●卷十一·先(xian)进第十一
[疏]正义曰:前篇论夫子在乡党,圣人之行也。
○此篇论弟子,贤人之行,圣贤相次,亦其宜也。
子曰(yue):“先(xian)(xian)进(jin)(jin)於(wu)礼(li)乐(le),野(ye)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。後(hou)(hou)进(jin)(jin)於(wu)礼(li)乐(le),君子也(ye)(ye)(ye)。(孔曰(yue):“先(xian)(xian)进(jin)(jin)、後(hou)(hou)进(jin)(jin),谓(wei)仕先(xian)(xian)後(hou)(hou)辈也(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼(li)乐(le)因世损益,後(hou)(hou)进(jin)(jin)与礼(li)乐(le),俱得时之(zhi)(zhi)中,斯君子矣;先(xian)(xian)进(jin)(jin)有(you)古风,斯野(ye)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)如用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi),则吾(wu)从先(xian)(xian)进(jin)(jin)。”(将移风易俗(su),归(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)淳(chun)素。先(xian)(xian)进(jin)(jin)犹近古风,故从之(zhi)(zhi)。)
[疏]“子曰”至“吾从先进”。
○正义曰:此章孔子评其弟子之中仕进先後之辈也。“先进於礼乐野人也”者,先进,谓先辈仕进之人,准於礼乐,不能因世损益,而有古风,故曰朴野之人也。“後进於礼乐,君子也”者,後进,谓後辈仕进之人也,准於礼乐,能因时损益,与礼乐俱得时之中,故曰君子之人也。“如用之,则吾从先进”者,言如其用之以为治,则吾从先辈朴野之人。夫子之意,将移风易俗,归之淳素。先进犹近古风,故从之也。
○注“孔曰”至“人也”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)“先(xian)进、後(hou)(hou)进,谓(wei)仕(shi)先(xian)後(hou)(hou)辈也(ye)(ye)”者,下(xia)章云(yun)(yun)“从(cong)我於陈、蔡(cai)者,皆不及门也(ye)(ye)”,谓(wei)不及仕(shi)进之门,则此谓(wei)不从(cong)於陈、蔡(cai)得仕(shi)进者也(ye)(ye)。盖先(xian)进者,当(dang)(dang)襄、昭之世。後(hou)(hou)进者,当(dang)(dang)定、哀之世。云(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li)乐因(yin)世损(sun)益”者,《为政篇》云(yun)(yun):“殷(yin)因(yin)於夏礼(li)(li),所损(sun)益可知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。周(zhou)(zhou)因(yin)於殷(yin)礼(li)(li),所损(sun)益可知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”又周(zhou)(zhou)初则礼(li)(li)乐盛,周(zhou)(zhou)衰(shuai)则礼(li)(li)乐衰(shuai),是礼(li)(li)乐因(yin)世损(sun)益也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“後(hou)(hou)进与礼(li)(li)乐,俱得时之中,斯(si)君子(zi)(zi)矣”者,言(yan)礼(li)(li)乐随世盛衰(shuai),後(hou)(hou)进与时消息,皆中当(dang)(dang)於时,故为君子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“先(xian)进有古风,斯(si)野人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)”者,言(yan)先(xian)辈仕(shi)进之人(ren)(ren),比(bi)今(jin)则犹尚淳素(su),故云(yun)(yun)“斯(si)野人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)”。
子曰(yue):“从(cong)我於(wu)陈(chen)、蔡者,皆(jie)不(bu)及门也。”(郑曰(yue):“言弟子从(cong)我而厄於(wu)陈(chen)、蔡者,皆(jie)不(bu)及仕进之门,而失其所。”)
[疏]“子曰:从我於陈、蔡者,皆不及门也”。
○正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)孔子闵弟子之失所。言弟子从我(wo)而厄於(wu)陈、蔡者,皆不及仕进之门,而失其所也。
德行:颜渊,闵(min)子(zi)(zi)骞,冉(ran)伯(bo)牛,仲(zhong)弓。言语:宰我,子(zi)(zi)贡。政事:冉(ran)有,季路。文学:子(zi)(zi)游,子(zi)(zi)夏。
[疏]“德行:颜渊,闵子骞,冉伯牛,仲弓。言语:宰我,子贡。政事:冉有,季路。文学:子游,子夏”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章因前章言(yan)弟子失所,不及(ji)仕进,遂举(ju)弟子之中,才(cai)德尢(wang)高可仕进之人(ren)(ren)。郑氏(shi)以(yi)合前章,皇氏(shi)别为一章。言(yan)若(ruo)任用德行,则有(you)颜(yan)渊、闵子骞(qian)、冉(ran)伯牛、仲弓四人(ren)(ren)。若(ruo)用其言(yan)语辨说,以(yi)为行人(ren)(ren),使四方,则有(you)宰我(wo)、子贡二人(ren)(ren)。若(ruo)治理政事(shi),决断不疑,则有(you)冉(ran)有(you)、季路二人(ren)(ren)。若(ruo)文章博(bo)学,则有(you)子游、子夏二人(ren)(ren)也。然夫子门徒(tu)三千(qian),达者(zhe)七十(shi)有(you)二,而此四科唯(wei)举(ju)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)者(zhe),但言(yan)其翘楚(chu)者(zhe)耳(er)。或时在陈言(yan)之,唯(wei)举(ju)从(cong)者(zhe)。其不从(cong)者(zhe),虽(sui)有(you)才(cai)德,亦言(yan)不及(ji)也。
子(zi)曰:“回也,非助我者(zhe)也,於吾言无所不说。”(孔曰:“助,益也。言回闻言即解,无发起(qi)增(zeng)益於已。”)
[疏]“子曰:回也,非助我者也,於吾言无所不说”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章称颜回之贤也(ye)(ye)(ye)。助,益(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。说,解(jie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡师(shi)资问答(da),以相发起。若与(yu)子夏(xia)论(lun)《诗》,子曰:“起予者,商也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”如此(ci)是(shi)有益(yi)(yi)於(wu)(wu)已(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今回也(ye)(ye)(ye),非增益(yi)(yi)於(wu)(wu)已(yi)(yi)者也(ye)(ye)(ye),以其(qi)於(wu)(wu)吾(wu)之所言(yan)(yan),皆(jie)默而识之,无(wu)所不(bu)解(jie)。言(yan)(yan)回闻(wen)言(yan)(yan)即解(jie),无(wu)所发起增益(yi)(yi)於(wu)(wu)已(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)曰(yue):“孝哉,闵子(zi)骞!人(ren)不间於(wu)其父母昆弟之言。”(陈曰(yue):“言子(zi)骞上(shang)事父母,下(xia)顺兄弟,动静尽善,故人(ren)不得有非间之言。”)
[疏]“子(zi)曰:孝哉,闵子(zi)骞(qian)!人不间於其父(fu)母昆弟之言。”正义曰:此(ci)章叹(tan)美闵子(zi)骞(qian)之孝行(xing)也。昆,兄(xiong)也。间,谓非(fei)毁(hui)间厕。言子(zi)骞(qian)上事父(fu)母,下顺兄(xiong)弟,动(dong)静尽善,故人不得有非(fei)间之言。”
南(nan)容三复白圭,(孔曰:“《诗》云:‘白圭之玷,尚可磨也(ye)(ye)。斯言之玷,不可为也(ye)(ye)。’南(nan)容读《诗》至(zhi)此(ci),三反覆之,是其(qi)心慎言也(ye)(ye)。”)孔子以(yi)其(qi)兄之子妻之。
[疏]“南容三复白圭,孔子以其兄之子妻之”。
○正义曰:此章美南容慎言也。复,覆也。《诗》云:“白圭之玷,尚可磨也。斯言之玷,不可为也。”南容读《诗》至此,三反覆之,是其心慎言也。孔子知其贤,故以其兄之女子妻之。此即“邦有道,不废;邦无道,免於刑戮者”也。弟子各记所闻,故又载之。
○注“《诗》云:白圭之玷,尚可磨也。斯言之玷,不可为也”。
○正义曰:此(ci)(ci)(ci)《大(da)雅·抑篇》刺厉王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)诗也(ye)。《毛传》云:“玷,缺(que)(que)(que)也(ye)。”笺云:“斯,此(ci)(ci)(ci)也(ye)。玉之(zhi)(zhi)缺(que)(que)(que),尚(shang)可(ke)磨钅(jin)虑(lv)而平(ping),人君政(zheng)(zheng)教一失,谁能(neng)反覆(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)?”意言(yan)教令尢须(xu)谨慎(shen)(shen)。白玉为(wei)圭,圭有(you)损缺(que)(que)(que),犹尚(shang)可(ke)更磨钅(jin)虑(lv)而平(ping),若此(ci)(ci)(ci)政(zheng)(zheng)教言(yan)语(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)缺(que)(que)(que)失,则遂往而不可(ke)改。为(wei)王(wang)者,安危(wei)在(zai)於出令,故特宜(yi)慎(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)。是诗人戒(jie)其慎(shen)(shen)言(yan)。南容之(zhi)(zhi)心,亦欲(yu)慎(shen)(shen)言(yan),故三覆(fu)读此(ci)(ci)(ci)也(ye)。
季康子(zi)问:“弟子(zi)孰为好学(xue)(xue)?”孔子(zi)对曰:“有颜回者好学(xue)(xue),不幸短命死矣。今也(ye)则亡。”
