●卷十六(liu)·季氏第(di)十六(liu)
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):此篇(pian)论天下无道,政在大夫,故孔子陈其正(zheng)道,扬其衰失,称损益以(yi)教(jiao)人,举《诗》、《礼》以(yi)训子,明君(jun)子之(zhi)行,正(zheng)夫人之(zhi)名,以(yi)前篇(pian)首章记卫君(jun)灵公失礼,此篇(pian)首章言鲁臣季氏专(zhuan)恣,故以(yi)次之(zhi)也。
季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)将伐颛(zhuan)臾(yu)。冉(ran)有(you)(you)、季(ji)(ji)(ji)路见於(wu)(wu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)将有(you)(you)事(shi)於(wu)(wu)颛(zhuan)臾(yu)。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“颛(zhuan)臾(yu),伏羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,风姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo),本鲁(lu)(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)附庸,当(dang)时臣(chen)(chen)属鲁(lu)(lu)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)贪其(qi)(qi)土地,欲灭而取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。冉(ran)有(you)(you)与(yu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)路为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen),来告孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“求(qiu)!无(wu)(wu)乃尔(er)是过(guo)与(yu)?(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“冉(ran)求(qiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)宰,相其(qi)(qi)室,为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聚敛,故孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)独疑(yi)求(qiu)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)夫(fu)颛(zhuan)臾(yu),昔者(zhe)(zhe)先王以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)东蒙主,(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“使主祭蒙山。”)且在邦(bang)(bang)域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)矣(yi)(yi)(yi),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“鲁(lu)(lu)七百里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)封,颛(zhuan)臾(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)附庸,在其(qi)(qi)域中(zhong)。”)是社(she)(she)稷(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)以(yi)伐为(wei)(wei)(wei)?”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“已属鲁(lu)(lu),为(wei)(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)稷(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen),何(he)用灭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)?”)冉(ran)有(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)欲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),吾二(er)臣(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)皆不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“归咎(jiu)於(wu)(wu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“求(qiu)!周任有(you)(you)言(yan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘陈(chen)力就列,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)者(zhe)(zhe)止。’(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“周任,古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良史。言(yan)当(dang)陈(chen)其(qi)(qi)才力,度己(ji)所任,以(yi)就其(qi)(qi)位,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)则(ze)(ze)当(dang)止。”)危而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)持,颠(dian)(dian)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)扶,则(ze)(ze)将焉用彼相矣(yi)(yi)(yi)?(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“言(yan)辅(fu)相人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe),当(dang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)持危扶颠(dian)(dian)。若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng),何(he)用相为(wei)(wei)(wei)?”)且尔(er)言(yan)过(guo)矣(yi)(yi)(yi),虎兕出於(wu)(wu)柙(xia),龟玉(yu)毁(hui)於(wu)(wu)椟中(zhong),是谁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)与(yu)?”(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“柙(xia),槛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。椟,匮也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。失(shi)虎毁(hui)玉(yu),岂非典(dian)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)邪?”)冉(ran)有(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“今(jin)夫(fu)颛(zhuan)臾(yu),固(gu)而近(jin)於(wu)(wu)费。(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“固(gu),谓(wei)城(cheng)郭完坚,兵甲利也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。费,季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)邑。”)今(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)取,後世必为(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)孙忧(you)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“求(qiu)!君子(zi)(zi)疾夫(fu),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“疾如女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。”)