赵季 译注
【说明与解析】
本篇内容主(zhu)要(yao)是详细(xi)地记述了(le)西周开(kai)国重臣周公(gong)的生平事迹(ji),并择要(yao)记载(zai)了(le)鲁国经历(li)三十四代君主(zhu)、历(li)时一千余年的历(li)史发(fa)展过程。
周(zhou)公(gong)是(shi)我国(guo)政(zheng)治(zhi)史(shi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化史(shi)上的(de)(de)一个极为(wei)重要的(de)(de)人物。他帮助周(zhou)武王开创(chuang)了(le)周(zhou)王朝八百(bai)年的(de)(de)基业,从而(er)也(ye)把(ba)我国(guo)的(de)(de)第一个文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明社会形(xing)式推向了(le)巅峰,为(wei)我国(guo)民族(zu)融(rong)合、政(zheng)治(zhi)统一作出(chu)了(le)巨大贡(gong)献(xian)(xian)。同(tong)时(shi),他所制定的(de)(de)“礼乐(le)行(xing)政(zheng)”,对我国(guo)民族(zu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化传(chuan)统的(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng),也(ye)具有(you)开山的(de)(de)意义,至今中(zhong)华(hua)民族(zu)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化心理之(zhi)中(zhong),仍涓(juan)涓(juan)流淌着西周(zhou)时(shi)代那种重伦理、轻逸乐(le)、好俭朴、乐(le)献(xian)(xian)身的(de)(de)君子风(feng)度和集(ji)体精神。司马迁(qian)对周(zhou)公(gong)不(bu)但有(you)一种深厚的(de)(de)景(jing)仰之(zhi)情,而(er)且把(ba)周(zhou)公(gong)作为(wei)“立德立功立言”的(de)(de)楷模来学习仿效,要为(wei)中(zhong)国(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化发展作出(chu)贡(gong)献(xian)(xian)。在《太(tai)史(shi)公(gong)自(zi)序》中(zhong),他激动地回(hui)忆了(le)父亲(qin)临终时(shi)的(de)(de)嘱托:“夫天(tian)下(xia)称(cheng)诵周(zhou)公(gong),言其能论歌文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)武之(zhi)德,宣周(zhou)邵之(zhi)风(feng),达太(tai)王王季之(zhi)思虑,爰及公(gong)刘,以(yi)尊(zun)后(hou)稷也(ye)。”可见,周(zhou)公(gong)的(de)(de)榜样力量(liang)是(shi)激励(li)司马迁(qian)完成(cheng)(cheng)《史(shi)记》创(chuang)作的(de)(de)重要因素(su)之(zhi)一。
但是(shi),历史唯物主义地(di)来(lai)(lai)看(kan),周、孔所创立的(de)(de)儒家文化也有其消极(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)一面(mian)(mian):泯灭个性,过于保(bao)守,强(qiang)调等级,以及由此(ci)带(dai)来(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)繁缛的(de)(de)礼(li)仪……凡(fan)此(ci)种种,要批判地(di)对待。另外,司马(ma)迁(qian)对周公(gong)的(de)(de)极(ji)(ji)度褒扬(yang)之中,也表现出(chu)司马(ma)迁(qian)思想的(de)(de)局限,古人今人多有指出(chu),兹(zi)不赘述。下面(mian)(mian)谈(tan)谈(tan)本篇在(zai)艺术(shu)上的(de)(de)特点。
在本篇(pian)中,作者正是饱含(han)着激情来(lai)塑造周(zhou)公形象的(de)。作者用(yong)四分之一的(de)篇(pian)幅(fu),详尽赅赡地叙述了周(zhou)公的(de)一生:幼年时(shi)代的(de)笃仁纯(chun)孝,平定(ding)管蔡分裂叛乱时(shi)的(de)坚定(ding)果断(duan),牺牲个人(ren)时(shi)的(de)义无(wu)反(fan)顾,代理国(guo)政时(shi)的(de)忍辱负重……作者用(yong)与(yu)主(zhu)人(ren)公性(xing)格(ge)相(xiang)一致(zhi)的(de)深沉(chen)有力的(de)语言娓(wei)娓(wei)道来(lai),为我们树立了一个胸怀博大、深沉(chen)果断(duan),为国(guo)家(jia)利益辛劳毕生、鞠躬(gong)尽瘁(cui)的(de)高岸君子形象,感人(ren)至深。
另外,在(zai)本篇中作者“原始(shi)察(cha)终,见(jian)盛观(guan)衰(shuai)”,在(zai)客观(guan)提供的(de)史料基础(chu)上(shang),通过对鲁国(guo)历(li)史盛衰(shuai)的(de)考察(cha)和记述,生动地再现(xian)了隐桓之(zhi)事、庆父(fu)之(zhi)乱、襄仲(zhong)杀嫡立庶、三(san)桓攻(gong)伐公(gong)室的(de)真实历(li)史画面,反映出(chu)统治(zhi)阶级内部复杂激(ji)烈的(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)斗争(zheng),也揭(jie)示了鲁国(guo)由盛而衰(shuai)的(de)必然过程(cheng)。
