赵季 译注
【说明与解析】
《齐(qi)太(tai)公世家(jia)》记(ji)载(zai)了姜姓齐(qi)国自西周初太(tai)公建(jian)国起,至公元前379年齐(qi)康公身死国灭,总计近(jin)千年的历(li)史(shi)。
姜姓(xing)齐国(guo)(guo)(guo),是(shi)春秋时代(dai)我国(guo)(guo)(guo)中原(yuan)的一个重(zhong)要诸侯国(guo)(guo)(guo)。在地(di)理(li)上有着良(liang)好的自(zi)(zi)然条(tiao)件(jian),“自(zi)(zi)泰山属之琅邪,北被于海(hai),膏(gao)壤二千里”;自(zi)(zi)开国(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)来又(you)十分注重(zhong)发展经济(ji),太公时期(qi)就“通工商之业(ye),便鱼(yu)盐(yan)之利”,管仲相齐后(hou),又(you)“连五家(jia)之兵,设(she)轻(qing)重(zhong)鱼(yu)盐(yan)之利”,为(wei)齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)发展打下了良(liang)好的物质基(ji)础。在政治文化上,既(ji)不象鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)一样死(si)死(si)拘(ju)束于彻(che)底(di)的宗(zong)法制(zhi)(zhi),又(you)不象秦、楚(chu)早期(qi)那样“以(yi)夷狄自(zi)(zi)置”。而(er)是(shi)顺应“其民阔达多匿知”的原(yuan)有文化,有条(tiao)件(jian)地(di)推行宗(zong)法制(zhi)(zhi)和集权(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)的结(jie)合,“因其俗(su),简(jian)其礼”,为(wei)政简(jian)而(er)不苛,平易近民。所(suo)以(yi)到(dao)齐桓公时,齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)终成(cheng)为(wei)大(da)国(guo)(guo)(guo)争(zheng)霸斗争(zheng)中的第一个霸主(zhu),一个名符其实的泱泱大(da)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。
自桓(huan)公去世,齐国渐趋衰落。一方面由于姜姓公室旧贵(gui)族(zu)日(ri)益(yi)(yi)腐(fu)败,另一方面由于统治阶级内部斗争日(ri)益(yi)(yi)激烈(lie),尤(you)其经过崔杼、庆(qing)封之乱(luan),大伤元气(qi),终于被新兴的贵(gui)族(zu)集团田氏(shi)所(suo)替代。
本篇在艺术上(shang)的第一个(ge)特点(dian)是(shi)取(qu)材(cai)有法、详(xiang)略得当。司马迁抓住最(zui)能代表齐国历(li)史(shi)发(fa)展线索(suo)的几个(ge)时(shi)(shi)期,清晰地(di)反映了(le)(le)它由(you)盛而衰的历(li)史(shi)过程(cheng)(cheng)。前半叶主(zhu)要介绍了(le)(le)太公(gong)时(shi)(shi)期和桓公(gong)时(shi)(shi)期,中后叶则主(zhu)要记叙了(le)(le)崔庆之乱与田氏代齐的详(xiang)尽过程(cheng)(cheng)。这几部分作(zuo)者运用浓墨重彩,生动(dong)形象地(di)再(zai)现了(le)(le)斑(ban)烂(lan)多(duo)姿的历(li)史(shi)画(hua)面。其(qi)余部分则仅(jin)仅(jin)记其(qi)大(da)概(gai),明其(qi)脉络,避免冲淡重点(dian)部分的思想意(yi)义,真正(zheng)作(zuo)到了(le)(le)“略小取(qu)大(da),举重明轻”。
本篇的(de)(de)第(di)二(er)个艺术特点是塑造了生动复杂(za)立(li)体的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)形(xing)象。作者(zhe)从生活中的(de)(de)历史现(xian)实出(chu)(chu)发,把握历史人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)复杂(za)心理,加以(yi)真(zhen)实再现(xian),使人(ren)(ren)感到(dao)可亲可信。例如(ru)对(dui)于齐桓(huan)公,作者(zhe)一方面(mian)极(ji)力(li)写其(qi)机智果断(duan),从谏(jian)如(ru)流,重义守信的(de)(de)明君风(feng)度,但也(ye)写了他(ta)晚年(nian)骄傲固执,好大喜功的(de)(de)思想(xiang)变化。既写他(ta)九合(he)诸侯(hou),一匡天下的(de)(de)宏伟业绩,也(ye)写他(ta)好内(nei)多(duo)宠(chong),以(yi)致死(si)后(hou)虫出(chu)(chu)于户的(de)(de)性(xing)格弱点,给(ji)人(ren)(ren)留下深深的(de)(de)历史回味。即(ji)是反面(mian)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)崔杼,作者(zhe)也(ye)写了他(ta)两(liang)次不杀(sha)晏婴的(de)(de)微妙心理,表现(xian)出(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)复杂(za)个性(xing)。
太公望(wang)吕尚(shang),是东海边之(zhi)人(ren)。其先祖曾做(zuo)四(si)岳之(zhi)官,辅佐(zuo)夏禹治理水(shui)土有(you)(you)(you)大(da)功。舜、禹时被封在吕,有(you)(you)(you)的被封在申(shen),姓姜(jiang)。夏、商两代,申(shen)、吕有(you)(you)(you)的封给旁(pang)支子孙,也有(you)(you)(you)的后代沦为平民(min),吕尚(shang)就是其远代后裔。吕尚(shang)本(ben)姓姜(jiang),因为以(yi)其封地之(zhi)名为姓,所以(yi)叫作吕尚(shang)。
吕尚曾经穷困(kun),年(nian)老(lao)时,借(jie)钓鱼的(de)(de)机(ji)会求见(jian)周西(xi)伯。西(xi)伯在出外(wai)狩猎之(zhi)前(qian),占卜一卦,卦辞(ci)说(shuo):“所得猎物非龙非螭,非虎非熊(xiong);所得乃是(shi)成就霸(ba)王之(zhi)业的(de)(de)辅(fu)臣。”西(xi)伯于是(shi)出猎,果(guo)然在渭河北岸遇到太(tai)(tai)(tai)公,与太(tai)(tai)(tai)公谈(tan)论(lun)后西(xi)伯大喜,说(shuo):“自从我国先君太(tai)(tai)(tai)公就说(shuo):‘定有圣人来周,周会因此兴旺(wang)。’说(shuo)的(de)(de)就是(shi)您吧?我们太(tai)(tai)(tai)公盼望(wang)您已经很(hen)久了。”因此称吕尚为(wei)“太(tai)(tai)(tai)公望(wang)”,二人一同乘车而归,尊(zun)为(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)师。
有(you)人说(shuo),太公博学多闻(wen),曾为(wei)商纣(zhou)做事。商纣(zhou)无道,太公就(jiu)离开了(le)。四处游说(shuo)列国(guo)诸侯(hou),未得知遇之(zhi)君,最终西(xi)(xi)(xi)行归依(yi)周(zhou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo)。有(you)人说(shuo),吕(lv)(lv)尚(shang)乃一处士,隐(yin)居海滨。周(zhou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo)被囚禁在(zai)羑(yǒu,有(you))里时(shi),西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo)之(zhi)臣(chen)散宜生、闳(hóng,宏(hong))夭久闻(wen)吕(lv)(lv)尚(shang)之(zhi)名而召请(qing)他。吕(lv)(lv)尚(shang)也(ye)认为(wei)“听说(shuo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo)贤(xian)德,又一贯尊重关(guan)心老年人,何(he)不前(qian)往?”此(ci)(ci)三人为(wei)了(le)营救西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo),寻找美(mei)女奇宝,献给(ji)纣(zhou)王,以赎取西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯(bo)因此(ci)(ci)得以被释,返回(hui)周(zhou)国(guo)。虽(sui)然吕(lv)(lv)尚(shang)归周(zhou)的传说(shuo)各(ge)异(yi),但(dan)大旨都认为(wei)他是文王武王之(zhi)师。
周西伯(bo)昌从羑里脱身归(gui)国(guo)后,暗中和(he)(he)吕尚策划如何推行德政以推翻商纣(zhou)政权,其中很多是用兵(bing)的(de)(de)权谋(mou)和(he)(he)奇计,所(suo)以后代(dai)谈论用兵(bing)之道和(he)(he)周朝的(de)(de)隐(yin)秘权术的(de)(de)都(dou)尊法太(tai)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)基本(ben)策略。周西伯(bo)为正清平,尤其在明(ming)断虞、芮(ruì,瑞(rui))二(er)国(guo)的(de)(de)国(guo)土(tu)争讼后,被诗(shi)人(ren)称道为膺(ying)受天命的(de)(de)文王。西伯(bo)又讨(tao)伐了(le)崇国(guo)、密须和(he)(he)犬夷,大规(gui)模建设丰邑。天下三分之二(er)的(de)(de)诸侯都(dou)归(gui)心(xin)向周,多半是太(tai)公(gong)(gong)谋(mou)划筹策的(de)(de)结果。
文王(wang)(wang)死(si)后,武王(wang)(wang)即(ji)位。九年,武王(wang)(wang)想继续(xu)完成(cheng)文王(wang)(wang)的(de)大业,东征商纣察看诸侯(hou)(hou)是否云集响应(ying)。军(jun)队出师(shi)之(zhi)际,被尊称为“师(shi)尚父”的(de)吕尚左手拄持黄(huang)钺(yuè,月(yue)),右手握秉白旄誓师(shi),说(shuo):“苍(cang)兕(sì,似)苍(cang)兕,统领众兵(bing),集结船(chuan)只,迟者斩(zhan)首(shou)。”于是兵(bing)至盟津。各国诸侯(hou)(hou)不召自(zi)来有八(ba)百之(zhi)多。诸侯(hou)(hou)都说(shuo):“可以征伐商纣了(le)。”武王(wang)(wang)说(shuo):“还(hai)不行。”班师(shi)而还(hai),与(yu)太公同写了(le)《太誓》。
又过二年,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)杀(sha)死王(wang)子(zi)比干,囚禁了(le)箕子(zi)。武(wu)(wu)王(wang)又将(jiang)征伐商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),占卜(bu)一卦,龟兆显示不(bu)吉(ji)利,风雨突(tu)至。群(qun)臣恐(kong)惧,只(zhi)有(you)太(tai)公强劝(quan)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)进军,武(wu)(wu)王(wang)于(yu)是出兵。十一年正月甲子(zi)日,在(zai)牧(mu)野誓师(shi),进伐商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)军队彻底崩(beng)溃。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)回身逃(tao)跑,登上(shang)鹿台(tai),于(yu)是被追杀(sha)。第二天,武(wu)(wu)王(wang)立于(yu)社坛之(zhi)上(shang),群(qun)臣手捧明水,卫康(kang)叔(shu)封铺好(hao)彩席,师(shi)尚(shang)父牵来祭祀之(zhi)牲,史佚(yì,义(yi))按照策书祈祷(dao),向(xiang)神祇禀告(gao)讨伐罪(zui)恶商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)事(shi)。散发商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)积聚在(zai)鹿台(tai)的(de)(de)钱币,发放商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)屯积在(zai)钜桥的(de)(de)粮食,用以赈济贫民。培(pei)筑加高比干之(zhi)墓,释放被囚禁的(de)(de)箕子(zi)。把象征天下最高权力(li)的(de)(de)九鼎迁往周国,修治周朝(chao)政务,与天下之(zhi)人共同开始(shi)创造(zao)新时代。上(shang)述诸事(shi)多半(ban)是采(cai)用师(shi)尚(shang)父的(de)(de)谋议。
此(ci)时武王(wang)已平(ping)定(ding)商纣,成(cheng)为天下之王(wang),就把齐国(guo)(guo)营(ying)丘封(feng)(feng)赏给师尚(shang)父。师尚(shang)父东(dong)去自己(ji)的(de)封(feng)(feng)国(guo)(guo),边行边住(zhu),速度很慢。客舍中的(de)人(ren)说他:“我听说时机(ji)难得而(er)易(yi)失。这(zhei)(zhei)位客人(ren)睡得这(zhei)(zhei)样安逸(yi),恐怕不是去封(feng)(feng)国(guo)(guo)就任(ren)的(de)吧。”太(tai)公听了此(ci)言,连(lian)夜穿衣上路,黎(li)明(ming)就到达齐国(guo)(guo)。正遇莱(lai)侯带兵来攻,想与太(tai)公争(zheng)夺(duo)营(ying)丘。营(ying)丘毗邻莱(lai)国(guo)(guo)。莱(lai)人(ren)是夷族,趁(chen)商纣之乱而(er)周朝刚刚安定(ding),无力平(ping)定(ding)远(yuan)方,因此(ci)和太(tai)公争(zheng)夺(duo)国(guo)(guo)土。
太公到(dao)齐国(guo)后,修明政事,顺其风(feng)俗,简化礼仪(yi),开(kai)放工商之业(ye),发展渔(yu)业(ye)盐(yan)业(ye)优(you)势,因(yin)而人(ren)民多归附齐国(guo),齐成(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)大国(guo)。到(dao)周成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)年幼(you)即(ji)位之时(shi),管蔡叛(pan)乱(luan),淮夷也(ye)背叛(pan)周朝(chao),成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)派召(shào,绍(shao))康公命(ming)令太公说:“东(dong)至大海,西至黄河,南至穆(mu)陵,北至无(wu)棣,此间五等诸侯,各地(di)官守,如有(you)罪愆(qian),命(ming)你讨伐。”齐因(yin)此可(ke)以征讨各国(guo),形成(cheng)(cheng)大国(guo)、定都营丘。
太(tai)公(gong)(gong)死(si)时(shi)一百余岁,其(qi)(qi)子丁(ding)公(gong)(gong)吕伋(jí,及(ji))继位(wei)(wei)。丁(ding)公(gong)(gong)死(si),其(qi)(qi)子乙公(gong)(gong)得继位(wei)(wei)。乙公(gong)(gong)死(si),其(qi)(qi)子癸(gui)(gui)公(gong)(gong)慈母继位(wei)(wei)。癸(gui)(gui)公(gong)(gong)死(si),其(qi)(qi)子哀公(gong)(gong)不辰继位(wei)(wei)。
哀公(gong)时(shi),纪侯向周(zhou)王诬陷哀公(gong),周(zhou)王用(yong)大(da)鼎煮死哀公(gong),而立(li)其弟静为齐君,就(jiu)是胡公(gong)。胡公(gong)迁都于薄姑,此(ci)时(shi)正当周(zhou)夷王在位。
哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)母(mu)少弟山怨恨胡公(gong)(gong)(gong),就与自己党徒带领营(ying)丘人(ren)袭(xi)击杀死胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)自立(li)为齐君,就是献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年,全(quan)部驱逐胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)诸子,借机把首(shou)都从薄姑(gu)迁到临淄。
九年(nian),献公(gong)(gong)死(si),其子武公(gong)(gong)寿继位。武公(gong)(gong)九年(nian),周(zhou)厉(li)王(wang)逃亡,住在(zai)彘(zhì,志)邑(yi)。十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(前841),周(zhou)王(wang)室大乱(luan),大臣们主持国政,号称“共和”。二十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(前827),周(zhou)宣(xuan)王(wang)即位。
二十六年(nian)(前825),武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si),其子(zi)(zi)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)无(wu)忌(ji)继位。厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)残暴肆虐,所以胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)又返回齐(qi)国,齐(qi)人(ren)想立(li)胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)为君,就一同攻杀厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。胡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)也战死(si)。齐(qi)人(ren)于是立(li)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)赤为齐(qi)君,就是文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),斩掉七十多(duo)个(ge)攻杀厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的人(ren)。
文公(gong)(gong)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(前(qian)804)死,其(qi)子成公(gong)(gong)脱继位。成公(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(前(qian)795)死,其(qi)子庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)购继位。
庄公(gong)二(er)十四年(前771),犬戎杀死幽(you)王,周王室(shi)东迁(qian)都到洛邑。秦国(guo)开始列(lie)位于诸侯(hou)(hou)。五(wu)十六(liu)年(前739),晋人杀死他们国(guo)君(jun)晋昭侯(hou)(hou)。
六十四年(前731),庄公死(si),其子釐(xī,西)公禄(lu)甫继位。
釐公九(jiu)年(前(qian)722),鲁隐(yin)公即位。十(shi)九(jiu)年(前(qian)712),鲁桓公杀其兄隐(yin)公而自立为鲁君。
二十五年(前706),北戎攻伐齐(qi)国(guo)。郑国(guo)派太子忽(hu)来援救(jiu)齐(qi)国(guo),齐(qi)侯想把女(nv)儿(er)嫁给他。忽(hu)说:“郑国(guo)小(xiao)齐(qi)国(guo)大(da),我配不上。”就谢绝了。
三十二年(前699),釐公同母弟夷(yi)仲年死。其(qi)子名叫公孙无知,釐公宠爱他(ta),给他(ta)的级别车服生活待遇和太子一样(yang)。
三十三年(前698),釐公死(si),太子(zi)诸(zhu)儿立,就是(shi)襄公。
襄公(gong)元年(nian)(前697),襄公(gong)原来还是太子时,曾(ceng)与无(wu)知争斗,即位(wei)以后,降低无(wu)知的(de)俸禄车马服饰的(de)等级,无(wu)知心(xin)中怨恨。
四年(前694),鲁(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)和夫人来到(dao)齐(qi)(qi)国。齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)过(guo)去曾与鲁(lu)(lu)夫人私通。鲁(lu)(lu)夫人是襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)的妹妹,在(zai)齐(qi)(qi)釐(li)公(gong)(gong)时嫁给鲁(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)做夫人,此次与鲁(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)来齐(qi)(qi)国又与襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)通奸。鲁(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)发现(xian)此事(shi),怒责(ze)夫人,夫人告(gao)诉(su)了齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)。齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)宴请(qing)鲁(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),把桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)灌醉(zui),派大力士彭生把鲁(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)抱(bao)上车(che),接着折断桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的肋骨杀(sha)死(si)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)被抬出车(che)时已死(si)掉了。鲁(lu)(lu)国人为此责(ze)备(bei)齐(qi)(qi)国,齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)杀(sha)死(si)彭生以向鲁(lu)(lu)国谢罪赎过(guo)。
八(ba)年(前690),齐国征(zheng)伐纪国,纪国被迫迁(qian)都。
十(shi)二年(nian)(前(qian)686),当(dang)初,襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)派(pai)连称、管(guan)(guan)(guan)至(zhi)父驻守(shou)葵丘,约定七(qi)月瓜(gua)熟时(shi)前(qian)去(qu),第二年(nian)瓜(gua)熟时(shi)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)替换他(ta)(ta)们。他(ta)(ta)们前(qian)去(qu)驻守(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian),瓜(gua)熟时(shi)期已过襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)仍不(bu)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)替换。有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)为他(ta)(ta)们要(yao)求派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren),襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)答应(ying)。所以二人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)气,通(tong)过公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙无知策划叛乱(luan)。连称有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)堂妹在(zai)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宫内,不(bu)被宠幸,就(jiu)让她(ta)(ta)侦伺襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong),对她(ta)(ta)说:“事成以后让你给无知当(dang)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”冬(dong)十(shi)二月,襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)姑棼(fén,焚)游玩(wan),又(you)到(dao)沛丘打(da)猎。见一(yi)(yi)(yi)大猪(zhu)(zhu),侍从说“是彭生(sheng)(sheng)”,襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)大怒,用(yong)箭(jian)射去(qu),大猪(zhu)(zhu)如人(ren)(ren)(ren)站(zhan)立而(er)叫。襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害怕(pa),从车上(shang)(shang)摔下(xia)伤了(le)脚(jiao),鞋子(zi)也掉了(le)。回去(qu)后把管(guan)(guan)(guan)鞋的名(ming)叫“茀(fú,拂)”的人(ren)(ren)(ren)鞭打(da)三百下(xia)。茀出宫。无知、连称、管(guan)(guan)(guan)至(zhi)父等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)闻知襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)受伤,就(jiu)带领徒众来(lai)攻袭襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宫。正遇管(guan)(guan)(guan)鞋的茀,茀说:“先(xian)(xian)不(bu)要(yao)进(jin)去(qu)以免惊动宫中(zhong),惊动宫中(zhong)后就(jiu)不(bu)易再攻进(jin)去(qu)了(le)。”无知不(bu)信(xin)此(ci)言(yan),茀让他(ta)(ta)验看自己的伤痕(hen),才被相信(xin)。他(ta)(ta)们等(deng)在(zai)宫外,让茀先(xian)(xian)进(jin)去(qu)探(tan)听。茀先(xian)(xian)入后,马上(shang)(shang)把襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)藏在(zai)屋门(men)后。过了(le)好(hao)久,无知等(deng)害怕(pa),就(jiu)进(jin)宫去(qu)。茀反而(er)和宫中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以及襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的亲(qin)信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)反攻无知等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),未能得胜,全被杀死。无知进(jin)宫,找不(bu)到(dao)襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)见屋门(men)下(xia)露着人(ren)(ren)(ren)脚(jiao),开(kai)门(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)看,门(men)后正是襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong),就(jiu)杀死襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong),无知自立为齐君。
桓(huan)公元年(前685)春,齐君无知到(dao)雍(yong)林游玩(wan)。雍(yong)林有人曾怨(yuan)恨无知,等到(dao)无知去游玩(wan)时,雍(yong)林人偷袭(xi)杀死无知,向齐国大夫宣告说(shuo):“无知杀死襄公自立为君,我已将他(ta)处死。请大夫们改立其他(ta)公子中该即位的(de),我唯命是(shi)听(ting)。”
当(dang)初,襄(xiang)公(gong)将鲁(lu)(lu)桓公(gong)灌(guan)醉(zui)杀(sha)死(si)(si),与(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)夫(fu)人(ren)通奸,还屡(lv)屡(lv)杀(sha)罚不当(dang),沉迷女(nv)色,多次(ci)欺侮大臣,他的诸弟害怕祸(huo)患牵连,因此次(ci)弟纠(jiu)逃亡(wang)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo),他母(mu)亲是鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)。管(guan)仲(zhong)、召忽辅佐(zuo)他。次(ci)弟小(xiao)白逃亡(wang)莒(ju)(ju)国(guo)(guo),鲍叔辅佐(zuo)他。小(xiao)白母(mu)亲是卫国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)女(nv),很得齐(qi)釐(li)公(gong)宠幸。小(xiao)白从(cong)小(xiao)与(yu)大夫(fu)高傒(xi)(xī,西)交(jiao)好。雍(yong)林(lin)人(ren)杀(sha)死(si)(si)无(wu)知(zhi)后(hou),商(shang)议立君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)事,高氏(shi)、国(guo)(guo)氏(shi)抢先(xian)暗中从(cong)莒(ju)(ju)国(guo)(guo)召回小(xiao)白。鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)闻知(zhi)无(wu)知(zhi)已(yi)死(si)(si),也派兵护送公(gong)子纠(jiu)返齐(qi),并(bing)命管(guan)仲(zhong)另带军队遏阻莒(ju)(ju)国(guo)(guo)通道(dao),管(guan)仲(zhong)射中小(xiao)白衣带钩。小(xiao)白假(jia)装(zhuang)死(si)(si)了,管(guan)仲(zhong)派人(ren)飞报鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)。鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)护送公(gong)子纠(jiu)的部队速(su)度就放(fang)慢了,六天才至齐(qi)国(guo)(guo),而小(xiao)白已(yi)先(xian)入齐(qi)国(guo)(guo),高傒(xi)立其为君(jun),就是桓公(gong)。