舍曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)欲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而必为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“舍其(qi)(qi)贪利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说,而更作(zuo)他(ta)辞,是所疾也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)丘也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)闻有(you)(you)国(guo)有(you)(you)家(jia)者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)患(huan)(huan)(huan)寡而患(huan)(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)均,(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“国(guo),诸侯。家(jia),卿大夫(fu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)患(huan)(huan)(huan)土地人(ren)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寡少(shao),患(huan)(huan)(huan)政(zheng)理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)均平。”)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)患(huan)(huan)(huan)贫而患(huan)(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安(an)(an)(an),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“忧(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)安(an)(an)(an)民耳。民安(an)(an)(an)则(ze)(ze)国(guo)富。”)盖均无(wu)(wu)贫,和无(wu)(wu)寡,安(an)(an)(an)无(wu)(wu)倾(qing)。(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“政(zheng)教均平,则(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贫矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。上下和同,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)患(huan)(huan)(huan)寡矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。大小安(an)(an)(an)宁(ning),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)倾(qing)危矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。”)夫(fu)如是,故远人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)服,则(ze)(ze)文德以(yi)来之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。既来之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)安(an)(an)(an)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。今(jin)由与(yu)求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),相夫(fu)子(zi)(zi),远人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)服,而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)来也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);邦(bang)(bang)分崩离析,而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)守也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“民有(you)(you)畏心曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)分,欲去曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)崩,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可会聚曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)离析。”)而谋动干戈(ge)於(wu)(wu)邦(bang)(bang)内(nei),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“干,也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。戈(ge),戟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)吾恐季(ji)(ji)(ji)孙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忧(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在颛(zhuan)臾(yu),而在萧(xiao)墙(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“萧(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)肃也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。墙(qiang),谓(wei)屏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。君臣(chen)(chen)相见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,至屏而加(jia)肃敬焉,是以(yi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)萧(xiao)墙(qiang)。後季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)臣(chen)(chen)阳虎果囚(qiu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)桓子(zi)(zi)。”)
[疏]“季氏”至“内也”。
○正义曰:此章论鲁卿季氏专恣征伐之事也。“季氏将伐颛臾”者,颛臾,伏羲之後,风姓之国,本鲁之附庸,当时臣属於鲁,而季氏贪其土地,欲灭而取之也。“冉有、季氏见於孔子曰:季氏将有事於颛臾”者,冉有、季路为季氏臣,来告孔子,言季氏将有征伐之事於颛臾也。“孔子曰:求!无乃尔是过与”者,无乃,乃也。尔,女也。虽二子同来告,以冉求为季氏宰,相其室,为之聚敛,故孔子独疑求教之,言将伐颛臾,乃女是罪过与?与,疑辞也。“夫颛臾,昔者先王以为东蒙主”者,言昔者先王始封颛臾为附庸之君,使主祭蒙山。蒙山在东,故曰东蒙。“且在邦域之中矣”者,鲁之封域方七百里,颛臾为附庸,在其域中也。“是社稷之臣也。何以伐为”者,言颛臾已属鲁,为社稷之臣,何用伐灭之为?“冉有曰:夫子欲之,吾二臣者皆不欲也”者,夫子,谓季氏也。冉有归其咎恶於季氏也,故言季氏欲伐,我二人皆不欲也。”孔子曰:求!周任有言曰:陈力就列,不能者止”者,周任,古之良史也。夫子见冉有归咎於季氏,故呼其名,引周任之言以责之。言为人臣者,当陈其才力,度己所任,以就其列位,不能则当自止退也。“危而不持,颠而不扶,则将焉用彼相矣”者,相,谓辅相。焉,何也。言辅相人者,当持其主之倾危,扶其主之颠踬。若其不能,何用彼相为?“且尔言过矣”者,尔,汝也。汝为季氏辅相,而归咎於季氏,自是汝之言罪过矣。“虎兕出於柙,龟玉毁於椟中,是谁之过与”者,此又为辅相之人作譬也。柙,槛也。椟,匮也。虎兕皆猛兽,故设槛以制之。龟玉皆大宝,故设匮以藏之。若虎兕失出於槛,龟玉损毁於匮中,是谁之过与?言是典守者之过也。以喻主君有阙,是辅相者之过也。“冉有曰:今夫颛臾固而近於费,今不取,後世必为子孙忧”者,此冉有乃自言欲伐颛臾之意也。固,谓城郭完坚,兵甲利也。费,季氏邑。言今夫颛臾城郭甲兵坚固,而又近於费邑,若今不伐而取之,後世必为季氏子孙之忧也。“孔子曰:求!君子疾夫,舍曰欲之,而必为之辞”者,孔子见冉有言将伐颛臾之意,故又呼冉有名而责之,如汝之言,君子所憎疾。夫以舍其探利之说,而更作他辞,是所疾也。“丘也闻有国有家者,不患寡而患不均”者,此下孔子又为言其正治之法,以示非臆说,故云丘也闻。国,谓诸侯。家,谓卿大夫。言为诸侯卿大夫者,不患土地人民之寡少,但患政理之不均平也。“不患贫而患不安”者,言不忧国家贫,但忧不能安民耳。民安则国富也。“盖均无贫,和无寡,安无倾”者,孔子既陈其所闻,更为言其理。盖言政教均平,则不贫矣。上下和同,不患寡矣。小大安宁,不倾危矣。如上所闻,此应云“均无寡,安无贫”。而此乃云“均无贫,和无寡,安无倾”者,欲见政教均平,又须上下和睦,然後国富民多,而社稷不倾危也,故衍其文耳。“夫如是,故远人不服,则文德以来之。既来之,则安之”者,言夫政教能均平和安,如此,故远方之人有不服者,则当文德,使远人慕其德化而来。远人既来,当以恩惠安存之。“今由与求也,相夫子”者,谓冉有、季路辅相季氏也。“远人不服而不能来也”者,谓不文德也。“邦分崩离析而不能守也”者,民有异心曰分,欲去曰崩,不可会聚曰离析。言国内之民又不能以恩惠安抚,致有异心,不可会聚,莫能固守也。“而谋动干戈於邦内”者,谓将伐颛臾也。“吾恐季孙之忧不在颛臾,而在萧墙之内也”者,萧墙,谓屏也。萧之言肃也,君臣相见之礼,至屏而加肃敬焉,是以谓之萧墙。孔子,圣人,有先见之明。见季氏家臣擅命,必知将为季氏之祸,因冉有言颛臾後世必为子孙忧,故言吾恐季孙之忧不远在颛臾,而近在萧墙之内。後季氏家臣阳虎果囚季桓子。
