韩非子·二柄原文与翻译
明主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)导制(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),二(er)柄而(er)(er)已(yi)矣。二(er)柄者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)。何(he)谓刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)?曰:杀戮(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓刑(xing)(xing)(xing),庆赏(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓德(de)(de)(de)。为人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)畏(wei)诛罚而(er)(er)利(li)(li)庆赏(shang)(shang),故人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)自用其(qi)(qi)(qi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de),则(ze)(ze)群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)畏(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)威而(er)(er)归其(qi)(qi)(qi)利(li)(li)矣。故世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)则(ze)(ze)不(bu)然(ran),所(suo)恶,则(ze)(ze)能得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)而(er)(er)罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);所(suo)爱,则(ze)(ze)能得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)而(er)(er)赏(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);今人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)非使(shi)(shi)(shi)赏(shang)(shang)罚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威利(li)(li)出于(yu)已(yi)也(ye)(ye),听其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)行其(qi)(qi)(qi)赏(shang)(shang)罚,则(ze)(ze)一国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)皆畏(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)易其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun),归其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)去其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)矣。此(ci)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)失刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)也(ye)(ye)。夫虎(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)能服(fu)狗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),爪牙也(ye)(ye)。使(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)释(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)爪牙而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)狗用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)虎(hu)反服(fu)于(yu)狗矣。人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。今君(jun)人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)释(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)君(jun)反制(zhi)于(yu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)矣。故田(tian)常(chang)上请爵禄而(er)(er)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen),下大斗斛而(er)(er)施(shi)于(yu)百姓,此(ci)简(jian)公失德(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)田(tian)常(chang)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),故简(jian)公见弑。子罕(han)谓宋君(jun)曰:"夫庆赏(shang)(shang)赐予(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)喜也(ye)(ye),君(jun)自行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);杀戮(lu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罚者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)恶也(ye)(ye),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)请当之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。"于(yu)是宋君(jun)失刑(xing)(xing)(xing)百子罕(han)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故宋君(jun)见劫。田(tian)常(chang)徒用德(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)简(jian)公弑,子罕(han)徒用刑(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)宋君(jun)劫。故今世为人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兼(jian)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)是世主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危甚于(yu)简(jian)公、宋君(jun)也(ye)(ye)。故劫杀拥蔽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)非失刑(xing)(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)不(bu)危亡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)(ze)未尝有也(ye)(ye)。
明君(jun)用(yong)来控制(zhi)臣(chen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)过(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)两种(zhong)(zhong)权(quan)(quan)柄罢(ba)了(le)(le)(le)。两种(zhong)(zhong)权(quan)(quan)柄就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刑(xing)(xing)和德。什么(me)叫刑(xing)(xing)、德?回答是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):杀(sha)戮(lu)叫做刑(xing)(xing),奖(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)叫做德。做臣(chen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)害(hai)怕(pa)(pa)刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)贪图奖(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang),所(suo)以君(jun)主(zhu)亲自掌握刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)权(quan)(quan)力,群(qun)臣(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)害(hai)怕(pa)(pa)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威势而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)追(zhui)求他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奖(jiang)(jiang)励。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)现(xian)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奸臣(chen)却(que)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这样。他们对所(suo)憎恶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),能够从君(jun)主(zhu)那里(li)取得权(quan)(quan)力予以惩罚(fa);对所(suo)喜(xi)爱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),能够从君(jun)主(zhu)那里(li)取得权(quan)(quan)力予以奖(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)。