桓公(gong)当时(shi)被射(she)中衣带勾之后,装(zhuang)死(si)以(yi)(yi)(yi)迷(mi)惑管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),然(ran)后藏在(zai)温车中飞速行进,也因为(wei)有(you)高(gao)氏(shi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)氏(shi)二(er)大家(jia)族为(wei)内(nei)(nei)应,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)能够(gou)先入齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)即(ji)位,派兵(bing)(bing)抵御鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)军。秋天,齐(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)与(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)(bing)在(zai)乾(qian)时(shi)作战,鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)(bing)败逃(tao),齐(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)又切(qie)断鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)(bing)的退路。齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)写信(xin)给(ji)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)说(shuo):“子纠(jiu)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)兄弟(di),不(bu)忍亲手杀(sha)(sha)他(ta),请鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)将他(ta)杀(sha)(sha)死(si)。召忽、管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)仇敌,我(wo)(wo)要(yao)求活(huo)着交给(ji)我(wo)(wo),让我(wo)(wo)把他(ta)们(men)剁(duo)成肉酱才(cai)(cai)甘心。不(bu)然(ran),齐(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)要(yao)围(wei)攻鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。”鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)人(ren)害怕,就在(zai)笙渎杀(sha)(sha)死(si)子纠(jiu)。召忽自杀(sha)(sha)而(er)死(si),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)求囚禁。桓公(gong)即(ji)位时(shi),派兵(bing)(bing)攻鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),本(ben)欲杀(sha)(sha)死(si)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)。鲍(bao)叔牙说(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)有(you)幸跟(gen)从(cong)您(nin)(nin)(nin),您(nin)(nin)(nin)终于成为(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君。您(nin)(nin)(nin)的尊贵地位,我(wo)(wo)已无法(fa)再帮助您(nin)(nin)(nin)提高(gao)。您(nin)(nin)(nin)如果只想(xiang)(xiang)治理齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),有(you)高(gao)傒和我(wo)(wo)也就够(gou)了。您(nin)(nin)(nin)如果想(xiang)(xiang)成就霸王之业,没有(you)管(guan)(guan)夷吾不(bu)行。夷吾所居之国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),其国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必强,不(bu)能失去这(zhei)个人(ren)才(cai)(cai)。”于是(shi)桓公(gong)听(ting)从(cong)此言。就假装(zhuang)召回管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)报仇雪恨(hen),实际(ji)是(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)任(ren)他(ta)为(wei)政。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)心里(li)明白,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)求返齐(qi)(qi)。鲍(bao)叔牙迎接管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),一到齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境内(nei)(nei)的堂阜就给(ji)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)除去桎(zhi)梏,让他(ta)斋(zhai)戒沐(mu)浴而(er)见(jian)桓公(gong)。桓公(gong)赏以(yi)(yi)(yi)厚礼任(ren)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)大夫(fu),主持(chi)政务。
桓公得到(dao)管仲后,与(yu)鲍叔、隰(xí,席(xi))朋、高傒共同修治齐(qi)国政事,组(zu)织基层五家连兵之制,开发(fa)商业(ye)(ye)(ye)流(liu)通、渔业(ye)(ye)(ye)盐业(ye)(ye)(ye)优势,用以给赡贫民,奖励贤能之士,齐(qi)国人人欢(huan)欣。
二年(前684),齐国(guo)伐灭郯(tán,谭)国(guo),郯国(guo)国(guo)君逃亡(wang)莒国(guo)。当初,齐桓公逃亡(wang)国(guo)外时,曾经过郯国(guo),郯国(guo)对桓公无礼,所以讨伐它。
五年(前681),征伐鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo),鲁(lu)军(jun)眼看(kan)失败。鲁(lu)庄公请求献出(chu)遂邑来媾和(he),桓公允诺,与鲁(lu)人在(zai)柯地(di)(di)盟会。将要盟誓之(zhi)际,鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)的(de)曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)(huì,惠)在(zai)祭坛上用匕首(shou)劫(jie)持齐桓公,说:“归还(hai)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)被侵占的(de)土地(di)(di)!”桓公答应(ying)。然后(hou)曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)扔(reng)掉(diao)匕首(shou),回到面向北方(fang)的(de)臣子(zi)之(zhi)位。桓公后(hou)悔,想不归还(hai)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)被占领土并杀(sha)死(si)曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)。管仲说:“如果(guo)被劫(jie)持时答应(ying)了人家的(de)要求,然后(hou)又背弃诺言杀(sha)死(si)人家,是(shi)满足于(yu)一(yi)件小小的(de)快意之(zhi)事,而在(zai)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)中(zhong)却失去了信(xin)义,也就(jiu)(jiu)失去了天下(xia)人的(de)支持,不能这样做。”桓公于(yu)是(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)把曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)三(san)次战败所丢的(de)全部领土归还(hai)给(ji)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)闻知,都认(ren)为(wei)齐国(guo)(guo)守信(xin)而愿意归附。七年(前679),诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)与齐恒公在(zai)甄地(di)(di)盟会,齐桓公从此成为(wei)天下(xia)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)的(de)霸主。
十(shi)四年(前(qian)672),陈厉公(gong)(gong)子陈完,号敬(jing)仲,逃(tao)亡来到齐国。齐桓公(gong)(gong)想(xiang)任命(ming)他(ta)为卿,他(ta)谦让不肯;于是让他(ta)做工正之(zhi)官。这就是田成子田尝的祖先。
二十(shi)三(san)年(前663),山戎侵伐(fa)燕国(guo),燕向齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)告急(ji)。齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)派(pai)兵救燕,接着讨伐(fa)山戎,到达孤竹后才班师。燕庄王(wang)(wang)又送桓公(gong)(gong)进入齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)境内。桓公(gong)(gong)说:“除了天子,诸侯(hou)之(zhi)间相送不出(chu)自己国(guo)境,我不能对燕无(wu)礼。”于是把(ba)燕君所至的齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)领土用沟(gou)分开(kai)送给燕国(guo),让燕君重修召公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)政(zheng),向周王(wang)(wang)室进贡,就象周成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)、康王(wang)(wang)时代一样。诸侯(hou)闻知(zhi)后,都服(fu)从(cong)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)。
二十(shi)七年(前659),鲁湣(min)(mǐn,闵)公之(zhi)母叫哀姜(jiang),是齐桓公的妹妹。哀姜(jiang)与鲁公子庆父(fu)私通(tong),庆父(fu)杀死湣(min)公,哀姜(jiang)想立(li)庆父(fu)为国君,鲁人改(gai)立(li)起釐公。桓公把哀姜(jiang)召回齐国,杀了哀姜(jiang)。
二十八(ba)年(前658),卫文公被狄人侵伐,向(xiang)齐(qi)国(guo)告急。齐(qi)国(guo)率领诸侯在楚丘(qiu)筑成(cheng)城池(chi),安置卫君在那(nei)里(li)。
二十九年(前657),恒(heng)公(gong)(gong)与夫人蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)乘(cheng)船游玩(wan)。蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)熟悉水性,摇晃船只颠簸桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)害怕,命(ming)她(ta)停(ting)(ting)止,她(ta)仍不停(ting)(ting),下船之后,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)恼怒,把(ba)蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)送回娘家,但又不断绝婚姻(yin)关系。蔡(cai)(cai)侯也十分(fen)生(sheng)气,就又把(ba)蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)另嫁给别人。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)听说后更(geng)加生(sheng)气,兴(xing)兵伐蔡(cai)(cai)。
三十年(nian)(前656)春,齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公率领诸侯讨伐(fa)蔡(cai)国(guo),蔡(cai)国(guo)大(da)(da)败。接着伐(fa)楚(chu)(chu)。楚(chu)(chu)成(cheng)王兴兵来问:“为(wei)(wei)什(shen)么进入我(wo)的(de)国(guo)土?”管仲回答(da)说(shuo):“过去(qu)召康(kang)公命令(ling)我(wo)国(guo)先君太公:‘五等诸侯,各地(di)守官,你有权征伐(fa),以辅(fu)佐周(zhou)室。’赐给我(wo)先君有权征伐(fa)的(de)疆(jiang)界,东至大(da)(da)海,西至黄河(he),南(nan)(nan)至穆陵,北至无棣。楚(chu)(chu)国(guo)应该(gai)进贡(gong)的(de)包茅没(mei)有进献,天子祭祀用品不(bu)全,因此来督责。昭(zhao)王南(nan)(nan)征不(bu)归(gui)(gui)死在南(nan)(nan)方(fang),因此前来问罪(zui)。”楚(chu)(chu)王说(shuo):“贡(gong)品没(mei)有进献,确实(shi)如(ru)(ru)此,是我(wo)之罪(zui)过,今(jin)后不(bu)敢不(bu)奉上(shang)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)昭(zhao)王一(yi)(yi)去(qu)不(bu)归(gui)(gui),并未在我(wo)楚(chu)(chu)国(guo)领土,请您(nin)到(dao)汉水边上(shang)去(qu)问罪(zui)。”齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)进扎于(yu)(yu)(yu)陉地(di)。夏,楚(chu)(chu)王命屈(qu)完(wan)(wan)领兵抗齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)退驻召陵。桓公向(xiang)屈(qu)完(wan)(wan)炫耀兵多将广。屈(qu)完(wan)(wan)说(shuo):“您(nin)合于(yu)(yu)(yu)正义才能(neng)胜(sheng)利;如(ru)(ru)果不(bu)然,楚(chu)(chu)国(guo)就(jiu)以方(fang)城(cheng)山(shan)为(wei)(wei)城(cheng)墙,以长江、汉江为(wei)(wei)护城(cheng)河(he),您(nin)怎(zen)么能(neng)推进呢?”齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公就(jiu)与屈(qu)完(wan)(wan)订(ding)立协约而回。途径陈(chen)国(guo),陈(chen)国(guo)大(da)(da)夫袁涛塗欺骗桓公,让(rang)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)走东线难行之路,被齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)发觉。秋天,齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)讨伐(fa)陈(chen)国(guo)。这一(yi)(yi)年(nian),晋国(guo)君杀死其太子申生。
三十五年(前(qian)651)夏(xia),桓公(gong)与(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou)在(zai)葵丘盟(meng)(meng)会(hui)。周襄(xiang)王(wang)派宰孔(kong)赏赐给桓公(gong)祭祀文王(wang)武王(wang)的(de)福(fu)肉、丹彩装饰的(de)弓箭(jian)、天子(zi)乘用的(de)车乘,而且特许桓公(gong)不要下拜谢恩(en)。桓公(gong)本想答应,管仲(zhong)说:“不可”。桓公(gong)于是(shi)下拜接受(shou)赏物。秋天,再次与(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou)在(zai)葵丘盟(meng)(meng)会(hui),齐桓公(gong)愈发面(mian)有骄(jiao)傲之色。周王(wang)派宰孔(kong)参加盟(meng)(meng)会(hui)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)见桓公(gong)如(ru)此(ci)也使有些人离(li)心。晋君(jun)病重(zhong),上路(lu)迟(chi)了(le),正逢宰孔(kong)。宰孔(kong)说:“齐桓公(gong)骄(jiao)傲了(le),尽管不去(qu)也没什么关系。”晋君(jun)听从此(ci)言未(wei)去(qu)盟(meng)(meng)会(hui)。此(ci)年,晋献(xian)公(gong)死,里克杀(sha)死献(xian)公(gong)少子(zi)奚齐和卓子(zi),秦穆(mu)公(gong)因为(wei)自己夫人是(shi)晋公(gong)子(zi)夷(yi)吾(wu)的(de)姐姐,所以武力(li)护送夷(yi)吾(wu)返晋为(wei)君(jun)。桓公(gong)也讨伐(fa)晋国(guo)(guo)内之乱(luan),到(dao)达高(gao)梁地方(fang),派隰朋立起夷(yi)吾(wu)为(wei)晋国(guo)(guo)君(jun),然后撤军。
此时周朝王(wang)室(shi)衰微,天下只有(you)齐、楚(chu)、晋四国强盛(sheng)。晋国刚刚参(can)加盟会(hui)(hui)(hui),晋献公(gong)(gong)便死去,国内大(da)乱。秦(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)处地偏远(yuan),不(bu)参(can)加中(zhong)原诸侯的会(hui)(hui)(hui)盟。楚(chu)成王(wang)刚刚将荆蛮(man)之地占为己(ji)有(you),认为自己(ji)是夷狄之邦。只有(you)齐国能(neng)够召集(ji)中(zhong)原诸侯盟会(hui)(hui)(hui),齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)又充(chong)分宣示出其盛(sheng)德,所以各(ge)国诸侯无(wu)不(bu)宾服(fu)而(er)(er)来会(hui)(hui)(hui)。因此桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)宣称:“寡人南征至召陵,望到了(le)熊耳(er)山(shan);北伐山(shan)戎、离枝、孤(gu)竹国;西(xi)征大(da)夏(xia),远(yuan)涉流(liu)沙(sha);包缠马(ma)蹄(ti),挂牢战车(che)(che)(che)登上(shang)太行险道,直达卑耳(er)山(shan)而(er)(er)还。诸侯无(wu)人违抗寡人。寡人召集(ji)兵(bing)车(che)(che)(che)盟会(hui)(hui)(hui)三次(ci),乘车(che)(che)(che)盟会(hui)(hui)(hui)六次(ci),九次(ci)会(hui)(hui)(hui)合诸侯,匡正天下于(yu)一统。过去三代(dai)开国天子,与此有(you)何不(bu)同!我想要(yao)封(feng)祭(ji)泰山(shan),禅祭(ji)梁父。”管仲(zhong)力(li)谏,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)听;管仲(zhong)于(yu)是介绍(shao)封(feng)禅之礼要(yao)等远(yuan)方(fang)各(ge)种奇珍异物具(ju)备才能(neng)举行,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)才作罢。
三十八年(前648),周襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)弟带与戎(rong)人、翟(zhai)(dí,狄)人合谋侵周,齐国派(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)仲到周去为双(shuang)方讲和。周天(tian)子想用上卿之(zhi)礼(li)(li)接待(dai)管(guan)(guan)仲,管(guan)(guan)仲叩头(tou)而拜说:“我是陪(pei)臣,怎么敢受(shou)此礼(li)(li)遇!”谦让再三,才接受(shou)以(yi)下卿之(zhi)礼(li)(li)拜见天(tian)子。三十九年(前647),周襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)弟王(wang)(wang)子带逃亡到齐国。齐国派(pai)(pai)仲孙请(qing)求周襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang),替(ti)带谢罪。周襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)很生气,不答应(ying)。
四十一年(前645),秦穆公(gong)俘获晋惠公(gong),又释放他(ta)(ta)(ta)归国。此年,管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、隰(xi)朋都去(qu)世。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病重之后,齐桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)问他(ta)(ta)(ta):“你死(si)后群臣之中谁可做相国?”管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)说(shuo):“知臣莫如君。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)说(shuo):“易牙这(zhei)人(ren)怎(zen)么样?”回(hui)答(da)说(shuo):“他(ta)(ta)(ta)杀死(si)自己(ji)的儿(er)子来迎(ying)合(he)国君,不(bu)(bu)合(he)人(ren)情(qing)(qing),不(bu)(bu)能任用(yong)。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)问:“开方这(zhei)人(ren)怎(zen)么样?”回(hui)答(da)说(shuo):“他(ta)(ta)(ta)抛弃双(shuang)亲来迎(ying)合(he)国君,不(bu)(bu)合(he)人(ren)情(qing)(qing),不(bu)(bu)可接近(jin)。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)说(shuo):“竖刀(diāo,貂)这(zhei)人(ren)怎(zen)么样?”回(hui)答(da)说(shuo):“阉割(ge)自己(ji)来迎(ying)合(he)国君,不(bu)(bu)合(he)人(ren)情(qing)(qing),不(bu)(bu)可亲信(xin)。”管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)死(si)后,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)听(ting)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之言,还是亲近(jin)任用(yong)这(zhei)三人(ren),三人(ren)专权。
四(si)十二年(nian)(前(qian)644),戎人伐周,周向齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)告急(ji),齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)命各诸侯分别派兵(bing)戍卫周王室(shi)。此年(nian),晋公子重(zhong)耳(er)来(lai)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo),齐(qi)(qi)桓公把本族之女嫁给重(zhong)耳(er)为妻。
四十三(san)年(前643)。当初(chu),齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有三(san)位(wei)夫(fu)人:名叫王(wang)姬(ji)、徐姬(ji)、蔡姬(ji),都(dou)没(mei)生(sheng)儿子(zi)。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)好色,有很多(duo)宠幸的(de)妾,其(qi)中(zhong)地位(wei)等同于(yu)夫(fu)人的(de)就有六个:长(zhang)(zǎng,掌)卫(wei)(wei)姬(ji),生(sheng)的(de)无(wu)诡;少卫(wei)(wei)姬(ji),生(sheng)的(de)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan);郑姬(ji),生(sheng)的(de)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)昭(zhao);葛嬴,生(sheng)的(de)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)潘;密姬(ji),生(sheng)的(de)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)商人;宋(song)(song)华子(zi),生(sheng)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)雍。齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)和管仲曾(ceng)把孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)昭(zhao)托付给宋(song)(song)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong),立(li)为太子(zi)。易牙受到桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)长(zhang)卫(wei)(wei)姬(ji)的(de)宠幸,又通(tong)过宦者竖刀
送给桓(huan)公(gong)厚礼,所以也受到桓(huan)公(gong)宠幸,桓(huan)公(gong)答应易牙(ya)立(li)无诡(gui)为太(tai)(tai)子(zi)。管仲死(si)(si)后,五位公(gong)子(zi)都要求立(li)为太(tai)(tai)子(zi)。冬(dong)十月乙(yi)亥日(ri),齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)死(si)(si)。易牙(ya)进宫(gong),与竖(shu)刀借助宫(gong)内宠臣杀死(si)(si)诸大夫(fu),立(li)公(gong)子(zi)无诡(gui)为齐(qi)君。太(tai)(tai)子(zi)昭逃亡到宋国。
桓(huan)公(gong)病时,五公(gong)子各自结党要求(qiu)立为太子。桓(huan)公(gong)死(si)后,就(jiu)互相攻战,以致宫中(zhong)无人(ren),也(ye)没人(ren)敢(gan)去把桓(huan)公(gong)装尸入(ru)(ru)棺。桓(huan)公(gong)尸体(ti)丢在床上(shang)六十七天,尸体(ti)爬满(man)蛆虫(chong)以至(zhi)爬出门(men)外。十二月乙亥日(ri),无诡即位,才装棺并向(xiang)各国报丧(sang)。辛(xin)巳日(ri)夜,才穿衣入(ru)(ru)敛,停柩于堂。
桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)十余人(ren),总(zong)计前后五人(ren)曾登君(jun)位(wei):无诡即位(wei)三(san)(san)月死(si)去,没有(you)谥(shì,示)号;接(jie)着是(shi)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong);接(jie)着是(shi)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong);再接(jie)下(xia)去是(shi)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong);最后是(shi)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(前642)三(san)(san)月,宋(song)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率领诸侯军(jun)队送齐(qi)(qi)(qi)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)昭(zhao)归国(guo)并伐(fa)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)害(hai)怕,杀死(si)其(qi)君(jun)无诡。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)将要立(li)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)昭(zhao)为(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)时,其(qi)余四(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的徒众又攻打(da)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逃(tao)到宋(song)国(guo),宋(song)国(guo)与齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)四(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的军(jun)队作战(zhan)。五月,宋(song)军(jun)打(da)败(bai)四(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)立(li)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)昭(zhao)为(wei)(wei)君(jun),就是(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。宋(song)国(guo)因为(wei)(wei)曾受桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与管仲之托照顾太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),所以前来征伐(fa)。因为(wei)(wei)战(zhan)乱,到八(ba)月才顾上埋葬齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。
六年(前(qian)637)春,齐国伐宋,因为宋国不参加在齐国的盟会。夏,宋襄公(gong)死。七(qi)年(前(qian)636),晋文公(gong)即位。
十(shi)年(nian)(前633),孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)死,孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)之弟潘让公(gong)(gong)子(zi)开方(fang)杀死孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)之子(zi)而立潘为君,就是(shi)(shi)昭公(gong)(gong)。昭公(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)桓公(gong)(gong)的儿子(zi),其(qi)母名叫葛嬴。
昭(zhao)公(gong)元年(前632),晋文公(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城濮(pu)大(da)败楚军,召集诸侯(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)践土盟会,朝见周天(tian)子(zi)(zi),天(tian)子(zi)(zi)让(rang)晋做诸侯(hou)的霸主(zhu)。六(liu)年(前627),狄人侵齐。晋文公(gong)死。秦(qin)兵在(zai)(zai)(zai)殽地兵败。十二年(前621),秦(qin)穆公(gong)死。