○注“孔曰”至“孔子”。
○正义曰:云“颛臾伏羲之後,风姓之国”者,僖二十一年《左传》云:“任、宿、须句、颛臾,风姓也。实司太与有济之祀。”杜注云:“太,伏羲。四国,伏羲之後,故主其祀。颛臾在泰山南武阳县东北”是也。云“本鲁之附庸,当时臣属鲁”者,《王制》云:“公侯田方百里,伯七十里,子男五十里。不能五十里者,不合於天子,附於诸侯,曰附庸。”郑注云:“不合,谓不朝会也。小城曰附庸。附庸者,以国事附於大国,未能以其名通也。”言此颛臾始封为附庸之君,以国事附於鲁耳,犹不为鲁臣,故曰鲁之附庸。春秋之世,强陵弱,众暴寡,故当此季氏之时,而颛臾已属鲁为臣,故曰当时臣属鲁也。
○注“使主祭蒙山”。
○正义曰:《禹贡·徐州》云“蒙羽其艺”。《地理志》云泰山蒙阴县,“蒙山在西南,有祠。颛臾国在蒙山下”。
○注曰“鲁七百里之封,颛臾为附庸,在其域中”。
○正义曰:《明堂位》曰:“成王以周公为有勋劳於天下,是以封周公於曲阜,地方七百里,革车千乘。”郑注云:“曲阜,鲁地,上公之封,地方五百里,加鲁以四等之附庸,方百里者二十四井,五五二十五积四十九,开方之,得七百里。”言其颛臾为附庸,在此七百里封域之中也。
○注“周任,古之良史”。
○正义曰:周大夫也,与史侯、臧文仲并古人立言之贤者也。
○“马曰”至“过邪”。
○正义曰:云“柙,槛也”者,《说文》云“柙,槛也。槛,栊也。一曰圈。以藏虎兕”。《尔雅》云:“兕,似牛。”郭璞云:“一角,青色,重千斤。”《说文》云:“兕如野牛,青毛,其皮坚厚,可制铠。”《交州记》曰:“兕出九德,有一角,角长三尺馀,形如马鞭柄。”是也。云“椟,匮也”者,亦《说文》云也。
○注“孔曰:干,也。戈,戟也”。
○正(zheng)义曰:干,一名,今(jin)谓之(zhi)(zhi)旁(pang)牌(pai)。《方言》云(yun)(yun):“,自(zi)关而东,或(huo)谓之(zhi)(zhi),或(huo)谓之(zhi)(zhi)干。关西谓之(zhi)(zhi)。是干、为一也(ye)(ye)(ye),施(shi)纷以(yi)持之(zhi)(zhi)。”孔注(zhu)《尚书·费誓(shi)(shi)》云(yun)(yun):“施(shi)乃纷。”纷如绶而小,系於以(yi)持之(zhi)(zhi),且以(yi)为饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)。干,也(ye)(ye)(ye),并之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)敌,故《牧(mu)誓(shi)(shi)》云(yun)(yun)“比尔干也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。戈(ge)者,《考工记》云(yun)(yun):“戈(ge),必六(liu)尺有六(liu)寸(cun)(cun)。其(qi)刃(ren)广二寸(cun)(cun),内(nei)倍之(zhi)(zhi),胡(hu)三(san)之(zhi)(zhi),援(yuan)(yuan)四(si)之(zhi)(zhi)。”郑(zheng)玄注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“戈(ge),今(jin)句(ju)孑戟也(ye)(ye)(ye),或(huo)谓之(zhi)(zhi)鸡鸣(ming),或(huo)谓之(zhi)(zhi)拥颈。内(nei)谓胡(hu)以(yi)内(nei)接(jie)礻必者也(ye)(ye)(ye),长四(si)寸(cun)(cun)。胡(hu)六(liu)寸(cun)(cun)。援(yuan)(yuan)八寸(cun)(cun)。”郑(zheng)司农云(yun)(yun):“援(yuan)(yuan),直刃(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye),胡(hu),其(qi)孑。”
孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)曰(yue):“天下(xia)(xia)有道(dao),则礼(li)乐征(zheng)(zheng)伐(fa)自(zi)(zi)天子(zi)出(chu)(chu);天下(xia)(xia)无道(dao),则礼(li)乐征(zheng)(zheng)伐(fa)自(zi)(zi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)出(chu)(chu)。自(zi)(zi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)出(chu)(chu),盖十(shi)世(shi)希(xi)不(bu)失(shi)矣(yi);(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“希(xi),少也。周幽(you)王(wang)为犬戎(rong)所杀,平王(wang)东迁,周始微弱(ruo)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)自(zi)(zi)作礼(li)乐,专(zhuan)行征(zheng)(zheng)伐(fa),始於隐公。至(zhi)昭(zhao)公十(shi)世(shi)失(shi)政(zheng),死於乾侯(hou)(hou)矣(yi)。”)自(zi)(zi)大(da)夫出(chu)(chu),五世(shi)希(xi)不(bu)失(shi)矣(yi),(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“季文(wen)子(zi)初得政(zheng),至(zhi)桓子(zi)五世(shi),为家臣(chen)阳虎所囚。”)陪臣(chen)执国命,三(san)世(shi)希(xi)不(bu)失(shi)矣(yi)。(马曰(yue):“陪,重也。谓(wei)家臣(chen)。阳虎为季氏家臣(chen),至(zhi)虎三(san)世(shi)而(er)出(chu)(chu)奔齐(qi)。”)天下(xia)(xia)有道(dao),则政(zheng)不(bu)在大(da)夫。(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“制之由(you)君(jun)。”)天下(xia)(xia)有道(dao),则庶人不(bu)议。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“无所非议。”)
[疏]“孔曰”至“不议”。
○正义曰:此一章论天下有道、无道,礼乐征伐所出不同,及言衰失之世数也。“孔子曰:天下有道,则礼乐征伐自天子出”者,王者功成制礼,治定作乐,立司马之官,掌九伐之法,诸侯不得制作礼乐,赐弓矢然後专征伐。是天下有道之时,礼乐征伐自天子出也。“天下无道,则礼乐征伐自诸侯出”者,谓天子微弱,诸侯上僭,自作礼乐,专行征伐也。“自诸侯出,盖十世希不失矣”者,希,少也。言政出诸侯,不过十世,必失其位,不失者少也。若鲁昭公出奔齐是也。“自大夫出,五世希不失矣”者,言政在大夫,不过五世,必失其位,不失者少矣。若鲁大夫季桓子为阳虎所囚是也。“陪臣执国命,三世希不失矣”者,陪,重也,谓家臣也。大夫已为臣,故谓家臣为陪臣。言陪臣擅权执国之政命,不过三世,必失其位,不失者少矣。若阳虎三世而出奔齐是也。“天下有道,则政不在大夫”者,元为政命,制之由君也。“天下有道,则庶人不议”者,议谓谤讪。言天下有道,则上酌民言以为政教,所行皆是,则庶人无有非毁谤议也。
○注“孔曰”至“乾侯”。
○正义曰:云“周幽王为犬戎所杀,平王东迁”者,案《周本纪》云:“幽王三年,嬖褒姒,生伯服。幽王欲废太子。太子母,申侯女,而为后。幽王得褒姒,爱之,使废申后,并去太子,用褒姒为后,以其子伯服为太子。幽王之废后去太子也,申侯怒,乃与缯、西夷犬戎共攻幽王。幽王举烽火徵兵,兵莫至。遂杀幽王丽山下,虏褒姒,尽取周赂而去。”隐六年《左传》称:“周桓公言於王曰:‘我周之东迁,晋、郑焉依?’”《周本纪》又云:“於是诸侯乃即申侯,而共立故幽王太子宜臼,是为平王也。”云“周始微弱”者,《地理志》云:“幽王淫褒姒,灭宗周,子平王东居洛邑。”於是王室之尊与诸侯无异,其诗不能复雅,故其诗谓之《王国风》,是周始微弱也。云“诸侯自作礼乐”者,谓僭为天子之礼乐,若鲁昭公之比也。案昭二十五年《公羊传》云:“子家驹曰:‘诸侯僭於天子,大夫僭於诸侯,久矣。’昭公曰:‘吾何僭矣哉?’子家驹曰:‘设两观,乘大辂,朱干玉戚以舞《大夏》,八佾以舞《大武》。’”是也。云“专行征伐”者,谓不由王命,专擅行其征伐。春秋之时,诸侯皆是也。云“始於隐公。至昭公十世失政,死於乾侯”者,隐公名息姑,伯禽七世孙,惠公弗皇子,声子所生,平王四十九年即位。是王室微弱,政在诸侯,始於隐公。隐公卒,弟桓公允立。卒,子庄公同立。卒,子闵公开立。卒,兄僖公申立。卒,子文公兴立。卒,子宣公倭立。卒,子成公黑肱立。卒,子襄公午立。卒,子昭公立。是为十世也。《春秋》昭公二十五年,公孙於齐。三十二年,卒於乾侯。是也。