[疏]“季康子问:弟子孰为好学?孔子对曰:有颜回者好学,不幸短命死矣。今也则亡”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章称颜回之(zhi)好(hao)学(xue)也。季康子,鲁执政大夫,故(gu)言(yan)氏称对。此(ci)与哀公问同(tong)而答(da)异者,以(yi)(yi)哀公迁怒贰(er)过,故(gu)因答(da)以(yi)(yi)谏(jian)之(zhi)。康子无之(zhi),故(gu)不(bu)云(yun)也。
颜(yan)渊死,颜(yan)路请子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)车(che)以为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)椁。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“路,渊父也。家贫(pin),欲请孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)车(che),卖以作椁。”)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“才不(bu)才,亦各(ge)言其(qi)子(zi)(zi)也。鲤也死,有棺而无(wu)椁。吾不(bu)徒行(xing)以为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)椁。以吾从(cong)大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,不(bu)可(ke)徒行(xing)也。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“鲤,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi),伯鱼也。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)时为(wei)(wei)大夫(fu),言从(cong)大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,不(bu)可(ke)以徒行(xing),谦辞也。”)
[疏]“颜渊死”至“徒行也”。
○正义曰:此并三章记颜回死时孔子之语也。“颜渊死,颜路请子之车以为之椁”者,路,颜渊父也。家贫,欲请孔子之车,卖以作椁也。“子曰:才不才,亦各言其子也。鲤也死,有棺而无椁。吾不徒行以为之椁”者,此举亲喻疏也。言渊才、鲤不才虽异,亦各言其子则同。我子鲤也死时,但有棺,以家贫而无椁,吾不卖车以作椁。今女子死,安得卖我车以作椁乎?“以吾从大夫之後,不可徒行也”者,此言不可卖车作椁之由。徒行,步行也。以吾为大夫,不可徒行故也。孔子时为大夫,言从大夫之後者,谦辞也。
○注“孔曰”至“辞也”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):云(yun)“鲤(li),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),伯(bo)鱼(yu)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《世家》文也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)时为大(da)夫(fu)(fu),言从大(da)夫(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)後,不(bu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)徒行,谦辞也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案(an)《孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)世家》:“定公十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)年(nian)(nian)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)六,由大(da)司寇摄行相(xiang)事。”鲁(lu)受(shou)齐女乐,不(bu)听政(zheng)三(san)日,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)遂卫。历(li)至宋(song)、郑、陈、蔡、晋、楚,去鲁(lu)凡(fan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)岁而(er)(er)(er)反乎鲁(lu),然鲁(lu)终(zhong)不(bu)能用。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)亦不(bu)求(qiu)仕,以(yi)(yi)(yi)哀公十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)卒,年(nian)(nian)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)。今案(an)颜回少孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)岁,三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二而(er)(er)(er)卒,则(ze)颜回卒时,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)年(nian)(nian)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi),方在陈、蔡矣;伯(bo)鱼(yu)年(nian)(nian)五十(shi)(shi)(shi),先孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)死,则(ze)鲤(li)也(ye)(ye)死时,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)盖年(nian)(nian)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)左(zuo)右(you),皆(jie)非在大(da)夫(fu)(fu)位时。而(er)(er)(er)此注(zhu)云(yun)“时为大(da)夫(fu)(fu)”,未(wei)知有何所据也(ye)(ye)。杜预曰(yue):“尝为大(da)夫(fu)(fu)而(er)(er)(er)去,故言後也(ye)(ye)。”据其年(nian)(nian),则(ze)颜回先伯(bo)鱼(yu)卒,而(er)(er)(er)此云(yun)颜回死,颜路请(qing)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)车以(yi)(yi)(yi)为之(zhi)(zhi)椁,子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)“鲤(li)也(ye)(ye)死,有棺(guan)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)椁”,又似伯(bo)鱼(yu)先死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。王肃(su)《家语》注(zhu)云(yun):“此书久远(yuan),年(nian)(nian)数错误,未(wei)可详也(ye)(ye)。”或以(yi)(yi)(yi)为假设之(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)。徒犹空也(ye)(ye),谓无(wu)车空行也(ye)(ye),是步行谓之(zhi)(zhi)徒行,故《左(zuo)传》襄元年(nian)(nian)“败郑徒兵於洧上”,杜注(zhu)云(yun):“徒兵,步兵也(ye)(ye)。”
颜渊死。子曰:“噫!(包曰:“噫,痛(tong)伤(shang)之声。”)天丧予(yu)!天丧予(yu)!”(天丧予(yu)者,若丧已也。再(zai)言之者,痛(tong)惜之甚。)
[疏]“颜渊死,子曰:噫!天丧予!天丧予!”
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):噫,痛(tong)(tong)伤之声。“天丧予”者,孔子痛(tong)(tong)惜颜渊死,言(yan)若天丧已(yi)也。再言(yan)之者,痛(tong)(tong)惜之甚。
颜渊死,子(zi)哭之恸(tong)。(马曰(yue)(yue):“恸(tong),哀(ai)过也(ye)。”)从者曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)恸(tong)矣(yi)!”曰(yue)(yue):“有恸(tong)乎(hu)?(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“不自知(zhi)已之悲哀(ai)过。”)非夫人之为(wei)恸(tong)而谁(shei)为(wei)?”
[疏]“颜渊死”至“谁为”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)哭(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)恸(tong)”者(zhe)(zhe),恸(tong),过哀也。言(yan)(yan)夫子(zi)(zi)哭(ku)颜(yan)渊,其悲哀过甚。“从者(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):子(zi)(zi)恸(tong)矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe),从者(zhe)(zhe),众弟(di)子(zi)(zi)。见夫子(zi)(zi)哀过,故(gu)告曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)恸(tong)矣(yi)。”“曰(yue)(yue):有(you)(you)恸(tong)乎”者(zhe)(zhe),时(shi)夫子(zi)(zi)不(bu)自知已(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)悲哀过,故(gu)答曰(yue)(yue):有(you)(you)恸(tong)乎邪(xie)。“非夫人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)为恸(tong)而谁(shei)为”者(zhe)(zhe),因(yin)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)已(yi)悲哀过甚,遂说已(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)过哀亦当於理(li),非失也。夫人(ren),谓颜(yan)渊。言(yan)(yan)不(bu)於颜(yan)渊哭(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)为恸(tong),而更於谁(shei)人(ren)为恸(tong)乎?