十(shi)九年(前614)五月,昭公(gong)死,其(qi)(qi)子舍立为齐(qi)君(jun)。舍之(zhi)母(mu)不被昭公(gong)宠爱,齐(qi)国人(ren)(ren)都不怕他。昭公(gong)之(zhi)弟商人(ren)(ren)因为桓公(gong)死后(hou)未能(neng)争立为君(jun),暗中结(jie)交(jiao)贤士(shi),抚(fu)恤存爱百(bai)姓(xing),百(bai)姓(xing)拥戴(dai)。昭公(gong)死后(hou),其(qi)(qi)子舍继位,孤独软弱,商人(ren)(ren)就与众人(ren)(ren)于十(shi)月在昭公(gong)坟前杀死其(qi)(qi)君(jun)舍,商人(ren)(ren)自立为君(jun),就是懿公(gong)。懿公(gong),是桓公(gong)之(zhi)子,他的母(mu)亲名叫密(mi)姬(ji)。
懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(前609)春,当(dang)初,懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)还是(shi)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)的(de)时候,与丙(bing)戎(rong)的(de)父亲一同打猎(lie),互相(xiang)争夺猎(lie)物,懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)未争到(dao)(dao),即位以后,懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)斩断丙(bing)戎(rong)父亲的(de)脚(jiao),却(que)让(rang)丙(bing)戎(rong)为自己驾车(che)。庸职的(de)妻子(zi)漂(piao)亮,懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)抢入宫(gong)中(zhong)(zhong),却(que)让(rang)庸职骖(cān,参)乘。五(wu)月,懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)申池游(you)玩,丙(bing)戎(rong)和庸职洗(xi)澡,互相(xiang)开玩笑(xiao)。庸职说(shuo)丙(bing)戎(rong)是(shi)“砍脚(jiao)人的(de)儿子(zi),丙(bing)戎(rong)说(shuo)庸职是(shi)“被人夺妻的(de)丈(zhang)夫”。两人都为这些(xie)话感(gan)到(dao)(dao)耻辱,共(gong)同怨恨懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)。两个人谋划与懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)同到(dao)(dao)竹林中(zhong)(zhong)游(you)玩,二人在(zai)车(che)上把懿(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)杀死,把尸(shi)体抛(pao)在(zai)竹林中(zhong)(zhong)逃跑。
懿(yi)公即位后,骄横,人民不归附。齐国(guo)人废黜懿(yi)公子之子而从卫国(guo)迎接公子元回齐,立(li)为(wei)国(guo)君,就是(shi)惠公。惠公,是(shi)桓公之子。他的母亲是(shi)卫国(guo)之女,名叫少卫姬,因躲避(bi)齐国(guo)内乱(luan),所以逃往卫国(guo)。
惠公二年(前607),长(zhang)翟来齐(qi),王(wang)子城父攻杀长(zhang)翟,把他(ta)埋在(zai)北门(men)。晋国大夫赵穿杀死国君晋灵公。
十年(前599),惠公死(si),其子顷(qing)公无野继位(wei)。当初(chu),崔杼(zhu)曾得到(dao)惠公宠幸,等到(dao)惠公死(si)后(hou),高氏、国(guo)(guo)氏怕受他胁迫,把崔杼(zhu)驱逐(zhu)出国(guo)(guo),崔杼(zhu)逃(tao)到(dao)卫国(guo)(guo)。
顷(qing)公(gong)元年(前(qian)598),楚庄王强盛起来,征(zheng)伐陈国(guo);二年(前(qian)597),围攻郑(zheng)国(guo),郑(zheng)伯(bo)投降(jiang),后(hou)又让郑(zheng)伯(bo)复国(guo)。
六年(nian)(前(qian)593)春,晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)派(pai)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)出使(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)让(rang)(rang)其母坐在(zai)(zai)帷幕中(zhong)观看。郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)上(shang)阶,夫(fu)人笑话他。郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“此辱(ru)不(bu)(bu)报,誓不(bu)(bu)再渡黄河!”回(hui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou),请求晋(jin)君伐齐(qi)(qi)(qi),晋(jin)君不(bu)(bu)答应(ying)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)使(shi)者至晋(jin),郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)河内捉住齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)使(shi)者四(si)人,全部杀(sha)死。八(ba)年(nian)(前(qian)591),晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)伐齐(qi)(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)让(rang)(rang)公(gong)子(zi)强(qiang)到(dao)(dao)晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)做(zuo)人质,晋(jin)军(jun)(jun)才离去(qu)。十年(nian)(前(qian)589)春,齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)征(zheng)伐鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)、卫(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。鲁、卫(wei)(wei)二国(guo)(guo)(guo)大夫(fu)到(dao)(dao)晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)请兵,都是通(tong)过(guo)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)。晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)派(pai)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)率(lv)领战车(che)(che)八(ba)百乘,做(zuo)中(zhong)军(jun)(jun)之(zhi)将(jiang)(jiang),士燮率(lv)领上(shang)军(jun)(jun),栾书率(lv)领下军(jun)(jun),来救(jiu)鲁、卫(wei)(wei),讨(tao)伐齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。六月壬申(shen)日(ri),晋(jin)军(jun)(jun)与齐(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)靡笄(jī,鸡(ji))山(shan)下交兵。癸西日(ri),在(zai)(zai)鞍地(di)排列(lie)成(cheng)阵(zhen)。逄(pang)(páng,庞)丑(chou)父(fu)(fu)(fu)做(zuo)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)的(de)(de)车(che)(che)右武(wu)士。顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“冲(chong)上(shang)去(qu),击破晋(jin)军(jun)(jun)后(hou)聚餐。”齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)射伤郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke),血流到(dao)(dao)脚。郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)想(xiang)退回(hui)营垒(lei),他战车(che)(che)的(de)(de)驭手说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)从进入战斗(dou)(dou)后(hou),已两(liang)次负伤,我(wo)不(bu)(bu)敢说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)疼痛,害怕使(shi)士卒恐(kong)惧,愿您(nin)(nin)忍痛继续战斗(dou)(dou)。”郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)又(you)投入战斗(dou)(dou)。战斗(dou)(dou)进行中(zhong),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)(jun)危急,逄(pang)丑(chou)父(fu)(fu)(fu)怕齐(qi)(qi)(qi)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)被活捉,就(jiu)互相交换了位置(zhi),顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)成(cheng)为车(che)(che)右武(wu)士,战车(che)(che)绊在(zai)(zai)树上(shang)抛(pao)锚。晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)小将(jiang)(jiang)韩厥拜伏在(zai)(zai)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)战车(che)(che)之(zhi)前(qian),说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)们(men)晋(jin)君派(pai)我(wo)来救(jiu)援(yuan)鲁、卫(wei)(wei)。”这样(yang)嘲笑顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)。丑(chou)父(fu)(fu)(fu)装成(cheng)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong),让(rang)(rang)装成(cheng)车(che)(che)右武(wu)士的(de)(de)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)下车(che)(che)取水来喝,顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)借此得以(yi)(yi)逃(tao)脱,跑(pao)回(hui)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)(jun)阵(zhen)中(zhong)。晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)要杀(sha)丑(chou)父(fu)(fu)(fu)、丑(chou)父(fu)(fu)(fu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)替国(guo)(guo)(guo)君死而被杀(sha),以(yi)(yi)后(hou)为人臣子(zi)的(de)(de)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)会有忠于(yu)君主(zhu)的(de)(de)人了。”郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)就(jiu)放了他,丑(chou)父(fu)(fu)(fu)于(yu)是能逃(tao)归(gui)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)(jun)。晋(jin)军(jun)(jun)追赶齐(qi)(qi)(qi)军(jun)(jun)直到(dao)(dao)马陵。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)请求用(yong)宝器谢罪,郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)答应(ying),一定要得到(dao)(dao)耻笑郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)萧桐叔子(zi),还命令齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)把田垅(long)一律改(gai)成(cheng)东西方向。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)人回(hui)答说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“萧桐叔子(zi),是齐(qi)(qi)(qi)顷(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)公(gong)的(de)(de)母亲(qin)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)君的(de)(de)母亲(qin)就(jiu)犹(you)如(ru)晋(jin)君的(de)(de)母亲(qin)一样(yang)地(di)位,您(nin)(nin)怎么处(chu)置(zhi)她?而且您(nin)(nin)是以(yi)(yi)正义(yi)之(zhi)师伐齐(qi)(qi)(qi),却(que)以(yi)(yi)暴虐无礼来结束,怎么可以(yi)(yi)呢?”于(yu)是郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)答应(ying)了他们(men),只让(rang)(rang)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)归(gui)还侵占(zhan)的(de)(de)鲁、卫(wei)(wei)二国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)领土。
十一(yi)年(前(qian)588),晋开(kai)始(shi)设置六卿,用(yong)以封赏(shang)鞍地战争中的有功人员。齐(qi)(qi)顷公(gong)朝见晋君,想用(yong)朝见天子的礼(li)节(jie)拜(bai)见晋景公(gong),晋景公(gong)不敢承受,齐(qi)(qi)君乃回国(guo)(guo)。回国(guo)(guo)后(hou)顷公(gong)开(kai)放(fang)自己(ji)游猎的园林,减(jian)轻赋税,赈(zhen)济孤寡吊(diao)问残疾,拿出国(guo)(guo)家积蓄来解救人民,人民也十分高兴。齐(qi)(qi)顷公(gong)还给诸(zhu)侯厚礼(li)。直到顷公(gong)去(qu)世,百姓归附(fu),诸(zhu)侯没有侵犯齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)的。
十七年(前582),顷公(gong)死,其子灵公(gong)环继位。
灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(前573),晋(jin)(jin)大夫栾书杀其国君晋(jin)(jin)厉公(gong)(gong)(gong)。十年(nian)(前572),晋(jin)(jin)悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)伐齐,齐让公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)光(guang)到晋(jin)(jin)国做人质。十九年(nian)(前563),立公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)光(guang)为(wei)太子(zi),让高(gao)厚辅佐(zuo)他,派他到钟离参加诸侯盟会。二十七年(nian)(前555),晋(jin)(jin)国派中行献子(zi)伐齐。齐军战败,灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)跑进(jin)临淄城(cheng)。晏(yan)婴(ying)劝阻灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong),灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)听。晏(yan)子(zi)说:“我们国君太没有勇气(qi)了(le)。”晋(jin)(jin)兵合围临淄,齐人守内城(cheng)不(bu)敢出击,晋(jin)(jin)军把外城(cheng)内烧(shao)光(guang)后离去。
二十八年(前(qian)554),当初,灵公(gong)(gong)娶鲁国(guo)之女,生(sheng)下儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang),立为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。后又娶仲姬(ji)、戎(rong)姬(ji)。戎(rong)姬(ji)受宠,仲姬(ji)生(sheng)儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)名叫牙,托付给戎(rong)姬(ji)抚养。戎(rong)姬(ji)请求立牙为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),灵公(gong)(gong)答应了。仲姬(ji)说:“不行。光(guang)立为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),已经名列诸侯,现在(zai)(zai)无故(gu)废(fei)黜他,您必定会后悔。”灵公(gong)(gong)说:“废(fei)立全在(zai)(zai)于我(wo)。”于是(shi)把太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)迁往(wang)东部,让高(gao)(gao)厚(hou)辅(fu)佐牙为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。灵公(gong)(gong)患病,崔杼迎接原来的(de)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)立为(wei)国(guo)君(jun),就是(shi)庄公(gong)(gong)。庄公(gong)(gong)杀死(si)(si)戎(rong)姬(ji)。五(wu)月(yue)壬辰日(ri),灵公(gong)(gong)死(si)(si),庄公(gong)(gong)即位,在(zai)(zai)句窦(dou)丘捉(zhuo)住(zhu)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)牙杀死(si)(si)。八月(yue),崔杼杀死(si)(si)高(gao)(gao)厚(hou)。晋(jin)国(guo)闻知齐(qi)国(guo)内乱,伐(fa)齐(qi),到达高(gao)(gao)唐。
庄公三年(nian)(前(qian)551),晋国(guo)大(da)夫栾盈(ying)逃亡到齐(qi)国(guo),庄公待以隆重客礼。晏(yan)婴、田文子谏阻,庄公不听。四年(nian)(前(qian)550),齐(qi)庄公派栾盈(ying)秘(mi)密(mi)进(jin)入(ru)曲沃做齐(qi)国(guo)内(nei)应,齐(qi)国(guo)大(da)兵随后(hou),上太行山,进(jin)入(ru)孟门关(guan)口。栾盈(ying)败露(lu),齐(qi)军还师,攻(gong)取朝(chao)歌城。
六年(前548),当初(chu),棠公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)妻(qi)美丽,棠公(gong)(gong)死后(hou),崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)娶了(le)她。庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)又(you)(you)与她通奸,多次(ci)去崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)家,还(hai)把(ba)崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)冠赏给别(bie)人(ren)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)侍从(cong)说:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)这样。”崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)十分恼怒,借庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)伐晋之(zhi)(zhi)机,想(xiang)(xiang)与晋国(guo)合谋袭击庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)但未得(de)机会(hui)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)曾经(jing)鞭打宦(huan)官贾举,贾举又(you)(you)被(bei)任(ren)为(wei)(wei)内(nei)(nei)侍,替崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)寻找(zhao)庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)漏隙来报(bao)复仇(chou)怨。五月,莒国(guo)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)朝(chao)见齐君(jun)(jun),齐庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)甲戌日宴请莒君(jun)(jun)。崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)谎称有病不(bu)(bu)(bu)去上朝(chao)。乙亥日,庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)探(tan)望崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)病情,接着追嬉崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)。崔(cui)(cui)妻(qi)入(ru)室,与崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)同把(ba)屋门(men)关上不(bu)(bu)(bu)出来,庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)前堂抱(bao)柱唱(chang)歌(ge)。这时宦(huan)官贾举把(ba)庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)侍从(cong)拦在(zai)(zai)外面(mian)而(er)自己(ji)进(jin)入(ru)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi),把(ba)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)门(men)从(cong)里(li)边(bian)关上。崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)徒众(zhong)手执兵器一(yi)拥而(er)上。庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)登(deng)上高高的(de)(de)庭台请求和解,众(zhong)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答应(ying)(ying),庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)又(you)(you)请求盟誓定(ding)约,众(zhong)人(ren)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答应(ying)(ying),庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)最后(hou)请求让他到(dao)自己(ji)的(de)(de)祖庙里(li)去自杀(sha),众(zhong)人(ren)仍(reng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)允许。大家说:“国(guo)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)病重,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)听你吩咐。这里(li)离宫廷很(hen)近,我(wo)们只管捉拿yín乱之(zhi)(zhi)徒,没接到(dao)其他命(ming)令。”庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)跳墙想(xiang)(xiang)逃(tao),被(bei)人(ren)射中大腿(tui),反(fan)坠墙里(li),于是被(bei)杀(sha)。晏婴(ying)站在(zai)(zai)崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)外,说:“国(guo)君(jun)(jun)为(wei)(wei)社(she)稷(ji)而(er)死则(ze)(ze)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)应(ying)(ying)为(wei)(wei)他殉死,国(guo)君(jun)(jun)为(wei)(wei)社(she)稷(ji)而(er)逃(tao)亡(wang)则(ze)(ze)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)应(ying)(ying)随他流亡(wang)。国(guo)君(jun)(jun)为(wei)(wei)自己(ji)私(si)利而(er)死而(er)逃(tao),除了(le)他的(de)(de)宠(chong)幸私(si)臣(chen),别(bie)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)为(wei)(wei)此殉死逃(tao)亡(wang)的(de)(de)。”晏子(zi)(zi)等打开(kai)大门(men)进(jin)入(ru)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)内(nei)(nei),把(ba)庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)尸枕放在(zai)(zai)自己(ji)的(de)(de)大腿(tui)上抚尸而(er)哭,起来后(hou)三(san)次(ci)顿足(zu)以示哀(ai)痛然后(hou)走(zou)出院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)。别(bie)人(ren)对崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)说:“一(yi)定(ding)杀(sha)死晏婴(ying)!”崔(cui)(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)说:“他深得(de)众(zhong)望,放过他我(wo)们会(hui)争取民(min)心。”
丁丑日,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)立起庄(zhuang)公(gong)异(yi)母弟杵(chu)臼为君(jun),就(jiu)是景(jing)公(gong)。景(jing)公(gong)母亲,是鲁国(guo)(guo)大夫叔(shu)孙宣伯之女。景(jing)公(gong)即位后,让崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)当(dang)右相,庆封当(dang)左相。二位国(guo)(guo)相怕国(guo)(guo)内动乱不(bu)稳,就(jiu)与国(guo)(guo)人盟誓说(shuo):“谁不(bu)跟从(cong)崔(cui)庆谁就(jiu)别活(huo)!”晏子(zi)仰(yang)天长叹(tan)说(shuo):“我(wo)做不(bu)到,我(wo)只跟从(cong)忠君(jun)利国(guo)(guo)的(de)人!”不(bu)肯参加盟誓。庆封想杀(sha)(sha)晏子(zi),崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo):“他(ta)是忠臣,放过他(ta)。”齐太(tai)史记(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai)在简策上“崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)杀(sha)(sha)庄(zhuang)公(gong)”,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)把(ba)太(tai)史杀(sha)(sha)死。太(tai)史之弟又(you)一(yi)次(ci)记(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai)上,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)又(you)杀(sha)(sha)了(le)他(ta)。太(tai)史的(de)小弟又(you)记(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai)上,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)放过了(le)他(ta)。
景公元年(nian)(前(qian)547),当初,崔(cui)杼生(sheng)有儿子成(cheng)、强(qiang),其母死(si)去,崔(cui)杼又娶了东(dong)(dong)郭(guo)氏之(zhi)女(nv),生(sheng)下明。东(dong)(dong)郭(guo)氏女(nv)让(rang)她(ta)前(qian)夫之(zhi)子无(wu)咎、她(ta)自己的弟弟东(dong)(dong)郭(guo)偃(yan)做崔(cui)氏家(jia)族的相(xiang)。成(cheng)犯了罪过,无(wu)咎和东(dong)(dong)郭(guo)偃(yan)两(liang)位家(jia)相(xiang)立(li)即严治成(cheng),把(ba)明立(li)为太子。成(cheng)请求到崔(cui)邑告(gao)老还乡,崔(cui)杼答应,二相(xiang)不(bu)肯,说:“崔(cui)邑是(shi)崔(cui)氏宗庙所在(zai)(zai)之(zhi)地,成(cheng)不(bu)许去。”成(cheng)、强(qiang)恼(nao)怒(nu),告(gao)知庆(qing)(qing)封(feng)(feng)。庆(qing)(qing)封(feng)(feng)与崔(cui)杼有矛盾,希望崔(cui)氏败落。成(cheng)、强(qiang)在(zai)(zai)崔(cui)杼家(jia)中杀(sha)(sha)死(si)无(wu)咎、偃(yan),家(jia)人都(dou)奔逃。崔(cui)杼大怒(nu),但没有家(jia)人,只好(hao)让(rang)一个宦官为他驾车,去见庆(qing)(qing)封(feng)(feng)。庆(qing)(qing)封(feng)(feng)说:“让(rang)我(wo)为您杀(sha)(sha)掉成(cheng)、强(qiang)。”于(yu)是(shi)派崔(cui)杼的仇人卢蒲嫳(bi)(piè,去声,撇)攻打崔(cui)氏,杀(sha)(sha)死(si)成(cheng)、强(qiang),全(quan)部(bu)消(xiao)灭(mie)崔(cui)氏一族,崔(cui)杼之(zhi)妻(qi)自杀(sha)(sha)。崔(cui)杼无(wu)家(jia)可(ke)归(gui),也自杀(sha)(sha)。庆(qing)(qing)封(feng)(feng)当上相(xiang)国(guo),大权在(zai)(zai)握(wo)。