值(zhi)得注意的(de)是(shi)(shi),司马(ma)迁特地采(cai)用对比(bi)的(de)手法,来揭露那些(xie)腐朽没落的(de)统(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)者的(de)丑恶本质。一是(shi)(shi)用周公的(de)品德与鲁(lu)国后(hou)世无(wu)道(dao)君臣(chen)进行(xing)强烈(lie)对比(bi),二是(shi)(shi)用鲁(lu)国的(de)所(suo)谓(wei)“洙(zhu)泗(si)礼义之(zhi)邦”的(de)高(gao)雅(ya)招(zhao)牌与鲁(lu)国后(hou)期(qi)统(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)者的(de)yín乱、凶残、猥(wei)琐(suo)进行(xing)对比(bi):从(cong)而尖锐深刻地揭露了某些(xie)统(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)者斤斤于揖让之(zhi)节的(de)表面形(xing)式、而行(xing)事则极尽其荒淫之(zhi)欲诛杀(sha)之(zhi)能的(de)极度(du)虚(xu)伪行(xing)径(jing),表现出作者敏锐的(de)观察判断能力和高(gao)度(du)现实主义精神。
周(zhou)公旦,是(shi)周(zhou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)之弟。从(cong)文王(wang)(wang)还在世时,旦作(zuo)为儿子非常孝顺,忠厚(hou)仁(ren)爱,胜过其他(ta)兄弟。到武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)即位,旦经常佐助(zhu)辅(fu)弼武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),处理很(hen)多政(zheng)务。武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)九(jiu)年,亲(qin)自东征(zheng)至盟(meng)津,周(zhou)公随军辅(fu)助(zhu)。十一年,讨伐(fa)殷纣(zhou),军至牧野,周(zhou)公佐助(zhu)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),发布了动(dong)员战斗的(de)《牧誓》。周(zhou)军攻破殷都,进入(ru)殷王(wang)(wang)宫。杀(sha)殷纣(zhou)以后,周(zhou)公手(shou)持(chi)大钺(yue),召公手(shou)持(chi)小钺(yue),左右夹辅(fu)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),举行衅社之礼,向上(shang)天(tian)与(yu)殷民昭佈纣(zhou)之罪状(zhuang)。把(ba)箕(ji)子从(cong)临(lin)禁中释(shi)放出来。封(feng)(feng)纣(zhou)子武(wu)(wu)庚禄父,命(ming)管叔、蔡叔辅(fu)助(zhu)他(ta),以承续(xu)殷之祭祀(si)。遍封(feng)(feng)功臣、同姓及亲(qin)戚(qi)。封(feng)(feng)周(zhou)公于(yu)少昊故墟曲阜,就是(shi)鲁公。但不(bu)让(rang)周(zhou)公去自己(ji)的(de)封(feng)(feng)国,而(er)是(shi)留在朝(chao)延辅(fu)佐武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)。
武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)战胜殷纣(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)次(ci)年,天下统一之(zhi)业尚未成(cheng)功,武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)患病,身体不(bu)(bu)(bu)安(an),群臣恐惧,太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)和召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)想虔敬地(di)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)以明吉凶(xiong)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以令我(wo)们先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)忧虑(lv)悲伤(shang)。”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)是以自身为质,设(she)立三(san)个(ge)祭坛(tan),周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)向北站立,捧璧持(chi)圭,向太(tai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季(ji)、文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)灵祈祷。命(ming)史官(guan)(guan)作册文(wen)祝(zhu)告说(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)们的(de)(de)(de)长孙(sun)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)。辛(xin)劳成(cheng)疾(ji)。如果三(san)位(wei)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)欠上天一个(ge)儿子,请以旦(dan)(dan)代替(ti)(ti)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)。旦(dan)(dan)灵巧能干,多才多艺,能事奉鬼神(shen)。周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如旦(dan)(dan)多才多艺,不(bu)(bu)(bu)会事奉鬼神(shen)。但(dan)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)受(shou)命(ming)于(yu)天庭,要普济天下,而且能使你(ni)(ni)们的(de)(de)(de)子孙(sun)在人世(shi)安(an)定地(di)生活,四(si)方人民无(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬畏(wei)他。他能使天赐宝运长守(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)失,我(wo)们的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也能永享奉祀。