假如君(jun)主(zhu)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)让赏(shang)(shang)罚(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威严和利益掌握在自己手(shou)里(li),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)听任他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)下去施(shi)行(xing)赏(shang)(shang)罚(fa),那么(me)全国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)都会(hui)害(hai)怕(pa)(pa)权(quan)(quan)臣(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)轻视君(jun)主(zhu),就(jiu)(jiu)都会(hui)归附权(quan)(quan)臣(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)背离君(jun)主(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)。这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)主(zhu)失去刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祸害(hai)。老虎(hu)(hu)能制(zhi)服狗(gou),靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)爪牙;假使老虎(hu)(hu)去掉它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爪牙而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)让狗(gou)使用(yong),那么(me)老虎(hu)(hu)反而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)会(hui)被(bei)狗(gou)所(suo)制(zhi)服。君(jun)主(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要靠刑(xing)(xing)德来制(zhi)服臣(chen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如果做君(jun)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丢掉刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)让臣(chen)下使用(yong),那么(me)君(jun)主(zhu)反而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)会(hui)被(bei)臣(chen)下所(suo)控制(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)以田(tian)常向(xiang)君(jun)主(zhu)请(qing)求爵禄而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)赐给(ji)群(qun)臣(chen),对下用(yong)大斗出小斗进的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办法把(ba)粮食施(shi)舍给(ji)百姓,这就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)简公(gong)(gong)失去奖(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)由田(tian)常掌握,简公(gong)(gong)因而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遭到(dao)杀(sha)害(hai)。子(zi)罕告诉宋(song)(song)桓(huan)侯(hou)(hou)说(shuo):“奖(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)恩赐是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)百姓喜(xi)欢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),君(jun)王自己施(shi)行(xing);杀(sha)戮(lu)刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)百姓憎恶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),请(qing)让我来掌管。”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宋(song)(song)桓(huan)侯(hou)(hou)失去刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)大权(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)由于罕掌握。宋(song)(song)桓(huan)侯(hou)(hou)因而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遭到(dao)挟制(zhi)。田(tian)常仅(jin)仅(jin)掌握了(le)(le)(le)奖(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan),齐(qi)简公(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)遭到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)杀(sha)害(hai);子(zi)罕仅(jin)仅(jin)掌握了(le)(le)(le)刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan),宋(song)(song)桓(huan)侯(hou)(hou)就(jiu)(jiu)遭到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)挟制(zhi)。所(suo)以当代做臣(chen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如果统(tong)摄了(le)(le)(le)刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan),那么(me)这代君(jun)主(zhu)将会(hui)遭受到(dao)比齐(qi)简公(gong)(gong)、宋(song)(song)桓(huan)侯(hou)(hou)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)险。所(suo)以被(bei)劫杀(sha)被(bei)蒙蔽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu),一旦同时失去刑(xing)(xing)赏(shang)(shang)大权(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)由臣(chen)下执掌,这样还(hai)不(bu)导(dao)致(zhi)危(wei)亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情况,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)从来没有过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
人主将欲禁奸,则(ze)(ze)(ze)审合(he)刑名(ming)者(zhe),言(yan)异事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。为人臣(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)陈(chen)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan),君以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)授之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),专以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)责其(qi)(qi)(qi)功。功当(dang)(dang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),事(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)(dang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan),则(ze)(ze)(ze)赏;功不当(dang)(dang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),事(shi)(shi)(shi)不当(dang)(dang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan),则(ze)(ze)(ze)罚。故群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)大而(er)(er)(er)功小(xiao)者(zhe)则(ze)(ze)(ze)罚,非罚小(xiao)功也(ye)(ye),罚功不当(dang)(dang)名(ming)也(ye)(ye);群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)小(xiao)而(er)(er)(er)功大者(zhe)亦罚,非不说于(yu)大功也(ye)(ye),以(yi)为不当(dang)(dang)名(ming)也(ye)(ye)害(hai)甚(shen)于(yu)有(you)大功,故罚。昔者(zhe)韩昭候醉而(er)(er)(er)寝,典(dian)(dian)冠者(zhe)见君之(zhi)寒也(ye)(ye),故加衣于(yu)君之(zhi)上,觉(jue)寝而(er)(er)(er)说,问左(zuo)(zuo)右曰(yue):"谁加衣者(zhe)?"左(zuo)(zuo)右对曰(yue):"典(dian)(dian)冠。"君因兼(jian)罪(zui)典(dian)(dian)衣与典(dian)(dian)冠。其(qi)(qi)(qi)罪(zui)典(dian)(dian)衣,以(yi)为失其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye);其(qi)(qi)(qi)罪(zui)典(dian)(dian)冠,以(yi)为越(yue)其(qi)(qi)(qi)职也(ye)(ye)。非不恶(e)寒也(ye)(ye),以(yi)为侵官(guan)(guan)之(zhi)害(hai)甚(shen)于(yu)寒。故明(ming)主之(zhi)畜臣(chen)(chen)(chen),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)不得(de)(de)越(yue)官(guan)(guan)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)功,不得(de)(de)陈(chen)言(yan)而(er)(er)(er)不当(dang)(dang)。越(yue)官(guan)(guan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)死,不当(dang)(dang)则(ze)(ze)(ze)罪(zui)。守业其(qi)(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan),所言(yan)者(zhe)贞也(ye)(ye),则(ze)(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)不得(de)(de)朋(peng)党相为矣。