颜渊(yuan)死(si),门(men)人欲(yu)厚葬之。子(zi)曰(yue):“不(bu)可(ke)。”(礼,贫富(fu)有宜。颜渊(yuan)贫,而(er)门(men)人欲(yu)厚葬之,故不(bu)听。)门(men)人厚葬之。子(zi)曰(yue):“回也(ye)(ye)(ye)视予犹父(fu)(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye),予不(bu)得视犹子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。非我也(ye)(ye)(ye),夫二三子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(马曰(yue):“言回自有父(fu)(fu),父(fu)(fu)意(yi)欲(yu)听门(men)人厚葬,我不(bu)得割止(zhi),非其厚葬,故云耳(er)。”)
[疏]“颜渊”至“三子也”。
○正义曰:“颜渊(yuan)(yuan)死,门(men)(men)(men)人欲(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),门(men)(men)(men)人,颜渊(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟子(zi),以(yi)其师有贤行(xing),故欲(yu)(yu)丰厚(hou)(hou)其礼以(yi)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰:不(bu)可”者(zhe)(zhe),礼,贫富有宜。颜渊(yuan)(yuan)贫,而(er)门(men)(men)(men)人欲(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang),故不(bu)听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰不(bu)可也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“门(men)(men)(men)人厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),初咨孔(kong)(kong)子(zi),孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)不(bu)听(ting),门(men)(men)(men)人故违孔(kong)(kong)子(zi),而(er)卒厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰:回(hui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)视(shi)(shi)予犹(you)父也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),此下孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)非(fei)其厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)回(hui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)师事(shi)(shi)於已(yi)(yi),视(shi)(shi)已(yi)(yi)犹(you)如其父也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“予不(bu)得(de)视(shi)(shi)犹(you)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)回(hui)自有父存(cun),父意(yi)欲(yu)(yu)听(ting)门(men)(men)(men)人厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang),我不(bu)得(de)割止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故曰“予不(bu)得(de)视(shi)(shi)犹(you)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。“非(fei)我也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),夫二三(san)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),非(fei)我所为,夫门(men)(men)(men)人二三(san)子(zi)为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。非(fei)其厚(hou)(hou)葬(zang),故云耳。
季路问事(shi)鬼(gui)神。子(zi)曰(yue):“未(wei)(wei)能(neng)事(shi)人(ren),焉(yan)能(neng)事(shi)鬼(gui)?”曰(yue):“敢问死。”曰(yue):“未(wei)(wei)知(zhi)生,焉(yan)知(zhi)死?”(陈曰(yue):“鬼(gui)神及死事(shi)难明,语之无益,故不答(da)。”)
[疏]“季路”至“知死”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue):此章明孔(kong)子(zi)不道无(wu)(wu)益(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)也。子(zi)路(lu)问(wen)事(shi)(shi)鬼(gui)神者(zhe),对则(ze)天(tian)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)神,人曰(yue)(yue)(yue)鬼(gui),散则(ze)虽人亦曰(yue)(yue)(yue)神,故(gu)下(xia)文独以(yi)(yi)鬼(gui)答(da)之(zhi)(zhi)。子(zi)路(lu)问(wen)承事(shi)(shi)神其(qi)理何如,“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)未能(neng)事(shi)(shi)人,焉能(neng)事(shi)(shi)鬼(gui)”者(zhe),言生人尚(shang)未能(neng)事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi),况死(si)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)鬼(gui)神,安能(neng)事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)乎?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue):敢(gan)问(wen)死(si)”者(zhe),子(zi)路(lu)又曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“敢(gan)问(wen)人之(zhi)(zhi)若死(si),其(qi)事(shi)(shi)何如。”“曰(yue)(yue)(yue):未知(zhi)生,焉知(zhi)死(si)”者(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)言女尚(shang)未知(zhi)生时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),则(ze)安知(zhi)死(si)後乎?皆所以(yi)(yi)抑止(zhi)子(zi)路(lu)也。以(yi)(yi)鬼(gui)神及死(si)事(shi)(shi)难明,又语(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)益(yi)(yi),故(gu)不答(da)也。
闵子侍侧,りり如也(ye);子路,行(xing)行(xing)如也(ye);冉有、子贡,侃(kan)侃(kan)如也(ye)。子乐(le)。(郑曰:“乐(le)各尽其性。行(xing)行(xing),刚强之貌(mao)。”)“若由也(ye),不得其死然”。(孔曰:“不得以寿终(zhong)。”)
[疏]“闵子”至“死然”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章孔子(zi)(zi)喜(xi)四(si)弟子(zi)(zi)任其(qi)直性也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“闵(min)子(zi)(zi)侍(shi)侧,りり如也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),卑在尊侧曰侍(shi)。りり,中(zhong)正之貌(mao)。如也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe),言(yan)其(qi)貌(mao)如此(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路,行(xing)行(xing)如也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),行(xing)行(xing),刚强之貌(mao)。“冉有、子(zi)(zi)贡,侃(kan)(kan)侃(kan)(kan)如也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),侃(kan)(kan)侃(kan)(kan),和(he)乐之貌(mao)。“子(zi)(zi)乐”者(zhe),以四(si)子(zi)(zi)各尽其(qi)自(zi)然之性,故喜(xi)乐也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“若由也(ye)(ye)(ye),不得其(qi)死然”者(zhe),然犹焉(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)子(zi)(zi)路以刚,必不得其(qi)以寿终(zhong)焉(yan)。
鲁人(ren)为(wei)长府(fu)。闵子骞曰(yue)(yue):“仍(reng)旧(jiu)贯,如之何(he)(he)?何(he)(he)必改(gai)作?”(郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):“长府(fu),藏名也(ye)(ye),藏财货曰(yue)(yue)府(fu)。仍(reng),因也(ye)(ye)。贯,事也(ye)(ye)。因旧(jiu)事则可也(ye)(ye),何(he)(he)乃复更改(gai)作。”)子曰(yue)(yue):“夫人(ren)不(bu)言(yan),言(yan)必有中。”(王曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)必有中者,善其不(bu)欲(yu)劳民改(gai)作。”)
[疏]“鲁人”至“有中”。
○正义曰:此章重於劳民也。“鲁人为长府”者,藏财货曰府。长,其藏名也。为,作也。言鲁人新改作之也。“闵子骞曰:仍旧贯,如之何?何必改作”者,子骞见鲁人劳民改作长府,而为此辞。仍,因也。贯,事也。言因旧事则亦可矣,何必乃复更改作也。“子曰:夫人不言,言必有中”者,孔子闻子骞之言而善之也。夫人,谓子骞。言夫此人,其唯不言则已,若其发言,必有中於理。此言何必改作,是中理之言也。善其不欲劳民,故以为中。
○注“郑曰”至“改作”。
○正义(yi)曰:云(yun)“长(zhang)府(fu)(fu)(fu),藏(zang)名(ming)”者,言(yan)鲁藏(zang)财(cai)(cai)货(huo)之(zhi)府(fu)(fu)(fu)名(ming)长(zhang)府(fu)(fu)(fu)也。云(yun)“藏(zang)财(cai)(cai)货(huo)曰府(fu)(fu)(fu)”者,布(bu)帛曰财(cai)(cai),金玉曰货(huo)。《周礼·天官》有大府(fu)(fu)(fu)为(wei)王治藏(zang)之(zhi)长(zhang),玉府(fu)(fu)(fu)掌王之(zhi)金玉玩好,内府(fu)(fu)(fu)主(zhu)良(liang)货(huo)贿藏(zang)在内者,外府(fu)(fu)(fu)主(zhu)泉(quan)藏(zang)在外者,是藏(zang)财(cai)(cai)货(huo)曰府(fu)(fu)(fu)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)犹聚也,言(yan)财(cai)(cai)货(huo)之(zhi)所聚也。“仍,因;贯(guan),事(shi)”,皆《释诂》文。
子(zi)曰(yue):“由之(zhi)(zhi)瑟,奚(xi)为(wei)於丘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)?”(马曰(yue):“子(zi)路(lu)鼓瑟,不合《雅》、《颂》。”)门(men)人(ren)不敬子(zi)路(lu)。子(zi)曰(yue):“由也升(sheng)堂矣,未(wei)入(ru)於室也。”(马曰(yue):“升(sheng)我堂矣,未(wei)入(ru)於室耳。门(men)人(ren)不解,谓孔子(zi)言(yan)为(wei)贱(jian)子(zi)路(lu),故复解之(zhi)(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“室也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):苏(su)拢言子(zi)路(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)才学(xue)(xue)分限也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):由之(zhi)(zhi)瑟(se),奚(xi)为於(wu)丘之(zhi)(zhi)门”者(zhe),由,子(zi)路(lu)名。奚(xi),何(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)路(lu)性(xing)刚(gang),鼓瑟(se)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合《雅》、《颂》,故孔(kong)子(zi)非之(zhi)(zhi)云:“由之(zhi)(zhi)鼓瑟(se),何(he)为於(wu)丘之(zhi)(zhi)门乎?”所以(yi)抑其刚(gang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“门人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬子(zi)路(lu)”者(zhe),门人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)解(jie)孔(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),谓(wei)孔(kong)子(zi)言为贱子(zi)路(lu),故不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):由也(ye)(ye)(ye)升(sheng)堂(tang)矣(yi),未入(ru)於(wu)室也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),以(yi)门人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)解(jie),故孔(kong)子(zi)复解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi),言子(zi)路(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)学(xue)(xue)识深浅,譬如自(zi)外入(ru)内,得其门者(zhe)。入(ru)室为深,颜渊是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。升(sheng)堂(tang)次之(zhi)(zhi),子(zi)路(lu)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今子(zi)路(lu)既升(sheng)我(wo)堂(tang)矣(yi),但(dan)未入(ru)於(wu)室耳,岂(qi)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬也(ye)(ye)(ye)?