现在我(wo)通过(guo)占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)大龟(gui)听命(ming)于(yu)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),你(ni)(ni)们若(ruo)能答应(ying)(ying)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu),我(wo)将圭璧献上,听从您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)吩咐。你(ni)(ni)们若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答应(ying)(ying),我(wo)就(jiu)(jiu)把圭璧收藏起来(lai)。”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)命(ming)史官(guan)(guan)作册文(wen)向太(tai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季(ji)、文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)祝(zhu)告要用己身代替(ti)(ti)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)之(zhi)后,就(jiu)(jiu)到三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)祭坛(tan)前占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)。卜(bu)(bu)人都说(shuo)吉利,翻开兆(zhao)书(shu)一看(kan) ,果然是吉。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十分高兴,又(you)开锁察看(kan)藏于(yu)柜(ju)中的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)兆(zhao)书(shu),也是吉象。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)即进(jin)宫祝(zhu)贺武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)说(shuo):“您(nin)没有灾祸(huo),我(wo)刚接受(shou)三(san)位(wei)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)命(ming),让(rang)您(nin)只需考(kao)(kao)虑(lv)周(zhou)(zhou)室天下的(de)(de)(de)长远(yuan)之(zhi)计(ji),别(bie)无(wu)他虑(lv)。此(ci)所谓上天为天子考(kao)(kao)虑(lv)周(zhou)(zhou)到啊。”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)把册文(wen)收进(jin)金丝(si)缠束的(de)(de)(de)柜(ju)中密封,告诫守(shou)柜(ju)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)许泄露(lu)。第二天,武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)霍然痊愈。
后来武王(wang)(wang)(wang)去世,成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)幼小,尚(shang)在襁褓(bao)之中(zhong)(zhong)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)怕天(tian)下(xia)人听说(shuo)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)死而背(bei)叛朝(chao)廷,就(jiu)(jiu)登位(wei)(wei)替成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)代(dai)为处理政务,主持国家大(da)权。管叔和他的(de)诸弟(di)(di)在国中(zhong)(zhong)散(san)布流言(yan)说(shuo):“周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)将对成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)利。”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)告(gao)诉太(tai)公(gong)(gong)望、召公(gong)(gong)奭(shì,式)说(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)之所以不(bu)避嫌疑(yi)代(dai)理国政,是怕天(tian)下(xia)人背(bei)叛周(zhou)(zhou)室(shi),没法向(xiang)我(wo)(wo)们(men)的(de)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)太(tai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)季、文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)交代(dai)。三(san)位(wei)(wei)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)为天(tian)下(xia)之业忧劳甚久,现在才刚成(cheng)(cheng)功。武王(wang)(wang)(wang)早逝,成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)年幼,只是为了(le)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)稳定周(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)之大(da)业,我(wo)(wo)才这样做。”于(yu)是终究(jiu)辅佐成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang),而命(ming)其子伯禽代(dai)自己(ji)到鲁国受封。