君(jun)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)想禁止奸邪,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)去审核形名。形名是(shi)(shi)指言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论和职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。做臣(chen)下(xia)的(de)(de)发表一定的(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论,君(jun)主根(gen)据(ju)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论授予相应的(de)(de)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),专就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)责求他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)。功(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)符(fu)合(he)(he)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)符(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)赏(shang);功(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)罚(fa)(fa)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)群臣(chen)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)小的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)罚(fa)(fa);这不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)罚(fa)(fa)小功(gong)(gong)(gong),而是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)罚(fa)(fa)功(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论。群臣(chen)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)小功(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)的(de)(de)也要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)罚(fa)(fa);这不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)对大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)喜(xi)欢。而是(shi)(shi)认为功(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论的(de)(de)危害(hai)超(chao)过(guo)了(le)(le)所(suo)建大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)罚(fa)(fa)。从前韩昭侯喝醉酒睡着了(le)(le),掌(zhang)帽(mao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)见他(ta)(ta)冷(leng),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)给他(ta)(ta)身上盖了(le)(le)衣(yi)(yi)服。韩昭侯睡醒后很高兴,问近(jin)侍说:“盖衣(yi)(yi)服的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)谁?”近(jin)侍回答说:“掌(zhang)帽(mao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。”昭侯便同时处罚(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)掌(zhang)衣(yi)(yi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和掌(zhang)帽(mao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。他(ta)(ta)处罚(fa)(fa)掌(zhang)衣(yi)(yi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),是(shi)(shi)认为掌(zhang)衣(yi)(yi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)失职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);他(ta)(ta)处罚(fa)(fa)掌(zhang)帽(mao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),是(shi)(shi)认为掌(zhang)帽(mao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)越(yue)权(quan)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)担心(xin)寒(han)(han)冷(leng),而是(shi)(shi)认为越(yue)权(quan)的(de)(de)危害(hai)超(chao)过(guo)了(le)(le)寒(han)(han)冷(leng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)明君(jun)驾驭臣(chen)下(xia),臣(chen)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)越(yue)权(quan)去立功(gong)(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)说话不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)恰当。超(chao)越(yue)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)权(quan)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)该处死,言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)行(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)该治罪。司守本职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而有信,群臣(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可能(neng)结党营私了(le)(le)。
人(ren)(ren)主有二患:任贤(xian),则臣(chen)(chen)(chen)将乘于贤(xian)以(yi)劫其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)(jun);妄(wang)举,则事沮不(bu)胜。故(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)主好(hao)贤(xian),则群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)饰行以(yi)要群(qun)欲(yu)(yu),则是群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)情不(bu)效;群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)情不(bu)效,则人(ren)(ren)主无(wu)以(yi)异其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)越王好(hao)勇而(er)(er)民(min)多(duo)轻死(si);楚灵王好(hao)细腰而(er)(er)国中多(duo)饿人(ren)(ren);齐桓(huan)公(gong)妒(du)外而(er)(er)好(hao)内(nei),故(gu)(gu)(gu)竖(shu)(shu)刁自宫以(yi)治内(nei);桓(huan)公(gong)好(hao)味,易(yi)牙蒸其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)首而(er)(er)进之(zhi)(zhi);燕子(zi)哙(kuai)好(hao)贤(xian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)不(bu)受国。故(gu)(gu)(gu)君(jun)(jun)见(jian)恶(e),则群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)匿(ni)端;君(jun)(jun)见(jian)好(hao),则群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)诬能(neng)。