○注“孔曰”至“所囚”。
○正义曰:“季文子初得政,至桓子五世”者,谓文子、武子、悼子、平子、桓子为五世也。云“为家臣阳虎所囚”者,定五年《左传》云“九月乙亥,阳虎囚季桓子及公父文伯”是也。
○注“阳虎”至“奔齐”。
○正义曰:鲁伐阳(yang)虎(hu),阳(yang)虎(hu)出(chu)奔齐,在定九年。
孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“禄之(zhi)(zhi)去公(gong)(gong)(gong)室五(wu)世矣(yi),(郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):“言此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)时,鲁定公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)初。鲁自东门襄仲杀文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)赤(chi)而立宣公(gong)(gong)(gong),於是政在(zai)大夫(fu)(fu),爵禄不(bu)从(cong)君出,至(zhi)定公(gong)(gong)(gong)为五(wu)世矣(yi)。”)政逮(dai)於大夫(fu)(fu)四世矣(yi),(孔曰(yue)(yue):“文(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)、武子(zi)(zi)(zi)、悼子(zi)(zi)(zi)、平子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”)故夫(fu)(fu)三(san)桓(huan)(huan)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)孙(sun)(sun)微矣(yi)。”(孔曰(yue)(yue):“三(san)桓(huan)(huan),谓(wei)仲孙(sun)(sun)、叔孙(sun)(sun)、季孙(sun)(sun)。三(san)卿皆出桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),故曰(yue)(yue)三(san)桓(huan)(huan)也。仲孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)改其氏(shi)称孟氏(shi),至(zhi)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)皆衰。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“微矣”。
○正义曰:此章言鲁公室微弱,政在大夫也。“孔子曰:禄之去公室五世矣”者,谓政在大夫,爵禄不从君出,始於宣公。言此之时,在鲁定公之初,故为五世矣。“政逮於大夫四世矣”者,逮,及也。言君之政令及於大夫,至今四世矣。谓季文子、武子、悼子、平子也。“故夫三桓之子孙微矣”者,三桓谓仲孙、叔孙、季孙。三卿皆出桓公,故曰三桓也。仲孙氏改其氏称孟氏。以礼乐征伐自大夫出,五世希不失,故夫三桓子孙至哀公时皆衰微也。
○注“郑曰”至“世矣”。
○正义曰:“鲁自东门襄仲杀文公之子赤而立宣公”者,文十八年《左传》云“文公二妃敬嬴生宣公。敬嬴嬖,而私事襄仲。宣公长,而属诸襄仲。襄仲欲立之,叔仲不可。仲见于齐侯而请之。齐侯新立,而欲亲鲁,许之。冬十月,仲杀恶及视,而立宣公”是也。《公羊传》作“子赤襄仲居东门,故曰东门襄仲”。云“至定公为五世矣”者,谓宣公、成公、襄公、昭公、定公也。
○注“孔曰:文子、武子、悼子、平子”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)据《左传(chuan)》及《世家》文也。
孔子曰:“益者(zhe)三友(you)(you),损者(zhe)三友(you)(you)。友(you)(you)直,友(you)(you)谅,友(you)(you)多闻,益矣(yi)。友(you)(you)便辟(pi),(马曰:“便辟(pi),巧辟(pi)人(ren)之所忌,以求容媚。”)友(you)(you)善柔(rou),(马曰:“面柔(rou)也(ye)。”)友(you)(you)便佞,损矣(yi)。”(郑曰:“便,辩(bian)也(ye),谓佞而辨。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“损矣”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章戒人(ren)(ren)择友(you)(you)(you)也(ye)。“益(yi)(yi)者(zhe)三(san)(san)友(you)(you)(you),损者(zhe)三(san)(san)友(you)(you)(you)”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)为友(you)(you)(you),损益(yi)(yi)於(wu)己(ji)(ji),其类各(ge)三(san)(san)也(ye)。“友(you)(you)(you)直,友(you)(you)(you)谅(liang),友(you)(you)(you)多(duo)闻,益(yi)(yi)矣(yi)”者(zhe),直谓(wei)正直,谅(liang)谓(wei)诚信,多(duo)闻谓(wei)博学(xue)。以(yi)(yi)此(ci)三(san)(san)种之人(ren)(ren)为友(you)(you)(you),则有益(yi)(yi)於(wu)己(ji)(ji)也(ye)。“友(you)(you)(you)便(bian)辟,友(you)(you)(you)善柔,友(you)(you)(you)便(bian)佞,损矣(yi)”者(zhe),便(bian)辟,巧辟人(ren)(ren)之所忌(ji),以(yi)(yi)求容媚者(zhe)也(ye)。善柔,谓(wei)面柔,和(he)颜悦色以(yi)(yi)诱人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)也(ye)。便(bian),辨也(ye),谓(wei)佞而复辨。以(yi)(yi)此(ci)三(san)(san)种之人(ren)(ren)为友(you)(you)(you),则有损於(wu)己(ji)(ji)也(ye)。
孔子曰:“益者三乐(le),损者三乐(le)。乐(le)节礼乐(le),(动得(de)礼乐(le)之(zhi)节。)乐(le)道(dao)人之(zhi)善,乐(le)多贤友,益矣。乐(le)骄乐(le),(孔曰:“恃(shi)尊(zun)贵(gui)以自恣。”)乐(le)佚游,(王曰:“佚游,出入不节。”)乐(le)宴乐(le),损矣。”(孔曰:“宴乐(le),沈荒淫渎。三者,自损之(zhi)道(dao)。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“损矣”。
○正义曰:此章言人心乐好损益之事,各有三种也。“乐节礼乐”者,谓凡所动作,皆得礼乐之节也。“乐道人之善”者,谓好称人之美也。“乐多贤友”者,谓好多得贤人以为朋友也。言好此三者,於身有益也。“乐骄乐”者,谓恃尊贵以自恣也。“乐佚游”者,谓好出入不节也。“乐宴乐”者,谓好沈荒淫溢也。言好此三者,自损之道也。
○注“沈荒淫渎”。
○正义曰:云沉(chen)者,《书·微(wei)子》云“沉(chen)酗於(wu)酒(jiu)(jiu)”,言人以酒(jiu)(jiu)乱,若(ruo)沉(chen)没於(wu)水,故(gu)以耽酒(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)沉(chen)也(ye)。荒(huang)者,废也(ye),谓有(you)所好乐而废所掌之职事(shi)也(ye)。《书》云“酒(jiu)(jiu)荒(huang)於(wu)厥邑”,“内(nei)作色荒(huang),外作禽荒(huang)”,皆是淫,训(xun)过(guo)也(ye)。言耽酒(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)过(guo)差也(ye)。渎(du)者,嫉慢也(ye)。言无复礼节也(ye)。