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)告(gao)诫伯禽说(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)是文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之子、武王(wang)(wang)(wang)之弟(di)(di),成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之叔父,在全(quan)天(tian)下(xia)人中(zhong)(zhong)我(wo)(wo)的(de)地(di)位(wei)(wei)不(bu)算低了(le)。但(dan)我(wo)(wo)却洗(xi)一次(ci)(ci)头(tou)要三(san)次(ci)(ci)握起头(tou)发(fa),吃一顿饭三(san)次(ci)(ci)吐出正在咀嚼(jiao)的(de)食物,起来接(jie)待(dai)贤士,这样还怕失掉天(tian)下(xia)贤人。你到鲁国之后,千(qian)万不(bu)要因有国土而骄(jiao)慢于(yu)人。”
管叔、蔡叔、武(wu)庚等人果然率领淮夷(yi)造反(fan)。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)乃(nai)奉成王(wang)之(zhi)命,举兵东(dong)征,写了(le)《大诰》。于是诛斩管叔,杀掉武(wu)庚,流放蔡叔。收(shou)伏殷(yin)(yin)之(zhi)遗民,封(feng)康叔于卫,封(feng)微子(zi)于宋,让(rang)他(ta)奉行殷(yin)(yin)之(zhi)祭祀。平定淮夷(yi)及东(dong)部其他(ta)地区,二年时间全部完成。诸侯都宗(zong)顺周(zhou)王(wang)朝。天(tian)降福瑞,唐叔得到二茎共生(sheng)一穗(sui)的粟禾,献给成王(wang),成王(wang)命唐叔到东(dong)部周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)军(jun)队(dui)驻地赠给周(zhou)公(gong)(gong),写了(le)《馈禾》。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)接(jie)受后(hou),感(gan)激赞颂天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)命,写了(le)《嘉禾》。东(dong)方安定后(hou),周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)回(hui)报成王(wang),作(zuo)诗赠给成王(wang),其诗名(ming)为《鸱鸮(xiao)》(chī xiāo,吃消)。成王(wang)也未(wei)敢责备(bei)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)。
成王七年二月乙(yi)未日,成王在镐(hào,浩)京(jing)朝拜武王庙,然(ran)后步行(xing)至丰京(jing)朝拜文王庙,命太保召公先(xian)行(xing)到洛邑勘(kan)察地形(xing)。三(san)月,周(zhou)公去洛邑营造成周(zhou)京(jing)城,并进(jin)行(xing)占卜,得象大(da)吉,于(yu)是就以(yi)洛邑为国(guo)都(dou)。
成王(wang)(wang)(wang)长大,能够(gou)处(chu)理国事(shi)了。于是周公就把政(zheng)权还给成王(wang)(wang)(wang),成王(wang)(wang)(wang)临朝听政(zheng)。过去周公代(dai)替成王(wang)(wang)(wang)治天(tian)下时,面向南方,背对扆(yi)(yǐ,椅)壁,接受诸侯朝拜。七(qi)年之后(hou),还政(zheng)于成王(wang)(wang)(wang),周公面向北站(zhan)在(zai)臣子之位上,仍谨(jin)慎恭敬如履薄冰。
当(dang)初(chu),成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)幼小时,有病了(le),周(zhou)(zhou)公就剪下自己的指甲沉(chen)入河(he)中,向神祝告说(shuo):“王(wang)(wang)年幼没有主张(zhang),冒犯神命的是旦。”也把那(nei)祝告册文藏于秘府(fu),成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)病果然(ran)痊(quan)愈。到成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)临朝(chao)后,有人说(shuo)周(zhou)(zhou)公坏(huai)话,周(zhou)(zhou)公逃亡到楚国(guo)。成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)打(da)开秘府(fu),发现周(zhou)(zhou)公当(dang)年的祈祷册文,感动得泪(lei)流满面,即(ji)迎回周(zhou)(zhou)公。
周公归国后(hou),怕成王(wang)年(nian)(nian)轻,为政荒(huang)淫放荡,就写(xie)了亡到楚(chu)国。成王(wang)打开秘府,发现周公当年(nian)(nian)的(de)祈(qi)祷册(ce)文,感(gan)动得泪(lei)流满面,即(ji)迎回周公。
周公归国(guo)(guo)后,怕成王(wang)(wang)年(nian)轻,为(wei)政荒(huang)淫放荡(dang),就写了(le)《多士》、《毋逸(yi)(yi)》。《毋逸(yi)(yi)》说:“做(zuo)父母者,经历(li)长(zhang)久(jiu)时期创业成功,其(qi)子孙(sun)骄奢淫佚忘记了(le)祖(zu)先的困苦,毁(hui)败了(le)家业,做(zuo)儿子的能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谨慎吗(ma)?因此(ci)过去殷(yin)(yin)王(wang)(wang)中宗(zong),庄(zhuang)重恭敬(jing)地畏惧天命,治民(min)(min)(min)时严以律己,竞(jing)竞(jing)业业不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢荒(huang)废事(shi)业自(zi)图(tu)逸(yi)(yi)乐(le),所(suo)(suo)以中宗(zong)拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家七十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)之久(jiu)。