舜之(zhi)际著(zhu)名(ming)历(li)史(shi)(shi)人(ren)物后(hou)裔的(de)下(xia)落。
在本篇中(zhong)，太史(shi)(shi)公首先(xian)充分表现了中(zhong)国(guo)史(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)强(qiang)调(diao)对(dui)历(li)史(shi)(shi)进(jin)行(xing)道德评价(jia)的(de)鲜明(ming)(ming)特征。汉(han)(han)代著名史(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)荀悦曾指出(chu)：“立典(dian)(dian)有五志焉：一(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)达(da)道义，二(er)曰(yue)(yue)彰(zhang)法式，三(san)曰(yue)(yue)通古今(jin)，四曰(yue)(yue)著功(gong)勋，五曰(yue)(yue)表贤(xian)能。”(《汉(han)(han)纪·高祖第一(yi)(yi)》)但(dan)他基本上还只是注意树立正(zheng)面道德楷模，以(yi)(yi)为后(hou)人(ren)法式。实际(ji)上中(zhong)国(guo)史(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)总是从正(zheng)反(fan)两个方面对(dui)历(li)史(shi)(shi)进(jin)行(xing)道德评价(jia)和教育(yu)，即所谓“彰(zhang)善瘅恶，以(yi)(yi)树风声”。唐代史(shi)(shi)学家(jia)(jia)刘(liu)知几在总结中(zhong)国(guo)史(shi)(shi)学经(jing)验时(shi)就明(ming)(ming)确提(ti)出(chu)了这一(yi)(yi)点：“今(jin)更广三(san)科，以(yi)(yi)增前目：一(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)叙沿革，二(er)曰(yue)(yue)明(ming)(ming)罪恶，三(san)曰(yue)(yue)旌怪(guai)异。”(《史(shi)(shi)通·书事》)并特别(bie)强(qiang)调(diao)“君臣(chen)邪僻、国(guo)家(jia)(jia)丧乱则(ze)书之”(同上)，对(dui)于“干纪乱常，存(cun)灭兴亡所系，既(ji)有关时(shi)政，故(gu)不可(ke)(ke)缺(que)书”(《史(shi)(shi)通·人(ren)物》)。司马迁正(zheng)是如此。本篇并未巨细(xi)不遗、平铺(pu)直叙地记载陈国(guo)史(shi)(shi)实，而是选择最能反(fan)映陈国(guo)君臣(chen)道德品质的(de)典(dian)(dian)型(xing)事例来叙写，以(yi)(yi)达(da)到“其恶可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)戒后(hou)”的(de)目的(de)。
荒淫(yin)无道，是中(zhong)国古代专制社会君主极权政治的(de)(de)必然现象，也是导致(zhi)统治阶级内(nei)讧、国家(jia)丧乱(luan)的(de)(de)主要(yao)原因(yin)之一(yi)。司马迁在本(ben)篇着重写了陈厉公(gong)好淫(yin)而丧生，陈灵公(gong)荒淫(yin)而失国，孔宁、仪(yi)行父(fu)因(yin)淫(yin)乱(luan)而逃亡他国，通过(guo)这些事例，太史公(gong)对统治阶级的(de)(de)腐朽堕落进行了深(shen)刻的(de)(de)揭露和无情的(de)(de)鞭挞。
在(zai)本篇中，还体现了太(tai)史(shi)(shi)公善于(yu)剪裁、重点(dian)突出(chu)的(de)史(shi)(shi)家手(shou)法(fa)。例如(ru)“杞(qi)小微，其事不足(zu)称述”；“滕、薛、驺，夏商周之间封也，小，不足(zu)齿列，弗论(lun)也”；“江、黄(huang)、胡、沈之属，不可胜(sheng)数(shu)，故(gu)弗采于(yu)传云(yun)”。太(tai)史(shi)(shi)公大(da)(da)胆删削了与(yu)历史(shi)(shi)发展关系不大(da)(da)的(de)小国事迹(ji)，避免了蓁(zhen)芜不弃的(de)缺(que)点(dian)，从(cong)而使文章的(de)主旨(zhi)更加鲜(xian)明。
值得指(zhi)出的(de)(de)是，由于时代(dai)(dai)发展(zhan)的(de)(de)局(ju)限，司马迁于强调人事(shi)之际，还不能(neng)完(wan)全抛弃某种程度的(de)(de)天命迷信思想，所(suo)以在引用古代(dai)(dai)文献如《左传》时，对其中的(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)占卜预言未(wei)加批(pi)判地移录进来，带有一(yi)定的(de)(de)神秘(mi)主义色彩(cai)，降低了作(zuo)品的(de)(de)思想性，需(xu)要我们批(pi)判地去对待。
【译文】
陈(chen)胡公(gong)满，是(shi)虞帝(di)舜(shun)(shun)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代。当初舜(shun)(shun)还是(shi)一个平民时(shi)(shi)，尧(yao)把(ba)(ba)自(zi)己的(de)(de)两(liang)个女儿(er)(er)嫁给了(le)他，住在(zai)妫汭，他的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代就借此地名(ming)当姓(xing)氏，姓(xing)了(le)妫氏。舜(shun)(shun)死后(hou)(hou)(hou)，把(ba)(ba)天下传给禹，舜(shun)(shun)的(de)(de)儿(er)(er)子商均是(shi)一个诸侯。夏代时(shi)(shi)，舜(shun)(shun)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人的(de)(de)侯位时(shi)(shi)断(duan)时(shi)(shi)续。周武王战胜殷(yin)纣(zhou)以后(hou)(hou)(hou)，又寻找舜(shun)(shun)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人，找到妫满，把(ba)(ba)他封在(zai)陈(chen)国，来供奉(feng)帝(di)舜(shun)(shun)的(de)(de)岁时(shi)(shi)祭(ji)祀，就是(shi)胡公(gong)。
胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死，其子申(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)犀侯继位(wei)。申(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死，其弟相公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)皋羊继位(wei)。相公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死，又(you)立起申(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)子突为君(jun)，就是(shi)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死，其子慎(shen)(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圉戎继位(wei)。慎(shen)(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时正当周厉王之(zhi)(zhi)朝。慎(shen)(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死，其子幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宁继位(wei)。
幽公二十年(前841)，周厉王(wang)逃到彘地。
二十(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(前(qian)832)，幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si)(si)，其(qi)子(zi)釐(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孝继位(wei)。釐(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(前(qian)828)，周宣王(wang)即位(wei)。三(san)(san)十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(前(qian)796)，釐(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si)(si)，其(qi)子(zi)武公(gong)(gong)(gong)灵继位(wei)。武公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)五年(nian)(前(qian)781)死(si)(si)，其(qi)子(zi)夷(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)继位(wei)。这(zhei)年(nian)，周幽王(wang)即位(wei)。夷(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)年(nian)(前(qian)778)死(si)(si)，其(qi)弟平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)燮继位(wei)。平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)(前(qian)771)，周幽王(wang)被犬戎杀死(si)(si)，周王(wang)朝首都东迁洛邑。秦国开始成为(wei)诸侯。
二十三年(前755)，平公死，其子文公圉(yu)继位(wei)。
文(wen)公元年(nian)(前(qian)754)，娶(qu)了蔡国之女为(wei)妇，生下儿(er)子(zi)佗。十年(nian)(前(qian)745)，文(wen)公死，其长子(zi)桓(huan)公鲍继位。
桓公二(er)十三年(nian)(前722)，鲁隐公即位。二(er)十六年(nian)(前719)，卫(wei)人杀(sha)死卫(wei)君(jun)州吁(yu)。三十三年(nian)(前712)，鲁人杀(sha)死鲁隐公。
三(san)十八年(前707)正(zheng)月甲戍己丑(chou)，桓(huan)公鲍(bao)死(si)。其弟佗之(zhi)母是(shi)蔡(cai)(cai)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)女，因(yin)此蔡(cai)(cai)人(ren)为佗杀死(si)五父和桓(huan)公太子免而立佗为国(guo)(guo)君，就是(shi)厉(li)公。桓(huan)公病(bing)后国(guo)(guo)内大乱，国(guo)(guo)民离散，所以(yi)两次发来讣告。
厉公(gong)二年(前705)，生下(xia)儿(er)子(zi)敬仲完(wan)。正值(zhi)周太史(shi)经(jing)过陈(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)，陈(chen)(chen)厉公(gong)让(rang)他用《周易(yi)》为儿(er)子(zi)算卦，得到的(de)卦象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)《观卦》变《否(pǐ，痞(pi))卦》，周太史(shi)说(shuo)：“这叫做能看到国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)荣光，利于做天(tian)子(zi)之宾。他大(da)概(gai)会取(qu)代(dai)陈(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)而自己(ji)据有国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)吧(ba)？不是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)陈(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)，大(da)概(gai)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)别的(de)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)吧(ba)？这事不会发(fa)生在(zai)(zai)他本人之世(shi)，大(da)概(gai)是(shi)(shi)发(fa)生在(zai)(zai)他子(zi)孙(sun)之时(shi)吧(ba)？如发(fa)生在(zai)(zai)别国(guo)(guo)，一定是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)姜姓国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)。因为姜姓是(shi)(shi)太岳的(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)。事物不能在(zai)(zai)两个方(fang)面都充分发(fa)展，大(da)概(gai)要等到陈(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)衰亡，他的(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)就要昌盛了吧(ba)？”
陈厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)娶蔡(cai)国之(zhi)女为妻，蔡(cai)女与(yu)蔡(cai)国一(yi)个(ge)人(ren)(ren)通奸，陈厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)也屡次去蔡(cai)国乱搞女人(ren)(ren)。七年(前200)，被厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)所杀(sha)的(de)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)太子(zi)免的(de)三个(ge)弟(di)弟(di)，大的(de)叫跃，二的(de)叫林(lin)，小的(de)叫杵臼，一(yi)同让(rang)蔡(cai)人(ren)(ren)用(yong)美(mei)女引诱(you)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)，然后(hou)三人(ren)(ren)与(yu)蔡(cai)人(ren)(ren)一(yi)起杀(sha)掉厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)，而立(li)跃为国君，就(jiu)(jiu)是利公(gong)(gong)(gong)。利公(gong)(gong)(gong)是桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)儿子(zi)。利公(gong)(gong)(gong)即位(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)五个(ge)月就(jiu)(jiu)死(si)了，二弟(di)林(lin)继位(wei)(wei)(wei)，就(jiu)(jiu)是庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)。庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(前693)死(si)，小弟(di)弟(di)杵臼继位(wei)(wei)(wei)，就(jiu)(jiu)是宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
宣公三年(nian)(nian)(前690)，楚(chu)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)死(si)，楚(chu)国开始强大。十七年(nian)(nian)(前676)，周惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)娶(qu)陈君之女为王(wang)(wang)(wang)后。