孔子曰(yue):“侍於(wu)君子有三(san)愆:(孔曰(yue):“愆,过也。”)言(yan)未(wei)及之(zhi)而(er)(er)言(yan)谓(wei)之(zhi)躁(zao),(郑曰(yue):“躁(zao),不(bu)安(an)静。”)言(yan)及之(zhi)而(er)(er)不(bu)言(yan)谓(wei)之(zhi)隐(yin),(孔曰(yue):“隐(yin)匿不(bu)尽(jin)情实(shi)。”)未(wei)见(jian)颜色而(er)(er)言(yan)谓(wei)之(zhi)瞽。”(周曰(yue):“未(wei)见(jian)君子颜色所趣向,而(er)(er)便逆先(xian)意(yi)语(yu)者,犹瞽也。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“之瞽”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章戒(jie)卑(bei)侍(shi)於(wu)尊,审(shen)慎言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)语(yu)之(zhi)法也(ye)(ye)。“侍(shi)於(wu)君子(zi)有(you)三(san)愆(qian)”者,愆(qian),过也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)卑(bei)侍(shi)於(wu)尊,有(you)三(san)种过失之(zhi)事(shi)。“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)未及(ji)之(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)谓(wei)之(zhi)躁(zao)”者,谓(wei)君子(zi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)事(shi),未及(ji)於(wu)己(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)(er)辄先言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),是(shi)谓(wei)躁(zao)动不安静也(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)及(ji)之(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)不言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)谓(wei)之(zhi)隐”者,谓(wei)君子(zi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论及(ji)己(ji)(ji),己(ji)(ji)应(ying)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)不言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),是(shi)谓(wei)隐匿不尽情实也(ye)(ye)。“未见颜色(se)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)谓(wei)之(zhi)瞽(gu)”者,瞽(gu),谓(wei)无目之(zhi)人也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)未见君子(zi)颜色(se)所趣向,而(er)(er)(er)便逆先意语(yu)者,犹若(ruo)无目人也(ye)(ye)。
孔子曰(yue):“君子有三戎:少(shao)之(zhi)时,血气(qi)未定,戒之(zhi)在(zai)色。及其壮也(ye),血气(qi)方刚,戒之(zhi)在(zai)斗。及其老也(ye),血气(qi)既衰,戒之(zhi)在(zai)得(de)。”(孔曰(yue):“得(de),贪得(de)。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“在得”。
○正义曰:此章言君子之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),自(zi)少及(ji)老(lao),有三(san)种戒慎之(zhi)事也(ye)。“少之(zhi)时,血(xue)(xue)气(qi)未(wei)定(ding),戒之(zhi)在色(se)”者(zhe),少,谓(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)年二十九以下,血(xue)(xue)气(qi)犹弱,筋骨(gu)未(wei)定(ding),贪(tan)色(se)则自(zi)损(sun),故戒之(zhi)。“及(ji)其(qi)壮也(ye),血(xue)(xue)气(qi)方(fang)刚,戒之(zhi)在斗”者(zhe),壮,谓(wei)(wei)气(qi)力(li)方(fang)当刚强,喜於争斗,故戒之(zhi)。“及(ji)其(qi)老(lao)也(ye),血(xue)(xue)气(qi)既衰(shuai),戒之(zhi)在得(de)”者(zhe),老(lao),谓(wei)(wei)五十以上。得(de),谓(wei)(wei)贪(tan)得(de)。血(xue)(xue)气(qi)既衰(shuai),多好聚敛,故戒之(zhi)。
孔(kong)子曰:“君(jun)子有三(san)畏(wei)(wei):畏(wei)(wei)天命(ming)(ming),(顺吉逆凶,天之(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)。)畏(wei)(wei)大人(ren),(大人(ren),即圣(sheng)人(ren),与天地合其(qi)德。)畏(wei)(wei)圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。(深(shen)远(yuan)不可易知(zhi)测,圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)。)小(xiao)人(ren)不知(zhi)天命(ming)(ming)而不畏(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye),(恢疏,故不知(zhi)畏(wei)(wei)。)狎大人(ren),(直(zhi)而不肆,故狎之(zhi)(zhi)。)侮(wu)圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。”(不可小(xiao)知(zhi),故侮(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)。)
[疏]“孔子”至“之言”。
○正义曰:此章言君子小人敬慢不同也。“君子有三畏”者,心服曰畏。言君子心所畏服,有三种之事也。“畏天命”者,谓作善,降之百祥;作不善,降之百殃。顺吉逆凶,天之命也,故君子畏之。“畏大人”者,大人即圣人也,与天地合其德,故君子畏之。“畏圣人之言”者,圣人之言,深远不可易知测,故君子畏之也。“小人不知天命而不畏也”者,言小人与君子相反,天道恢疏,故小人不知畏也。“狎大人”者,狎,谓惯忽。圣人直而不肆,故小人忽之。“侮圣人之言”者,侮,谓轻慢。圣人之言,不可小知,故小人轻慢之而不行也。
○注“顺吉逆凶,天之命也”。
○正义曰:《虞书·大禹谟》云:“惠迪吉,从逆凶,惟影响。”孔安国云:“顺道吉,从逆凶,吉凶之报,若影之随形,响之应声,言不虚。”道即天命也,天命无不报,故可畏之。
○注“大人即圣人,与天地合其德”。
○正义曰:《易》云“利见大人”,即圣人也。《乾卦·文言》云“夫大人者,与天地合其德”,庄氏云:“谓覆载也。与日月合其明,谓照临也。与四时合其序,若赏以春夏,刑以秋冬之类也。与鬼神合其吉凶,若福善祸淫也。”此独举天地合其德者,举一隅也。
○注“恢疏,故不知畏”。
○正义曰:案《老子·德经》云:“天网恢恢,疏而不失。”言天之网罗,恢恢疏远,刑淫赏善,不失毫分也。
○注“直而不肆,故狎之”。
○正义曰:肆(si),谓放(fang)肆(si)。言(yan)大人(ren)质直而不放(fang)肆(si),故小人(ren)轻狎之也。
孔(kong)子曰:“生而(er)知之(zhi)(zhi)者,上(shang)也。学而(er)知之(zhi)(zhi)者,次(ci)也。困而(er)学之(zhi)(zhi),又其次(ci)也。(孔(kong)曰:“困,谓有(you)所(suo)不(bu)通。”)困而(er)不(bu)学,民斯为下(xia)矣。”
[疏]“孔子”至“下矣”。
○正义曰:此章劝人学也。“生而知之者,上也”者,谓圣人也。“学而知之者,次也”者,言由学而知道,次於圣人,谓贤人也。“困而学之,又其次也”者,人本不好学,因其行事有所困,礼不通,发愤而学之者,复次於贤人也。“困而不学,民斯为下矣”者,谓知困而不能学,此为下愚之民也。
○注“孔曰:困,谓有所不通”。
○正义曰:言为(wei)事(shi)不能(neng)通达者也。《左传》昭七年,“公如楚(chu)。孟僖(xi)子为(wei)介,不能(neng)相仪(yi)。及楚(chu),不能(neng)答郊劳。九(jiu)月,公至自楚(chu)。孟僖(xi)子病不能(neng)相礼(li),乃讲学之(zhi)”。是(shi)其困而(er)学之(zhi)者也。
孔(kong)子(zi)曰:“君子(zi)有九思(si)(si)(si):视思(si)(si)(si)明,听思(si)(si)(si)聪,色思(si)(si)(si)温(wen),貌思(si)(si)(si)恭,言思(si)(si)(si)忠(zhong),事思(si)(si)(si)敬,疑(yi)思(si)(si)(si)问,忿思(si)(si)(si)难,见得思(si)(si)(si)义(yi)。”