殷(yin)(yin)之高(gao)宗(zong),久(jiu)在民(min)(min)(min)间(jian)劳碌,与小民(min)(min)(min)共同(tong)生活,他(ta)即位后居丧,三(san)(san)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言语,一旦说话就得(de)到臣民(min)(min)(min)拥(yong)戴,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢荒(huang)淫逸(yi)(yi)乐(le),使殷(yin)(yin)国(guo)(guo)家安定,小民(min)(min)(min)大臣均无(wu)怨言,所(suo)(suo)以高(gao)宗(zong)拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家五十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)。殷(yin)(yin)王(wang)(wang)祖(zu)甲(jia),觉得(de)自(zi)己并(bing)非长(zhang)子,为(wei)王(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜,因此(ci)长(zhang)时间(jian)逃(tao)避于民(min)(min)(min)间(jian),深知人民(min)(min)(min)需要,他(ta)安定国(guo)(guo)家、施惠于民(min)(min)(min),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悔慢鳏(guan)寡孤独之人,所(suo)(suo)以祖(zu)甲(jia)拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)。”《多士》说:“自(zi)汤至帝(di)乙,殷(yin)(yin)代诸(zhu)王(wang)(wang)无(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遵(zun)循礼制去祭祀,勉力向德,都能上配(pei)天命。后来(lai)到殷(yin)(yin)纣时,大为(wei)荒(huang)淫逸(yi)(yi)乐(le),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾(gu)天意(yi)民(min)(min)(min)心,万民(min)(min)(min)都认为(wei)他(ta)该杀(sha)。”“周文王(wang)(wang)每天日头偏(pian)西(xi)还顾(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上吃饭,拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家五十(shi)(shi)年(nian)。”周公写了(le)这些用来(lai)告诫成王(wang)(wang)。
成王(wang)居于(yu)丰京,当(dang)时天(tian)下虽已安定,但(dan)周(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)的官职制度尚未安排得(de)当(dang),于(yu)是周(zhou)(zhou)公写(xie)了《周(zhou)(zhou)官》,划定百官职责。写(xie)了《立政》,以利百姓(xing),百姓(xing)欢(huan)悦。
周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公在(zai)丰(feng)京患病,临(lin)终时说:“一定要(yao)把我(wo)埋葬在(zai)成(cheng)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),以(yi)表(biao)明我(wo)不敢(gan)离开(kai)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。”周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公死后(hou)(hou),成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也谦让,最后(hou)(hou)把周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公葬于(yu)(yu)毕邑,伴随(sui)文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),来(lai)(lai)表(biao)示成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不敢(gan)以(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公为(wei)臣。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公去(qu)世那年秋后(hou)(hou),庄稼(jia)尚未收割,一场暴风雷霆,禾稼(jia)倒伏,大(da)树(shu)连根拔起。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)都(dou)的人十分(fen)害怕。成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和众大(da)夫穿(chuan)好(hao)朝(chao)服打开(kai)金(jin)縢之(zhi)书,看到周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公愿(yuan)以(yi)己身(shen)代武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)去(qu)死的册文(wen)(wen)。太公、召公和成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)问史官和有(you)(you)关(guan)人员,他们(men)说:“确有(you)(you)此事,但过去(qu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公命令我(wo)们(men)不许说出(chu)去(qu)。”成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)手(shou)执册文(wen)(wen)而泣(qi),说:“今后(hou)(hou)不要(yao)在(zai)笃行(xing)占(zhan)卜(bu)了!