三年(nian)(前545)十月,庆(qing)封外出打猎。当初,庆(qing)封杀死崔(cui)杼以后,愈(yu)发骄横(heng),酗酒游(you)猎,不(bu)理政(zheng)务(wu)。其子庆(qing)舍(she)执(zhi)政(zheng),内部(bu)已有矛(mao)盾。田(tian)文(wen)子对(dui)田(tian)桓子说:“动乱将起。”田(tian)、鲍、高、栾四家(jia)族联合谋划消(xiao)灭(mie)庆(qing)氏。庆(qing)舍(she)派出甲兵围护庆(qing)封的宫室,四家(jia)族的徒众共同击破庆(qing)氏之(zhi)家(jia)。庆(qing)封归(gui)来,不(bu)能(neng)进家(jia),逃亡到(dao)鲁国(guo)(guo)。齐(qi)人(ren)责备鲁国(guo)(guo),庆(qing)封又逃到(dao)吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)。吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)把(ba)朱(zhu)方之(zhi)地赏给(ji)庆(qing)封,庆(qing)封与族人(ren)居(ju)此(ci),比在齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)时还富有。此(ci)年(nian)秋(qiu),齐(qi)人(ren)移葬庄公,而把(ba)崔(cui)杼尸体示(shi)众于市以泄(xie)民愤。
九年(前(qian)539),景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)派晏婴(ying)出使(shi)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo),晏婴(ying)私(si)下对(dui)叔向说:“齐(qi)国(guo)政权最(zui)终将(jiang)归田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)。田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)虽(sui)无大的(de)功德,但能借公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)施私(si)恩(en),有恩(en)德于民,人民拥戴(dai)。”十(shi)二(er)年(前(qian)536),景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)到晋(jin)(jin)国(guo),会(hui)(hui)见晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),想共(gong)同(tong)伐燕。十(shi)八年(前(qian)530),景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又到晋(jin)(jin)国(guo),会(hui)(hui)见晋(jin)(jin)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。二(er)十(shi)六年(前(qian)522),景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)郊外打(da)猎(lie),接着进入鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)都,同(tong)晏婴(ying)一起咨询鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)的(de)礼制。三十(shi)一年(前(qian)517),鲁(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)躲避季氏(shi)(shi)叛乱(luan),逃亡到齐(qi)国(guo)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)想封给昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)千社人家连同(tong)土地,子家劝阻(zu)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不要(yao)接受(shou),昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就要(yao)求齐(qi)国(guo)伐鲁(lu)(lu),攻取(qu)郓邑(yi),让昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)居住。
三十二年(前516),天空(kong)出(chu)现慧(hui)星。景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)坐在柏寝台(tai)上(shang)叹息说(shuo):“堂皇的(de)(de)亭台(tai),终归谁手呢?”群臣忧(you)然泪下(xia)。晏子反而笑起来,景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)很恼(nao)怒。晏子说(shuo):“我(wo)笑群臣过于谄(chan)谀了(le)。”景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)说(shuo):“慧(hui)星出(chu)现在东北天空(kong),正是对着(zhe)齐国的(de)(de)地域位(wei)置,寡人为此而担忧(you)。”晏子说(shuo):“您筑高(gao)台(tai)凿深池(chi),多(duo)收租税唯(wei)恐得的(de)(de)少(shao),滥施刑罚唯(wei)恐不严苛,最凶(xiong)的(de)(de)茀(bèi,倍)星将出(chu)现,您怕什么(me)(me)慧(hui)星呢?”景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)说(shuo):“可(ke)以用祭祷禳除慧(hui)星吗(ma)?”晏子说(shuo):“如果祝(zhu)祷可(ke)以使(shi)神(shen)明(ming)降临(lin),那么(me)(me)祈禳也可(ke)以使(shi)它离去(qu)。但百(bai)姓愁苦怨(yuan)恨的(de)(de)成千(qian)上(shang)万,而您让(rang)一个(ge)人去(qu)祈禳,怎么(me)(me)能胜过众口(kou)怨(yuan)声呢?”当时(shi)景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)好大造宫室,多(duo)养狗马,奢侈无(wu)度,税重刑酷(ku),所以晏子借机(ji)谏(jian)止齐景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)。
四十二年(前506),吴(wu)王阖闾攻伐楚(chu)国,攻入楚(chu)都(dou)郢(ying)。
四十七年(nian)(前501),鲁国大夫阳(yang)虎攻打鲁君,失败,逃亡齐国,请求齐国伐鲁。鲍子谏(jian)止景公,景公乃把阳(yang)虎囚禁(jin)。阳(yang)虎逃脱,逃到晋国。
四(si)十八年(前500),景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)与鲁(lu)定(ding)公(gong)(gong)在夹谷盟会修好。犁(chú,锄)说:“孔丘(qiu)深(shen)通礼(li)仪但怯懦(nuo)不刚,请允许让(rang)莱人表(biao)演(yan)歌舞,借机捉住(zhu)鲁(lu)君(jun),可以让(rang)鲁(lu)满足(zu)我(wo)们的要求(qiu)。”景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)担心孔子(zi)做鲁(lu)相,害怕鲁(lu)国(guo)成(cheng)就霸业(ye),所(suo)以听从犁之计。盟会时(shi),齐(qi)国(guo)献上莱人乐(le)舞,孔子(zi)登阶上台,命有关(guan)人员捉住(zhu)莱人斩首,用礼(li)仪责(ze)备景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)。景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)心亏,就归(gui)还了侵占的鲁(lu)国(guo)领(ling)土以谢罪(zui),然后离去(qu)。此年,婴晏死。
五十五年(nian)(前493),晋国大夫(fu)范氏(shi)、中(zhong)行氏(shi)反叛其(qi)国君(jun),晋君(jun)攻(gong)二氏(shi)吃(chi)紧,二氏(shi)来齐(qi)(qi)(qi)借粮。田乞想在齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国叛乱,想和晋国叛臣(chen)结党,劝景公说:“范氏(shi)、中(zhong)行氏(shi)多次(ci)对齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国有(you)恩,不(bu)可(ke)不(bu)救。”景公派田乞去(qu)救援并供给他们粮食。
五十八年(nian)(前(qian)490)夏,景(jing)公(gong)夫(fu)人燕姬的(de)嫡子(zi)(zi)死(si)去(qu)。景(jing)公(gong)的(de)宠妾芮姬生(sheng)有(you)(you)儿(er)子(zi)(zi)荼(tu),荼(tu)年(nian)幼(you),其母(mu)出(chu)生(sheng)微贱,荼(tu)又行(xing)为(wei)不(bu)端(duan),诸(zhu)位大(da)夫(fu)担心(xin)荼(tu)成为(wei)太(tai)子(zi)(zi),都说(shuo)愿(yuan)意在诸(zhu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)中选择年(nian)长(zhang)贤德者(zhe)(zhe)做太(tai)子(zi)(zi)。景(jing)公(gong)因年(nian)老,讨(tao)厌提(ti)立(li)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)事(shi),又宠爱荼(tu)的(de)母(mu)亲,想立(li)荼(tu)当太(tai)子(zi)(zi),又不(bu)愿(yuan)亲自主(zhu)动提(ti)出(chu),就对大(da)夫(fu)们说(shuo):“及时行(xing)乐吧(ba),还怕国家没有(you)(you)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)吗?”秋天,景(jing)公(gong)病重,命令国惠子(zi)(zi)、高昭子(zi)(zi)立(li)幼(you)子(zi)(zi)荼(tu)立(li)为(wei)太(tai)子(zi)(zi),驱逐其他公(gong)子(zi)(zi),迁居到莱地(di)。景(jing)公(gong)死(si),太(tai)子(zi)(zi)荼(tu)为(wei)国君(jun)(jun),就是晏孺(ru)子(zi)(zi)。冬天,齐景(jing)公(gong)还未埋葬(zang)(zang),其他公(gong)子(zi)(zi)害(hai)怕被杀(sha),都逃(tao)亡(wang)国外(wai)。荼(tu)的(de)异(yi)母(mu)兄寿、驹、黔逃(tao)到卫国,公(gong)子(zi)(zi)驵(chǔ,楚)、阳生(sheng)逃(tao)到鲁(lu)国。莱人为(wei)此唱道:“景(jing)公(gong)葬(zang)(zang)礼(li)不(bu)能参加,国家军事(shi)不(bu)让(rang)谋划。众公(gong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)追(zhui)随(sui)者(zhe)(zhe)呀,你(ni)们最终(zhong)去(qu)何方。”
晏(yan)孺子(zi)元(yuan)年(nian)(前(qian)489)春,田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞伪装(zhuang)忠(zhong)于高(gao)氏(shi)(shi)、国(guo)(guo)氏(shi)(shi),每次(ci)二氏(shi)(shi)上(shang)朝,田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞为(wei)(wei)他(ta)们(men)骖乘,进言说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“您得(de)到(dao)君王信(xin)任,群大(da)夫(fu)(fu)都(dou)人(ren)人(ren)自危,想(xiang)图谋(mou)叛乱。”又(you)对群大(da)夫(fu)(fu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“高(gao)昭(zhao)子(zi)太可(ke)怕了,趁他(ta)还没(mei)开始行(xing)动迫(po)害我(wo)们(men),我(wo)们(men)抢先搞掉他(ta)。”大(da)夫(fu)(fu)们(men)都(dou)听从他(ta)。六月(yue),田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞、鲍牧与(yu)(yu)众大(da)夫(fu)(fu)带兵进入宫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),攻打高(gao)昭(zhao)子(zi)。昭(zhao)子(zi)听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),与(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)惠子(zi)共救国(guo)(guo)君。国(guo)(guo)君兵败,田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞的(de)(de)徒众追击(ji)(ji),国(guo)(guo)惠子(zi)逃(tao)到(dao)莒(ju)国(guo)(guo),田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞回(hui)来又(you)杀死高(gao)昭(zhao)子(zi)。晏(yan)圉逃(tao)到(dao)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)。八(ba)月(yue),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)秉意兹逃(tao)往鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞击(ji)(ji)败高(gao)、国(guo)(guo)二相,就(jiu)派(pai)人(ren)到(dao)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)迎回(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou),暗(an)藏在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。十月(yue)戊子(zi)日,田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞邀请各位大(da)夫(fu)(fu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“尝儿的(de)(de)母(mu)亲今天(tian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)家(jia)将(jiang)操(cao)持菲薄的(de)(de)祭礼,敬请光(guang)临饮酒。”会餐饮酒时,田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞事先把阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)装(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)口袋里(li)(li),放在(zai)(zai)(zai)座席中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央,然后(hou)打开口袋放出阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“这(zhei)就(jiu)是齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)之君!”众大(da)夫(fu)(fu)就(jiu)地拜见。接着要与(yu)(yu)众大(da)夫(fu)(fu)盟誓而(er)(er)立阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)君,此(ci)时鲍牧已醉,田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞就(jiu)欺骗大(da)家(jia)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)和鲍牧谋(mou)划一致立阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)君。”鲍牧恼怒说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“您忘记了景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)立荼为(wei)(wei)君的(de)(de)遗命(ming)了吗?”众大(da)夫(fu)(fu)面面相觑想(xiang)反悔,阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)上(shang)前(qian),叩头而(er)(er)拜说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“对于我(wo)可(ke)立则(ze)立,否(fou)则(ze)作罢。”鲍牧也(ye)怕惹(re)起祸乱,就(jiu)又(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“都(dou)是景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)儿子(zi),有什么(me)不可(ke)的(de)(de)。”就(jiu)与(yu)(yu)众盟誓,立阳(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)君,就(jiu)是悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)进入宫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),派(pai)人(ren)流放晏(yan)孺子(zi)去骀,于途中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)设帐幕(mu)将(jiang)晏(yan)孺子(zi)杀死在(zai)(zai)(zai)里(li)(li)面,驱逐了孺子(zi)之母(mu)芮(rui)子(zi)。芮(rui)子(zi)本来微贱而(er)(er)孺子(zi)又(you)幼小,所以(yi)无(wu)权势(shi),国(guo)(guo)人(ren)轻视他(ta)们(men)。
悼(dao)公元(yuan)年(前488),齐国(guo)(guo)伐鲁(lu),攻取(huān,欢)、阐(chan)二(er)地。当(dang)初,阳生逃亡(wang)在鲁(lu),季(ji)康(kang)子把妹妹嫁给他。阳生归国(guo)(guo)即位后,便派(pai)人(ren)迎接妻(qi)子。其妻(qi)季(ji)姬与季(ji)鲂(fāng,方)侯(hou)私(si)通,向家(jia)人(ren)说出真情,鲁(lu)人(ren)不(bu)敢把季(ji)姬给齐国(guo)(guo),所以(yi)齐国(guo)(guo)伐鲁(lu),终(zhong)于把季(ji)姬接到齐。季(ji)姬受悼(dao)公宠爱,齐国(guo)(guo)就又把侵占的(de)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)土(tu)地归还。
鲍子与悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)矛盾,关系不睦。四年(前(qian)485),吴(wu)国、鲁国伐齐(qi)(qi)国南(nan)方(fang)。鲍子杀死(si)悼公(gong)(gong)(gong),向吴(wu)国报丧。吴(wu)王夫差按(an)礼仪在军(jun)门外哭(ku)吊三日(ri),将要从(cong)海路进军(jun)讨伐齐(qi)(qi)国。齐(qi)(qi)军(jun)战胜吴(wu)军(jun),吴(wu)军(jun)撤退。晋(jin)国赵鞅伐齐(qi)(qi),到(dao)达赖地后撤军(jun)。齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)一致立起悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)之子壬(ren)为齐(qi)(qi)君,就是简公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
简(jian)公四年(前481)春,当初(chu),齐简(jian)公和(he)其(qi)父悼公同在鲁(lu)国时(shi)(shi),宠幸大夫(fu)监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)。简(jian)公即位后(hou),让监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)执(zhi)政(zheng)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成(cheng)子怕他加害(hai),在上朝时(shi)(shi)总戒备地(di)回头看(kan)他。简(jian)公的御手田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)鞅向(xiang)简(jian)公进言说(shuo)(shuo):“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、监(jian)(jian)(jian)不能并存,你(ni)要选(xuan)择其(qi)中一(yi)个。”简(jian)公不听(ting)。监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)有次晚(wan)朝,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)(ni)杀人,监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)遇上,就把(ba)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)(ni)逮捕进宫(gong)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)宗(zong)族这时(shi)(shi)正(zheng)非常团结,就让被囚禁的田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)(ni)伪装病重(zhong),借机(ji)由家(jia)人探监(jian)(jian)(jian)送酒给(ji)看(kan)守,看(kan)守醉后(hou)被杀掉,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)(ni)逃(tao)脱。监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)与田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)宗(zong)祠盟誓(shi)将(jiang)此事和(he)解。当初(chu),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)豹想给(ji)监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)做家(jia)臣,让大夫(fu)公孙向(xiang)监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)荐举,正(zheng)逢田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)豹服丧(sang)就作(zuo)罢了。以(yi)(yi)后(hou)终于做了监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)臣,而(er)且(qie)受到监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)的宠任(ren)。监(jian)(jian)(jian)止(zhi)(zhi)对田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)豹说(shuo)(shuo):“我要把(ba)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)全(quan)部驱逐而(er)让你(ni)当田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)长,可以(yi)(yi)吗?”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)豹回答(da)说(shuo)(shuo):“我只不过(guo)是田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)族中的疏远旁支、而(er)且(qie)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)族中不服从您的不过(guo)几个人,何(he)必(bi)全(quan)都驱逐呢!”接着田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)豹告知田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)(ni)说(shuo)(shuo):“他正(zheng)得君主宠任(ren),你(ni)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常如不先下手,必(bi)遭其(qi)祸(huo)。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)(ni)就住在国君宫(gong)中以(yi)(yi)便接应。
夏五月(yue)壬申日,田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)兄弟(di)乘(cheng)四辆(liang)车(che)见简(jian)(jian)公。监(jian)(jian)止正在帏(wei)帐之中,出(chu)来迎(ying)接他(ta)(ta)们(men),他(ta)(ta)们(men)一进去就把(ba)(ba)宫(gong)门(men)(men)(men)关闭。宦(huan)官(guan)们(men)抵抗田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi),田(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)杀死(si)宦(huan)官(guan)。简(jian)(jian)公正与妻妾在檀台上饮酒,田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)把(ba)(ba)他(ta)(ta)带至(zhi)寝宫(gong)。简(jian)(jian)公拿起戈要(yao)反(fan)击,太史子(zi)余说(shuo):“田(tian)(tian)(tian)尝(chang)不(bu)(bu)是要(yao)谋害您,而是要(yao)为(wei)您除害。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)尝(chang)出(chu)宫(gong)住(zhu)进武库,听说(shuo)简(jian)(jian)公还(hai)在发怒,就想逃(tao)到国外,并(bing)(bing)说(shuo):“哪儿(er)没有国君!”田(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)拔(ba)剑说(shuo):“犹豫迟疑,是坏事的(de)(de)祸根。这儿(er)的(de)(de)人谁(shei)不(bu)(bu)是田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)成员?你如怯懦出(chu)逃(tao)不(bu)(bu)顾大家,我(wo)(wo)要(yao)不(bu)(bu)杀死(si)你,祖宗不(bu)(bu)饶。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)尝(chang)才留下(xia)。监(jian)(jian)止跑回家,聚(ju)集徒众(zhong)进攻宫(gong)城大小各门(men)(men)(men),都未(wei)成功(gong),就出(chu)逃(tao)而走。田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之众(zhong)追赶。丰丘有人抓住(zhu)监(jian)(jian)止并(bing)(bing)报(bao)告,田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)在郭门(men)(men)(men)把(ba)(ba)监(jian)(jian)止杀死(si)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)要(yao)杀大陆子(zi)方(fang),田(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)为(wei)他(ta)(ta)求情(qing)(qing)被赦(she)免。以(yi)简(jian)(jian)公的(de)(de)名义在路(lu)上截车(che),驰出(chu)雍门(men)(men)(men)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)豹(bao)曾给他(ta)(ta)车(che),不(bu)(bu)要(yao),说(shuo):“田(tian)(tian)(tian)逆(ni)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)说(shuo)情(qing)(qing),田(tian)(tian)(tian)豹(bao)给我(wo)(wo)车(che)辆(liang),人家会以(yi)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)与田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)有私(si)交。我(wo)(wo)是监(jian)(jian)止的(de)(de)家臣而与仇家有私(si)交,有何面目逃(tao)亡去见鲁、卫的(de)(de)士人呢?”
庚辰日(ri),田(tian)常在俆(shū,舒)州逮(dai)捕简公(gong)(gong)。简公(gong)(gong)说:“我要(yao)是早听(ting)田(tian)鞅之言,不(bu)会落(luo)到今天地步。”甲午日(ri),田(tian)常在俆州杀死简公(gong)(gong)。田(tian)常立(li)简公(gong)(gong)之弟鳌(áo,熬)为齐(qi)君,就是平(ping)公(gong)(gong)。平(ping)公(gong)(gong)即位后,田(tian)常为相国,专(zhuan)擅齐(qi)国大权(quan),划割齐(qi)国安平(ping)以东广大国土为田(tian)氏封疆范(fan)围(wei)。
平(ping)公(gong)八年(nian)(前473),越国灭掉吴国。二十五(wu)年(nian)(前456)平(ping)公(gong)死去,其子宣公(gong)积继位。
宣公五(wu)十一年(前(qian)405)死,其子康(kang)公贷继位。田会在廪丘叛乱。
康(kang)公(gong)二年(前403),韩、赵、魏开(kai)始成为诸侯(hou)。十(shi)九年(前386),田常曾孙田和开(kai)始成为诸侯(hou),把康(kang)公(gong)流放到(dao)海(hai)滨。
二十六年(前379),康公死,吕氏祭祀断绝(jue)。田(tian)氏终于占有(you)齐国,到齐威王时,在天下(xia)称强。
太(tai)史公(gong)说:我到齐国,看(kan)到齐地(di)西起泰山,东(dong)连琅邪(yá,牙),北至(zhi)大海,其间沃土两千里,其人(ren)民心胸阔达而(er)又(you)深沉多智,这(zhei)是他们天性如此。由于(yu)(yu)太(tai)公(gong)的圣明(ming),树好立(li)国根基,由于(yu)(yu)桓公(gong)的盛德,施行善政(zheng),以此召集诸侯会盟,成为霸主,不是顺理(li)成章吗?广盛博大呀,确是大国风貌啊!