二(er)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(前672)，宣(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)后(hou)来有宠爱之姬生一(yi)(yi)(yi)子名(ming)款，宣(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)想立他为太子，就(jiu)(jiu)杀(sha)掉了原来的(de)(de)太子御寇。御寇一(yi)(yi)(yi)直喜欢厉公(gong)之子完，完害怕祸连自(zi)己，就(jiu)(jiu)逃到齐(qi)国。齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)想让(rang)陈(chen)(chen)完做(zuo)卿，陈(chen)(chen)完说：“我作为寄居在外(wai)之臣，有幸能不做(zuo)劳苦之役，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)您(nin)给我的(de)(de)恩惠了，我不敢担任高官(guan)。”桓(huan)公(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)让(rang)他做(zuo)工正(zheng)之官(guan)。齐(qi)懿仲想把自(zi)己的(de)(de)女儿嫁(jia)给陈(chen)(chen)完，先算一(yi)(yi)(yi)卦，卦辞说：“夫妻好比(bi)雄雌凤(feng)凰双双飞翔，鸣叫应和(he)响亮(liang)清(qing)脆。妫(gui)姓的(de)(de)后(hou)人(ren)，将(jiang)在姜姓之国蕃育昌(chang)盛。五代(dai)以后(hou)就(jiu)(jiu)将(jiang)发达，地位与正(zheng)卿并驾齐(qi)驱。八(ba)代(dai)以后(hou)，无人(ren)能与之相比(bi)。”
三十七年(nian)(前656)，齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)讨伐蔡(cai)国(guo)(guo)，蔡(cai)国(guo)(guo)战(zhan)败；齐(qi)(qi)(qi)兵趁势侵入楚国(guo)(guo)境(jing)内，向南直至(zhi)召(shào，邵)陵，军队(dui)返(fan)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)时经过陈国(guo)(guo)。陈国(guo)(guo)大夫(fu)辕(yuan)涛(tao)涂(tu)嫌齐(qi)(qi)(qi)军过境(jing)骚扰，就骗齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)说由东路沿海返(fan)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)更好。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)明白真相(xiang)后大怒(nu)，把(ba)辕(yuan)涛(tao)涂(tu)抓了起来。此年(nian)，晋(jin)献公(gong)逼死(si)自己的(de)太子申(shen)生。
四十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前648)，宣公死(si)，其(qi)子(zi)款继(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，就(jiu)是(shi)穆公。穆公五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前643)，齐(qi)桓公死(si)。十六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前632)，晋(jin)文公在(zai)城濮大败(bai)楚军。此年(nian)(nian)(nian)，陈(chen)(chen)穆公死(si)，其(qi)子(zi)共(gong)公朔继(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。陈(chen)(chen)共(gong)公六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前626)，楚国太子(zi)商臣杀(sha)死(si)父亲楚成王，自立(li)为君，就(jiu)是(shi)楚穆王。十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前621)，秦穆公死(si)。十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前614)，陈(chen)(chen)共(gong)公死(si)，其(qi)子(zi)灵公平国继(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。
陈灵(ling)公元年(前613)，楚(chu)庄王即位。六年(前608)，楚(chu)国征伐陈国。十年(前604)，陈国与楚(chu)国媾和。
十(shi)四年(前600)，陈(chen)(chen)灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)陈(chen)(chen)国大夫(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)宁(ning)、仪行(xing)父(fu)都与夏姬(ji)通奸，而且贴身穿着夏姬(ji)的衣服(fu)在朝中(zhong)嬉笑。大夫(fu)(fu)泄冶劝谏(jian)说：“国君和(he)大臣如此(ci)淫乱，让人(ren)(ren)民(min)如何效法？”陈(chen)(chen)灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)把此(ci)话告(gao)诉孔(kong)(kong)宁(ning)、仪行(xing)父(fu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)，二(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)要求杀(sha)死(si)泄冶，陈(chen)(chen)灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)也不禁止他(ta)们，于(yu)是(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)果然杀(sha)死(si)了泄治(zhi)。十(shi)五年(前599)，陈(chen)(chen)灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)孔(kong)(kong)宁(ning)、仪行(xing)父(fu)在夏姬(ji)家饮(yin)酒(jiu)取乐。陈(chen)(chen)灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)对二(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)开玩笑说：“夏徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舒(shu)(shu)长得像你们。”二(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)反唇相(xiang)讥说：“他(ta)长得也像您。”夏徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舒(shu)(shu)听了十(shi)分生(sheng)气。灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)喝完(wan)酒(jiu)出来，夏徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舒(shu)(shu)藏在马棚门口(kou)用箭射(she)杀(sha)灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。孔(kong)(kong)宁(ning)、仪行(xing)父(fu)吓得逃(tao)到楚国，灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)太子午(wu)也逃(tao)往晋国。夏徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舒(shu)(shu)自(zi)立为陈(chen)(chen)侯。夏徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舒(shu)(shu)过去是(shi)陈(chen)(chen)国大夫(fu)(fu)。夏姬(ji)是(shi)御叔之妻(qi)、夏徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舒(shu)(shu)之母(mu)。
陈(chen)(chen)(chen)成(cheng)公(gong)元年(前598)冬天，楚(chu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)以(yi)夏(xia)(xia)徵舒(shu)杀(sha)死陈(chen)(chen)(chen)灵公(gong)为由(you)，带(dai)诸侯之兵讨伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。并且对陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)说：“别害怕(pa)，我(wo)只是(shi)诛(zhu)杀(sha)夏(xia)(xia)徵舒(shu)而已。”可(ke)是(shi)杀(sha)了(le)夏(xia)(xia)徵舒(shu)之后，借(jie)势就把(ba)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)(guo)吞并，作为楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)一(yi)个县而占有了(le)，楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)群臣都(dou)为此向楚(chu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)祝贺(he)。这时申(shen)叔(shu)时从齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)出使(shi)回来(lai)，独(du)独(du)不(bu)(bu)表(biao)示祝贺(he)。楚(chu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)问他为什么这样(yang)，申(shen)叔(shu)时回答说：“俗语说得(de)好(hao)，有人(ren)(ren)(ren)牵(qian)牛(niu)抄(chao)近(jin)(jin)路，踩坏别人(ren)(ren)(ren)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)稼地(di)(di)，田地(di)(di)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)追过来(lai)，把(ba)牛(niu)抢来(lai)归自己。抄(chao)近(jin)(jin)路踩人(ren)(ren)(ren)田确实(shi)有罪，可(ke)是(shi)因此就把(ba)他的(de)牛(niu)夺来(lai)，不(bu)(bu)也太过分了(le)吗？现在(zai)大王(wang)以(yi)夏(xia)(xia)徵舒(shu)杀(sha)君(jun)为不(bu)(bu)义，因此征集诸侯军队，讨伐(fa)夏(xia)(xia)徵舒(shu)以(yi)申(shen)张正义，可(ke)是(shi)事毕之后却占有陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)(guo)，贪图人(ren)(ren)(ren)家土地(di)(di)，那么今后还怎么号令(ling)天下！所以(yi)我(wo)不(bu)(bu)祝贺(he)。”楚(chu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)听后说：“讲得(de)好(hao)！”于(yu)是(shi)从晋国(guo)(guo)(guo)接(jie)回陈(chen)(chen)(chen)灵公(gong)的(de)太子妫午，立为陈(chen)(chen)(chen)君(jun)，象过去一(yi)样(yang)治理陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)(guo)，就是(shi)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)成(cheng)公(gong)。孔子在(zai)读历(li)史时看(kan)到楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)恢复陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)(guo)(guo)主权(quan)一(yi)段，说：“楚(chu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)真可(ke)谓(wei)贤(xian)德。轻视千乘之国(guo)(guo)(guo)而看(kan)重一(yi)句有益之言。”
八(ba)年(nian)(前591)，楚(chu)(chu)庄王(wang)死(si)。二(er)十九年(nian)(前570)，陈(chen)国背叛(pan)与楚(chu)(chu)国的盟(meng)约。三十年(nian)(前569)，楚(chu)(chu)共王(wang)征(zheng)伐陈(chen)国。此年(nian)，陈(chen)成公(gong)死(si)，其子(zi)哀公(gong)弱(ruo)继位。楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)因陈(chen)国有丧(sang)事(shi)，罢兵回国。
哀公(gong)三(san)年(前(qian)566)，楚兵包围陈(chen)国(guo)(guo)，后来又饶了陈(chen)国(guo)(guo)。二十八(ba)年(前(qian)541)，楚国(guo)(guo)公(gong)子围杀死楚王郏(jiá，阳平“家”)敖自立为楚王，就是楚灵(ling)王。
三十(shi)四年(nian)(前(qian)535)，原先时，陈(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)从(cong)郑国娶(qu)妻，长姬(ji)生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)悼太子(zi)(zi)师，少(shao)(shao)姬(ji)生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)儿子(zi)(zi)偃(yan)。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)又有两名宠(chong)幸的妾(qie)，长妾(qie)生(sheng)子(zi)(zi)名叫(jiao)留(liu)，少(shao)(shao)妾(qie)生(sheng)子(zi)(zi)名叫(jiao)胜(sheng)。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)最宠(chong)爱留(liu)，把(ba)他托(tuo)付给自(zi)(zi)己的弟弟司徒招来照顾。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)病了以(yi)后(hou)，三月(yue)，招杀死了悼太子(zi)(zi)，把(ba)留(liu)立(li)为(wei)太子(zi)(zi)。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)很生(sheng)气(qi)，想杀掉招，招发(fa)兵包围(wei)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)，哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)自(zi)(zi)缢而死。最后(hou)招还是把(ba)留(liu)立(li)为(wei)国君(jun)(jun)。四月(yue)，陈(chen)国派使(shi)节去楚(chu)国报告丧信(xin)。楚(chu)灵王闻说陈(chen)国内乱，就(jiu)杀掉陈(chen)国使(shi)者，派公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)弃(qi)疾举(ju)兵征伐陈(chen)国，陈(chen)君(jun)(jun)留(liu)逃往郑国。九月(yue)，楚(chu)兵围(wei)陈(chen)。十(shi)一月(yue)，灭掉陈(chen)国。命楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)弃(qi)疾做陈(chen)公(gong)(gong)。