过去(qu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公为(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)室辛劳,但我(wo)年幼(you)不理解。现在(zai)上天(tian)发威来(lai)(lai)彰明周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公之(zhi)德,现在(zai)我(wo)应(ying)设祭迎其神,亦(yi)合于(yu)(yu)我(wo)们(men)国(guo)家之(zhi)礼(li)。”成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)举(ju)行(xing)郊(jiao)天(tian)之(zhi)礼(li),果真(zhen)天(tian)下(xia)雨,风向反转,倒伏之(zhi)禾全部立起。太公、召公命国(guo)人,凡倒下(xia)的大(da)树(shu)都(dou)扶起培(pei)实土基。当(dang)年大(da)丰(feng)收。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)特淮鲁(lu)国(guo)可以(yi)行(xing)郊(jiao)祭天(tian)和庙祭文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)礼(li)。鲁(lu)国(guo)所以(yi)有(you)(you)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)子一样的礼(li)乐(le),是(shi)因(yin)为(wei)褒(bao)奖周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公的德行(xing)啊。
周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死时,其(qi)子(zi)伯禽早在(zai)以前接受(shou)封(feng)国,就是鲁(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。鲁(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)伯禽当初受(shou)封(feng)至鲁(lu),三年以后才向周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)汇报(bao)施政(zheng)情(qing)况。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)(shuo):“为何如此(ci)迟晚?”伯禽说(shuo)(shuo):“变其(qi)风俗(su),改其(qi)礼(li)仪,要(yao)(yao)等(deng)服丧(sang)三年除服之后才能看到效果,因此(ci)迟了。”太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)受(shou)封(feng)于齐(qi)国,五个月后就向周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)汇报(bao)施政(zheng)情(qing)况。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)(shuo):“为何如此(ci)迅速?”太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)简化其(qi)君臣(chen)之间(jian)的(de)仪节,一切(qie)从其(qi)风俗(su)去做。”等(deng)后来(lai)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)听说(shuo)(shuo)伯禽汇报(bao)政(zheng)情(qing)很(hen)迟,叹息说(shuo)(shuo):“唉!鲁(lu)国后代将要(yao)(yao)为齐(qi)国之臣(chen)了,为政(zheng)不(bu)简约易行(xing),人民(min)就不(bu)会亲近;政(zheng)令(ling)平易近民(min),人民(min)必然(ran)归附。”
伯(bo)禽即位之(zhi)(zhi)后,有管、蔡(cai)等造反(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)事,淮夷、徐(xu)戎也一起兴兵(bing)造反(fan)。于(yu)是伯(bo)禽率军至(zhi)肸(bì,必)邑讨伐(fa)之(zhi)(zhi),写了《肸誓》,说:“准备(bei)(bei)你们的(de)战甲头盔,必须良(liang)好。不许毁坏牛栏(lan)马(ma)(ma)圈。马(ma)(ma)牛走(zou)失,奴隶(li)逃(tao)跑,军士(shi)不得擅离职守去追捕,他人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)马(ma)(ma)牛奴隶(li)跑到(dao)自己(ji)处要归还。不许劫略(lve)侵扰,不许入户盗窃。鲁国(guo)西、南、北三方近郊远郊之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),备(bei)(bei)办(ban)粮草桢幹(gan),不许缺(que)少(shao)。甲戌日(ri)我军修筑工(gong)事征伐(fa)徐(xu)戎,不许届(jie)时不至(zhi),否则(ze)处以极(ji)刑。”发(fa)布(bu)《肸誓》后,就讨平徐(xu)戎,安定了鲁国(guo)。