太公望吕(lv)尚(shang)者,东海上人①。其(qi)先祖尝为(wei)四岳(yue)②,佐禹平水土甚有(you)功③。虞夏(xia)之(zhi)际封于(yu)吕(lv)④,或(huo)封于(yu)申(shen)(shen)⑤,姓姜(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi)⑥。夏(xia)商之(zhi)时(shi),申(shen)(shen)、吕(lv)或(huo)封枝庶子孙⑦,或(huo)为(wei)庶人⑧,尚(shang)其(qi)后苗裔也。本姓姜(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi),从其(qi)封姓⑨,故曰吕(lv)尚(shang)。
①东海:此(ci)(ci)处泛指江苏、山东一(yi)(yi)(yi)带沿海,非(fei)今之(zhi)东海。上(shang):岸边。②四(si)(si)岳(yue):传说(shuo)(shuo)尧、舜(shun)时(shi)(shi)代(dai)掌管(guan)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)、主持(chi)方(fang)岳(yue)巡(xun)守的官长。③佐(zuo):辅佐(zuo)。平(ping):治理。④虞夏(xia)之(zhi)际:即(ji)舜(shun)、禹执政(zheng)时(shi)(shi)期。封:帝王将一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)土地赐(ci)予臣下或宗(zong)室。⑤或:有的。⑥姓(xing)姜氏(shi):严格地按上(shang)古(gu)说(shuo)(shuo)法(fa),应为(wei)(wei)“姜性吕(lv)氏(shi)”。因为(wei)(wei)上(shang)古(gu)时(shi)(shi)人(ren)有姓(xing)有氏(shi)。姓(xing)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)种标志家族(zu)系统的族(zu)号,起于母系社会。氏(shi)是姓(xing)的分支,即(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)分为(wei)(wei)若干(gan)支散居(ju)各(ge)地,每(mei)支的称号为(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。先秦(qin)时(shi)(shi)氏(shi)、姓(xing)分别,秦(qin)汉以(yi)后混而(er)为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。此(ci)(ci)处司(si)马(ma)迁(qian)就把(ba)姓(xing)、氏(shi)二词混用(yong)。此(ci)(ci)处说(shuo)(shuo)“姓(xing)姜氏(shi)”,应为(wei)(wei)“姓(xing)姜”;下文说(shuo)(shuo)“从(cong)其(qi)封姓(xing),故曰吕(lv)尚”,应为(wei)(wei)“从(cong)其(qi)封地为(wei)(wei)氏(shi),故曰吕(lv)尚”。⑦枝庶(shu):“枝”同(tong)“支”。支庶(shu),宗(zong)族(zu)中一(yi)(yi)(yi)本(ben)旁出的各(ge)支派(pai)。⑧庶(shu)人(ren):平(ping)民。⑨本(ben)句(ju)意为(wei)(wei):按照(zhao)所封赐(ci)之(zhi)地的地名吕(lv),取(qu)为(wei)(wei)氏(shi)号。
吕尚盖尝(chang)穷困①,年老(lao)矣,以渔钓奸周西伯(bo)②。西伯(bo)将(jiang)出(chu)猎,卜之,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“所获非(fei)(fei)(fei)龙非(fei)(fei)(fei)彲③,非(fei)(fei)(fei)虎非(fei)(fei)(fei)罴④;所获霸(ba)王之辅⑤。”于(yu)是周西伯(bo)猎,果遇太(tai)公于(yu)渭之阳⑥,与语大说⑦,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“自(zi)吾先君太(tai)公曰(yue)(yue)(yue)‘当有圣人适周⑧,周以兴。’子真是邪⑨?吾太(tai)公望子久(jiu)矣。”故号之曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“太(tai)公望”,载与俱归,立为师(shi)。
①盖:句中语(yu)气词,无义。②传说(shuo)(shuo)吕(lv)尚曾(ceng)在渭水之滨的(de)兹泉垂钓(diao),等待和(he)西(xi)伯昌(chang)(即周文王(wang))知遇。奸:通(tong)“干”,有(you)所求取(qu)而请见(jian)。③彲(chi)(chī,吃(chi)):通(tong)“螭”,无角(jiao)之龙。④罴:棕熊。俗称“马熊”或(huo)“人(ren)熊”。⑤霸王(wang)之辅:能(neng)够(gou)帮(bang)助实现在天(tian)下称王(wang)称霸愿(yuan)望(wang)的(de)人(ren)才。⑥阳:河(he)的(de)北(bei)岸。⑦说(shuo)(shuo):同“悦”。⑧适:到。⑨邪(yé,爷):疑问(wen)词,相当于今之“吗”。
或曰,太公博闻,尝事纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)无(wu)道(dao),去之(zhi)(zhi)。游(you)说诸(zhu)侯,无(wu)所遇,而卒西(xi)归周西(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)。或曰,吕尚(shang)(shang)处士(shi)①,隐(yin)海(hai)滨。周西(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)拘羑里,散宜生、闳夭素知而招吕尚(shang)(shang)。吕尚(shang)(shang)亦(yi)曰“吾闻西(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)贤(xian),又善养老,盍往焉②”。三人者为西(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)求美女奇(qi)物,献之(zhi)(zhi)于纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),以赎西(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)。西(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)得以出,反国③。言(yan)吕尚(shang)(shang)所以事周虽异④,然要之(zhi)(zhi)为文武(wu)师。
①处士:有才德而隐居不做(zuo)官的(de)士人。②盍(hé,何):何不。③反:同“返”。④所(suo)以(yi)事周(zhou)(zhou):为(wei)周(zhou)(zhou)服务(wu)的(de)原因。
周(zhou)(zhou)西(xi)伯昌之(zhi)(zhi)脱羑(you)里归,与吕尚阴(yin)谋(mou)修德以倾商政①,其事多兵权与奇计②,故后世之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)兵及周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)阴(yin)权皆宗太(tai)公为本谋(mou)③。周(zhou)(zhou)西(xi)伯政平④,及断(duan)虞(yu)芮之(zhi)(zhi)讼(song)⑤,而诗人称西(xi)伯受命曰文(wen)王⑥。伐(fa)崇密须、犬夷⑦,大作丰邑⑧。天下(xia)三分,其二(er)归周(zhou)(zhou)者,太(tai)公之(zhi)(zhi)谋(mou)计居多。
①倾:推翻。②兵(bing)权(quan):用(yong)兵(bing)的(de)(de)计谋。③阴权(quan):隐秘灵活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)措施方法(fa)。宗:尊法(fa)。本谋:基本策略。④政平(ping):政治清(qing)平(ping)。⑤断虞芮之讼:虞国(guo)在今(jin)山西(xi)(xi)(xi)平(ping)陆,芮国(guo)在今(jin)陕西(xi)(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)荔,二(er)国(guo)之君(jun)为土地(di)疆界(jie)相争,久而不决,到(dao)周国(guo)请西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯评(ping)判。二(er)君(jun)进入周境后,见到(dao)耕(geng)田者在田界(jie)上互相谦让,行(xing)人(ren)走路互相礼让,男女分道而行(xing),老人(ren)受(shou)到(dao)尊重(zhong)。二(er)国(guo)之君(jun)非尝惭愧,也不去见西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯,自动(dong)把(ba)所争之地(di)让出(chu),作为闲(xian)田。详(xiang)见《周本纪》、《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)经·大(da)(da)雅(ya)·绵(mian)》毛(mao)传(chuan)。⑥诗(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren):《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)经》中诗(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)的(de)(de)作者。称西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯受(shou)命文王:把(ba)西(xi)(xi)(xi)伯称作膺受(shou)天(tian)命的(de)(de)文王。如《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)经·大(da)(da)雅(ya)·大(da)(da)明》:“有(you)命自天(tian),命此(ci)文王”;《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)经·大(da)(da)雅(ya)·皇(huang)矣(yi)》载有(you)天(tian)帝对文王的(de)(de)敕命。⑦犬夷:古代(dai)部族名,西(xi)(xi)(xi)周时(shi)活(huo)(huo)动(dong)在今(jin)陕西(xi)(xi)(xi)一带。⑧作:建设。
文(wen)王(wang)(wang)崩(beng),武王(wang)(wang)即(ji)位。九年,欲(yu)修文(wen)王(wang)(wang)业,东伐(fa)以观诸侯集(ji)否①。师行(xing),师尚父左杖黄钺②,右(you)把白旄以誓(shi)(shi)③,曰:“苍兕苍兕④,总尔(er)众庶(shu)⑤,与(yu)尔(er)舟楫,后至者(zhe)(zhe)斩!”遂至盟(meng)津。诸侯不期而会(hui)者(zhe)(zhe)八(ba)百诸侯。诸侯皆曰:“纣可(ke)(ke)伐(fa)也。”武王(wang)(wang)曰:“未(wei)可(ke)(ke)。”还师,与(yu)太(tai)公作此《太(tai)誓(shi)(shi)》⑥。
①集否:能否云(yun)集响应。②黄钺(yue)(yuè,月(yue)):以黄金为(wei)(wei)(wei)饰(shi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)种长兵器,状如大斧、崤代为(wei)(wei)(wei)帝王(wang)所(suo)专用,或(huo)特赐给专主(zhu)(zhu)征伐的(de)(de)(de)重臣。③白旄:竿顶以旄牛(niu)尾为(wei)(wei)(wei)饰(shi)的(de)(de)(de)旗帜。④苍兕:水中猛兽之名(ming)(ming),善于(yu)奔突(tu),能覆舟(zhou)船。借此名(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)管船只的(de)(de)(de)军官(guan)官(guan)职名(ming)(ming)。⑤总(zong):统领。⑥《太誓》:周武王(wang)伐纣,兵至盟津所(suo)发(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)誓师令。也写作《泰誓》,已佚失(shi)。《古文(wen)尚书》中的(de)(de)(de)《泰誓》是后人伪作。
居二年(nian),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)杀王子比(bi)干(gan),囚(qiu)箕子。武王将(jiang)伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),卜,龟(gui)兆(zhao)不吉①,风雨暴至。群公(gong)尽惧,唯太(tai)公(gong)强之(zhi)劝武王,武王于是遂(sui)行。十一年(nian)正月甲子,誓于牧野②,伐(fa)商纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)师(shi)败绩③。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)反走,登(deng)鹿台(tai)④,遂(sui)追斩纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。明日,武王立(li)于社⑤,群公(gong)奉明水⑥,卫康(kang)叔封(feng)布采席⑦,师(shi)尚父牵牲⑧,史佚策(ce)祝⑨,以(yi)告神讨纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)罪(zui)。散鹿台(tai)之(zhi)钱,发钜(ju)桥之(zhi)粟⑩,以(yi)振(zhen)贫民(min)⑾。封(feng)比(bi)干(gan)墓⑿,释箕子囚(qiu)。迁九鼎⒀,修(xiu)周政,与天(tian)下(xia)更始(shi)⒁。师(shi)尚父谋居多。
①龟(gui)(gui)兆:将占卜用的龟(gui)(gui)甲烧灼以后,根据其裂纹形状(zhuang)决定吉凶,叫(jiao)作(zuo)龟(gui)(gui)兆。②其誓师(shi)令即《牧誓》,今(jin)存(cun)于《尚书(shu)》中。《周本纪》亦征引,可(ke)参看。③败绩(ji):军(jun)队完全崩溃。④鹿台:纣所建之(zhi)台,传说(shuo)其广三里,高千尺。在今(jin)河南(nan)淇县。纣曾暴(bao)增赋税,将钱(qian)存(cun)放此处。⑤社(she):祭地神(shen)之(zhi)所。⑥明(ming)水:洁净之(zhi)水,祭神(shen)所用。⑦采:同“彩(cai)”。⑧牵(qian)牲:古代新朝(chao)(chao)驱除旧朝(chao)(chao)后,要重(zhong)新立(li)社(she),并杀牲取血来涂抹新社(she)。吕尚掌(zhang)管牵(qian)此牲畜。⑨策祝:史官将祈祷之(zhi)辞写(xie)于竹简之(zhi)上。⑩钜(ju)桥:商代之(zhi)粮仓,在今(jin)河北省曲(qu)周县东北。(11)振:同“赈”。(12)封:培土。⒀九(jiu)鼎(ding):传说(shuo)夏禹(yu)平(ping)定水土划分九(jiu)州之(zhi)后,铸(zhu)九(jiu)个(ge)大(da)鼎(ding)象征九(jiu)州,后成为天(tian)下最(zui)高权力的象征。⒁更始(shi):除旧布新,重(zhong)新开(kai)始(shi)。
于是武(wu)王已平商而王天下①,封师尚父于齐营(ying)丘。东就(jiu)国,道宿行迟。逆(ni)旅(lv)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)曰(yue)②:“吾(wu)闻(wen)(wen)时难得(de)而易失。客寝甚安(an),殆非就(jiu)国者也③。”太(tai)公闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi),夜衣而行,犁(li)明至国④。莱侯来(lai)伐⑤,与之(zhi)争营(ying)丘。营(ying)丘边(bian)莱。莱人(ren)(ren),夷(yi)也,会(hui)纣(zhou)之(zhi)乱而周初定,未能集远方⑥,是以与太(tai)公争国。
①王:做天下之王。②逆旅:客栈。③殆:大概。④犁:通“黎”。⑤莱:东(dong)方少数部族的一个小国,在今山东(dong)黄县一带。⑥集:安定。
太公(gong)(gong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,修政,因其俗,简其礼,通商工(gong)之(zhi)业(ye),便鱼盐之(zhi)利,而(er)人民(min)多归齐,齐为大国。及(ji)周(zhou)成王少时,管蔡作乱(luan)①,淮夷畔周(zhou)②,乃使(shi)召康公(gong)(gong)命太公(gong)(gong)曰(yue):“东至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)海(hai),西至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)河,南至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穆(mu)陵(ling),北至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无棣(di),五(wu)侯九伯(bo)③,实得征(zheng)之(zhi)。”齐由此得征(zheng)伐,为大国。都营(ying)丘。
①作乱(luan):制(zhi)造叛乱(luan)。事详见《周本纪》及《管蔡(cai)世家(jia)》。②畔:通“叛”。③五侯(hou)九伯(bo)(bo):泛指各国诸侯(hou)。五侯(hou),指公、侯(hou)、伯(bo)(bo)、子、男五等诸侯(hou)。九伯(bo)(bo),指九州(zhou)各地长官。伯(bo)(bo)是掌管一方的长官。
盖(gai)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之卒百有余年,子(zi)丁(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)吕伋立。丁(ding)(ding)立卒,子(zi)乙(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)得立。乙(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒,子(zi)癸(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)慈母立、癸(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒,子(zi)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)辰立。
哀公时,纪(ji)侯(hou)谮(jian)之(zhi)周①,周烹哀公而(er)立(li)其(qi)弟(di)静(jing)②,是(shi)为胡公。胡公徙都薄姑(gu),而(er)当(dang)周夷王之(zhi)时。
①谮:说坏(huai)话诬(wu)陷别人(ren)。②周烹哀公:烹,是(shi)将人(ren)放入鼎(ding)内用开水煮死的酷刑。据《公羊传(chuan)·庄(zhuang)公四年》何休注(zhu),是(shi)周懿王烹死齐哀公。
哀公(gong)之(zhi)同(tong)母少弟山怨胡公(gong),乃(nai)与其(qi)党率营丘(qiu)人袭攻杀胡公(gong)而自立(li),是为(wei)献公(gong)。献公(gong)元(yuan)年,尽逐胡公(gong)子,因徙薄姑都(dou),治临菑。
九年(nian)(nian),献公卒,子武(wu)公寿立。武(wu)公九年(nian)(nian),周厉(li)王出奔①,居彘。十(shi)年(nian)(nian),王室乱,大臣(chen)行政,号曰“共和”②。二十(shi)四年(nian)(nian),周宣王初立。
①奔(ben):逃(tao)亡。周厉(li)王因国人(ren)暴动,仓皇逃(tao)亡。②周厉(li)王出奔(ben)后(hou),周公、召公共(gong)同执(zhi)政(zheng),称作(zuo)“共(gong)和行(xing)政(zheng)”。时在公元前(qian)841年(nian),共(gong)14年(nian)。
二十六年,武公(gong)卒,子(zi)(zi)厉(li)公(gong)无忌立(li)。厉(li)公(gong)暴虐(nve),故胡(hu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)复入齐(qi),齐(qi)人(ren)欲立(li)之,乃与攻杀厉(li)公(gong)。胡(hu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)亦战死。齐(qi)人(ren)乃立(li)厉(li)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)赤为(wei)君,是(shi)为(wei)文公(gong),而诛杀厉(li)公(gong)者七(qi)十人(ren)。
文公十二(er)年卒,子成(cheng)(cheng)公脱立(li)。成(cheng)(cheng)公九年卒,子庄公购(gou)立(li)。
庄公二十(shi)四(si)年(nian),犬戎(rong)杀幽王,周(zhou)东徙洛。秦始(shi)列(lie)为诸侯(hou)。五(wu)十(shi)六年(nian),晋弑其君昭侯(hou)。
六(liu)十四(si)年,庄公卒,子釐(li)公禄甫立。
釐公九(jiu)年(nian),鲁隐公初立。十九(jiu)年(nian),鲁桓公弑(shi)其兄(xiong)隐公而(er)自立为君(jun)。
二十五年,北(bei)戎伐齐①。郑使(shi)太子忽(hu)来救(jiu)齐,齐欲妻之。忽(hu)曰(yue):“郑小(xiao)齐大(da),非我敌②”。遂辞之③。
①北戎:又名(ming)山戎,戎族的一支,春(chun)秋时活动于(yu)今河北北部。②敌:相(xiang)当。③事详见《郑世家》、《左传·桓公六年》。
三十(shi)二年,釐(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)母(mu)弟夷仲年死。其子(zi)曰(yue)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙无知,釐(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)爱(ai)之,令其秩服奉(feng)养(yang)比太子(zi)①。
①秩服:俸禄等级和车马(ma)服饰、奉养(yang):生活待遇。此:按照。
三十(shi)三年(nian),釐(li)公(gong)卒(zu),太子诸儿立,是为襄(xiang)公(gong)。
襄公元年,始(shi)为太子(zi)时,尝与无知(zhi)斗,及(ji)立,绌无知(zhi)秩服①,无知(zhi)怨。
四年,鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)与夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)如齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)故(gu)尝私通(tong)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)者,襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)女弟也(ye),自釐(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)时(shi)嫁为鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)妇,及(ji)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)来(lai)而襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)复通(tong)焉。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)知之,怒夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)告齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)与鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)饮,醉之,使力(li)士彭生抱上鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)君车,因拉杀(sha)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)②,桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)下车则死矣。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)为让③,而齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)杀(sha)彭生以(yi)(yi)谢鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)④。
①绌:通“黜”,减少。②拉杀:折断肋骨致死。③让:责备。④谢:道歉(qian)赎过。
八年,伐纪(ji),纪(ji)迁去其邑。
十(shi)二(er)(er)年,初,襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)使连(lian)称(cheng)、管至(zhi)父(fu)戍葵(kui)丘(qiu),瓜时(shi)而(er)(er)往①,及瓜而(er)(er)代②。往戍一岁,卒瓜时(shi)而(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)弗(fu)为发代③。或(huo)为请(qing)代,公(gong)(gong)弗(fu)许。故此二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)怒,因公(gong)(gong)孙无(wu)(wu)知谋作(zuo)乱。连(lian)称(cheng)有从妹在公(gong)(gong)宫,无(wu)(wu)宠,使之间襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)④,曰(yue)(yue):“事成以女(nv)为无(wu)(wu)知夫人(ren)(ren)”⑤。冬十(shi)二(er)(er)月,襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)游姑棼,遂(sui)猎沛丘(qiu)。见彘⑥,从者曰(yue)(yue)“彭生(sheng)”。公(gong)(gong)怒,射之,彘人(ren)(ren)立(li)而(er)(er)啼。管惧坠车伤(shang)足,失屦⑦。反(fan)而(er)(er)鞭主屦者茀三百。茀出宫。而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)知、连(lian)称(cheng)、管至(zhi)父(fu)等(deng)闻公(gong)(gong)伤(shang),乃(nai)(nai)遂(sui)率其众袭宫。逢主屦茀,茀曰(yue)(yue):“且无(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)惊宫,惊宫未易入也(ye)。”无(wu)(wu)知弗(fu)信,茀示之创⑧,乃(nai)(nai)信之。待宫外(wai),令茀先入。茀先入,即(ji)匿襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)户(hu)(hu)间。良(liang)久,无(wu)(wu)知等(deng)恐,遂(sui)入宫。茀反(fan)与宫中及公(gong)(gong)之幸臣攻无(wu)(wu)知等(deng),不胜,皆死。无(wu)(wu)知入宫,求公(gong)(gong)不得⑨。或(huo)见人(ren)(ren)足于户(hu)(hu)间,发视,乃(nai)(nai)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong),遂(sui)弑之,而(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)知自立(li)为齐君。
①瓜(gua)时:指七月。因七月瓜(gua)熟,故称(cheng)。②及瓜(gua):到第二(er)(er)年七月。代(dai):派别人(ren)去管代(dai)二(er)(er)人(ren)。③卒:尽。弗:不。④间(jian):侦伺(si)。⑤女(nv):同“汝”,你。⑥彘:大猪(zhu)。⑦屦(jù,巨(ju)):用葛(ge)、麻等制成的(de)鞋。⑧创:伤口(kou)。⑨求(qiu):寻找(zhao)。