[疏(shu)]“孔子”至“思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)义”。正义曰:此章言(yan)(yan)(yan)君(jun)(jun)子有(you)九种(zhong)之(zhi)事(shi)当(dang)用心(xin)(xin)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)虑,使合礼义也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“视(shi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)明(ming)”者(zhe),目(mu)睹(du)为(wei)(wei)视(shi),见(jian)微为(wei)(wei)明(ming),言(yan)(yan)(yan)君(jun)(jun)子睹(du)视(shi)当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)见(jian)微,若离娄也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“听思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)聪”者(zhe),耳闻为(wei)(wei)听,听远为(wei)(wei)聪,言(yan)(yan)(yan)君(jun)(jun)子耳听当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)闻远,若师旷也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“色思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)温(wen)”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)颜(yan)色不(bu)可(ke)严猛,当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)温(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“貌思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恭”者(zhe),体(ti)接物,不(bu)可(ke)骄亢,当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恭逊也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)(yan)(yan)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)忠(zhong)”者(zhe),凡所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan)论,不(bu)可(ke)隐欺,当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)尽其忠(zhong)心(xin)(xin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“事(shi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)敬”者(zhe),凡人执(zhi)事(shi)多惰窳(yu),君(jun)(jun)子常(chang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)谨(jin)敬也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“疑思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)问”者(zhe),已有(you)疑事(shi),不(bu)使在躬,当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)问以(yi)辨(bian)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“忿思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)难”者(zhe),谓人以(yi)非理忤(wu)己(ji),己(ji)必忿怒。心(xin)(xin)虽忿怒,不(bu)可(ke)轻易,当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)其後得(de)无患难乎(hu)?若一朝之(zhi)忿,忘(wang)其身以(yi)及(ji)其亲,是不(bu)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)难者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“见(jian)得(de)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)义”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)若有(you)所(suo)(suo)得(de),当(dang)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)义然(ran)後取,不(bu)可(ke)苟(gou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
孔子曰:“见(jian)善(shan)如不(bu)及,见(jian)不(bu)善(shan)如探汤。吾(wu)见(jian)其人矣(yi),吾(wu)闻其语矣(yi)。(孔曰:“探汤,喻去恶疾。”)隐居以(yi)求其志,行(xing)义以(yi)达(da)其道。吾(wu)闻其语矣(yi),未见(jian)其人也。”
[疏]“孔曰”至“人也”。
○正义(yi)(yi)曰:此章言善(shan)人(ren)难得(de)也(ye)(ye)。“见(jian)(jian)(jian)善(shan)如(ru)不(bu)及”者(zhe),言为善(shan)常汲(ji)汲(ji)也(ye)(ye)。“见(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)善(shan)如(ru)探汤”者(zhe),人(ren)之探试热汤,其(qi)(qi)去之必速,以(yi)(yi)(yi)喻见(jian)(jian)(jian)恶事(shi)去之疾也(ye)(ye)。“吾见(jian)(jian)(jian)其(qi)(qi)人(ren)矣,吾闻其(qi)(qi)语(yu)矣”者(zhe),言今人(ren)与古(gu)人(ren)皆有(you)能若此者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。“隐居以(yi)(yi)(yi)求其(qi)(qi)志(zhi)”者(zhe),谓隐Т幽居,以(yi)(yi)(yi)求遂其(qi)(qi)己志(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“行(xing)义(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)达(da)其(qi)(qi)道”者(zhe),谓好(hao)行(xing)义(yi)(yi)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)达(da)其(qi)(qi)仁道也(ye)(ye)。“吾闻其(qi)(qi)语(yu)矣,未(wei)见(jian)(jian)(jian)其(qi)(qi)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),言但闻其(qi)(qi)语(yu),说古(gu)有(you)此行(xing)之人(ren)也(ye)(ye),今则无有(you),故(gu)未(wei)见(jian)(jian)(jian)其(qi)(qi)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。
齐(qi)景公有马千驷,死之(zhi)日,民无德而称(cheng)焉。(孔曰:“千驷,四千匹。”)伯夷、叔齐(qi)饿于(yu)首阳(yang)之(zhi)下,(马曰:“首阳(yang)山在河东蒲(pu)坂(ban)县华山之(zhi)北河曲之(zhi)中。”)民到(dao)于(yu)今称(cheng)之(zhi),其斯之(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)与(yu)?(王曰:“此所谓(wei)(wei)以(yi)德为称(cheng)。”)
[疏]“齐景公”至“谓与”。
○正义曰:此章贵德(de)也(ye)。“齐(qi)景公有马(ma)千驷,死之日(ri),民(min)无(wu)德(de)而称焉”者,景公,齐(qi)君。景,谥也(ye)。马(ma)四(si)匹(pi)(pi)为驷。千驷,四(si)千匹(pi)(pi)也(ye)。言齐(qi)君景公虽富有千驷,及(ji)其(qi)死也(ye),无(wu)德(de)可称。“伯夷、叔齐(qi)饿(e)于首阳之下,民(min)到于今称之。其(qi)斯(si)之谓(wei)(wei)与(yu)”者,夷、齐(qi),孤(gu)竹君之二子,让位周。遇武(wu)王伐纣,谏之,不入(ru)。及(ji)武(wu)王既诛纣,义不食周粟,故(gu)于河东(dong)郡蒲坂县首阳山下采薇(wei)而食,终饿(e)死。虽然(ran)穷饿(e),民(min)到于今称之,以为古之贤人。其(qi)此所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)以德(de)为称者与(yu)?