人(ren)(ren)主欲(yu)(yu)见(jian),则群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)情态得其(qi)(qi)(qi)资矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)托于贤(xian)以(yi)夺其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)(jun)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye),竖(shu)(shu)刁、易(yi)牙,因君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu)(yu)以(yi)侵其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)(jun)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)卒,子(zi)哙(kuai)以(yi)乱死(si),桓(huan)公(gong)虫流出户而(er)(er)不(bu)葬。此其(qi)(qi)(qi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)何也(ye)(ye)?人(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)以(yi)情借臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)患也(ye)(ye)。人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)情非必能(neng)爱其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye),为重(zhong)利之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。今人(ren)(ren)主不(bu)掩其(qi)(qi)(qi)情,不(bu)匿(ni)其(qi)(qi)(qi)端,而(er)(er)使人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)有缘以(yi)侵其(qi)(qi)(qi)主,则群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)为子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)、田(tian)常(chang)不(bu)难(nan)矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰:"去(qu)好(hao)去(qu)恶(e),群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)见(jian)素(su)。"群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)见(jian)素(su),则大(da)君(jun)(jun)大(da)蔽矣。
君(jun)(jun)(jun)主有两种祸(huo)患:任(ren)用贤人(ren)(ren),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)依(yi)仗贤能来(lai)威逼君(jun)(jun)(jun)主;随便(bian)(bian)推举,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)败(bai)坏事情(qing)(qing)而(er)不(bu)(bu)能成功(gong)。所以(yi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主喜(xi)(xi)好(hao)(hao)贤能,群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)粉饰行(xing)为来(lai)迎(ying)合(he)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望(wang),这(zhei)(zhei)样群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)实(shi)情(qing)(qing)便(bian)(bian)不(bu)(bu)会(hui)显(xian)露;群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)实(shi)情(qing)(qing)不(bu)(bu)显(xian)露,君(jun)(jun)(jun)主便(bian)(bian)无法(fa)识别(bie)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下了(le)(le)。所以(yi)越王(wang)(wang)喜(xi)(xi)好(hao)(hao)勇敢,以(yi)致(zhi)民众(zhong)大都轻视死(si)亡。楚灵王(wang)(wang)喜(xi)(xi)爱(ai)细(xi)腰,结果(guo)国(guo)内有许多甘愿(yuan)挨(ai)饿的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)心性妒忌而(er)爱(ai)好(hao)(hao)女(nv)色(se),所以(yi)竖刁自(zi)行(xing)阉(yan)割以(yi)便(bian)(bian)掌官内宫。齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)爱(ai)好(hao)(hao)美味,易(yi)牙蒸了(le)(le)自(zi)己儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脑袋去进(jin)献(xian)。燕王(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)哙喜(xi)(xi)欢(huan)贤名(ming),所以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)面上不(bu)(bu)接受君(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei)。所以(yi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主流(liu)露出(chu)厌(yan)恶情(qing)(qing)绪(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)迅速掩(yan)盖;君(jun)(jun)(jun)主流(liu)露出(chu)喜(xi)(xi)好(hao)(hao)情(qing)(qing)绪(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)假(jia)装(zhuang)能力。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望(wang)表(biao)现出(chu)来(lai),群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)态表(biao)示就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有了(le)(le)依(yi)托。所以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)假(jia)托贤名(ming)来(lai)篡夺君(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei),竖刁易(yi)牙借(jie)着君(jun)(jun)(jun)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望(wang)来(lai)侵害君(jun)(jun)(jun)主。其结果(guo),子(zi)(zi)(zi)哙因(yin)兵舌而(er)死(si),齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)死(si)后(hou)直到(dao)蛆(qu)虫爬出(chu)门外也(ye)得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)安葬。这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)什么原因(yin)呢?是(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主把真情(qing)(qing)流(liu)露给了(le)(le)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下招致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祸(huo)害。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)真情(qing)(qing)不(bu)(bu)一定就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)爱(ai)戴他的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主,而(er)是(shi)为了(le)(le)重利的(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故。如今君(jun)(jun)(jun)主要是(shi)不(bu)(bu)掩(yan)盖自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)真情(qing)(qing),不(bu)(bu)隐藏(zang)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)图,而(er)使臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下有机(ji)会(hui)来(lai)侵害自(zi)己,那么群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)充当子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)、田常(chang)这(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)角色(se)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)难了(le)(le)。所以(yi)说:去掉喜(xi)(xi)好(hao)(hao)厌(yan)恶,群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)暴露本色(se)。群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)暴露本色(se),国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)会(hui)受蒙蔽了(le)(le)。