桓公元年春,齐(qi)君无知游于雍(yong)林(lin)①。雍(yong)林(lin)人尝有怨无知,及(ji)其往游,雍(yong)林(lin)人袭杀无知,告(gao)齐(qi)大夫(fu)曰:“无知弑襄公自立,臣谨行诛。唯大夫(fu)更立公子(zi)之当立者,唯命是听(ting)。”
①雍(yong)林(lin):据《左传·庄(zhuang)公八年、九(jiu)年》,雍(yong)林(lin)又作(zuo)“雍(yong)廪”,是人名(ming),其职为渠丘大夫、芩处司马迁(qian)误以雍(yong)林(lin)为地(di)名(ming)。
初,襄(xiang)公(gong)之醉杀(sha)鲁(lu)桓公(gong),通其(qi)夫人,杀(sha)诛数(shu)不当(dang)①,淫(yin)于妇(fu)人,数(shu)欺大臣(chen),群(qun)弟恐祸及,故次弟纠(jiu)奔鲁(lu)。其(qi)母(mu)鲁(lu)女(nv)也(ye)。管仲、召(zhao)忽傅(fu)之②。次弟小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)奔莒(ju)(ju),鲍(bao)叔傅(fu)之。小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)母(mu),卫女(nv)也(ye),有宠于釐(li)公(gong)。小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)自少(shao)好(hao)善(shan)大夫高(gao)傒。及雍林(lin)人杀(sha)无知,议(yi)立君,高(gao)、国先(xian)阴招小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)于莒(ju)(ju)。鲁(lu)闻无知死,亦发(fa)兵(bing)送公(gong)子纠(jiu),而使(shi)管仲别将兵(bing)遮(zhe)莒(ju)(ju)道③,射中小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)带勾。小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)详死④,管仲使(shi)人驰报鲁(lu)。鲁(lu)送纠(jiu)者行益迟,六(liu)日(ri)至齐,则小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)已入,高(gao)傒立之,是为桓公(gong)。
①杀诛:杀人及(ji)罚罪,泛指执(zhi)行刑法。数(shu):屡次。②傅:辅佐(zuo)。③遮:阻遏。④详(xiang):通“佯”。
桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)勾,详(xiang)死以(yi)误管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲,已(yi)而(er)(er)载温车中(zhong)驰行①,亦有高、国内应(ying),故得先(xian)入立,发(fa)兵距鲁(lu)②。秋,与(yu)鲁(lu)战(zhan)于乾时,鲁(lu)兵败走,齐兵掩绝鲁(lu)归道。齐遗鲁(lu)书曰(yue)(yue):“子纠兄弟,弗忍诛,请(qing)(qing)鲁(lu)自(zi)杀之(zhi)(zhi)。召(zhao)忽、管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲雠也(ye)(ye)③,请(qing)(qing)得而(er)(er)甘(gan)心醢(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)④。不然,将围鲁(lu)。”鲁(lu)人患之(zhi)(zhi),遂杀子纠于笙渎。召(zhao)忽自(zi)杀,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲请(qing)(qing)囚(qiu)。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)立,发(fa)兵攻鲁(lu),心欲(yu)杀管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲。鲍叔牙曰(yue)(yue):“臣幸得从君,君竟以(yi)立。君之(zhi)(zhi)尊,臣无以(yi)增君。君将治齐,即(ji)高傒(xi)与(yu)叔牙足(zu)也(ye)(ye)。君且欲(yu)霸王(wang)⑤,非管(guan)(guan)(guan)夷吾(wu)不可(ke)。夷吾(wu)所居国国重(zhong),不可(ke)失也(ye)(ye)。”于是(shi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)从之(zhi)(zhi)。乃详(xiang)为召(zhao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲欲(yu)甘(gan)心,实欲(yu)用之(zhi)(zhi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi),故请(qing)(qing)往(wang)。鲍叔牙迎受管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲,及堂阜(fu)而(er)(er)脱桎(zhi)梏⑥,斋祓(fu)而(er)(er)见桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)⑦。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)厚礼以(yi)为大夫,任政(zheng)。
①温车:一(yi)种密闭的(de)卧车。桓公佯死,为保密故乘(cheng)温车。又作(zuo)“辒(wen)车”。②距:通(tong)“拒”,抵御。③雠:仇敌(di)。④醢(hai)(hǎi,海):将人剁成肉酱的(de)酷刑(xing)。⑤霸王:指霸王之业,即(ji)称(cheng)霸天下,做(zuo)各诸侯国的(de)盟主。⑥桎:木制拘(ju)束脚(jiao)的(de)刑(xing)具,作(zuo)用同(tong)于(yu)现在的(de)脚(jiao)镣。梏:木制拘(ju)束手的(de)刑(xing)具,作(zuo)用同(tong)于(yu)现在的(de)手铐。⑦斋(zhai)祓:古(gu)人在大(da)典礼前要戒酒荤,沐浴别(bie)居(ju),虔诚(cheng)庄敬,叫做(zuo)“斋(zhai)”。进(jin)行除灾求(qiu)福之祀(si)叫做(zuo)“祓”。
桓公既(ji)得管(guan)仲,与鲍(bao)叔(shu)、隰朋、高傒(xi)修齐国(guo)政,连五(wu)家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)①,设轻重(zhong)鱼盐之(zhi)(zhi)利②,以(yi)赡贫(pin)穷,禄贤能,齐人(ren)皆说。
①连五家之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing):管仲所制(zhi)定(ding)的一(yi)种(zhong)军(jun)(jun)事制(zhi)度(du)。据《国(guo)(guo)(guo)语(yu)·齐(qi)(qi)语(yu)》记载,这种(zhong)制(zhi)度(du)是(shi):五家为轨,十轨为里,四里为连,十连为乡(xiang)。战(zhan)(zhan)时每家出(chu)一(yi)战(zhan)(zhan)士,每乡(xiang)两千战(zhan)(zhan)士,五乡(xiang)战(zhan)(zhan)士为一(yi)军(jun)(jun),计(ji)万人。全国(guo)(guo)(guo)设三军(jun)(jun)。就最(zui)基层而言(yan),称作(zuo)“连五家之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)”。②轻重(zhong)鱼盐之(zhi)(zhi)利:轻重(zhong),是(shi)指通过国(guo)(guo)(guo)家对商业(ye)流通、产品物价的控制(zhi),加强(qiang)耕战(zhan)(zhan),富国(guo)(guo)(guo)强(qiang)兵(bing)。鲁盐,齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)滨海,有渔业(ye)及(ji)煮盐业(ye),管仲对此加以控制(zhi)管理,齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)大富。
二年,伐灭郯(tan),郯(tan)子奔莒(ju)。初,桓公亡时(shi),过郯(tan),郯(tan)无礼,故伐之。
①郯:据《左(zuo)传·庄公(gong)十年(nian)》应作“谭”,郯国至鲁昭公(gong)十七年(nian)仍存。参见(jian)洪亮(liang)吉《春秋左(zuo)传诂》及陈直(zhi)《史(shi)记(ji)新证》。
五年,伐鲁(lu)(lu),鲁(lu)(lu)将(jiang)师败。鲁(lu)(lu)庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)请献遂(sui)邑以平①,桓公(gong)(gong)许(xu),与(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)会柯而(er)盟(meng)②。鲁(lu)(lu)将(jiang)盟(meng),曹(cao)沫以匕首劫桓公(gong)(gong)于(yu)坛上,曰(yue):“反(fan)鲁(lu)(lu)之侵地!”桓公(gong)(gong)许(xu)之。已而(er)曹(cao)沫去匕首,北面(mian)就臣(chen)位③。桓公(gong)(gong)后悔,欲(yu)(yu)无与(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)地而(er)杀(sha)曹(cao)沫。管仲曰(yue):“夫劫许(xu)之而(er)倍信(xin)杀(sha)之④,愈一小快耳⑤,而(er)弃信(xin)于(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou),失(shi)天下之援,不可。”于(yu)是遂(sui)与(yu)曹(cao)沫三(san)败所亡(wang)地于(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)闻之,皆信(xin)齐(qi)而(er)欲(yu)(yu)附焉。七年,诸(zhu)侯(hou)会桓公(gong)(gong)于(yu)甄⑥,而(er)桓公(gong)(gong)于(yu)是始霸焉。
①平(ping):媾和(he)。②盟(meng):诸侯间(jian)(jian)签定协约的(de)一种仪式,杀牲取血抹于参(can)加人之口边,以(yi)示信义。③北(bei)面(mian):古(gu)代君臣(chen)同在(zai)的(de)场合,应(ying)该国君面(mian)向(xiang)南,以(yi)示威重;臣(chen)下面(mian)向(xiang)北(bei),以(yi)示恭敬。④倍(bei):通(tong)“背”。⑤愈:通(tong)“愉(yu)”,高兴。快:满(man)足。⑥会:亦称盟(meng)会。是春(chun)秋(qiu)时(shi)(shi)代诸侯间(jian)(jian)聚会议事的(de)外(wai)交活动。大型盟(meng)会的(de)盟(meng)主(zhu)有的(de)在(zai)实际上被各诸侯承认为霸主(zhu)。齐桓公在(zai)甄(zhen)地之盟(meng)时(shi)(shi)成为春(chun)秋(qiu)时(shi)(shi)代第一位(wei)霸主(zhu)。
十四(si)年,陈厉公(gong)子完(wan),号敬仲(zhong),来奔齐。齐桓公(gong)欲以(yi)为卿(qing),让;于是以(yi)为工正。田成子常(chang)之祖也。
二十三年(nian),山戎伐燕(yan),燕(yan)告急于(yu)齐(qi)。齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)救燕(yan),遂伐山戎,至(zhi)于(yu)孤(gu)竹而还。燕(yan)庄公(gong)(gong)遂送桓公(gong)(gong)入齐(qi)境。桓公(gong)(gong)曰:“非天子,诸(zhu)(zhu)侯相(xiang)送不(bu)出境,吾不(bu)可以无礼于(yu)燕(yan)。”于(yu)是分沟割燕(yan)君(jun)所(suo)至(zhi)与(yu)燕(yan),命燕(yan)君(jun)复修召公(gong)(gong)之政(zheng),纳贡于(yu)周,如成康之时(shi)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯闻之,皆从齐(qi)。
二十七年,鲁(lu)湣(min)公(gong)(gong)母曰哀(ai)姜,桓公(gong)(gong)女(nv)弟也(ye)。哀(ai)姜淫于鲁(lu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)庆父(fu),庆父(fu)弑湣(min)公(gong)(gong),哀(ai)姜欲立庆父(fu),鲁(lu)人(ren)更立釐公(gong)(gong)。桓公(gong)(gong)召哀(ai)姜,杀之(zhi)①。
①详情参见《鲁周公(gong)世家(jia)》。
二(er)十八年,卫文公有(you)狄乱(luan),告急于齐。齐率(lv)诸侯城楚(chu)丘而立卫君。
二十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian),桓(huan)公(gong)与夫人蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)戏船中。蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji)习水,荡公(gong),公(gong)惧,止(zhi)之,不(bu)止(zhi),出船,怒,归蔡(cai)姬(ji)(ji),弗(fu)绝①。蔡(cai)亦怒,嫁(jia)其(qi)女。桓(huan)公(gong)闻(wen)而怒,兴师往伐。
①弗绝:未断(duan)绝婚(hun)姻关(guan)系。
三十(shi)年春,齐(qi)桓公率诸侯伐蔡(cai),蔡(cai)溃。遂伐楚(chu)。楚(chu)成王(wang)(wang)(wang)兴(xing)师问(wen)曰:“何故涉吾地?”管(guan)仲(zhong)对(dui)曰:“昔召康公命我(wo)先(xian)君(jun)太(tai)公曰:‘五侯九伯,若实征之①,以(yi)(yi)(yi)夹辅周室②。’赐(ci)我(wo)先(xian)君(jun)履③,东至(zhi)海(hai),西至(zhi)河,南至(zhi)穆陵(ling),北至(zhi)无(wu)棣。楚(chu)贡(gong)包茅不(bu)入④,王(wang)(wang)(wang)祭不(bu)具,是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)来责。昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)南征不(bu)复⑤,是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)来问(wen)。”楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰:“贡(gong)之不(bu)入,有之,寡人罪也(ye),敢不(bu)共乎⑥!昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)之出(chu)不(bu)复,君(jun)其(qi)问(wen)之水滨⑦。”齐(qi)师进(jin)次于(yu)陉⑧。夏,楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)使屈(qu)完(wan)将(jiang)兵(bing)陉齐(qi)⑨,齐(qi)师退次召陵(ling)。桓公矜屈(qu)完(wan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)众(zhong)。屈(qu)完(wan)曰:“君(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)道则可;若不(bu)⑩,则楚(chu)方城以(yi)(yi)(yi)为城,江、汉以(yi)(yi)(yi)为沟,君(jun)安能进(jin)乎?”乃与屈(qu)完(wan)盟而去。过陈、陈袁(yuan)涛塗诈(zha)齐(qi)⑾令(ling)出(chu)东方,觉。秋,齐(qi)伐陈。是(shi)岁(sui),晋杀太(tai)子申生。
①若:你。②夹辅:辅佐。③履:(可(ke)以(yi)征(zheng)(zheng)伐的(de)(de))疆(jiang)界。④包茅:楚国(guo)特产植物,进贡周(zhou)王室,王室祭(ji)祀(si)时用以(yi)过滤(lv)供酒中的(de)(de)杂质。⑤昭(zhao)王南(nan)征(zheng)(zheng)不复(fu):据三家注引《帝王世纪》,周(zhou)昭(zhao)王南(nan)征(zheng)(zheng)楚,将渡汉水(shui),当(dang)(dang)地(di)人把(ba)用胶粘连的(de)(de)船供给(ji)昭(zhao)王,渡至江中,胶溶船散,昭(zhao)王落水(shui)而亡。⑥共:通(tong)“供”,供给(ji)。⑦本句(ju)深(shen)意(yi)意(yi)为:当(dang)(dang)时汉水(shui)一(yi)带非(fei)楚之国(guo)土,周(zhou)昭(zhao)王死于汉水(shui),楚国(guo)没有责任。⑧次:军队驻扎某地(di)超过两天(tian)。⑨扞(hàn,汗):同(tong)“捍”,抵御。⑩不:同(tong)“否”。(11)陈(chen)国(guo)怕齐国(guo)大(da)兵过陈(chen)境扰(rao)民,所以(yi)骗(pian)齐兵由东道(dao)沿海回(hui)齐。但东道(dao)难行,是以(yi)齐怨(yuan)陈(chen)。
三十五年夏(xia),会诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)于葵丘。周襄王使(shi)宰孔赐桓公(gong)文武胙、彤弓(gong)矢②、大路③,命无(wu)(wu)拜。桓公(gong)欲许(xu)之,管仲曰(yue)“不可”,乃(nai)下拜受赐。秋,复会诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)于蔡丘,益(yi)有(you)骄(jiao)色。周使(shi)宰孔会。诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)颇有(you)叛者(zhe)。晋侯(hou)(hou)(hou)病,后,遇宰孔。宰孔曰(yue):“齐(qi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)骄(jiao)矣,弟无(wu)(wu)行④。”从(cong)之。是(shi)岁(sui),晋献(xian)公(gong)卒,里克杀(sha)奚齐(qi)、卓子,秦穆(mu)公(gong)以(yi)夫(fu)人(ren)入公(gong)子夷吾为晋君(jun)⑤。桓公(gong)于是(shi)讨晋乱,至高(gao)梁,使(shi)隰朋立晋君(jun),还(hai)。
①文(wen)武胙:周天子祭祀(si)周文(wen)王周武王的(de)(de)供品之(zhi)(zhi)肉。古(gu)人(ren)认(ren)为(wei),祭祀(si)完毕后的(de)(de)胙肉,食用之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)会得到福(fu)佑。把文(wen)武胙赐(ci)给齐桓公(gong)(gong),是(shi)周天子对(dui)桓公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)特(te)殊(shu)嘉奖(jiang)。②彤弓(gong)矢:以丹彩塗饰(shi)的(de)(de)弓(gong)箭。③大(da)(da)路:也写作“大(da)(da)辂”,天子所乘之(zhi)(zhi)车(che)。赐(ci)予特(te)别(bie)有功(gong)的(de)(de)诸侯,随同(tong)此车(che)还有一(yi)套(tao)配套(tao)的(de)(de)龙旗等。参见《国语·齐语》。④弟:通“第(di)”,尽管。⑤以夫(fu)人(ren):因为(wei)夫(fu)人(ren)的(de)(de)缘故。秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)夫(fu)人(ren)穆(mu)姬是(shi)夷吾(wu)的(de)(de)姐姐。
是时周室微,唯齐(qi)(qi)、楚、秦、晋(jin)为强。晋(jin)初(chu)与(yu)会,献(xian)公死,国(guo)内乱。秦穆公辟远①,不与(yu)中国(guo)会盟②。楚成王(wang)初(chu)收荆(jing)蛮(man)有之③,夷狄自置④。唯独齐(qi)(qi)为中国(guo)会盟,而(er)(er)桓(huan)公能宣其(qi)德,故诸(zhu)侯(hou)宾(bin)会⑤。于是桓(huan)公称曰:“寡(gua)人(ren)南伐(fa)至召陵,望熊山(shan);北伐(fa)山(shan)戎、离枝(zhi)、孤竹;西伐(fa)大夏(xia),涉(she)流(liu)沙;束马悬车登太行,至卑耳(er)山(shan)而(er)(er)还。诸(zhu)侯(hou)莫违(wei)寡(gua)人(ren)。寡(gua)人(ren)兵车之会三⑥,乘(cheng)车之会六⑦,九合诸(zhu)侯(hou),一(yi)匡天(tian)下。昔三代受命(ming)⑧,有何以异于此乎(hu)?吾(wu)欲封泰山(shan)⑨,禅梁父⑩。”管仲固谏,不听,乃说桓(huan)公以远方珍怪物(wu)至乃得封⑾,桓(huan)公乃止。
①辟:同“僻”。②中国:此(ci)指中原地区。③荆蛮:上古中原人对南方(fang)部族(zu)的(de)统称(cheng)。④夷狄自(zi)置:以(yi)非华夏族(zu)的(de)部族(zu)自(zi)居。⑤宾:服从。⑥兵车(che)之(zhi)会(hui)三(san)(san)(san)(san):为军(jun)事(shi)行动而召集的(de)三(san)(san)(san)(san)次(ci)盟(meng)会(hui):公元(yuan)(yuan)前681年(nian)(nian),平(ping)宋乱;公元(yuan)(yuan)前656年(nian)(nian),伐蔡、楚;公元(yuan)(yuan)前654年(nian)(nian),伐郑。⑦乘车(che)之(zhi)会(hui)六:为非军(jun)事(shi)的(de)外交活(huo)动而召集的(de)六次(ci)盟(meng)会(hui):公元(yuan)(yuan)前680年(nian)(nian),会(hui)于(yu)鄄;公元(yuan)(yuan)前679年(nian)(nian),会(hui)于(yu)鄄;公元(yuan)(yuan)前678年(nian)(nian),盟(meng)于(yu)幽;公元(yuan)(yuan)前655年(nian)(nian),会(hui)于(yu)首止(zhi)(zhi);公元(yuan)(yuan)前652年(nian)(nian),盟(meng)于(yu)洮;公元(yuan)(yuan)前651年(nian)(nian),即本(ben)年(nian)(nian),会(hui)于(yu)葵丘。⑧三(san)(san)(san)(san)代:指夏、商、周(zhou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)朝的(de)开国之(zhi)王禹(yu)、汤、文王。⑨封泰山(shan):在泰山(shan)上筑土为坛(tan),报天(tian)之(zhi)功。⑩禅梁父:在梁父山(shan)上辟场(chang)为祭(ji),报地之(zhi)德。封禅是(shi)帝王才能举(ju)行的(de)祭(ji)天(tian)地大典,齐桓(huan)公不是(shi)天(tian)子,他要行封禅是(shi)越礼,所以(yi)管仲谏止(zhi)(zhi)。⑾管仲所说(shuo)封禅需(xu)要的(de)远方(fang)珍宝奇怪之(zhi)物有“鄗上之(zhi)黍,北里(li)之(zhi)禾”,“江淮之(zhi)间,一茅三(san)(san)(san)(san)脊(三(san)(san)(san)(san)条主(zhu)叶脉)”、“东海比目之(zhi)鱼”、“西海比翼(yi)之(zhi)鸟”等(deng)。详见《封禅书(shu)》。
三(san)十(shi)八年(nian),周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)弟带(dai)与戎(rong)、翟合谋伐周(zhou)①,齐使管仲(zhong)平(ping)戎(rong)于周(zhou)②。周(zhou)欲(yu)以上卿礼(li)管仲(zhong)③,管仲(zhong)顿首曰:“臣陪臣④,安敢!”三(san)让,乃(nai)受下(xia)卿礼(li)以见。三(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian),周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)弟带(dai)来(lai)奔齐。齐使仲(zhong)孙请王(wang)⑤,为带(dai)谢。襄(xiang)王(wang)怒,弗(fu)听。
①襄王(wang)(wang)父周(zhou)惠王(wang)(wang)宠爱(ai)襄王(wang)(wang)异母弟王(wang)(wang)子带(dai)。襄王(wang)(wang)即位后,王(wang)(wang)子带(dai)召诸(zhu)戎(rong)伐(fa)京师。参见(jian)《周(zhou)本纪》及《左传·僖公(gong)十一年》。②管(guan)仲在周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室(shi)与诸(zhu)戎(rong)之间斡旋媾和,获得(de)成功。③上卿(qing)(qing):齐国为(wei)(wei)次国,有(you)三卿(qing)(qing)。二卿(qing)(qing)由天(tian)子任(ren)(ren)命,为(wei)(wei)上卿(qing)(qing);一卿(qing)(qing)为(wei)(wei)国君任(ren)(ren)命,为(wei)(wei)下卿(qing)(qing)。管(guan)仲是(shi)桓公(gong)任(ren)(ren)命,是(shi)下卿(qing)(qing)。④陪臣(chen):诸(zhu)侯的臣(chen)对天(tian)子自称“陪臣(chen)”。⑤请:请求。
四十一年,秦(qin)穆公虏(lu)晋惠公,复归之。是岁,管(guan)仲、隰朋(peng)皆卒。管(guan)仲病(bing),桓(huan)公问(wen)曰:“群臣(chen)谁(shei)可相者①?”管(guan)仲曰:“知臣(chen)莫如君(jun)(jun)。”公曰:“易牙如何(he)?”对曰:“杀子以(yi)适君(jun)(jun),非人(ren)(ren)情,不(bu)(bu)可。”公曰:“开方(fang)如何(he)③?”对曰:“倍亲以(yi)适君(jun)(jun),非人(ren)(ren)情,难(nan)近。”公曰:“竖刀如何(he)?”对曰:“自(zi)宫以(yi)适君(jun)(jun)④,非人(ren)(ren)情,难(nan)亲。”管(guan)仲死,而桓(huan)公不(bu)(bu)用管(guan)仲言,卒近用三子,三子专权。
①相(xiang)(xiàng,向):做国(guo)相(xiang)。②据《管(guan)子(zi)·小称(cheng)》,易牙(ya)(ya)为桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)掌管(guan)烹饪,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)想吃蒸(zheng)婴儿,易牙(ya)(ya)就把自(zi)己的儿子(zi)蒸(zheng)了献给桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)。③开方:本是卫国(guo)公(gong)(gong)子(zi),齐、卫很近,但他(ta)事桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)十五年,却未(wei)回(hui)家看(kan)望母(mu)亲。④宫:阉(yan)割(ge)生殖器。
四(si)十二(er)年,戎伐(fa)周,周告(gao)急于齐,齐令诸侯各发(fa)卒戍周。是岁,晋(jin)公(gong)子重耳来,桓(huan)公(gong)妻之。