招杀死悼(dao)太子(zi)(zi)时(shi)，悼(dao)太子(zi)(zi)的(de)儿子(zi)(zi)吴逃到晋国。晋平公(gong)问太史(shi)赵(zhao)说：“陈国这次算(suan)最(zui)终(zhong)灭亡(wang)了吧？”太史(shi)赵(zhao)回答(da)说：“陈国是(shi)颛(zhuān，专)頊(xū，虚)的(de)后(hou)(hou)代。等(deng)陈氏在(zai)齐国得(de)到政权(quan)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，陈国本国才最(zui)终(zhong)灭亡(wang)。陈国祖先从幕(mu)到瞽(gu)(gǔ，古)叟，都未违背天命(ming)。加之(zhi)舜(shun)(shun)的(de)完美(mei)道德(de)，一直到遂，世(shi)世(shi)恪守其道。等(deng)到胡(hu)公(gong)之(zhi)世(shi)，周天子(zi)(zi)赐姓，命(ming)他供祀舜(shun)(shun)帝。而(er)且(qie)具(ju)有大(da)功(gong)德(de)之(zhi)人，应享受百代的(de)祭(ji)祀。虞舜(shun)(shun)享祀的(de)百代之(zhi)数尚且(qie)未满，大(da)概将会(hui)在(zai)齐国继(ji)续享祀吧？”
楚(chu)灵王灭陈(chen)后第五年(nian)，楚(chu)国公(gong)子弃(qi)疾杀死(si)灵王自立为(wei)楚(chu)王，就是平(ping)王。平(ping)王刚刚即位，想(xiang)友睦(mu)以(yi)得诸(zhu)侯之心，就找(zhao)到过去(qu)陈(chen)国悼太子师的儿子吴，立他(ta)为(wei)陈(chen)侯，就是陈(chen)惠(hui)公(gong)。惠(hui)公(gong)即位后，上溯到哀公(gong)死(si)的那年(nian)来接续(xu)陈(chen)国纪年(nian)作为(wei)元年(nian)，空(kong)空(kong)借了(le)五年(nian)。
十(shi)(shi)年(前524)，陈(chen)国发生(sheng)火灾。十(shi)(shi)五年(前519)，吴王(wang)(wang)僚命(ming)公子光伐陈(chen)国，攻取胡、沈而(er)归。二十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(前506)，吴王(wang)(wang)阖庐与伍(wu)子胥打(da)败楚国攻进郢都(dou)。此年，陈(chen)惠(hui)公死，其(qi)子怀公柳继(ji)位。
怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)元年(前505)，吴(wu)王(wang)攻破(po)楚(chu)国(guo)后，驻扎郢都(dou)，召(zhao)见陈(chen)怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)。怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)想要前去，陈(chen)国(guo)大夫说：“吴(wu)王(wang)最近志得(de)(de)意满(man)，可是(shi)楚(chu)王(wang)虽然逃(tao)走，但与(yu)陈(chen)国(guo)是(shi)旧交(jiao)，不能背叛陈(chen)、楚(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)。”怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)就以身体有病为(wei)借口推辞了(le)会见。四(si)年(前502)，吴(wu)王(wang)又召(zhao)见怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)，怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)害(hai)怕(pa)，只得(de)(de)前往吴(wu)国(guo)。吴(wu)王(wang)生气上次陈(chen)怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)不来，扣(kou)留了(le)他，终于(yu)死在吴(wu)国(guo)。陈(chen)国(guo)于(yu)是(shi)立(li)怀(huai)(huai)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)越为(wei)君，就是(shi)湣(mǐn，敏)公(gong)(gong)。
湣(min)(min)公(gong)六(liu)年(前(qian)496)，孔子(zi)至陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)。吴王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)征(zheng)伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)，攻(gong)取(qu)三城而归。十三年(前(qian)489)，吴国(guo)又来征(zheng)伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)，陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)向楚(chu)国(guo)告急求救，楚(chu)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)带兵来援救，驻军城父，吴军撤兵。此年，楚(chu)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)死在(zai)(zai)城父。当时孔子(zi)仍在(zai)(zai)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)。十五年(前(qian)487)，宋(song)国(guo)灭(mie)掉曹国(guo)。十六(liu)年(前(qian)486)，吴王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)北(bei)伐(fa)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)，在(zai)(zai)艾陵大败(bai)齐(qi)(qi)兵，又派人召(zhao)见陈(chen)(chen)(chen)侯。陈(chen)(chen)(chen)湣(min)(min)公(gong)害怕(pa)，前(qian)往吴国(guo)。楚(chu)国(guo)因此征(zheng)伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)国(guo)。二(er)十一年(前(qian)481)，齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)大夫(fu)(fu)(fu)田常杀死齐(qi)(qi)简公(gong)。二(er)十三年(前(qian)479)，楚(chu)国(guo)的白公(gong)胜杀死令尹子(zi)西、子(zi)綦，袭击楚(chu)惠王(wang)(wang)。楚(chu)国(guo)叶公(gong)击败(bai)白公(gong)，白公(gong)自杀。
二(er)十四年(前478)，楚惠王复(fu)国，举兵北伐，杀死陈湣公，于(yu)是(shi)灭掉陈国占为楚有。此年，孔(kong)子去世。
杞(qi)国(guo)(guo)东(dong)楼公，是夏代(dai)大禹的(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)子(zi)孙。商朝(chao)时其封国(guo)(guo)时断时续(xu)。周武王战胜殷纣(zhou)之后(hou)(hou)，寻找禹的(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)。找到东(dong)楼公，封他在杞(qi)，以供奉(feng)夏后(hou)(hou)氏(shi)的(de)祭祀。
东楼(lou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)西楼(lou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，西楼(lou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)题(ti)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，题(ti)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)谋(mou)(mou)娶公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。谋(mou)(mou)娶公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正值周厉王时代。谋(mou)(mou)娶公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后四十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)德公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。德公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)弟(di)(di)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)姑(gu)容继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)567)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)丐继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)550)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益姑(gu)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)536)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)弟(di)(di)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)郁继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)518)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)506)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乞继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。七月，隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之弟(di)(di)遂杀隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自立(li)为(wei)君，就(jiu)(jiu)是釐(xī，西)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。釐公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)487)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)釐公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)维继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。湣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，楚(chu)惠王灭掉陈国。十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，湣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之弟(di)(di)阏(è，厄)路(lu)杀湣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自立(li)为(wei)君，就(jiu)(jiu)是哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，湣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)敕(chi)(chì，赤)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，就(jiu)(jiu)是出公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。出公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)简(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)春继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。即位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，即楚(chu)惠王之四十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)454)，楚(chu)灭掉杞国。比陈国晚灭亡三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。
舜的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)封(feng)于(yu)陈，到楚(chu)惠王(wang)(wang)时被灭(mie)掉(diao)，有(you)(you)《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。禹(yu)的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)封(feng)于(yu)杞，楚(chu)惠王(wang)(wang)灭(mie)掉(diao)它(ta)，有(you)(you)《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。契(xiè，谢)的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)是殷(yin)商王(wang)(wang)族(zu)，有(you)(you)《本纪》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。殷(yin)朝(chao)灭(mie)亡后(hou)(hou)(hou)，周(zhou)朝(chao)封(feng)其(qi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)于(yu)宋(song)(song)，齐(qi)湣王(wang)(wang)灭(mie)掉(diao)宋(song)(song)，有(you)(you)《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)稷的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)是周(zhou)朝(chao)王(wang)(wang)族(zu)，秦(qin)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)灭(mie)掉(diao)周(zhou)，有(you)(you)《本纪》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。皋陶(yáo，姚(yao))的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，有(you)(you)的(de)被封(feng)在(zai)英、六之地，楚(chu)穆王(wang)(wang)灭(mie)掉(diao)它(ta)们，没有(you)(you)谱牒记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。伯(bo)夷的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，在(zai)周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)时又被封(feng)于(yu)齐(qi)，叫做太公望，陈氏灭(mie)了它(ta)，有(you)(you)《世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。垂、益、夔(kuí，奎)、龙，他们的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)不知封(feng)于(yu)何地，没有(you)(you)听说过他们。以上十(shi)一个人(ren)(ren)，都(dou)是尧、舜时著名(ming)的(de)功(gong)德之臣；其(qi)中五人(ren)(ren)的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)都(dou)当(dang)过帝王(wang)(wang)，其(qi)余的(de)则是著名(ming)诸(zhu)侯。滕、薛、驺，是夏、商、周(zhou)三代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)时所封(feng)之国，很小，不足挂齿，就不论(lun)列了。