子贡问:“师与(yu)商也(ye)孰贤?”子曰:“师也(ye)过,商也(ye)不及。”(孔曰:“言(yan)俱不得(de)中(zhong)。”)曰:“然则(ze)师愈与(yu)?”子曰:“过犹不及。”(愈犹胜(sheng)也(ye)。)
[疏]“子贡”至“犹不及”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章明子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张(zhang)、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)(xia)才性优劣。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)问(wen):师(shi)与(yu)商也(ye)(ye)孰(shu)贤(xian)”者(zhe)(zhe),师(shi),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张(zhang)名(ming)。商,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)(xia)名(ming)。孰(shu),谁也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)问(wen)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张(zhang)与(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)(xia)二人(ren)谁为(wei)贤(xian)才?”“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):师(shi)也(ye)(ye)过(guo)(guo)(guo),商也(ye)(ye)不(bu)及(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答言(yan):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张(zhang)所为(wei)过(guo)(guo)(guo)当(dang)而不(bu)已,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)(xia)则(ze)不(bu)及(ji)而止。”言(yan)俱(ju)不(bu)得(de)中也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):然(ran)(ran)则(ze)师(shi)愈与(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe),愈犹(you)胜也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)未明夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之旨,以为(wei)师(shi)也(ye)(ye)过(guo)(guo)(guo)则(ze)是贤(xian)才,过(guo)(guo)(guo)於(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)(xia),故复问(wen)曰(yue):“然(ran)(ran)则(ze)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张(zhang)胜於(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)(xia)与(yu)?”与(yu)为(wei)疑辞。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):过(guo)(guo)(guo)犹(you)不(bu)及(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)不(bu)解,故复解之,曰(yue):“过(guo)(guo)(guo)当(dang)犹(you)如不(bu)及(ji)。”俱(ju)不(bu)中理也(ye)(ye)。
季(ji)氏富(fu)於周(zhou)公(gong),(孔曰(yue)(yue):“周(zhou)公(gong),天子(zi)之宰、卿士。”)而(er)求也(ye)为之聚敛而(er)附益之。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“冉求为季(ji)氏宰,为之急赋税。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“非吾徒也(ye)。小(xiao)子(zi)鸣(ming)鼓而(er)攻之,可(ke)也(ye)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue):“小(xiao)子(zi),门人也(ye)。鸣(ming)鼓声其(qi)罪以责(ze)之。”)
[疏]“季氏”至“可也”。
○正义曰:此章夫子责冉求重赋税也。“季氏富於周公”者,季氏,鲁臣,诸侯之卿也。周公,天子之宰、卿士,鲁其後也。孔子之时,季氏专执鲁政,尽征其民。其君蚕食深宫,赋税皆非已有,故季氏富於周公也。“而求也为之聚敛而附益之”者,时冉求为季氏家宰,又为之急赋税,聚敛财物而陪附助益季氏也。“子曰:非吾徒也,小子鸣鼓而攻之可也”者,小子,门人也。冉求亦夫子门徒,当尚仁义。今为季氏聚敛,害於仁义,故夫子责之曰:非我门徒也。使其门人鸣鼓以声其罪而攻责之,可也。
○注“孔曰:周公,天子之宰卿士”。
○正义曰(yue):何(he)休云:“宰(zai)犹(you)治也,三公之职(zhi)号尊名也。”杜预注(zhu)《左传》曰(yue):“卿士,王之执政(zheng)者也。”
柴(chai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)愚(yu),(弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)高柴(chai),字子(zi)(zi)(zi)羔。愚(yu),愚(yu)直(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)愚(yu)。)参也(ye)(ye)(ye)鲁,(孔曰(yue):“鲁,钝(dun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。曾子(zi)(zi)(zi)性迟钝(dun)。”)师也(ye)(ye)(ye)辟,(马曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)张才过人,失在(zai)邪(xie)辟文过。”)由也(ye)(ye)(ye)彦。(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)路之(zhi)(zhi)行,失於(wu)(wu)畔彦。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“回也(ye)(ye)(ye),其庶乎!屡(lv)空(kong)。赐不(bu)受命(ming)(ming),而货殖焉,亿(yi)则屡(lv)中(zhong)。”(言(yan)回庶几圣道(dao)(dao),虽(sui)(sui)数(shu)空(kong)匮,而乐在(zai)其中(zhong)。赐不(bu)受教命(ming)(ming),唯财货是殖,亿(yi)度是非。盖美回,所以(yi)励赐也(ye)(ye)(ye)。一曰(yue):“屡(lv)犹(you)每也(ye)(ye)(ye)。空(kong)犹(you)虚中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)圣人之(zhi)(zhi)善道(dao)(dao),教数(shu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)庶几,犹(you)不(bu)至於(wu)(wu)知道(dao)(dao)者,各(ge)内(nei)有此害。其於(wu)(wu)庶几每能(neng)虚中(zhong)者,唯回。怀道(dao)(dao)深远(yuan),不(bu)虚心,不(bu)能(neng)知道(dao)(dao),子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)虽(sui)(sui)无数(shu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)病,然亦不(bu)知道(dao)(dao)者,虽(sui)(sui)不(bu)穷理而幸中(zhong),虽(sui)(sui)非天命(ming)(ming)而偶富,亦所以(yi)不(bu)虚心也(ye)(ye)(ye)。)
[疏]“柴也愚”至“屡中”。
○正义曰:此章孔子历评六弟子之德行中失也。“柴也愚”者,高柴性愚直也。“参也鲁”者,曾参性迟钝也。“师也辟”者,子张才过人,失在邪辟文过也。“由也彦”者,子路之行失於畔彦也。“子曰:回也,其庶乎!屡空。赐不受命,而货殖焉,亿则屡中”者,此盖孔子美颜回,所以励赐也。其说有二:一曰:“屡,数也。空,匮也。亿,度也。言回庶几圣道,虽数空匮贫窭,而乐在其中。是美回也。赐不受命,唯货财是殖,若亿度是非则数中。言此所以勉励赐也”。一曰“屡犹每也。空犹虚中也。言孔子以圣人之善道,教数子之庶几,犹不至於知道者,各内有此害故也。其於庶几每能虚中者,唯有颜回怀道深远。若不虚心,不能知道也。子贡虽无数子之病,然亦不知道者,虽不穷理而幸中,虽非天命而偶富,有此二累,亦所以不虚心也。
○注“弟子高柴,字子羔”。
○正义曰:《史记·弟子传》云:“高柴,字子羔。”郑玄曰:“卫人。”“少孔子三十岁”。《左传》亦作子羔,《家语》作子高,《礼记》作子皋,三字不同,其实一也。
○注“郑曰子路之行,失於畔彦”。
○正义曰:旧注作“反彦”,字书“反彦,失容也”。言子路性行刚强,常反彦失於礼容也。今本反作畔。王弼云:“刚猛也。”
○注“言回”至“心也”。
○正义(yi)曰:云(yun)(yun)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)庶(shu)(shu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圣(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),《易·下系辞》云(yun)(yun):“颜(yan)氏之(zhi)子(zi)其(qi)殆庶(shu)(shu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)乎?”是(shi)回(hui)庶(shu)(shu)慕几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)微之(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。云(yun)(yun)“虽(sui)(sui)数空匮,而(er)(er)(er)乐在(zai)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”者(zhe)(zhe),即“箪食(shi)瓢饮,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改其(qi)乐”是(shi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“赐(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)教(jiao)命(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)夫子(zi)礼(li)教(jiao)之(zhi)命(ming)。云(yun)(yun)“惟财货是(shi)殖”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)唯(wei)(wei)(wei)务使货财生殖蕃(fan)息也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“亿(yi)度(du)是(shi)非”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)又用(yong)心亿(yi)度(du)人(ren)(ren)事(shi)之(zhi)是(shi)非也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“盖美回(hui),所(suo)以(yi)励赐(ci)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)孔子(zi)之(zhi)意,美颜(yan)回(hui)贫(pin)而(er)(er)(er)乐道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),所(suo)以(yi)劝励子(zi)贡(gong),言(yan)(yan)(yan)汝既富(fu)矣,又能亿(yi)则屡中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),何得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)教(jiao)命(ming)乎?