四十(shi)三年。初,齐(qi)桓公(gong)之(zhi)夫人(ren)(ren)三:曰王姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、徐姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、蔡姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),皆无子(zi)。桓公(gong)好内(nei)①,多内(nei)宠(chong)(chong)(chong),如夫人(ren)(ren)者六人(ren)(ren),长(zhang)卫姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),生(sheng)(sheng)无诡(gui);少卫姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),生(sheng)(sheng)惠(hui)公(gong)元;郑(zheng)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),生(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)公(gong)昭;葛赢,生(sheng)(sheng)昭公(gong)潘;密姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),生(sheng)(sheng)懿公(gong)商人(ren)(ren);宋(song)华子(zi),生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)子(zi)雍。桓公(gong)与(yu)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)属孝(xiao)公(gong)于(yu)宋(song)襄公(gong)②,以为(wei)太(tai)子(zi)。雍巫(wu)有宠(chong)(chong)(chong)于(yu)卫共姬(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),因宦者竖(shu)刀(dao)以厚献于(yu)桓公(gong)③,亦有宠(chong)(chong)(chong),桓公(gong)许之(zhi)立无诡(gui)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)卒,五公(gong)子(zi)皆求立。冬十(shi)月乙亥,齐(qi)桓公(gong)卒。易(yi)牙入,与(yu)竖(shu)刀(dao)因内(nei)宠(chong)(chong)(chong)杀(sha)群(qun)吏,而(er)立公(gong)子(zi)无诡(gui)为(wei)君(jun)。太(tai)子(zi)昭奔宋(song)。
①内(nei):女色。②属:同“嘱(zhu)”,托(tuo)付。③因:通过。
桓公(gong)病,五公(gong)子(zi)各树党争立。及桓公(gong)卒,遂相攻,以故宫(gong)中(zhong)空,莫敢(gan)棺①。桓公(gong)尸在床(chuang)上六十七日,尸虫出于户。十二月(yue)乙(yi)亥,无(wu)诡(gui)立,乃棺赴②。辛巳夜,敛殡③。
①棺:将尸体装棺。②赴:同“讣”,报丧(sang)给各国。③敛:同“殓”,给尸体穿(chuan)衣装棺。殡:停柩待葬。《礼记(ji)·王制》载:诸侯五日而(er)殡,五月而(er)葬。”为等同盟之国来人吊丧(sang)。榨柩停放于堂前(qian)西阶。
桓公(gong)十有余子(zi),要其后立(li)(li)者五人(ren)①:无诡(gui)立(li)(li)三(san)月(yue)(yue)死,无谥②;次(ci)孝(xiao)公(gong);次(ci)昭公(gong);次(ci)懿公(gong);次(ci)惠公(gong)。孝(xiao)公(gong)元年三(san)月(yue)(yue),宋(song)襄公(gong)率诸(zhu)侯兵送齐(qi)(qi)太子(zi)昭而伐齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)恐,杀(sha)其君无诡(gui)。齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)将(jiang)立(li)(li)太子(zi)昭,四(si)公(gong)子(zi)之徒攻太子(zi),太子(zi)走宋(song),宋(song)遂(sui)与齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)四(si)公(gong)子(zi)战。五月(yue)(yue),宋(song)败齐(qi)(qi)四(si)公(gong)子(zi)师而立(li)(li)太子(zi)昭,是为齐(qi)(qi)孝(xiao)公(gong)。宋(song)以桓公(gong)与管仲属之太子(zi),故来征之。以乱故,八(ba)月(yue)(yue)乃葬齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)。
①要:总计。②谥:古代帝王、诸侯死后(hou)依其一生(sheng)所行事迹给予的称(cheng)号。如下文的“昭(昭德有(you)劳曰昭)”、“孝(慈惠爱亲曰孝)”等、但(dan)往(wang)往(wang)多(duo)溢(yi)美之辞(ci),并不真实。
六年春,齐(qi)伐宋(song),以(yi)其不同(tong)盟(meng)于齐(qi)也(ye)①。夏,宋(song)襄公卒。七年,晋文公立。
①《集(ji)解》引服(fu)虔曰:“鲁僖(xi)公(gong)十九年(齐孝公(gong)二年),诸侯盟于齐,以(yi)无忘(wang)桓公(gong)之德。宋襄公(gong)欲行(xing)霸(ba)道,不与盟,故伐之。”
十(shi)年,孝公(gong)卒,孝公(gong)弟潘(pan)因卫公(gong)子(zi)开方杀孝公(gong)子(zi)而(er)立潘(pan),是为昭公(gong)。昭公(gong),桓公(gong)子(zi)也,其(qi)母曰葛(ge)赢。
昭公元(yuan)年(nian),晋(jin)文(wen)公败楚(chu)于城(cheng)濮,而会(hui)诸侯践土,朝周,天子使晋(jin)称伯①。六年(nian),翟侵(qin)齐。晋(jin)文(wen)公卒。秦兵败于殽。十二(er)年(nian),秦穆公卒。
①伯:通“霸”,诸侯(hou)的盟主。
十(shi)九(jiu)年五月①,昭(zhao)公(gong)卒,子(zi)舍(she)立为(wei)齐君。舍(she)之母无宠(chong)于昭(zhao)公(gong),国(guo)人莫(mo)畏。昭(zhao)公(gong)之弟(di)商人以桓(huan)公(gong)死(si)争立而不得,阴交贤士(shi),附爱百姓,百姓说(shuo)。及昭(zhao)公(gong)卒,子(zi)舍(she)立,孤弱,即与(yu)众十(shi)月即墓上弑齐君舍(she),而商人自立,是(shi)为(wei)懿公(gong)。懿公(gong),桓(huan)公(gong)子(zi)也,其母曰密姬。
①十(shi)九(jiu)年:应从《十(shi)二诸侯(hou)年表(biao)》为(wei)“二十(shi)年”。
懿(yi)公四年(nian)春,初,懿(yi)公为公子时,与丙(bing)戎(rong)之(zhi)父猎,争(zheng)获不(bu)胜①,及即(ji)位(wei),断丙(bing)戎(rong)父足,而(er)使丙(bing)戎(rong)仆。②庸职之(zhi)妻好,公内之(zhi)宫(gong)③,使庸职骖乘。五(wu)月,懿(yi)公游于申池(chi),二(er)人浴,戏。职曰(yue):“断足子!”戎(rong)曰(yue):“夺妻者!”二(er)人俱病此言(yan),乃(nai)怨(yuan)。谋与公游竹(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong),二(er)人弑懿(yi)公车(che)上(shang),弃竹(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)亡去。
①获:猎获物。②仆:驾车(che)(che)的(de)驭(yu)手(shou)。古代驾车(che)(che)有驭(yu)手(shou)一(yi)人,骖乘一(yi)人。驭(yu)手(shou)在(zai)车(che)(che)左,骖乘在(zai)车(che)(che)右。③内:同“纳”。
懿公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)立,骄,民(min)不附。齐人废其子而迎公(gong)子元于卫,立之(zhi)(zhi),是为惠公(gong)。惠公(gong),桓公(gong)子也(ye)。其母卫女,曰少卫姬(ji),避(bi)齐乱,故在(zai)卫。
惠公(gong)二年,长翟(zhai)来①,王子城父攻杀(sha)之(zhi),埋(mai)之(zhi)于北门(men)。晋赵穿弑其(qi)君灵公(gong)。
①长翟:即“长狄”。
十年(nian),惠公(gong)卒(zu),子顷公(gong)无野立。初,崔杼有(you)宠于(yu)惠公(gong),惠公(gong)卒(zu),高、国畏(wei)其逼也,逐之,崔杼奔卫。
顷公(gong)元年,楚(chu)庄王强(qiang),伐陈;二年,围郑(zheng),郑(zheng)伯(bo)降(jiang),已复国郑(zheng)伯(bo)。
六(liu)年春(chun),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)帷中而(er)(er)观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)①。郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)上,夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)笑之(zhi)(zhi)②。郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“不(bu)是(shi)报,不(bu)复涉河(he)!”归,请(qing)(qing)伐(fa)(fa)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)侯弗许(xu)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至(zhi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin),郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)执齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)四人(ren)河(he)内,杀之(zhi)(zhi)。八年,晋(jin)(jin)(jin)伐(fa)(fa)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)公(gong)子(zi)强质晋(jin)(jin)(jin),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)兵去。十年春(chun),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)伐(fa)(fa)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、卫(wei)(wei)。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、卫(wei)(wei)大夫(fu)(fu)如(ru)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)请(qing)(qing)师,皆因郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)车八百乘为中军将,士燮(xie)将上军,栾书(shu)将下(xia)军,以(yi)救鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、卫(wei)(wei),伐(fa)(fa)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。六(liu)月壬申,与齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯兵合靡笄下(xia)。癸(gui)酉(you),陈于鞌③。逄(pang)丑父(fu)为齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)顷公(gong)右(you)④。顷公(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“驰(chi)之(zhi)(zhi),破晋(jin)(jin)(jin)军会食⑤。”射伤郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),流血(xue)至(zhi)履。克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)欲还入(ru)(ru)壁⑥,其御曰(yue)(yue)(yue)⑦:“我始入(ru)(ru),再伤,不(bu)敢言疾,恐惧士卒(zu),愿子(zi)忍之(zhi)(zhi)。”遂复战(zhan)。战(zhan),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)急,丑父(fu)恐齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯得(de),乃易处,顷公(gong)为右(you),车絓于木而(er)(er)止⑧。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)小将韩厥伏齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯车前,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“寡君使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)臣救鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、卫(wei)(wei)。”戏之(zhi)(zhi)。丑父(fu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顷公(gong)下(xia)取饮,因得(de)亡,脱去,入(ru)(ru)其军。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)郤(xi)(xi)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)欲杀丑父(fu)。丑父(fu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“代君死(si)而(er)(er)见僇⑨,后(hou)人(ren)臣无忠(zhong)其君者(zhe)矣。”克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舍之(zhi)(zhi),丑父(fu)遂得(de)亡归齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。于是(shi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)军追齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)马陵。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯请(qing)(qing)以(yi)宝器谢,不(bu)听;必得(de)笑克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)者(zhe)萧桐(tong)叔(shu)子(zi),令齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)东亩⑩。对(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“叔(shu)子(zi),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君母(mu)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君母(mu)亦犹晋(jin)(jin)(jin)君母(mu),子(zi)安置之(zhi)(zhi)?且子(zi)以(yi)义伐(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)以(yi)暴(bao)为后(hou),其可乎?”于是(shi)乃许(xu),令反(fan)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、卫(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)侵地。
①夫人(ren)(ren):指齐(qi)(qi)顷(qing)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)母萧(xiao)桐叔子。②郤(xì,戏)克是残(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren),所以萧(xiao)桐叔子笑(xiao)。郤克之(zhi)(zhi)残(can),《晋世(shi)家(jia)》说(shuo)驼(tuo)背,《谷梁传(chuan)·成公(gong)元年》说(shuo)瞎一目,《左传(chuan)·宣(xuan)公(gong)十七(qi)年》杜预注说(shuo)跛足。无定说(shuo)。③陈:同(tong)“阵”,列阵。④右:即车右,古代战(zhan)(zhan)车上位于御手(shou)右边的(de)武士。⑤会食(shi):聚餐。⑥壁:营垒。⑦御:战(zhan)(zhan)车的(de)驭手(shou)。⑧絓(guà,挂):阻碍(ai)。⑨僇:通“戮”。⑩东亩:使田垅成为(wei)东西(xi)方(fang)向(xiang)。晋国在齐(qi)(qi)国之(zhi)(zhi)西(xi),若齐(qi)(qi)地田垅为(wei)东西(xi)方(fang)向(xiang),则晋国战(zhan)(zhan)车得(de)以方(fang)便(bian)驰入(ru)齐(qi)(qi)国。
十一年,晋初(chu)置六(liu)卿(qing),赏鞌之功(gong)。齐(qi)顷(qing)公(gong)朝晋,欲(yu)尊王晋景公(gong)①,晋景公(gong)不敢受,乃归。归而(er)顷(qing)公(gong)驰(chi)苑囿②,薄赋敛,振孤问疾,虚积聚以(yi)救(jiu)民③,民亦大(da)说。厚(hou)礼(li)诸侯(hou)。竟顷(qing)公(gong)卒,百姓附,诸侯(hou)不犯。
①尊王:用朝见(jian)天子(zi)的礼(li)节进(jin)见(jian)。②苑囿(you):古代封闭(bi)起来(lai),供君王打猎游玩的山(shan)林。③虚:使空虚,即拿出。
十(shi)七年(nian),顷公卒,子灵公环立。
灵公(gong)(gong)九(jiu)年(nian),晋栾书弑其君厉公(gong)(gong)。十(shi)年(nian),晋悼公(gong)(gong)伐齐①,齐令(ling)公(gong)(gong)子光质(zhi)晋。十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian),立子乐为(wei)太子,高厚(hou)傅之,令(ling)会诸(zhu)侯盟(meng)于钟离。二十(shi)七年(nian),晋使中行(xing)献子伐齐②。齐师败,灵公(gong)(gong)走入临(lin)菑。晏婴止灵公(gong)(gong),灵公(gong)(gong)弗从(cong)。曰:“君亦无勇矣!”晋兵(bing)遂(sui)围(wei)临(lin)菑,临(lin)菑城守不敢出,晋焚郭(guo)中而去③。
①晋(jin)、宋、鲁(lu)(lu)、卫(wei)等国伐宋,齐(qi)未参(can)加联军,晋(jin)国于攻克宋之彭城(cheng)后,转而(er)伐齐(qi)。②齐(qi)侵(qin)鲁(lu)(lu)国北境(jing),故晋(jin)、鲁(lu)(lu)数国伐齐(qi)。郭(guo)(guo):外城(cheng)。内(nei)城(cheng)为(wei)城(cheng),外城(cheng)为(wei)郭(guo)(guo),城(cheng)郭(guo)(guo)之间为(wei)郭(guo)(guo)中。此战《左传·襄(xiang)公十八年》记载极详(xiang),可参(can)看。
二(er)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)年,初(chu),灵公娶鲁(lu)女,生子光,以为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子。仲(zhong)姬(ji)(ji)、戎(rong)姬(ji)(ji)。戎(rong)姬(ji)(ji)嬖①,仲(zhong)姬(ji)(ji)生子牙,属之(zhi)戎(rong)姬(ji)(ji)。戎(rong)姬(ji)(ji)请以为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子,公许(xu)之(zhi)。仲(zhong)姬(ji)(ji)曰(yue):“不可(ke)。光之(zhi)立(li),列于诸侯矣,今无故废(fei)之(zhi),君必悔之(zhi)。”公曰(yue):“在我耳。”遂东太(tai)(tai)子光②,使高厚(hou)(hou)傅牙为(wei)太(tai)(tai)子。灵公疾(ji),崔杼(zhu)迎故太(tai)(tai)子光而立(li)之(zhi),是为(wei)庄(zhuang)公。庄(zhuang)公杀(sha)戎(rong)姬(ji)(ji)。五月壬辰,灵公卒,庄(zhuang)公即位,执(zhi)太(tai)(tai)子牙于句窦之(zhi)丘,杀(sha)之(zhi)。八(ba)(ba)月,崔杼(zhu)杀(sha)高厚(hou)(hou)。晋(jin)闻齐乱,伐(fa)齐,至高唐。
①嬖:受(shou)宠。②东:迁(qian)太子于齐国(guo)东部。
庄(zhuang)公三年,晋(jin)(jin)大夫栾盈(ying)奔齐,庄(zhuang)公厚客待之,晏婴(ying)、田文子谏,公弗听。四年,齐庄(zhuang)公使栾盈(ying)间人晋(jin)(jin)曲(qu)沃为内(nei)应①,以兵(bing)随之,上太行,入孟门(men)。栾盈(ying)败(bai)②,齐兵(bing)还(hai),取(qu)朝歌(ge)。
①间入:秘密进入。据(ju)《左传·襄(xiang)公二(er)十三年》载,齐(qi)庄(zhuang)公用(yong)送媵妾(qie)于晋侯的车,将栾(luan)盈(ying)混(hun)入其中送至(zhi)曲(qu)沃。②栾(luan)盈(ying)之败可(ke)参看《左传·襄(xiang)公二(er)十三年》。
六(liu)年,初,棠(tang)(tang)公(gong)妻好,棠(tang)(tang)公(gong)死,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)通之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),数(shu)如(ru)崔(cui)氏,以崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冠赐人。侍(shi)者曰(yue):“不(bu)可。”崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)怒,因其伐晋(jin),欲与(yu)晋(jin)合谋袭齐(qi)而不(bu)得间①。庄(zhuang)公(gong)尝笞宦(huan)者贾举(ju),贾举(ju)复侍(shi),为(wei)崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)间公(gong)以报怨。五月(yue),莒子朝齐(qi),齐(qi)以甲戌飨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)称病(bing)不(bu)视事。乙亥(hai),公(gong)问崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)病(bing),遂(sui)从崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)妻。崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)妻入(ru)室,与(yu)崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)自闭(bi)户(hu)不(bu)出,公(gong)拥柱而歌。宦(huan)者贾举(ju)遮(zhe)公(gong)从官而入(ru),闭(bi)门,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒持兵从中起(qi)。公(gong)登台而请(qing)解(jie),不(bu)许;请(qing)盟,不(bu)许;请(qing)自杀于(yu)庙(miao)②,不(bu)许。皆曰(yue):“君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)疾病(bing),不(bu)能听命。近(jin)于(yu)公(gong)宫。陪臣争趣有淫者③,不(bu)知二命④。”公(gong)逾墙(qiang),射中公(gong)股,公(gong)反坠,遂(sui)弑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。晏婴立崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)门外,曰(yue):“君为(wei)社稷(ji)(ji)死则死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),为(wei)社稷(ji)(ji)亡则亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若为(wei)己死己亡,非其私暱,谁敢任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)⑤!”门开(kai)而入(ru),枕公(gong)尸而哭⑥,三踊而出⑦。人谓崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu):“必杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)曰(yue):“民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望也,舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得民(min)。”
①间:空(kong)子(zi)、机会。②这(zhei)是拖(tuo)延时间,等待救(jiu)援的(de)缓(huan)兵(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)计。③争(zheng)趣(qū,趋):竞相追赶。一说(shuo),又作“扞掫(zōu,邹),”巡夜(ye)打更之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),亦通。④二命(ming):除崔杼命(ming)令(ling)外的(de)其他命(ming)令(ling)。如解围、盟约、自(zi)杀于庙(miao)等。⑤任之(zhi)(zhi):指为齐庄公(gong)殉死献身。⑥把(ba)庄公(gong)的(de)尸(shi)体(ti)枕在自(zi)己大腿上,抚尸(shi)而(er)(er)哭。详见《左传·襄(xiang)公(gong)二十五年(nian)》。⑦踊:哭丧时必须顿足跳(tiao)跃(yue)(yue)以示(shi)哀痛之(zhi)(zhi)情的(de)一种仪节。《礼记(ji)·丧大记(ji)》说(shuo)“凡(fan)凭(ping)尸(shi)(抚尸(shi)而(er)(er)哭),兴必踊(起身时必须顿足跳(tiao)跃(yue)(yue))”。
丁丑,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立庄(zhuang)公异(yi)母弟(di)杵臼,是(shi)为(wei)景(jing)公。景(jing)公母,鲁叔孙宣伯女也(ye)。景(jing)公立,以(yi)崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)为(wei)右相,庆封为(wei)左相。二(er)相恐乱起,乃与(yu)国人盟曰:“不(bu)与(yu)崔(cui)庆者死!”晏子仰天曰:“婴所(suo)不(bu)获①,唯忠于君利社稷者是(shi)从!”不(bu)肯盟。庆封欲杀晏子,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)曰:“忠臣也(ye),舍(she)之。”齐太(tai)史书(shu)(shu)曰:“崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)弑(shi)庄(zhuang)公”,崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)杀之。其弟(di)复(fu)书(shu)(shu),崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)复(fu)杀之。少(shao)弟(di)复(fu)书(shu)(shu),崔(cui)杼(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)乃舍(she)之。
①获:能。