陈亢(kang)问(wen)於伯鱼(yu)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)亦有(you)异(yi)闻乎(hu)?”(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“以(yi)为伯鱼(yu)孔子(zi)之子(zi),所(suo)闻当有(you)异(yi)。”)对曰(yue)(yue):“未也(ye)(ye)。尝(chang)独立,(孔曰(yue)(yue):“独立,谓孔子(zi)。”)鲤趋而(er)过庭。曰(yue)(yue):‘学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗乎(hu)?’对曰(yue)(yue):‘未也(ye)(ye)。’‘不学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗,无以(yi)言。’鲤退(tui)而(er)学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗。他日,又(you)独立,鲤趋而(er)过庭。曰(yue)(yue):‘学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)乎(hu)?’对曰(yue)(yue):‘未也(ye)(ye)。’‘不学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li),无以(yi)立。’鲤退(tui)而(er)学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)。闻斯二(er)者。”陈亢(kang)退(tui)而(er)喜曰(yue)(yue):“问(wen)一(yi)得(de)三,闻诗,闻礼(li),又(you)闻君子(zi)之远其子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。”
[疏]“陈亢”至“子也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue):此章(zhang)勉人(ren)为(wei)(wei)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)、为(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“陈(chen)亢(kang)问(wen)(wen)於伯(bo)(bo)鱼(yu)(yu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):子(zi)(zi)(zi)亦有(you)异(yi)(yi)闻(wen)(wen)乎(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe),伯(bo)(bo)鱼(yu)(yu),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),鲤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)陈(chen)亢(kang)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)伯(bo)(bo)鱼(yu)(yu)是孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),所闻(wen)(wen)当有(you)异(yi)(yi)於馀人(ren),故问(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):未(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),答言(yan)(yan)未(wei)(wei)有(you)异(yi)(yi)闻(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“尝(chang)独立,鲤趋(qu)而(er)过庭(ting)(ting)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)乎(hu)?’对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘未(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。’‘不(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)(shi),无(wu)(wu)以(yi)言(yan)(yan)。’鲤退(tui)而(er)学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),伯(bo)(bo)鱼(yu)(yu)对陈(chen)亢(kang)言(yan)(yan),虽(sui)未(wei)(wei)有(you)异(yi)(yi)闻(wen)(wen),有(you)时(shi)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)曾独立於堂(tang),鲤疾趋(qu)而(er)过其(qi)(qi)(qi)中庭(ting)(ting)。夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)谓(wei)己(ji)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)乎(hu)?”己(ji)即(ji)对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“未(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)(you)(you)言(yan)(yan):“不(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)(shi),无(wu)(wu)以(yi)言(yan)(yan)。”以(yi)古(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)会同(tong),皆(jie)赋(fu)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)见意(yi),若不(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),何以(yi)为(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?鲤於是退(tui)而(er)遂学(xue)(xue)(xue)通(tong)於诗(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“他(ta)日,又(you)(you)(you)独立,鲤趋(qu)而(er)过庭(ting)(ting)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)(li)乎(hu)?’对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘未(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。’‘不(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)(li),无(wu)(wu)以(yi)立。’鲤退(tui)而(er)学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)(li)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)异(yi)(yi)日夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)(you)(you)尝(chang)独立,而(er)伯(bo)(bo)鱼(yu)(yu)趋(qu)过。夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)训之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)(li)乎(hu)?”答言(yan)(yan):“未(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)(you)(you)言(yan)(yan):“若不(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)礼(li)(li),无(wu)(wu)以(yi)立身。”以(yi)礼(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe),恭(gong)俭庄敬(jing)。人(ren)有(you)礼(li)(li)则(ze)安,无(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)则(ze)危,故不(bu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)无(wu)(wu)以(yi)立其(qi)(qi)(qi)身也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。鲤於是退(tui)而(er)学(xue)(xue)(xue)通(tong)於礼(li)(li)。