云(yun)(yun)“一(yi)曰”以(yi)下者(zhe)(zhe),何晏又为一(yi)说也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“以(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)善(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),教(jiao)数子(zi)之(zhi)庶(shu)(shu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)孔子(zi)以(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)庶(shu)(shu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)善(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),并(bing)教(jiao)六子(zi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“犹(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe),各内(nei)(nei)有此(ci)(ci)(ci)害”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)倦,并(bing)教(jiao)诲之(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)犹(you)尚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能至(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)知(zhi)(zhi)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)微善(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)其(qi)各自(zi)内(nei)(nei)有愚、鲁(lu)、辟、彦之(zhi)病害故(gu)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“其(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)庶(shu)(shu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)每能虚(xu)(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),唯(wei)(wei)(wei)回(hui)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)唯(wei)(wei)(wei)颜(yan)回(hui)每能虚(xu)(xu)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,知(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)庶(shu)(shu)几(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“怀道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)深(shen)远,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)(xu)心,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)解虚(xu)(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)由(you),由(you)其(qi)至(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)深(shen)远,若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)(xu)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“子(zi)贡(gong)虽(sui)(sui)无(wu)(wu)数子(zi)之(zhi)病”者(zhe)(zhe),谓无(wu)(wu)愚、鲁(lu)、辟、彦之(zhi)病也(ye)。“然亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓亦如四子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“虽(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穷理(li)(li)而(er)(er)(er)幸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),虽(sui)(sui)非天命(ming)而(er)(er)(er)偶富(fu),亦所(suo)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)(xu)心也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)解子(zi)贡(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),由(you)於(wu)(wu)(wu)有此(ci)(ci)(ci)二累(lei)也(ye)。虽(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穷理(li)(li)而(er)(er)(er)幸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),释经“亿(yi)则屡中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”,言(yan)(yan)(yan)虽(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穷理(li)(li)尽性,但亿(yi)度(du)之(zhi),幸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)。《左传》“定十五(wu)年(nian)春,邾(zhu)隐公(gong)来朝(chao)。子(zi)贡(gong)观(guan)(guan)焉。邾(zhu)子(zi)执玉(yu)(yu)高(gao),其(qi)容仰;公(gong)受(shou)(shou)玉(yu)(yu)卑,其(qi)容俯。子(zi)贡(gong)曰:‘以(yi)礼(li)观(guan)(guan)之(zhi),二君者(zhe)(zhe)皆有死亡焉。’夏五(wu)月壬申(shen),公(gong)薨。仲尼曰:‘赐(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。’”哀(ai)七年(nian),“以(yi)邾(zhu)子(zi)益来”,是(shi)其(qi)屡中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)。“虽(sui)(sui)非天命(ming)而(er)(er)(er)偶富(fu)”,释经“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)命(ming)而(er)(er)(er)货殖”也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)致富(fu)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),当由(you)天命(ming)与之(zhi)爵禄(lu),今(jin)子(zi)贡(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因(yin)天命(ming)爵禄(lu),而(er)(er)(er)能自(zi)致富(fu),故(gu)曰“偶富(fu)”。言(yan)(yan)(yan)有亿(yi)度(du)之(zhi)劳,富(fu)有经营(ying)之(zhi)累(lei),以(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)二事(shi),何暇虚(xu)(xu)心以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)?故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“亦所(suo)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)(xu)心也(ye)”。
子(zi)(zi)张问善人(ren)之道(dao)。子(zi)(zi)曰:“不(bu)践迹(ji),亦(yi)不(bu)入於室。”(孔曰:“践,循也(ye)。言善人(ren)不(bu)但循追旧迹(ji)而已,亦(yi)少能创业,然亦(yi)不(bu)入於圣人(ren)之奥室。”)子(zi)(zi)曰:“论笃是与,君子(zi)(zi)者(zhe)乎?色庄者(zhe)乎?(论笃者(zhe),谓口无择言。君子(zi)(zi)者(zhe),谓身(shen)无鄙行(xing)。色庄者(zhe),不(bu)恶而严(yan),以远小人(ren)。言此三者(zhe),皆可以为善人(ren)。)
[疏]“子张”至“者乎”。
○正义曰:此章论善人所行之道也,“子张问善人之道”者,问行何道可谓善人。“子曰:不践迹,亦不入於室”者,孔子答其善人之道也。践,循也。迹,已行旧事之言。善人不但循追旧迹而已,当自立功立事也,而善人好谦,亦少能创业,故亦不能入於圣人之奥室也。“子曰:论笃是与,君子者乎?色庄者乎”者,此亦善人之道也,故同为一章,当是异时之语,故别言“子曰”也。“论笃是与”者,笃,厚也。谓口无择言,所论说皆重厚,是善人与。“君子者乎”者,言身无鄙行之君子,亦是善人乎?“色庄者乎”者,言能颜色庄严,使小人畏威者,亦是善人乎?孔子谦,不正言,故云“与”、“乎”以疑之也。
○注“论笃”至“善人”。
○正义(yi)曰:云“口无(wu)择言”,《孝经》文也(ye)。所言皆善,故(gu)无(wu)可(ke)择也(ye)。云“身无(wu)鄙行(xing)”者(zhe),所以并美,无(wu)鄙恶也(ye)。“以远小人,不恶而(er)严”者(zhe),《周易·Т卦·象辞(ci)》也(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)路问(wen)(wen)(wen):“闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu)?”(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“赈穷救乏之(zhi)(zhi)事。”)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“有父(fu)兄(xiong)在,如之(zhi)(zhi)何其(qi)闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)?”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“当白父(fu)兄(xiong),不(bu)得自(zi)专(zhuan)。”)冉有问(wen)(wen)(wen):“闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu)?”子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)。”公(gong)西华曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“由也(ye)问(wen)(wen)(wen)闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu),子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)‘有父(fu)兄(xiong)在’。求也(ye)问(wen)(wen)(wen)闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu),子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)‘闻(wen)斯(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)’。赤也(ye)惑,敢问(wen)(wen)(wen)。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“惑其(qi)问(wen)(wen)(wen)同而(er)答异。”)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“求也(ye)退(tui),故进之(zhi)(zhi)。由也(ye)兼人(ren)(ren),故退(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“言冉有性谦退(tui),子(zi)(zi)路务在胜尚人(ren)(ren),各因其(qi)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)失而(er)正之(zhi)(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子路”至“退之”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章(zhang)论施予之(zhi)礼(li),并孔子(zi)问(wen)(wen)同答(da)异(yi)(yi)之(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)路问(wen)(wen):闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)诸”者(zhe),诸,之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)路问(wen)(wen)於孔子(zi)曰(yue):“若闻(wen)人(ren)(ren)穷乏当赈救之(zhi)事(shi)於斯(si),即(ji)得(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)乎?”“子(zi)曰(yue):有父(fu)兄(xiong)在,如之(zhi)何(he)其闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),言当先(xian)白(bai)父(fu)兄(xiong),不得(de)自(zi)专(zhuan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“冉(ran)有问(wen)(wen):闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)诸?子(zi)曰(yue):闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)”者(zhe),此问(wen)(wen)与子(zi)路同,而所(suo)答(da)异(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“公西华曰(yue):由也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)问(wen)(wen)闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)诸,子(zi)曰(yue)有父(fu)兄(xiong)在。求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)问(wen)(wen)闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)诸,子(zi)曰(yue)闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)。赤也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)惑,敢问(wen)(wen)”者(zhe),赤,公西华名也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。见其问(wen)(wen)同而答(da)异(yi)(yi),故(gu)疑惑而问(wen)(wen)於孔子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue):求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)退,故(gu)进之(zhi)。由也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)兼人(ren)(ren),故(gu)退之(zhi)”者(zhe),此孔子(zi)言其答(da)异(yi)(yi)之(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。冉(ran)有性谦(qian)退,子(zi)路务在胜尚(shang)人(ren)(ren),各因其人(ren)(ren)失而正之(zhi),故(gu)答(da)异(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)(zi)畏於匡,颜渊後。(孔曰(yue):“言(yan)与(yu)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)失(shi),故在(zai)後。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“吾以女为死矣。”曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai),回何敢死?”(包曰(yue):“言(yan)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai),已无(wu)所(suo)敢死。”)