周武王(wang)(wang)(wang)时(shi)，封侯(hou)封伯(bo)的还有一千多人。等(deng)到周幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)周厉王(wang)(wang)(wang)以后(hou)，诸侯(hou)以力相(xiang)(xiang)攻互相(xiang)(xiang)吞(tun)并(bing)。江、黄(huang)、胡、沈(shen)之类的小(xiao)国(guo)，数不胜数，因此(ci)就(jiu)不采录于史传之中(zhong)。
太史公曰：舜的(de)道德(de)可谓达到(dao)极点(dian)了！让位给夏，而以后(hou)经历夏商周三代仍享受(shou)祭祀(si)。楚国灭(mie)(mie)掉陈国之后(hou)，田常又取(qu)得(de)了齐国政权，终于还是一个封国，百代不绝(jue)，后(hou)代子孙著盛，被封赐土地的(de)人很多。至于禹(yu)，在周时其(qi)后(hou)代就是杞国之君，很弱小(xiao)，不值得(de)一说。楚惠王灭(mie)(mie)掉杞以后(hou)，禹(yu)的(de)后(hou)代越(yue)王勾践就振兴起(qi)来。
【原文及注释】
陈(chen)胡(hu)公满者，虞帝舜(shun)(shun)之后(hou)也。昔(xi)舜(shun)(shun)为(wei)庶人时<1>，尧妻(qi)之二(er)女，居于(yu)妫汭，其后(hou)因为(wei)氏姓，姓妫氏。舜(shun)(shun)已崩<2>，传禹天下，而舜(shun)(shun)子商均为(wei)封(feng)国(guo)。夏后(hou)之时，或失或续。至(zhi)于(yu)周武王克殷纣(zhou)，乃复求舜(shun)(shun)后(hou)，得妫满，封(feng)之于(yu)陈(chen)，以奉帝舜(shun)(shun)祀(si)，是为(wei)胡(hu)公。
〔注释〕
<1>庶人：指(zhi)不做官的(de)平民。 <2>崩(beng)：古(gu)代天子(zi)(zi)之死称“崩(beng)”。 <3>封国：天子(zi)(zi)所裂土(tu)颁封的(de)诸侯国。
胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)申(shen)(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)犀侯立(li)(li)。申(shen)(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)，弟相公(gong)(gong)(gong)皋羊立(li)(li)。相公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)，立(li)(li)申(shen)(shen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)突，是为孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)慎公(gong)(gong)(gong)圉(yu)戎(rong)立(li)(li)。慎公(gong)(gong)(gong)当周厉王时。慎公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)宁立(li)(li)。
幽(you)公十二(er)年<1>，周(zhou)厉王(wang)奔(ben)于彘<2>。
〔注释〕
<1>十(shi)二年(nian)：应(ying)为“十(shi)四年(nian)”。参(can)见《十(shi)二诸侯年(nian)表》。 <2>奔(ben)：逃亡(wang)。
二十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)，幽(you)公(gong)卒(zu)，子(zi)釐公(gong)孝(xiao)立。釐公(gong)六年(nian)(nian)<1>，周(zhou)宣(xuan)王(wang)即位(wei)(wei)。三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)，釐公(gong)卒(zu)，子(zi)武公(gong)灵立。武公(gong)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)卒(zu)，子(zi)夷公(gong)说立。是(shi)岁，周(zhou)幽(you)王(wang)即位(wei)(wei)。夷公(gong)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)卒(zu)，弟平(ping)公(gong)燮立。平(ping)公(gong)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)，周(zhou)幽(you)王(wang)为(wei)犬戎所(suo)杀(sha)<2>，周(zhou)东徙(xi)<3>。秦始(shi)列为(wei)诸侯。
〔注释〕
<1>釐(li)公六年(nian)：应为“釐(li)公四年(nian)”。可参见《十二诸侯年(nian)表》。 <2>周幽王(wang)宠褒(bao)姒(sì，似)而废申(shen)后及太子宜臼(jiu)，申(shen)后之父申(shen)侯联合缯(zēng，增)国，犬戎攻幽王(wang)，杀于(yu)骊山下。 <3>周东徙：周平王(wang)时，将周朝(chao)首都由陕西(xi)镐(hào，浩)京迁往河南(nan)洛邑。
二十(shi)三年，平公卒(zu)，子文公圉立。
文(wen)公(gong)元年(nian)，娶蔡女<1>;，生子(zi)佗(tuo)。十年(nian)，文(wen)公(gong)卒，长子(zi)桓公(gong)鲍立(li)。
〔注释〕
<1>文公未娶蔡女(nv)(nv)，佗亦非蔡女(nv)(nv)所生，司马迁误，说详后。
桓公二(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年，鲁(lu)隐公初立。二(er)十(shi)(shi)六年，卫杀其君州吁<1>。三(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年，鲁(lu)弑其君隐公。
三十八(ba)年正月(yue)甲(jia)戍己(ji)丑，桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)鲍卒。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)弟(di)佗(tuo)，其母蔡(cai)女，故(gu)(gu)蔡(cai)人为佗(tuo)杀五父及(ji)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)太子(zi)免而立佗(tuo)，是为厉公(gong)<2>。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)病而乱作，国人分散，故(gu)(gu)再(zai)赴<3>。
〔注释〕
<1>实际上是卫国大夫石碏(cuò，错)与陈(chen)(chen)侯合作(zuo)，派人在陈(chen)(chen)国境内(nei)杀(sha)死(si)州吁，详情参见《卫康叔世家(jia)》。 <2>据《左传(chuan)·桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)五年》：“陈(chen)(chen)乱，文公(gong)(gong)子佗(tuo)杀(sha)太(tai)子免而(er)代之(zhi)(zhi)。”并非蔡(cai)(cai)人杀(sha)免。又《春秋(qiu)·桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)六年》：“蔡(cai)(cai)人杀(sha)陈(chen)(chen)佗(tuo)。”实际上，桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)先生太(tai)子免，又娶蔡(cai)(cai)女生子名跃。陈(chen)(chen)佗(tuo)先杀(sha)太(tai)子免而(er)自立，蔡(cai)(cai)人又为(wei)跃杀(sha)佗(tuo)，立跃，是为(wei)厉公(gong)(gong)。《左传(chuan)·庄公(gong)(gong)二(er)十二(er)年》：“陈(chen)(chen)厉公(gong)(gong)，蔡(cai)(cai)出也(ye)，故蔡(cai)(cai)人杀(sha)五父(fu)(fu)而(er)立之(zhi)(zhi)。”五父(fu)(fu)即陈(chen)(chen)佗(tuo)，显非陈(chen)(chen)厉公(gong)(gong)。司马(ma)迁误记。 <3>赴：同“讣(fu)”，报丧。此段文引(yin)自《庄传(chuan)·桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)五年》，因为(wei)陈(chen)(chen)人两(liang)次(ci)向(xiang)鲁国通报陈(chen)(chen)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)，所以造成其死(si)日记为(wei)二(er)天(甲戍、己丑(chou))。
厉(li)公二年，生子敬仲(zhong)完。周(zhou)太(tai)(tai)史过陈，陈厉(li)公使以《周(zhou)易(yi)》筮之(zhi)<1>，卦得《观》之(zhi)《否》<2>：“是为观国(guo)之(zhi)光(guang)<3>，利用宾(bin)于(yu)王。此其代陈有国(guo)乎(hu)(hu)<4>？不(bu)在此，其在异国(guo)<5>？非此其身<6>，在其子孙<7>。若(ruo)在异国(guo)，必姜姓<8>。姜姓，太(tai)(tai)岳之(zhi)后(hou)<9>。物(wu)莫能两大，陈衰，此其昌(chang)乎(hu)(hu)<10>？”
〔注释〕
<1>《周(zhou)(zhou)易》：西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部占(zhan)(zhan)筮(shi)算(suan)卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)，其(qi)中(zhong)也反映了时(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想及(ji)部分(fen)(fen)史实。全书(shu)分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)卦(gua)，每卦(gua)八(ba)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)，共计有(you)卦(gua)辞六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)条，爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞三百八(ba)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)条。占(zhan)(zhan)卜时(shi)，根据(ju)所得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卦(gua)、爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞来(lai)预(yu)(yu)言(yan)吉凶。筮(shi)：用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)种(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)棍(gun)来(lai)当(dang)占(zhan)(zhan)卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工具。筮(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)：取(qu)筮(shi)草(cao)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)根，先取(qu)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)极。然后(hou)将(jiang)(jiang)四(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)根分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左右(you)两份以(yi)象两仪，然后(hou)再将(jiang)(jiang)右(you)边一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)份中(zhong)取(qu)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根棍(gun)置于(yu)左手，然后(hou)以(yi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)组分(fen)(fen)数(shu)(shu)左、右(you)两份，将(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)余(yu)数(shu)(shu)记下(xia)(xia)(xia)刨(bao)出；以(yi)余(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)筮(shi)草(cao)再按上(shang)(shang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)分(fen)(fen)左右(you)以(yi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)来(lai)数(shu)(shu)，将(jiang)(jiang)余(yu)数(shu)(shu)再刨(bao)出；剩(sheng)余(yu)筮(shi)草(cao)再按上(shang)(shang)方数(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)遍，将(jiang)(jiang)余(yu)数(shu)(shu)刨(bao)出。最(zui)后(hou)剩(sheng)余(yu)筮(shi)草(cao)数(shu)(shu)目必为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)(liu)(liu)、七、八(ba)、九(jiu)(jiu)倍。六(liu)(liu)(liu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)老阴(yin)、七为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)少阳(yang)、八(ba)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)少阴(yin)、九(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)老阳(yang)。此(ci)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)。如此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)六(liu)(liu)(liu)遍，即得(de)出六(liu)(liu)(liu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)，卦(gua)象确(que)定(ding)，是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“本(ben)(ben)(ben)卦(gua)”。六(liu)(liu)(liu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)有(you)老阳(yang)则(ze)须(xu)变(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)，有(you)老阴(yin)则(ze)须(xu)变(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)，又(you)得(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卦(gua)，是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“之(zhi)(zhi)卦(gua)”。 <2>《观(guan)》之(zhi)(zhi)《否pǐ，痞)》：即筮(shi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)卦(gua)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《观(guan)》()，之(zhi)(zhi)卦(gua)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《否》()，因(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)卦(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第四(si)(si)(si)(si)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)(由下(xia)(xia)(xia)向上(shang)(shang)分(fen)(fen)别为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初爻(yao)(yao)(yao)、二(er)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)、三爻(yao)(yao)(yao)、四(si)(si)(si)(si)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)、五(wu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)、上(shang)(shang)爻(yao)(yao)(yao))是(shi)老阴(yin)，故(gu)要变(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)。按照筮(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)规定(ding)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)变(bian)(bian)，以(yi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)卦(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞预(yu)(yu)言(yan)事物。阴(yin)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)又(you)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“六(liu)(liu)(liu)”，阳(yang)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)又(you)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“九(jiu)(jiu)”。故(gu)此(ci)卦(gua)要用(yong)《观(guan)》卦(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“六(liu)(liu)(liu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)”爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞来(lai)预(yu)(yu)言(yan)。 <3>观(guan)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)光(guang)，利(li)用(yong)宾于(yu)王：是(shi)《观(guan)》卦(gua)六(liu)(liu)(liu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞。意(yi)思(si)是(shi)：能(neng)看到国(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)强盛(sheng)，利(li)于(yu)成为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)宾。 <4>本(ben)(ben)(ben)句意(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：他可能(neng)要代替陈国(guo)(guo)而做诸侯吧。因(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《观(guan)》卦(gua)是(shi)巽(风)上(shang)(shang)坤(kun)(土(tu))下(xia)(xia)(xia)，《否》卦(gua)是(shi)乾(qian)(天(tian))上(shang)(shang)坤(kun)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，据(ju)《左传·桓(huan)公五(wu)年》说：风为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)于(yu)土(tu)上(shang)(shang)代表山，占(zhan)(zhan)有(you)山里出产的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各种(zhong)宝(bao)物，上(shang)(shang)面照耀着天(tian)光(guang)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)面占(zhan)(zhan)据(ju)着土(tu)地，是(shi)当(dang)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。 <5>风在上(shang)(shang)土(tu)在下(xia)(xia)(xia)，则(ze)表示(shi)要顺风远行(xing)，所以(yi)说要在异国(guo)(guo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)。 <6>此(ci)其(qi)身(shen)：这个人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)身(shen)。指(zhi)(zhi)敬(jing)(jing)仲完(wan)(wan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)人(ren)。 <7>二(er)句说敬(jing)(jing)仲完(wan)(wan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)人(ren)并不能(neng)成为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)，而是(shi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代。因(yin)此(ci)《否》卦(gua)乾(qian)(君(jun))上(shang)(shang)坤(kun)(臣(chen))下(xia)(xia)(xia)，所以(yi)敬(jing)(jing)仲完(wan)(wan)还只能(neng)是(shi)以(yi)臣(chen)朝(chao)君(jun)，做君(jun)主之(zhi)(zhi)宾，而《观(guan)》卦(gua)则(ze)说明从(cong)远处见(jian)到国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)强盛(sheng)，故(gu)说其(qi)子孙(sun)能(neng)成君(jun)主。 <8>姜姓：此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)姜姓国(guo)(guo)。 <9>因(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)只有(you)山岳才(cai)能(neng)配天(tian)，所以(yi)说敬(jing)(jing)仲完(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子孙(sun)将(jiang)(jiang)在姜姓国(guo)(guo)成为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)。 <10>本(ben)(ben)(ben)句意(yi)思(si)是(shi)：陈国(guo)(guo)衰亡后(hou)，敬(jing)(jing)仲完(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子孙(sun)才(cai)会在异国(guo)(guo)昌盛(sheng)起来(lai)。
厉(li)公(gong)娶蔡女，蔡女与(yu)蔡人乱<1>，厉(li)公(gong)数如蔡淫(yin)<2>。七年(nian)，厉(li)公(gong)所(suo)杀(sha)桓公(gong)太子免之三弟，长曰跃，中(zhong)曰林(lin)，少曰杵(chu)臼(jiu)，共(gong)令蔡人诱厉(li)公(gong)以(yi)好女，与(yu)蔡人共(gong)杀(sha)厉(li)公(gong)而立跃<3>，是为(wei)利(li)公(gong)<4>。利(li)公(gong)者，桓公(gong)子也(ye)。利(li)公(gong)立五月(yue)卒，立中(zhong)弟林(lin)，是为(wei)庄(zhuang)公(gong)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)七年(nian)卒，少弟杵(chu)臼(jiu)立，是为(wei)宣公(gong)。
〔注释〕
<1>乱：不正(zheng)当的(de)男女关系。 <2>数：屡次(ci)。 <3>与蔡(cai)(cai)人(ren)共杀(sha)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)：误。应是(shi)蔡(cai)(cai)人(ren)杀(sha)佗(tuo)，而且是(shi)七年(nian)以前(qian)的(de)事。《谷(gu)梁传·桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)》：“陈侯(hou)(佗(tuo))喜(xi)猎，淫(yin)猎于(yu)蔡(cai)(cai)，与蔡(cai)(cai)人(ren)争禽(qin)，蔡(cai)(cai)人(ren)不知其(qi)是(shi)陈君也而杀(sha)之。”又《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊传·桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)》：“(陈佗(tuo))淫(yin)于(yu)蔡(cai)(cai)，蔡(cai)(cai)人(ren)杀(sha)之。”被杀(sha)原因有歧说，但陈佗(tuo)死(si)于(yu)鲁桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(即陈厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)跃元年(nian)，前(qian)706)则(ze)《左》、《公(gong)(gong)(gong)》、《谷(gu)》均(jun)同，《史记(ji)》显误。 <4>是(shi)为利公(gong)(gong)(gong)：据(ju)考，史无利公(gong)(gong)(gong)，参(can)见梁玉绳(sheng)《史记(ji)志疑》。按厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)名跃，于(yu)前(qian)706年(nian)立，七年(nian)而死(si)。
宣(xuan)公三年(nian)，楚武王(wang)卒，楚始(shi)强。十七(qi)年(nian)，周惠王(wang)娶陈女为后<1>。
二十一年，宣(xuan)公(gong)后有(you)嬖(bi)姬生子款<2>，欲(yu)(yu)立之(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)杀其太子御寇。御寇素(su)爱厉公(gong)子完(wan)(wan)(wan)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)惧(ju)祸(huo)及(ji)己，乃(nai)奔齐。齐桓(huan)公(gong)欲(yu)(yu)使(shi)陈(chen)完(wan)(wan)(wan)为(wei)卿(qing)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)曰(yue)(yue)：“羁旅之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)<3>，幸得免(mian)负檐(yan)<4>，君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)惠(hui)也(ye)，不敢当高位。”桓(huan)公(gong)使(shi)为(wei)工(gong)正。齐懿仲欲(yu)(yu)妻陈(chen)敬仲，卜(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)，占曰(yue)(yue)<5>：“是谓(wei)凤皇于飞<6>，和鸣锵(qiang)锵(qiang)。有(you)妫之(zhi)(zhi)后，将(jiang)育(yu)于姜<7>。五(wu)世其昌，并(bing)于正卿(qing)<8>。八世之(zhi)(zhi)后，莫之(zhi)(zhi)与京<9>。”
〔注释〕
<1>《左传·庄公十(shi)八年(nian)》：“虢公、晋侯、郑伯使原庄公逆王后于(yu)陈(chen)。陈(chen)妫归于(yu)京师(shi)，实惠后。” <2>嬖：宠爱。 <3>羁旅：寄居作(zuo)客。 <4>负檐：劳苦。背东西(xi)为(wei)负，扛(kang)东西(xi)为(wei)担。檐，通“担(擔)”。 <5>占：指占卜(bu)之(zhi)辞。 <6>凤(feng)皇：同“凤(feng)凰”，传说为(wei)百鸟之(zhi)王，雄之(zhi)凤(feng)，雌为(wei)凰。凤(feng)皇于(yu)飞(fei)(fei)，是《诗经·大雅·卷阿》里的一句。意为(wei)凤(feng)凰在飞(fei)(fei)舞，于(yu)字(zi)无义。 <7>育：子孙(sun)蕃育。姜：指齐(qi)国，为(wei)姜姓国。 <8>并：并列。 <9>京：大。
三十(shi)七年，齐桓公伐蔡，蔡败；南侵楚，至召(zhao)陵，还过陈。陈大(da)夫辕涛(tao)涂恶(e)(e)其过陈，诈(zha)齐令出东道。东道恶(e)(e)，桓公怒，执(zhi)陈辕涛(tao)涂<1>。是岁，晋献公杀其太子申生。
〔注释〕
<1>《左传·僖公(gong)四年(nian)》详载(zai)此事：“陈(chen)(chen)辕涛(tao)涂(tu)(tu)谓(wei)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)申侯曰(yue)：`师出于(yu)(yu)陈(chen)(chen)、郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)间(jian)，国(guo)必甚病。若出于(yu)(yu)东方，观兵于(yu)(yu)东夷，循(xun)海而归，其可也(ye)。'申侯曰(yue)：`善。'涛(tao)涂(tu)(tu)以告齐(qi)侯，许之(zhi)。申侯见曰(yue)：`师老(lao)矣(军队作(zuo)战太久了)，若出于(yu)(yu)东方而遇敌，惧不可用(yong)也(ye)。若出于(yu)(yu)陈(chen)(chen)、郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)间(jian)，共(gong)其资粮扉屦，其可也(ye)。'齐(qi)侯说(shuo)(悦)，与之(zhi)虎牢。执辕涛(tao)涂(tu)(tu)。”辕涛(tao)涂(tu)(tu)本为了陈(chen)(chen)、郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)二国(guo)利益，反被郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)申侯出卖，所以明年(nian)他报(bao)复郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)申侯，以至于(yu)(yu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)申侯被杀。详见《左传·僖公(gong)五年(nian)、七年(nian)》。
四十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)，宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)款立(li)(li)，是(shi)为(wei)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)年(nian)，齐桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)。十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)，晋(jin)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)败楚师于城濮。是(shi)岁(sui)，穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朔(shuo)立(li)(li)。共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)，楚太子(zi)商(shang)臣(chen)弑其父成王代立(li)(li)，是(shi)为(wei)穆(mu)(mu)王。十(shi)一年(nian)，秦穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)。十(shi)八年(nian)，共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)灵公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平国(guo)立(li)(li)。