景公元年①,初,崔(cui)(cui)杼生(sheng)子(zi)成(cheng)及强(qiang),其(qi)母死,取东郭(guo)女,生(sheng)明(ming)。东郭(guo)女使其(qi)前夫子(zi)无咎(jiu)与其(qi)弟偃相(xiang)崔(cui)(cui)氏。成(cheng)有罪,二(er)相(xiang)急治之,立明(ming)为(wei)太子(zi)。成(cheng)请老于崔(cui)(cui)(杼)②,崔(cui)(cui)杼许之,二(er)相(xiang)弗听,曰(yue):“崔(cui)(cui),宗邑③,不可。”成(cheng)、强(qiang)怒,告庆(qing)封。庆(qing)封与崔(cui)(cui)杼有郤④,欲(yu)其(qi)败也。成(cheng)、强(qiang)杀(sha)无咎(jiu)、偃于崔(cui)(cui)杼家,家皆奔亡。崔(cui)(cui)杼怒,无人,使一宦者御,见庆(qing)封。庆(qing)封曰(yue):“请为(wei)子(zi)诛之。”使崔(cui)(cui)杼仇卢蒲嫳(bi)攻崔(cui)(cui)氏,杀(sha)成(cheng)、强(qiang),尽灭崔(cui)(cui)氏,崔(cui)(cui)杼妇自杀(sha)。崔(cui)(cui)杼毋归,亦(yi)自杀(sha)。庆(qing)封为(wei)相(xiang)国,专权。
①应从《十(shi)二诸(zhu)侯年表(biao)》及(ji)《左传·襄公二十(shi)七年》改,作“二年”。②老:不(bu)再出仕。③宗(zong)邑:宗(zong)庙所在的封邑。④郤(xi):通“隙”,嫌隙矛盾(dun)。
三年十月,庆(qing)封(feng)(feng)出猎(lie)。初,庆(qing)封(feng)(feng)已杀崔杼(zhu),益骄,嗜酒好猎(lie),不听政令①。庆(qing)舍用政,已有(you)内郤。田(tian)文子谓(wei)桓子曰:“乱将作。”田(tian)、鲍、高、栾氏(shi)相与谋庆(qing)氏(shi)。庆(qing)舍发甲(jia)围(wei)庆(qing)封(feng)(feng)宫②,四家徒共击破之(zhi)。庆(qing)封(feng)(feng)还,不得(de)入,奔鲁。齐人让鲁,封(feng)(feng)奔吴。吴与之(zhi)朱(zhu)方,聚其族(zu)而居之(zhi),富于(yu)在(zai)齐。其秋,齐人徙葬庄公(gong),僇崔杼(zhu)尸于(yu)市(shi)以说众③。
①听:处理(li)。②为了保卫庆封之(zhi)家。③僇:通“戮”,指陈尸示众。
九(jiu)年(nian),景公(gong)使晏婴之晋,与(yu)叔向私语曰:“齐政卒归田氏(shi)。田氏(shi)虽无大德(de),以公(gong)权私①,有(you)德(de)于民,民爱之。”十二(er)(er)年(nian),景公(gong)如晋,见平公(gong),欲与(yu)伐燕。十八年(nian),公(gong)复如晋,见昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)。二(er)(er)十六年(nian),猎鲁(lu)(lu)郊,因(yin)入鲁(lu)(lu),与(yu)晏婴俱问(wen)鲁(lu)(lu)礼。三十一(yi)年(nian),鲁(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)辟季氏(shi)难②,奔齐。齐欲以千(qian)社封之③,子家止昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)乃请齐伐鲁(lu)(lu),取(qu)郓以居(ju)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)。
①权(quan):变。以公权(quan)私,指田氏(shi)借公事行(xing)私德,用小斗(dou)收租税,用大(da)斗(dou)发贷粮(liang),参见《田敬(jing)仲(zhong)完世家(jia)(jia)》。②辟(pi):同“避”。③社:二十(shi)五家(jia)(jia)为一社。
三十(shi)二年,慧星(xing)(xing)见(jian)①。景公(gong)坐柏(bo)寝②,叹曰(yue)(yue):“堂堂!谁有此(ci)乎(hu)③?”群臣(chen)皆(jie)泣,晏子(zi)(zi)笑,公(gong)怒。晏子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)笑群臣(chen)谀甚。”景公(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“慧星(xing)(xing)出东北,当齐分野④,寡人以(yi)为忧。”晏子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“君(jun)(jun)高台(tai)深池(chi),赋敛如弗得,刑罚恐弗胜,茀(fu)星(xing)(xing)将(jiang)出⑤,慧星(xing)(xing)何惧乎(hu)?”公(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“可(ke)禳(rang)否⑥?”晏子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“使(shi)神可(ke)祝而来,亦可(ke)禳(rang)而去也。百姓(xing)苦怨以(yi)万数(shu),而君(jun)(jun)令一人禳(rang)之(zhi),安能(neng)胜众口乎(hu)?”是时景公(gong)好治宫室,聚狗马,奢侈,厚赋重(zhong)刑,故晏子(zi)(zi)以(yi)此(ci)谏之(zhi)。
①见:同“现(xian)”。古人(ren)认为(wei)慧星(xing)(xing)出现(xian)是不(bu)吉之(zhi)兆(zhao)。③柏(bo)寝(qin):齐景公(gong)新建(jian)之(zhi)台,在今山东(dong)广(guang)饶县(xian)境(jing)。③景公(gong)恐怕灾(zai)祸将至,自己(ji)不(bu)能长久享乐,所以叹息堂皇的(de)柏(bo)寝(qin)台不(bu)知落入(ru)谁手。④分野:古代(dai)天(tian)文学(xue)把天(tian)上十(shi)二星(xing)(xing)次之(zhi)域与地(di)上州、国位置对应,相对某(mou)星(xing)(xing)次的(de)地(di)面位置叫分野。⑤茀(bèi,倍(bei))星(xing)(xing):又作(zuo)“孛星(xing)(xing)”,其出为(wei)客(ke)星(xing)(xing)相侵(qin),不(bu)吉。如《天(tian)官书(shu)》载:“朝鲜之(zhi)拔,星(xing)(xing)茀于河戌(xu);兵征大(da)宛,星(xing)(xing)茀招摇。”⑥禳(rang):除邪(xie)消(xiao)灾(zai)的(de)祭(ji)祀(si)。
四十二年,吴王阖闾伐楚,入郢(ying)。
四十七年(nian),鲁阳(yang)虎攻其(qi)君,不胜(sheng),奔齐(qi),请齐(qi)伐鲁。鲍子谏景公①,乃囚阳(yang)虎。阳(yang)虎得亡(wang),奔晋。
①鲍子谏辞大意是:鲁国(guo)上下还算和睦,又无天(tian)灾,伐(fa)鲁难以取胜(sheng)。阳虎亲富不(bu)亲仁,纵容他必害齐国(guo)。详见《左传·定(ding)公九年》。
四十(shi)八年,与(yu)鲁(lu)定公好(hao)会夹谷。犁曰:“孔(kong)丘知礼而(er)怯,请(qing)令莱人为乐,因执鲁(lu)君(jun),可得(de)志。”景公害孔(kong)丘相(xiang)鲁(lu)①,惧其(qi)霸,故从犁之计。方会,进莱乐,孔(kong)子历阶上,使(shi)有司执莱人斩之,以礼让景公②。景公惭(can),乃归鲁(lu)侵地(di)以谢,而(er)罢去。是岁,晏婴(ying)卒。
①害:担心(xin)。②让:责(ze)备。
五(wu)十五(wu)年,范、中(zhong)行反其君于晋(jin),晋(jin)攻之急(ji),来请(qing)粟。田乞欲(yu)为(wei)乱,树党于逆(ni)臣,说景公曰:“范、中(zhong)行数有德于齐,不可(ke)不救(jiu)。”乃使乞救(jiu)而(er)输之粟。
五(wu)十八(ba)年夏,景公(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)燕姬適(shi)子(zi)死①。景公(gong)(gong)宠妾芮姬生子(zi)荼(tu)(tu)(tu),荼(tu)(tu)(tu)少(shao)(shao),其(qi)母贱,无行,诸(zhu)大夫(fu)(fu)恐其(qi)为嗣,乃言愿择(ze)诸(zhu)子(zi)长贤者为太(tai)子(zi)。景公(gong)(gong)老,恶(e)言嗣事,又爱荼(tu)(tu)(tu)母,欲立(li)之(zhi),惮发之(zhi)口,乃谓诸(zhu)大夫(fu)(fu)曰:“为乐耳,国何患(huan)无君乎(hu)(hu)(hu)?”秋,景公(gong)(gong)病,命国惠子(zi)、高昭(zhao)子(zi)立(li)少(shao)(shao)子(zi)荼(tu)(tu)(tu)为太(tai)子(zi),逐群(qun)公(gong)(gong)子(zi),迁(qian)之(zhi)莱。景公(gong)(gong)卒,太(tai)子(zi)荼(tu)(tu)(tu)立(li),是(shi)为晏孺(ru)子(zi)。冬(dong),未葬,而群(qun)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)畏诛,皆(jie)出亡。荼(tu)(tu)(tu)诸(zhu)异母兄公(gong)(gong)子(zi)寿、驹、黔奔(ben)卫,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)驵(zang)、阳生奔(ben)鲁。莱人(ren)歌之(zhi)曰:“景公(gong)(gong)死乎(hu)(hu)(hu)弗与埋,三军事乎(hu)(hu)(hu)弗与谋②,师(shi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)师(shi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)③,胡党之(zhi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)④?”
①適:通“嫡”、菡子:正妻所生之子。②此二句意为:景公(gong)葬(zang)礼五(wu)公(gong)子未能参加,国家军事(shi)五(wu)公(gong)子未能参与策(ce)划。是讽(feng)刺(ci)晏孺子及高、国迫害(hai)群公(gong)子。③师:众,指五(wu)公(gong)子的追(zhui)随者(zhe)。④党:处所。本句意为:五(wu)公(gong)子逃亡了,他们的追(zhui)随者(zhe)到何处去呢?。
晏孺(ru)(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)元年春,田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)伪事(shi)高(gao)、国者,每(mei)朝,乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)骖乘,言曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得君(jun),大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)皆(jie)自危,欲(yu)谋作乱。”又谓诸(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)曰(yue):“高(gao)昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)可(ke)畏,及未(wei)发,先之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。六月(yue),田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、鲍(bao)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)乃(nai)(nai)与大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)以(yi)兵(bing)入公(gong)宫(gong),攻高(gao)昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),与国惠(hui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)救公(gong)。公(gong)师败,田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),国惠(hui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奔(ben)莒,遂反杀高(gao)昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。晏圉奔(ben)鲁。八(ba)月(yue),齐(qi)(qi)秉意兹(zi)①。田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)败二相,乃(nai)(nai)使人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鲁召公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)。阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)至齐(qi)(qi),私(si)匿田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)家。十(shi)月(yue)戊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)请(qing)诸(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)曰(yue):“常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)有鱼菽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭②,幸来会(hui)饮。”会(hui)饮,田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)盛阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)橐中(zhong)③,置座中(zhong)央,发橐出阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng),曰(yue):“此乃(nai)(nai)齐(qi)(qi)君(jun)矣(yi)。”大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)皆(jie)伏谒④。将与大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)盟而立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),鲍(bao)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)醉,乞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)诬大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)曰(yue):“吾与鲍(bao)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)谋共立阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)。”鲍(bao)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)怒(nu)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)忘景公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命乎⑤?”诸(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)相视欲(yu)悔,阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)前,顿首(shou)曰(yue):“可(ke)则立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),否则已(yi)。”鲍(bao)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)恐祸起,乃(nai)(nai)复曰(yue):“皆(jie)景公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也,何为不可(ke)!”乃(nai)(nai)与盟,立阳(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng),是为悼公(gong)。悼公(gong)入宫(gong),使人迁晏孺(ru)(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)骀,杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幕(mu)下⑥,而逐孺(ru)(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)母(mu)芮(rui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。芮(rui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)故贱(jian)而孺(ru)(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)少⑦,故无权,国人轻(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
①齐(qi)秉意兹:据(ju)《左(zuo)传·哀公六(liu)年(nian)》,应(ying)为“齐(qi)秉意兹奔鲁”。②常之母(mu):田(tian)(tian)尝菽(shu)的(de)母(mu)亲,即(ji)田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)的(de)妻子。鱼菽(shu)之祭:比较菲薄的(de)祭祀,无三牲珍鲜之供,只有齐(qi)国土产的(de)鱼、豆等(deng)。古(gu)代家中祭事由主妇(fu)备办,所(suo)以说“常之母(mu)有鱼菽(shu)之祭”。③橐(tuó,驼):无底的(de)口袋。④伏谒:古(gu)人(ren)席地(di)而坐(zuo),就地(di)伏身拜见叫伏谒。⑤景(jing)公之命(ming):指景(jing)公临终(zhong)命(ming)立(li)少(shao)子荼(tu)。⑥幕(mu):帐(zhang)幕(mu)。据(ju)《左(zuo)传·哀公六(liu)年(nian)》载(zai),流(liu)放晏孺子并(bing)未(wei)到达目的(de)地(di)骀,在(zai)半路上设置(zhi)帐(zhang)幕(mu),将其杀(sha)死在(zai)幕(mu)中。⑦故:本来。
悼公元(yuan)年(nian),齐(qi)(qi)伐鲁(lu),取(qu)、阐。初,阳(yang)生(sheng)亡在鲁(lu),季(ji)(ji)康(kang)子(zi)以其(qi)妹妻之(zhi)。及归(gui)(gui)即位,使迎之(zhi)。季(ji)(ji)姬(ji)与(yu)季(ji)(ji)鲂(fang)侯(hou)通(tong),言(yan)其(qi)情,鲁(lu)弗敢与(yu),故(gu)齐(qi)(qi)伐鲁(lu),竟迎季(ji)(ji)姬(ji)。季(ji)(ji)姬(ji)嬖,齐(qi)(qi)复归(gui)(gui)鲁(lu)侵地。
鲍子与(yu)悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)有郤(xi),不善。四(si)年(nian),吴、鲁伐(fa)(fa)齐(qi)南方(fang),鲍子弑悼(dao)公(gong)(gong),赴(fu)于吴。吴王夫差哭于军(jun)门外三日(ri)①,将从(cong)海入讨齐(qi)。齐(qi)人败之(zhi),吴师乃去(qu)。晋赵鞅伐(fa)(fa)齐(qi),至赖而(er)去(qu)。齐(qi)人共立悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)子壬,是为简公(gong)(gong)。
①诸侯间哭吊死者(zhe)的礼节。
简(jian)公(gong)四年春(chun),初(chu),简(jian)公(gong)与(yu)父阳(yang)生(sheng)俱在鲁地,监(jian)止(zhi)有宠焉(yan)。及即位,使为政①。田(tian)(tian)成子(zi)惮之,骤顾于朝②。御鞅言简(jian)公(gong)曰(yue):“田(tian)(tian)、监(jian)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)并也(ye),君(jun)其择焉(yan)。”弗听。子(zi)我(wo)夕③,田(tian)(tian)逆杀人,逢之,遂捕以入(ru)。田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)方睦,使囚病而(er)遗守(shou)囚者酒④,醉而(er)杀守(shou)者,得(de)亡。子(zi)我(wo)盟(meng)诸田(tian)(tian)于陈宗⑤。初(chu),田(tian)(tian)豹(bao)欲(yu)为子(zi)我(wo)臣(chen),使公(gong)孙(sun)言豹(bao),豹(bao)有丧而(er)止(zhi)。后卒以为臣(chen),幸于子(zi)我(wo)。子(zi)我(wo)谓曰(yue):“吾尽(jin)逐(zhu)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)而(er)立女,可(ke)乎?”对曰(yue):“我(wo)远田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)矣⑥。且其违(wei)者不(bu)(bu)过数(shu)人,何尽(jin)逐(zhu)焉(yan)!”遂告田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。子(zi)行(xing)曰(yue):“彼得(de)君(jun),弗先,必祸(huo)子(zi)。”子(zi)行(xing)舍于公(gong)宫(gong)。
①为政(zheng):主持(chi)政(zheng)务(wu)。②在上(shang)朝时屡(lv)屡(lv)回头看监(jian)(jian)止(子(zi)我(wo))。表示田成(cheng)子(zi)(常)对监(jian)(jian)止的戒备之(zhi)心很重。③夕:古代早朝叫朝,晚朝叫夕。④囚(qiu):指(zhi)田逆。囚(qiu)徒病了,看守(shou)就会放松警惕,家属借控监(jian)(jian)之(zhi)机,送酒给看守(shou)喝。⑤陈宗:田氏(shi)(shi)族长之(zhi)家。田氏(shi)(shi)即陈氏(shi)(shi),田、陈音近而(er)通。⑥远田氏(shi)(shi):是(shi)田氏(shi)(shi)疏远的旁支(zhi)。言外之(zhi)意是(shi):“我(wo)不(bu)能成(cheng)为田氏(shi)(shi)的宗长。”这是(shi)婉言辞绝子(zi)我(wo)。
夏五(wu)月壬(ren)申,成子(zi)(zi)兄(xiong)弟(di)四乘(cheng)如公(gong)。子(zi)(zi)我在幄,出(chu)(chu)迎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),遂入(ru),闭门(men)。宦者(zhe)御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),子(zi)(zi)行杀(sha)(sha)宦者(zhe)。公(gong)与(yu)妇人(ren)饮酒于(yu)檀台①,成子(zi)(zi)迁诸寝②。公(gong)执戈将(jiang)击(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),太史子(zi)(zi)余曰(yue):“非不利也(ye),将(jiang)除害也(ye)③。”成子(zi)(zi)出(chu)(chu)舍于(yu)库④,闻公(gong)犹怒(nu),将(jiang)出(chu)(chu)⑤,曰(yue):“何(he)所无君!”子(zi)(zi)行拔(ba)剑曰(yue):“需⑥,事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贼(zei)也(ye)⑦。谁(shei)非田(tian)宗⑧?所不杀(sha)(sha)子(zi)(zi)者(zhe)有(you)如田(tian)宗⑨。”乃(nai)止。子(zi)(zi)我归(gui),属徒攻(gong)闱与(yu)大门(men)⑩,皆弗胜,乃(nai)出(chu)(chu)。田(tian)氏追(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。丰丘人(ren)执子(zi)(zi)我以告,杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郭(guo)关⑾。成子(zi)(zi)将(jiang)杀(sha)(sha)大陆子(zi)(zi)方,田(tian)逆请(qing)而免之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以公(gong)命取车(che)于(yu)道(dao),出(chu)(chu)雍门(men)⑿。田(tian)豹与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)车(che),弗受,曰(yue):“逆为余请(qing),豹与(yu)余车(che),余有(you)私(si)焉。事(shi)子(zi)(zi)我而有(you)私(si)于(yu)其雠,何(he)以见鲁(lu)、卫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士。”
①檀台(tai):台(tai)名,其址在今山东淄博市东北。②寝:寝宫(gong),君主(zhu)的(de)(de)正式居(ju)所。③言(yan)外意为(wei):不需要(yao)抵抗,并非要(yao)谋害(hai)国(guo)(guo)君。④库:古代收藏武器兵车的(de)(de)处所。⑤出:逃(tao)亡国(guo)(guo)外。⑥需:迟疑犹豫。⑦事之贼也(ye):指害(hai)事。⑧本意是:我(wo)(wo)(wo)们(men)这(zhei)些起事的(de)(de)人,都是田氏族人。言(yan)外意是:你逃(tao)亡了(le)我(wo)(wo)(wo)们(men)大伙(huo)儿怎么办呢?⑨这(zhei)句是发(fa)誓的(de)(de)话,其意为(wei):(你自己逃(tao)亡,抛(pao)下大家不管(guan),)我(wo)(wo)(wo)如(ru)不杀死(si)你,田氏祖(zu)宗会看(kan)见(而惩罚(fa))我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)。⑩属:聚结(jie)集合(he)。闱:宫(gong)中小门(men)。⑾郭(guo)(guo)关:齐(qi)郭(guo)(guo)门(men)。⑿雍门(men):齐(qi)都临淄城北门(men)。
庚辰,田(tian)常(chang)执简(jian)公于俆州。公曰:“余蚤(zao)从御鞅言①,不及此。”甲(jia)午(wu),田(tian)常(chang)弑简(jian)公于俆州。田(tian)常(chang)乃立简(jian)公弟骜(ao),是(shi)为平(ping)公。平(ping)公即位,田(tian)常(chang)相之,专(zhuan)齐之政,割齐安(an)平(ping)以东为田(tian)氏封邑②。
①蚤:通“早”。②封邑:国君(jun)赐给卿大夫的封地。
平公八(ba)年,越(yue)灭吴(wu)。二十五(wu)年卒,子宣公积立(li)。
宣公五十一(yi)年卒,子康(kang)公贷立。田会反廪丘。
康公二年(nian),韩、魏、赵始列为诸(zhu)侯。十九年(nian),田常曾孙田和始为诸(zhu)侯,迁康公海滨①。
①据《田(tian)敬(jing)仲完(wan)世家》,迁康公于海滨事在康公十四年。
二十六年,康公卒,吕(lv)氏遂绝其祀(si)①。田(tian)氏卒有(you)齐(qi)国,为(wei)齐(qi)威(wei)王(wang),强于天下。
①绝其祀(si):祭祀(si)灭绝。喻(yu)指政权结束。
太(tai)史公(gong)曰:吾适齐,自泰山属之琅邪(xie)①,北被于海(hai)②,膏壤二千里,其(qi)民(min)阔(kuo)达多匿(ni)知③,其(qi)天性也(ye)(ye)。以太(tai)公(gong)之圣,建国本,桓(huan)公(gong)之盛,修善政,以为诸(zhu)侯会(hui)盟,称伯,不亦宜乎(hu)?洋(yang)洋(yang)哉(zai)④,固大国之风(feng)也(ye)(ye)!
①属:连接。②被:到。③知:同“智”。匿智:深沉多智。④洋洋:盛大的样子。
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