[疏]“子畏”至“敢死”。
○正义曰:此章言(yan)仁(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)必有勇也。“子畏於(wu)匡,颜渊後(hou)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)孔(kong)子畏於(wu)匡时,与颜回(hui)(hui)(hui)相失(shi)。既免,而回(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)後(hou),方至(zhi)也。“子曰:吾以女(nv)为(wei)(wei)死(si)矣”者(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子谓(wei)颜渊曰:“吾以女(nv)为(wei)(wei)致(zhi)死(si)与匡人斗也。”“子在(zai),回(hui)(hui)(hui)何敢死(si)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)夫子若(ruo)陷(xian)於(wu)危难,则(ze)回(hui)(hui)(hui)必致(zhi)死(si)。今夫子在(zai),已则(ze)无所敢死(si)。言(yan)不敢致(zhi)死(si)也。
季子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然问(wen):“仲由(you)、冉求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)可(ke)谓大臣(chen)与?”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然,季氏子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟。自多得臣(chen)此二(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),故问(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“吾以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)异之(zhi)(zhi)问(wen),曾(ceng)由(you)与求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)。(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“谓子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)问(wen)异事(shi)耳。则此二(er)人之(zhi)(zhi)问(wen),安足(zu)大乎?”)所谓大臣(chen)者(zhe),以(yi)道事(shi)君,不可(ke)则止。今由(you)与求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)也,可(ke)谓具臣(chen)矣。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“言(yan)备(bei)臣(chen)数而已(yi)。”)曰(yue):“然则从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)与?”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“问(wen)为(wei)臣(chen)皆(jie)当从(cong)君所欲邪?”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“弑父与君,亦不从(cong)也。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“言(yan)二(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)虽从(cong)其主(zhu),亦不与为(wei)大逆。”)
[疏]“季子”至“从也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此(ci)章明为臣(chen)(chen)(chen)事(shi)君(jun)之道。“季(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)然问(wen):仲(zhong)由(you)(you)、冉(ran)求(qiu)(qiu)可(ke)谓大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)与(yu)(yu)(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),季(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)然,季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)之子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟也(ye)(ye)。自(zi)多得臣(chen)(chen)(chen)此(ci)二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi),故(gu)问(wen)於夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“仲(zhong)由(you)(you)、冉(ran)求(qiu)(qiu)才能为政(zheng),可(ke)以(yi)谓之大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)与(yu)(yu)(yu)?”疑而(er)未定,故(gu)云(yun)“与(yu)(yu)(yu)”也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):吾以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为异之问(wen),曾由(you)(you)与(yu)(yu)(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)之问(wen)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)抑其自(zi)多也(ye)(ye)。曾,则也(ye)(ye)。吾以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为问(wen)异事(shi)耳,则此(ci)二(er)(er)(er)人(ren)之问(wen),安足(zu)多大(da)(da)乎?言(yan)所问(wen)小也(ye)(ye)。“所谓大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)道事(shi)君(jun),不(bu)可(ke)则止(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)更(geng)为子(zi)(zi)(zi)然陈(chen)说大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之体也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)所可(ke)谓之大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)正道事(shi)君(jun),君(jun)若不(bu)用已道,则当(dang)退止(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“今(jin)由(you)(you)与(yu)(yu)(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)也(ye)(ye),可(ke)谓具臣(chen)(chen)(chen)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),既陈(chen)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之体,乃言(yan)二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)非大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)。具,备也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)於季(ji)(ji)氏(shi),季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)不(bu)道而(er)不(bu)能匡救,又(you)不(bu)退止(zhi)(zhi),唯可(ke)谓备臣(chen)(chen)(chen)数而(er)已,不(bu)可(ke)谓之大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):然则从(cong)(cong)(cong)之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)与(yu)(yu)(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)然既闻孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)非大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen),故(gu)又(you)问(wen)曰(yue):然则二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为臣(chen)(chen)(chen),皆(jie)当(dang)从(cong)(cong)(cong)君(jun)所欲邪(xie)?“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):弑(shi)父(fu)(fu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)君(jun),亦不(bu)从(cong)(cong)(cong)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)更(geng)为说二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之行(xing),言(yan)二(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)虽(sui)从(cong)(cong)(cong)其主,若其主弑(shi)父(fu)(fu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)君(jun),为此(ci)大(da)(da)逆,亦不(bu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)路(lu)使(shi)(shi)子(zi)羔(gao)为费宰。子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“贼(zei)夫(fu)人之子(zi)。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)羔(gao)学未熟习(xi),而使(shi)(shi)为政,所以为贼(zei)害。”)子(zi)路(lu)曰(yue)(yue):“有民人焉,有社稷焉,何必读书,然(ran)後(hou)为学?”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“言治民事(shi)神,於是(shi)而习(xi)之,亦学也。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“是(shi)故恶夫(fu)佞者。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“疾其以口给应(ying),遂已非而不知(zhi)穷(qiong)。”)