灵公元年，楚庄王即位。六年，楚伐陈<1>。十年，陈及楚平<2>。
〔注释〕
<1>《左(zuo)传(chuan)·宣公(gong)元年(nian)》：“秋，楚(chu)子(zi)侵陈(chen)(chen)，遂(sui)侵宋(song)。晋赵盾帅师救(jiu)陈(chen)(chen)、宋(song)。”《十二(er)诸(zhu)侯年(nian)表》说是(shi)因为(wei)陈(chen)(chen)、宋(song)背楚(chu)服晋，所以楚(chu)伐(fa)之。 <2>平：媾和。《左(zuo)传(chuan)·宣公(gong)五年(nian)》：“陈(chen)(chen)及楚(chu)平。晋荀林(lin)父救(jiu)郑、伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)。”
十(shi)四年(nian)，灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)其(qi)大夫孔宁(ning)、仪行父(fu)皆通于夏姬<1>，衷其(qi)衣(yi)以戏(xi)于朝(chao)<2>。泄(xie)冶(ye)谏曰(yue)(yue)：“君臣淫乱，民(min)何(he)效焉<3>？”灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)以告二(er)子(zi)，二(er)子(zi)请(qing)杀泄(xie)冶(ye)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)弗禁(jin)，遂(sui)杀泄(xie)冶(ye)。十(shi)五年(nian)，灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)二(er)子(zi)饮于夏氏<4>，公(gong)(gong)(gong)戏(xi)二(er)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)：“徵(zhi)(zhi)舒似汝。”二(er)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)：“亦似公(gong)(gong)(gong)。”徵(zhi)(zhi)舒怒。灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)罢酒出(chu)，徵(zhi)(zhi)舒伏弩厩门射杀灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)<5>。孔宁(ning)、仪行父(fu)皆奔楚，灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)太子(zi)午(wu)奔晋。徵(zhi)(zhi)舒自立为陈侯。徵(zhi)(zhi)舒，故陈大夫也。夏姬，御叔之(zhi)妻，舒之(zhi)母也。
〔注释〕
<1>通：通奸(jian)。 <2>衷：贴身穿。 <3>效(xiao)：仿效(xiao)。 <4>二(er)子：指孔(kong)宁、仪行(xing)父。 <5>厩：马棚。
成(cheng)(cheng)公元(yuan)年冬，楚庄王为夏徵(zhi)舒(shu)杀灵(ling)公，率诸侯伐陈。谓陈曰(yue)(yue)：“无惊，吾诛(zhu)徵(zhi)舒(shu)而(er)(er)(er)已。”已诛(zhu)徵(zhi)舒(shu)，因(yin)县(xian)陈而(er)(er)(er)有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<1>，群臣毕贺(he)。申叔(shu)时(shi)使于齐来还，独不贺(he)。庄王问其(qi)(qi)故<2>，对(dui)曰(yue)(yue)：“鄙语有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<3>，牵牛径(jing)人田(tian)<4>，田(tian)主夺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛。径(jing)则(ze)有罪矣(yi)，夺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛，不亦(yi)甚乎(hu)？今王以(yi)徵(zhi)舒(shu)为贼弑君<5>，故征兵诸侯，以(yi)义伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，已而(er)(er)(er)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)利其(qi)(qi)地<6>，则(ze)后何以(yi)令于天下！是以(yi)不贺(he)。”庄王曰(yue)(yue)：“善。”乃(nai)迎陈灵(ling)公太子午于晋而(er)(er)(er)立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，复(fu)君陈如故<7>，是为成(cheng)(cheng)公。孔子读史记至楚复(fu)陈<8>，曰(yue)(yue)：“贤哉楚庄王！轻千(qian)乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国而(er)(er)(er)重一言(yan)<9>。”
〔注释〕
<1>县(xian)陈(chen)：把陈(chen)作为(wei)(wei)(楚(chu)国(guo)的(de))一(yi)(yi)个县(xian)。有：占(zhan)有。 <2>《左传·宣公(gong)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)年》载楚(chu)庄王之问：“夏徵舒为(wei)(wei)不道，弑(shi)其君，寡(gua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以诸(zhu)(zhu)侯讨而戮之，诸(zhu)(zhu)侯、献(xian)(xian)公(gong)皆庆寡(gua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，女独不庆寡(gua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，何故？” <3>鄙语：俗(su)语。 <4>径人(ren)(ren)(ren)田(tian)(tian)：从人(ren)(ren)(ren)田(tian)(tian)中走过(guo)以抄近路。 <5>贼(zei)：杀害。 <6>利：贪。 <7>君陈(chen)：为(wei)(wei)陈(chen)国(guo)之君。 <8>史记：古(gu)代把历(li)史文献(xian)(xian)统称“史记”。 <9>乘：四匹(pi)马驾一(yi)(yi)辆(liang)车为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)乘。千(qian)乘之国(guo)：有一(yi)(yi)千(qian)乘车的(de)国(guo)家，指国(guo)家不小。
(二(er)(er)十)八年，楚(chu)(chu)庄王(wang)卒。二(er)(er)十九年，陈(chen)(chen)倍楚(chu)(chu)盟<1>。三十年，楚(chu)(chu)共王(wang)伐陈(chen)(chen)<2>。是岁(sui)，成公卒，子哀公弱立。楚(chu)(chu)以(yi)陈(chen)(chen)丧，罢兵去(qu)。
〔注释〕
<1>倍：同“背”，背叛。陈(chen)(chen)倍楚(chu)(chu)盟，指陈(chen)(chen)国(guo)参加鸡泽之(zhi)盟事。《左传(chuan)·襄公(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)》：“楚(chu)(chu)子(zi)辛为令尹(yin)，侵(qin)欲于(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)国(guo)，陈(chen)(chen)成公(gong)(gong)使(shi)袁侨如会(hui)(以(yi)晋侯(hou)(hou)为盟主的鸡泽之(zhi)会(hui))求成。晋侯(hou)(hou)使(shi)和组(zu)父(fu)告(gao)于(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)。秋，叔(shu)孙豹及诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)大夫及陈(chen)(chen)袁侨盟，陈(chen)(chen)请服(fu)也。” <2>此前(qian)后楚(chu)(chu)数次伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)，皆因(yin)陈(chen)(chen)叛楚(chu)(chu)之(zhi)故(gu)。陈(chen)(chen)成公(gong)(gong)二十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)，“楚(chu)(chu)司马公(gong)(gong)子(zi)何忌侵(qin)陈(chen)(chen)。”三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)“三月，陈(chen)(chen)成公(gong)(gong)卒。楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)将伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)，闻(wen)丧乃止。陈(chen)(chen)人(ren)不(bu)听(ting)命(ming)。臧武仲(zhong)闻(wen)之(zhi)，曰：`陈(chen)(chen)不(bu)服(fu)于(yu)楚(chu)(chu)，必亡。大国(guo)行(xing)礼焉(指闻(wen)丧罢兵(bing))，而不(bu)服(fu)；在(zai)大犹有咎，而况小(xiao)(xiao)乎？'夏(xia)，楚(chu)(chu)彭(peng)名侵(qin)陈(chen)(chen)，陈(chen)(chen)无礼故(gu)也。”“冬，楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)使(shi)顿(陈(chen)(chen)附近(jin)的小(xiao)(xiao)国(guo))间陈(chen)(chen)而伐(fa)之(zhi)，故(gu)陈(chen)(chen)人(ren)围顿。”见《左传(chuan)·襄公(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)、四(si)年(nian)(nian)》。
哀公三(san)年，楚围陈，复释之<1>。二十八年，楚公子围弑其君郏敖(ao)自(zi)立，为(wei)灵(ling)王。
〔注释〕
<1>《春秋(qiu)·襄(xiang)公(gong)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)》：“楚(chu)公(gong)子贞帅(shuai)师围陈(chen)。十有二月，(鲁(lu)襄(xiang))公(gong)会晋侯(hou)(hou)、宋公(gong)、陈(chen)侯(hou)(hou)、卫侯(hou)(hou)、曹伯(bo)、莒(ju)子、邾(zhu)子于。”“陈(chen)侯(hou)(hou)逃(tao)归(gui)。”《左传·襄(xiang)公(gong)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)》：“楚(chu)子襄(xiang)围陈(chen)，(诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou))会于以救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”“陈(chen)人(ren)患楚(chu)。庆虎庆寅(陈(chen)大夫)谓楚(chu)人(ren)曰(yue)：`吾使公(gong)子黄(陈(chen)哀公(gong)弟(di))往而执之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。'楚(chu)人(ren)从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。二庆使告(gao)陈(chen)侯(hou)(hou)于会，曰(yue)：`楚(chu)人(ren)执公(gong)子黄矣。君若不(bu)来，群臣不(bu)忍社稷宗庙，惧有二图。'陈(chen)侯(hou)(hou)逃(tao)归(gui)。”
三十(shi)四(si)年(nian)<1>初，哀公(gong)娶(qu)郑(zheng)<2>，长姬(ji)生悼(dao)(dao)太(tai)子师(shi)，少姬(ji)生偃。二嬖妾，长妾生留，少妾生胜。留有宠哀公(gong)，哀公(gong)属之其(qi)弟司徒(tu)招<3>。哀公(gong)病，三月(yue)，招杀悼(dao)(dao)太(tai)子，立留为(wei)(wei)太(tai)子。哀公(gong)怒(nu)，欲诛(zhu)招，招发兵(bing)围(wei)守哀公(gong)，哀公(gong)自经(jing)杀<4>。招卒立留为(wei)(wei)陈君。四(si)月(yue)，陈使(shi)使(shi)赴楚(chu)。楚(chu)灵王闻陈乱，乃杀陈使(shi)者，使(shi)公(gong)子弃(qi)疾(ji)发兵(bing)伐陈，陈君留奔郑(zheng)。九月(yue)，楚(chu)围(wei)陈。十(shi)一月(yue)，灭陈，使(shi)弃(qi)疾(ji)为(wei)(wei)陈公(gong)<5>。
〔注释〕
<1>三(san)(san)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)：应为“三(san)(san)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)”。据《十(shi)二诸(zhu)侯年(nian)(nian)表》及《左传·昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)》。 <2>娶(qu)(qu)郑(zheng)：娶(qu)(qu)郑(zheng)侯女为妻(qi)。 <3>属：同“嘱”，托(tuo)付。 <4>自经：自缢。 <5>《左传·昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)》详载此(ci)年(nian)(nian)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)事：“陈(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)妃(fei)郑(zheng)姬生悼太子(zi)偃师，二妃(fei)生公(gong)(gong)子(zi)留(liu)，下(xia)妃(fei)生公(gong)(gong)子(zi)胜(sheng)。二妃(fei)嬖(bi)，留(liu)有(you)宠，属诸(zhu)司徒招(zhao)(zhao)与公(gong)(gong)子(zi)过(二人(ren)均为哀公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)弟)。哀公(gong)(gong)有(you)废疾(重病)，三(san)(san)月甲申，公(gong)(gong)子(zi)招(zhao)(zhao)、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)过杀(sha)悼太子(zi)偃师而(er)立公(gong)(gong)子(zi)留(liu)。夏(xia)四(si)月辛亥(hai)，哀公(gong)(gong)缢。干徵师赴于(yu)(yu)楚(chu)(chu)，且告有(you)立君。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)胜(sheng)愬(su)(sù，诉，告诉)之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)楚(chu)(chu)。楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)执而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi)。”“陈(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)招(zhao)(zhao)归(gui)罪于(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)过而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi)。九月，楚(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)弃(qi)疾帅师奉孙吴(吴为偃师之(zhi)子(zi))围(wei)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)，宋戴恶会之(zhi)。冬十(shi)一月壬(ren)午，灭陈(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。舆嬖(bi)袁克(ke)杀(sha)马(ma)毁玉以(yi)葬。楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)将(jiang)杀(sha)之(zhi)，请置之(zhi)，既又(you)请私(si)(si)(解小(xiao)便(bian))。私(si)(si)于(yu)(yu)幄，加绖(dié，迭，丧带)于(yu)(yu)颡(sǎng，嗓，额(e)头)而(er)逃。使穿封戍为陈(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)。”