“闻(wen)(wen)斯二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)”,盖言(yan)(yan)别无(wu)(wu)异(yi)(yi)闻(wen)(wen),但闻(wen)(wen)此诗(shi)(shi)(shi)、礼(li)(li)二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“陈(chen)亢(kang)退(tui)而(er)喜(xi)”者(zhe)(zhe),既问(wen)(wen)伯(bo)(bo)鱼(yu)(yu),退(tui)而(er)喜(xi)悦(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue):问(wen)(wen)一得三,闻(wen)(wen)诗(shi)(shi)(shi),闻(wen)(wen)礼(li)(li),又(you)(you)(you)闻(wen)(wen)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)远其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),亢(kang)言(yan)(yan):始但问(wen)(wen)异(yi)(yi)闻(wen)(wen),是问(wen)(wen)一也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今乃闻(wen)(wen)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)言(yan)(yan),礼(li)(li)可(ke)以(yi)立,且鲤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)过庭(ting)(ting),方始受训,则(ze)知(zhi)不(bu)常(chang)嘻嘻亵慢,是又(you)(you)(you)闻(wen)(wen)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏远其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故为(wei)(wei)得三,所以(yi)喜(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
邦(bang)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)妻,君(jun)称之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren),夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)自(zi)称曰(yue)小童(tong),邦(bang)人(ren)(ren)称之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)君(jun)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren),称诸异(yi)邦(bang)曰(yue)寡小君(jun)。异(yi)邦(bang)人(ren)(ren)称之(zhi)(zhi)亦(yi)曰(yue)君(jun)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)。(孔(kong)曰(yue):“小君(jun),君(jun)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)称。对异(yi)所谦,故曰(yue)寡小君(jun)。当此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)时,诸侯嫡妾不正,称号不审(shen),故孔(kong)子正言其(qi)礼也。”)
[疏]“邦君”至“夫人”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):此(ci)章正(zheng)(zheng)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名称(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)。“邦(bang)(bang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻(qi)(qi)”者(zhe)(zhe),诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。妻(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe),齐也(ye),言(yan)与(yu)夫(fu)齐体,上下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通称(cheng)(cheng),故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)邦(bang)(bang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻(qi)(qi)也(ye)。“君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)称(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye),能扶成人(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德也(ye)。邦(bang)(bang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)自(zi)(zi)称(cheng)(cheng)其妻(qi)(qi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。“夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)自(zi)(zi)称(cheng)(cheng)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)小(xiao)童(tong)(tong)”者(zhe)(zhe),自(zi)(zi)称(cheng)(cheng)谦言(yan)己(ji)小(xiao)弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)童(tong)(tong)稚也(ye)。“邦(bang)(bang)人(ren)(ren)称(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)国(guo)(guo)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣民言(yan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)系君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)而称(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)是君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren),故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。“称(cheng)(cheng)诸异(yi)邦(bang)(bang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)小(xiao)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)”者(zhe)(zhe),诸,於也(ye)。谓(wei)己(ji)国(guo)(guo)臣民称(cheng)(cheng)己(ji)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)於他(ta)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),则(ze)(ze)(ze)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)小(xiao)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。对异(yi)邦(bang)(bang)谦也(ye)。以对异(yi)邦(bang)(bang)称(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),谦言(yan)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)对君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)为(wei)小(xiao),故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)小(xiao)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)。“异(yi)邦(bang)(bang)人(ren)(ren)称(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦曰(yue)(yue)(yue)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)称(cheng)(cheng)他(ta)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)妻(qi)(qi)亦曰(yue)(yue)(yue)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。以当此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,诸侯嫡(di)妾不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng),称(cheng)(cheng)号(hao)不(bu)审,故孔子正(zheng)(zheng)言(yan)其礼也(ye)。