[疏]“子路”至“佞者”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章勉人学(xue)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路(lu)使(shi)子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)为费(fei)宰(zai)(zai)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)路(lu)臣(chen)季氏(shi)(shi),故(gu)任举子(zi)(zi)羔(gao),使(shi)为季氏(shi)(shi)费(fei)邑宰(zai)(zai)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):贼夫(fu)人之子(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe),贼,害(hai)也(ye)。夫(fu)人之子(zi)(zi),指子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)也(ye)。孔子(zi)(zi)之意以(yi)为,子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)学(xue)未熟习(xi),而使(shi)为政,必累其身,所(suo)以(yi)为贼害(hai)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路(lu)曰(yue):有民人焉,有社稷焉,何必读(du)书(shu)(shu),然後为学(xue)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)路(lu)辩答孔子(zi)(zi),言费(fei)邑有人民焉而治(zhi)之,有社稷之神(shen)焉而事之,治(zhi)民事神(shen),於(wu)是(shi)而习(xi)之,是(shi)亦学(xue)也(ye)。何必须读(du)书(shu)(shu)然後乃谓(wei)为学(xue)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):是(shi)故(gu)恶夫(fu)佞”者(zhe)(zhe),言人所(suo)以(yi)憎恶夫(fu)佞者(zhe)(zhe),为口(kou)才捷(jie)给,文(wen)过饰非故(gu)也(ye)。今(jin)子(zi)(zi)路(lu)以(yi)口(kou)给应,遂(sui)已非而不知穷已,是(shi)故(gu)致(zhi)人恶夫(fu)佞者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)、曾皙(xi)、(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“皙(xi),曾参父,名(ming)点(dian)。”)冉有、公西华侍(shi)坐。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)吾(wu)一日长乎尔,毋(wu)吾(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)我问女,女无以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)我长故(gu)(gu)难对(dui)(dui)(dui)。”)居(ju)则曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘不(bu)吾(wu)知(zhi)也(ye)。’(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“女常居(ju)云人不(bu)知(zhi)己(ji)。”)如或知(zhi)尔,则何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)哉?”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“如有用女者(zhe)(zhe),则何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)治(zhi)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)率(lv)尔而(er)(er)对(dui)(dui)(dui),(率(lv)尔,先三(san)人对(dui)(dui)(dui)。)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“千乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,摄乎大国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)师旅(lv),因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饥馑,(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“摄,迫也(ye)。迫於大国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间。”)由(you)(you)也(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),比(bi)及三(san)年(nian),可使(shi)(shi)有勇,且知(zhi)方(fang)也(ye)。”(方(fang),义方(fang)。)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哂(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“哂(shen),笑(xiao)。”)“求(qiu),尔何(he)(he)如?”对(dui)(dui)(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“方(fang)六七(qi)十(shi)(shi),如五六十(shi)(shi),(求(qiu)性谦退,言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)欲(yu)得方(fang)六七(qi)十(shi)(shi)、如五六十(shi)(shi)里小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)国治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)已(yi)。)求(qiu)也(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),比(bi)及三(san)年(nian),可使(shi)(shi)足民。如其(qi)(qi)礼(li)乐(le),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)俟(si)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“求(qiu)自云能(neng)足民而(er)(er)已(yi)。谓(wei)衣食足也(ye)。若礼(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化,当以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。谦也(ye)。”)“赤(chi),尔何(he)(he)如?”对(dui)(dui)(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“非(fei)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)学(xue)焉(yan)(yan)。宗(zong)庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,如会(hui)同,端章(zhang)甫(fu),原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)为(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)相焉(yan)(yan)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“我非(fei)自言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能(neng),原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)学(xue)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。宗(zong)庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,谓(wei)祭(ji)祀(si)也(ye)。诸(zhu)侯时见曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)会(hui)。殷(yin)ぽ曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)同。端,玄端也(ye)。衣玄端,冠章(zhang)甫(fu),诸(zhu)侯日视(shi)朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)相,谓(wei)相君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)。”)“点(dian),尔何(he)(he)如?”鼓瑟(se)希,(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“思所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)对(dui)(dui)(dui),故(gu)(gu)音希。”)铿(keng)尔,舍瑟(se)而(er)(er)作,对(dui)(dui)(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“异乎三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撰(zhuan)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“置瑟(se)起对(dui)(dui)(dui)。撰(zhuan),具(ju)也(ye),为(wei)政之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)。铿(keng)者(zhe)(zhe),投瑟(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“何(he)(he)伤乎?亦各言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“各言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)己(ji)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),於义无伤。”)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“莫春者(zhe)(zhe),春服既成,冠者(zhe)(zhe)五六人,童子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)六七(qi)人,浴乎沂,风乎舞雩,咏而(er)(er)归。”(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“莫春者(zhe)(zhe),季春三(san)月也(ye)。春服既成,衣单袷(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时。我欲(yu)得冠者(zhe)(zhe)五六人,童子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)六七(qi)人,浴乎沂水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,风凉於舞雩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),歌咏先王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,而(er)(er)归夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门。”)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)喟然叹曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)与(yu)(yu)点(dian)也(ye)!”(周曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“善点(dian)独知(zhi)时。”)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)出,曾皙(xi)後。曾皙(xi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫(fu)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)何(he)(he)如?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“亦各言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)已(yi)矣。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)何(he)(he)哂(shen)由(you)(you)也(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)国以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li),其(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)让(rang)(rang),是(shi)故(gu)(gu)哂(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)国以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li),礼(li)贵让(rang)(rang),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)让(rang)(rang),故(gu)(gu)笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)“唯求(qiu)则非(fei)邦也(ye)与(yu)(yu)?”“安见方(fang)六七(qi)十(shi)(shi)如五六十(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)非(fei)邦也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)?”“唯赤(chi)则非(fei)邦也(ye)与(yu)(yu)?”“宗(zong)庙会(hui)同,非(fei)诸(zhu)侯而(er)(er)何(he)(he)?(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“明皆(jie)诸(zhu)侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,与(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)同,徒(tu)笑(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)不(bu)让(rang)(rang)。”)赤(chi)也(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),孰能(neng)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大?”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“赤(chi)谦言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)相耳,谁能(neng)为(wei)大相?”)