招之杀悼太子也，太子之子名(ming)吴，出奔(ben)晋(jin)。晋(jin)平公问太史赵曰：“陈遂亡乎(hu)<1>？”对曰：“陈，颛(zhuan)顼(xu)之族。陈氏得政于(yu)(yu)齐，乃(nai)卒亡。自幕至于(yu)(yu)瞽叟，无违命(ming)<2>。舜重之以明德(de)<3>。至于(yu)(yu)遂，世(shi)世(shi)守(shou)之。及(ji)胡公，周赐之姓，使祀(si)虞帝(di)。且盛(sheng)德(de)之后(hou)，必(bi)百(bai)世(shi)祀(si)。虞之世(shi)未也<4>，其(qi)在齐乎(hu)？”
〔注释〕
<1>遂：终，竟。 <2>违命：违天命。违天命则(ze)会被废(fei)绝。 <3>重(zhong)之以明德：加之以完(wan)美的德性。 <4>本句意为：虞舜应享(xiang)的百代之祭祀还未数满，因此(ci)陈不会亡。
楚灵王(wang)灭陈五岁(sui)，楚公(gong)(gong)子弃疾弑灵王(wang)代立(li)，是为平王(wang)。平王(wang)初(chu)立(li)，欲得(de)和诸(zhu)侯，乃求故陈悼太子师之子吴，立(li)为陈侯，是为惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)。惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)立(li)，探(tan)续(xu)哀公(gong)(gong)卒时年而为元<1>，空籍五岁(sui)矣<2>。
〔注释〕
<1>本句意为(wei)：陈国(guo)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)无君，现惠(hui)公立，其纪(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)要上溯到哀公死之年(nian)(nian)(nian)，而以次年(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)惠(hui)公元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)。 <2>籍：通(tong)“借(jie)(藉)”。
十(shi)年(nian)(nian)，陈(chen)火。十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)，吴(wu)王僚使(shi)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)光(guang)伐陈(chen)，取胡、沈而(er)去。二(er)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)，吴(wu)王阖(he)闾与子(zi)胥(xu)败楚入郢。是年(nian)(nian)，惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)卒，子(zi)怀(huai)公(gong)(gong)柳(liu)立。
怀公(gong)(gong)元年，吴(wu)(wu)破(po)楚，在(zai)郢，召陈侯(hou)(hou)。陈侯(hou)(hou)欲往，大(da)夫曰：“吴(wu)(wu)新得(de)意；楚王虽亡，与(yu)陈有故(gu)<1>，不可倍。”怀公(gong)(gong)乃(nai)以疾谢吴(wu)(wu)<2>。四年，吴(wu)(wu)复招怀公(gong)(gong)。怀公(gong)(gong)恐，如吴(wu)(wu)。吴(wu)(wu)怒其前不往，留之，因卒吴(wu)(wu)。陈乃(nai)立怀公(gong)(gong)之子越(yue)，是为湣公(gong)(gong)。
〔注释〕
<1>故：旧交。 <2>谢：推(tui)辞。《左传·哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)元年》追记此(ci)事甚详(xiang)：“吴(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入楚(chu)(chu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，使(shi)召陈(chen)怀(huai)公(gong)(gong)。陈(chen)怀(huai)公(gong)(gong)朝(chao)国(guo)人而(er)(er)问(wen)焉(yan)，曰：`欲(yu)与楚(chu)(chu)者右，欲(yu)与吴(wu)者左。陈(chen)人从田，无田从党。'逢滑当公(gong)(gong)而(er)(er)进(jin)，曰：`臣(chen)(chen)闻，国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兴(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)以福，其(qi)(qi)亡(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)以祸。今吴(wu)未有福，楚(chu)(chu)未有祸，楚(chu)(chu)未可弃，吴(wu)未可从。而(er)(er)晋，盟主也(ye)(ye)(ye)；若以晋辞吴(wu)，若何？'公(gong)(gong)曰：`国(guo)胜(sheng)君亡(wang)(wang)，非祸而(er)(er)何？'对曰：`国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有是多矣，何必不复？小(xiao)国(guo)犹复，况大国(guo)乎？臣(chen)(chen)闻，国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兴(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，视民(min)(min)如伤，是其(qi)(qi)福也(ye)(ye)(ye)；其(qi)(qi)亡(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，以民(min)(min)为(wei)土(tu)芥，是其(qi)(qi)祸也(ye)(ye)(ye)。楚(chu)(chu)虽无德，亦不艾杀其(qi)(qi)民(min)(min)。吴(wu)日敝于(yu)兵，暴骨如莽，而(er)(er)未见德焉(yan)。天其(qi)(qi)或者正训(xun)楚(chu)(chu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，祸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)适吴(wu)，其(qi)(qi)何日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有？'陈(chen)侯从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”
湣公六(liu)年(nian)，孔(kong)子(zi)适陈(chen)(chen)(chen)。吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)差伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)<1>，取(qu)三邑而去。十三年(nian)，吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)复来(lai)伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)<2>，陈(chen)(chen)(chen)告急楚，楚昭(zhao)王(wang)来(lai)救，军于城父(fu)，吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)师去。是年(nian)，楚昭(zhao)王(wang)卒于城父(fu)。时(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)在陈(chen)(chen)(chen)。十五年(nian)，宋(song)灭(mie)曹。十六(liu)年(nian)，吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)差伐(fa)齐，败(bai)(bai)之艾陵，使(shi)人召(zhao)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)侯。陈(chen)(chen)(chen)侯恐，如吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。楚伐(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen)。二十一(yi)年(nian)，齐田常弑其(qi)君简公。二十三年(nian)，楚之白(bai)(bai)公胜杀(sha)令尹子(zi)西、子(zi)綦，袭惠王(wang)。叶公攻败(bai)(bai)白(bai)(bai)公，白(bai)(bai)公自杀(sha)。
〔注释〕
<1>事在陈(chen)(chen)湣公(gong)八年(nian)。据《左传·哀公(gong)元年(nian)》：“及夫差克越，乃(nai)修(xiu)先君之(zhi)怨(yuan)(指阖庐入郢召陈(chen)(chen)侯(hou)，陈(chen)(chen)侯(hou)谢之(zhi)不(bu)去一事)。秋八月，吴侵陈(chen)(chen)，修(xiu)旧怨(yuan)也。” <2>《左传·哀公(gong)六年(nian)》载：“吴伐陈(chen)(chen)，复修(xiu)旧怨(yuan)也。楚子曰：`吾先君与陈(chen)(chen)有盟，不(bu)可以不(bu)救(jiu)。'乃(nai)救(jiu)陈(chen)(chen)，师于(yu)城父。”
二十四年(nian)，楚惠王复国，以兵北伐，杀陈湣公，遂灭陈而(er)有之<1>。是岁，孔子卒。
〔注释〕
<1>《左传(chuan)·哀公十七年(nian)》载其(qi)事：“楚白(bai)公之乱，陈(chen)人恃其(qi)聚而攻(gong)楚。楚既宁(ning)，将取(qu)陈(chen)麦(mai)。……王卜(bu)之，武城(cheng)尹吉(ji)。使卒师取(qu)陈(chen)麦(mai)。陈(chen)人御之，败，遂围(wei)陈(chen)。秋(qiu)七月(yue)己卯(mao)，楚公孙(sun)朝率师灭陈(chen)。”
杞(qi)东楼公者，夏后(hou)禹之后(hou)苗(miao)裔(yi)也<1>。殷时或封或绝<2>。周武(wu)王克殷纣，求(qiu)禹之后(hou)，得东楼公，封之于(yu)杞(qi)，以奉夏后(hou)氏(shi)祀。
〔注释〕
<1>苗(miao)裔(yi)：子(zi)孙后代。 <2>或封(feng)或绝(jue)：有时受封(feng)，有时绝(jue)祀。
东楼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)西(xi)楼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，西(xi)楼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)题公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，题公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)谋(mou)娶(qu)(qu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。谋(mou)娶(qu)(qu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)当周厉王时<1>。谋(mou)娶(qu)(qu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)(li)(li)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)(li)(li)。靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)共(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)(li)(li)。共(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)(li)(li)。德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，弟(di)(di)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)姑容立(li)(li)(li)(li)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)<2>，子(zi)(zi)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)丐立(li)(li)(li)(li)。孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，弟(di)(di)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益姑立(li)(li)(li)(li)。文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，弟(di)(di)平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)郁立(li)(li)(li)(li)。平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)立(li)(li)(li)(li)。悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乞立(li)(li)(li)(li)。七月，隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟(di)(di)遂弑隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自立(li)(li)(li)(li)，是为(wei)釐公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。釐公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)湣(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)维立(li)(li)(li)(li)。湣(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)<3>，楚惠王灭(mie)陈。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，湣(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟(di)(di)阏(yan)路弑湣(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)代立(li)(li)(li)(li)，是为(wei)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，湣(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)敕立(li)(li)(li)(li)，是为(wei)出(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。出(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，子(zi)(zi)简公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)春立(li)(li)(li)(li)。立(li)(li)(li)(li)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，楚惠王之四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，灭(mie)杞(qi)。杞(qi)后陈亡(wang)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)<4>。
杞(qi)小微，其事不足称述。
〔注释〕