[疏]“子路”至篇末。
○正义曰:此章孔子乘间四弟子侍坐,因使各言其志,以观其器能也。“子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐”者,时孔子坐,四子侍侧,亦皆坐也。“子曰:以吾一日长乎尔,毋吾以也”者,孔子将发问,先以此言诱掖之也。言女等侍吾,以吾年长於女,谦而少言,故云一日。今我问女,女等毋以吾长而惮难其对也。“居则曰:不吾知也。如或知尔,则何以哉”者,此问辞也。言女常居则云已有才能,人不我知。设如有人知女,将欲用之,则女将何以为治?“子路率尔而对”者,子路性刚,故率尔先三人而对也。“千乘之国,摄乎大国之间,加之以师旅,因之以饥馑,由也为之,比及三年,可使有勇,且知方也”者,此子路所志也。千乘之国,公侯之六国也。摄,迫也。不熟为饥,蔬不熟为馑。方,义方也。言若有公侯之国,迫於大国之间,又加之以师旅侵伐,复因之以饥馑民困,而由也治之,比至三年以来,可使其民有勇敢且知义方也。“夫子哂之”者,哂,笑也。夫子笑之也。“求,尔何如”者,子路既对,三子无言,故孔子复历问之。冉求,尔志何如?“对曰:方六七十,如五六十,求也为之,比及三年,可使足民。如其礼乐,以俟君子”者,此冉求之志也。俟,待也。求性谦退,言欲得方六七十如五十里小国治之而已。求也治此小国,比及三年以来,使足民衣食。若礼乐之化,当以待君子。此谦辞也。“赤,尔何如”者,又问公西华也。“对曰,非曰能之,原学焉。宗庙之事,如会同,端章甫,原为小相焉”者,此赤也之志也。曰,言也。我非自言能之,原学为焉。宗庙祭祀之事,如有诸侯会同,及诸侯衣玄端,冠章甫,日视朝之时,已原为其小相君之礼焉。“点,尔何如”者,又问曾皙也。“鼓瑟希”者,时曾皙方鼓瑟,承师之问,思所以对,故音希也。“铿尔,舍瑟而作”者,作,起也。舍,置也。铿,投瑟声也。思得其对,故置瑟起对,投置其瑟而声铿然也。“对曰:异乎三子者之撰”者,撰,具也。未敢言其志,先对此辞,言已之所志,异乎三子者所陈为政之具也。“子曰:何伤乎?亦各言其志也”者,孔子见曾皙持谦,难其对,故以此言诱之曰,於义何伤乎?亦各言其志也。欲令任其所志而言也。“曰:莫春者,春服既成,冠者五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂,风乎舞雩,咏而归”者,此曾点所志也。莫春,季春也。春服既成,衣单袷之时也。我欲得与二十以上冠者五六人,十九以下童子六七人,浴乎沂水之上,风凉於舞雩之下,歌咏先王之道,而归夫子之门也。“夫子喟然叹曰:吾与点也”者,喟然,叹之貌。夫子闻其乐道,故喟然而叹曰:吾与点之志。善其独知时,而不求为政也。“三子者出,曾皙後”者,子路、冉有、公西华三子先出,曾皙後,犹侍坐於夫子也。“曾皙曰:夫三子者之言何如”者,曾皙在後,问於夫子曰:“夫三子者各言其志,其言是非何如也?”“子曰:亦各言其志也已矣”者,言三子亦各言其所志而已,无他别是非也。“曰:夫子何哂由也”者,曾皙又问夫子曰:既三子各言其志,何独笑仲由也?“曰:为国以礼,其言不让,是故哂之”者,此夫子为说哂之意,言为国以礼,礼贵谦让,子路言不让,故笑之也。“唯求也则非邦也与?安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者,唯赤则非邦也与?宗庙会同,非诸侯而何”者,此夫子又言不哂其子路欲为诸侯之事,故举三子所言,明皆诸侯之事,与子路同,其言让,故不笑之,徒笑其子路不让耳。“赤也为之小,孰能为之大”者,此夫子又言,公西华之才堪为大相,今赤谦言小相耳。若赤也为之小相,更谁能为大相?
○注“孔曰:皙,曾参父,名点”。
○正义曰:《史记·弟子传》曰:“曾╀(音点),字皙”是也。
○注“方,义方”。
○正义曰:义,宜也。方,道也。言能教之使知合宜之道也。《左传》曰:“爱子教之以义方。”
○注“郑曰”至“之礼”。
○正义曰:云“宗庙之事,谓祭祀也”者,谓礻龠、祠、、尝及追享、朝享、、之类皆是也。云“诸侯时见曰会。殷ぽ曰同”者,《周礼·春官·大宗伯职》文,但彼作殷见,此作殷ぽ,ぽ则见也。郑玄注云:“此礼以诸侯见王为文。”时见者,言无常期。诸侯有不顺服者,王将有征讨之事。则既朝觐,王为坛於国外,合诸侯南命事焉。《春秋传》曰“有事而会,不协而盟”是也。殷犹众也。十二岁,王始不巡守,则六服尽朝。朝礼既毕,王亦为坛,合诸侯以命政焉。所命之政,如王巡守殷见,四方四时分来,终岁则遍,是也。云“端,玄端也。衣玄端,冠章甫,诸侯日视朝之服”者,其衣正幅染之玄色,故曰玄端。案《王制》云:“周人玄衣而养老。”注云:“玄衣,素裳。”天子之燕服,为诸侯朝服。彼云玄衣,则此玄端也。若以素为裳,即是朝服。此朝服素裳皆得谓之玄端,故此注云“端,玄端”,诸侯朝服。若上士以玄为裳,中士以黄为裳,下士以杂色为裳,天子、诸侯以朱为裳,则皆谓之玄端,不得名为朝服也。云“小相,谓相君之礼”者,案《周礼·秋官·司仪职》云:“掌九仪之宾客摈相之礼,以诏仪容辞令揖让之节。”注云:“出接宾曰摈,入礼曰相。”又曰:“凡诸公相为宾。及将币交摈,三辞,车逆拜辱,宾车进答拜,三揖三让,每门止一相。”注曰:“相为主君摈者及宾之介也。谓之相者,於外传辞耳,入门当以礼诏侑也。介绍而传命者,君子於其所尊不敢质,敬之至也。每门上一相,弥相亲也。”是相谓相君之礼也。《聘礼》云:“卿为上摈,大夫为承摈,士为绍摈。”《玉藻》曰:“君入门,介拂,大夫中枨与之间,上介拂枨。”则卿为上介,大夫为次介,士为末介也。此云原为小相者,谦,不敢为上摈上介之卿,原为承摈绍摈次介末介之大夫士耳。
○注“包曰”至“之门”。
○正义曰:云“我欲得冠者五六人,童子六七人”者,意在取其朋友十馀人耳。云:“浴于沂水之上,风凉於舞雩之下”者,杜预云“鲁城南自有沂水”,此是也。夫沂水出盖县,南至下邳入泗。雩者,祈雨之祭名。《左传》曰“龙见而雩”是也。郑玄曰:“雩者,吁也,吁嗟而请雨也。”杜预曰:“雩之言远也,远为百祈膏雨也。使童男女舞之。”《春官·女巫职》曰:“旱则舞雩。”因谓其处为舞雩。舞雩之处有坛单树木,可以休息,故云“风凉於舞雩之下”也。
○注“周曰:善点独知时”。
○正义曰:仲(zhong)尼祖(zu)述尧、舜(shun),宪(xian)章文武,生值乱时(shi)而(er)君不用。三子不能(neng)相时(shi),志在为政。唯曾皙独能(neng)知时(shi),志在澡身浴德,咏怀乐道,故夫(fu)子与之也。