<1>本(ben)(ben)段杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)纪(ji)(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，多有讹误(wu)(wu)，或为(wei)(wei)(wei)司马迁(qian)之误(wu)(wu)记(ji)(ji)，或为(wei)(wei)(wei)《史记(ji)(ji)》流传抄写(xie)中(zhong)之脱(tuo)(tuo)讹。今据(ju)《左(zuo)传》及(日)泷川资言(yan)《史记(ji)(ji)会注考(kao)(kao)证》，将其可(ke)考(kao)(kao)者简(jian)注于(yu)下(xia)。周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)克殷至周(zhou)厉王(wang)(wang)逃(tao)彘，计(ji)二(er)百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，而杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)东楼(lou)会至谋(mou)娶公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)仅传四(si)代，显然有误(wu)(wu)。 <2>桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：即鲁襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。《春秋·襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》：“六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春王(wang)(wang)三(san)月，杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)伯姑(gu)容卒。”是年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)567年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。有此可(ke)推出以(yi)下(xia)几点：一、桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，而非十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。据(ju)孔颖达《春秋左(zuo)传正义》引《世(shi)本(ben)(ben)》，桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)姑(gu)容是杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之弟，而非杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之弟。又据(ju)《左(zuo)传·僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》：“杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒”，即公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)637年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)弟继(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立，至公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)567年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死去，在(zai)(zai)位七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。二(er)、本(ben)(ben)篇(pian)纪(ji)(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)漏(lou)脱(tuo)(tuo)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一代，据(ju)《左(zuo)传》杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曾取鲁女。确有其人。三(san)、德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)应为(wei)(wei)(wei)惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。据(ju)《世(shi)本(ben)(ben)》惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。与(yu)《左(zuo)传》合。四(si)、即使(shi)如此，纪(ji)(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)仍有脱(tuo)(tuo)漏(lou)。由襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)前(qian)(qian)567)向(xiang)上推：桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、共公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：合计(ji)184年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。即武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)751年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。其父谋(mou)娶公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)当周(zhou)厉王(wang)(wang)时，即以(yi)厉王(wang)(wang)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)841)算(suan)，谋(mou)娶公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位九(jiu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，显然误(wu)(wu)。 <3>十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：应为(wei)(wei)(wei)“九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”。据(ju)《春秋》哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)487)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)釐(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死，湣(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)楚(chu)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)(mie)陈(chen)，正当湣(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。 <4>自“楚(chu)惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)(mie)陈(chen)”至杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)(mie)王(wang)(wang)之纪(ji)(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有误(wu)(wu)。按本(ben)(ben)篇(pian)计(ji)陈(chen)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)(mie)后湣(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(湣(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)陈(chen)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)(mie)、湣(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)杀)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、出公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、简(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：合计(ji)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。与(yu)“后陈(chen)灭(mie)(mie)(mie)(mie)三(san)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”不合。
舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，周(zhou)(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)封(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陈(chen)，至(zhi)楚惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有世家(jia)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<1>。禹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，周(zhou)(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)封(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杞，楚惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有世家(jia)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<2>。契(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)殷(yin)(yin)，殷(yin)(yin)有本纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<3>。殷(yin)(yin)破，周(zhou)(zhou)封(feng)(feng)其后(hou)(hou)于宋，齐(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有世家(jia)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<4>。后(hou)(hou)稷(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)周(zhou)(zhou)，秦(qin)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有本纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<5>。皋(gao)陶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，或封(feng)(feng)英、六(liu)，楚穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，无(wu)谱(pu)<6>。伯(bo)夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)<7>，至(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)复封(feng)(feng)于齐(qi)，曰太公望，陈(chen)氏灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有世家(jia)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<8>。伯(bo)翳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，至(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)时封(feng)(feng)为(wei)(wei)秦(qin)，项羽灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有本纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)<9>。垂(chui)、益、夔、龙，其后(hou)(hou)不(bu)知所封(feng)(feng)，不(bu)见(jian)也。右十一人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)，皆唐虞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际名有功德臣也；其五人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)皆至(zhi)帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)<10>。余乃为(wei)(wei)显诸侯(hou)。滕、薛、驺(zou)，夏、殷(yin)(yin)、周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间也，小，不(bu)足齿列，弗论也。
〔注释〕
<1>世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)：即本(ben)篇(pian)《陈杞世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》。 <2>世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)：即本(ben)篇(pian)《陈杞世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》。 <3>本(ben)纪：即《殷本(ben)纪》。 <4>世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)：即《宋微子世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》。 <5>本(ben)纪：即《周本(ben)纪》。 <6>谱(pu)：中国古代(dai)记载一(yi)姓(xing)一(yi)族氏族来源、世(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)系统(tong)及(ji)谥法名(ming)号的史书。 <7>伯(bo)(bo)夷：此为(wei)尧舜(shun)时之伯(bo)(bo)夷，非商周时之伯(bo)(bo)夷。 <8>世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)：即《齐太公世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》。 <9>本(ben)纪：即《秦(qin)本(ben)纪》及(ji)《秦(qin)始(shi)皇本(ben)纪》。 <10>五人：指舜(shun)、禹(yu)、契、后稷、伯(bo)(bo)翳。
周武王时，侯伯尚(shang)千余人及幽、厉(li)之(zhi)后，诸侯力(li)攻相并(bing)<1>。江、黄、胡、沈之(zhi)属，不(bu)可胜(sheng)数，故弗采著于传(上)〔云〕。
〔注释〕
<1>并(bing)：吞并(bing)。
太(tai)史公曰：舜之德可谓至矣！禅位于夏，而后(hou)世血(xue)食者历三代(dai)<1>。及(ji)楚灭(mie)陈(chen)，而田常得政于齐，卒(zu)为(wei)建国<2>。百(bai)世不(bu)(bu)绝(jue)，苗(miao)裔兹(zi)兹(zi)<3>，有土者不(bu)(bu)乏焉<4>。至禹，于周则杞(qi)，微甚，不(bu)(bu)足数也。楚惠王(wang)灭(mie)杞(qi)，其后(hou)越王(wang)句践兴<5>。
〔注释〕
<1>血食：享受后代子孙的祭祀。因古代祭祀要杀牲取血，故名血食。三代：指夏、商、周三朝。<2>建国：天子所封之国。<3>兹兹：兹，本意为草多貌，引申为蕃盛的意思。<4>有土者：得到封地的人。<5>因为越王句践是禹的旁系后代，故与杞联系而言。
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