鲁公(gong)(gong)(gong)伯禽(qin)死(si)后,其(qi)子(zi)考公(gong)(gong)(gong)酋继(ji)(ji)(ji)位。考公(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)死(si),其(qi)弟熙(xi)继(ji)(ji)(ji)位,就(jiu)(jiu)是炀(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。炀(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)修建了(le)茅阙们。六年(nian)炀(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si),其(qi)子(zi)幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)宰继(ji)(ji)(ji)位。幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian),其(qi)弟(bì,必)杀幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)自立为君,就(jiu)(jiu)是魏公(gong)(gong)(gong)。魏公(gong)(gong)(gong)五十(shi)(shi)年(nian)死(si),其(qi)子(zi)厉(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)擢(zhuo)继(ji)(ji)(ji)位。厉(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)死(si),鲁人立其(qi)弟具为君,就(jiu)(jiu)是献公(gong)(gong)(gong)。献公(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)死(si),其(qi)子(zi)真公(gong)(gong)(gong)濞(pì,僻)继(ji)(ji)(ji)位。
真(zhen)公(gong)(gong)十(shi)四年(前841),周(zhou)(zhou)厉王为政无道,出(chu)逃于彘(zhì,至)邑,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)、召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)共同执政。二十(shi)九年(前827),周(zhou)(zhou)宣王即(ji)位。
三十年(nian)(前826),真公死(si),其弟敖(ao)继位(wei),就是武公。
武公九年(nian)(前817)春,武公和(he)长子(zi)(zi)括(kuo)、少子(zi)(zi)戏,西行(xing)朝拜周宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)。宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)喜欢戏,想(xiang)立戏为鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)太子(zi)(zi)。周之大夫樊(fan)仲山(shan)甫劝谏宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)说(shuo):“废(fei)弃长子(zi)(zi)而(er)立少子(zi)(zi),不符(fu)合(he)(he)于礼(li)制;不符(fu)合(he)(he)礼(li)制,必(bi)(bi)然(ran)触犯先(xian)王(wang)之命;触犯先(xian)王(wang)之命必(bi)(bi)被(bei)(bei)诛(zhu)(zhu)杀:所以发令(ling)不可违(wei)背礼(li)制。命令(ling)难以实(shi)行(xing),政(zheng)令(ling)就(jiu)没有权威(wei);命令(ling)被(bei)(bei)实(shi)行(xing)而(er)又违(wei)背礼(li)制,人(ren)民(min)将不服从(cong)主上。而(er)下级服务(wu)于上级,年(nian)轻(qing)者服务(wu)于年(nian)长者,这才符(fu)合(he)(he)礼(li)制。现在天子(zi)(zi)您(nin)立诸侯之继承人(ren),而(er)立其少子(zi)(zi),是(shi)教给人(ren)民(min)违(wei)犯礼(li)制。如果鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)遵从(cong)您(nin)的命令(ling),诸侯也仿效而(er)行(xing),先(xian)王(wang)之命必(bi)(bi)然(ran)阻(zu)塞难行(xing);如果鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)不遵从(cong)您(nin)废(fei)长立少的命令(ling),您(nin)必(bi)(bi)要诛(zhu)(zhu)伐(fa)鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo),您(nin)就(jiu)等于自己诛(zhu)(zhu)伐(fa)先(xian)王(wang)之命。那(nei)时您(nin)诛(zhu)(zhu)伐(fa)鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)错误(wu),不诛(zhu)(zhu)伐(fa)也是(shi)错误(wu),请您(nin)慎重考虑。”宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)不听,终于立戏为鲁太子(zi)(zi)。夏天,武公回鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)去世,戏继位(wei),就(jiu)是(shi)懿公。
懿(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(前807),懿(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)之兄括的儿子伯御(yu)和(he)鲁(lu)国(guo)人(ren)攻杀(sha)懿(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong),立起(qi)伯御(yu)为鲁(lu)相 。伯御(yu)在(zai)位十一年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)宣王(wang)(wang)伐鲁(lu),杀(sha)死其君(jun)伯御(yu),而询(xun)问鲁(lu)国(guo)公(gong)(gong)子中(zhong)谁(shei)能(neng)启发(fa)训(xun)(xun)导诸(zhu)侯(hou),让他做鲁(lu)国(guo)嗣君(jun)。樊穆仲说(shuo):“鲁(lu)懿(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)之弟称,庄重(zhong)恭谨敬(jing)事神灵,敬(jing)重(zhong)长者;处理(li)事务执行法(fa)规时,必定咨询(xun)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)遗训(xun)(xun)和(he)正(zheng)确经验,不干犯(fan)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)遗训(xun)(xun),不抵触正(zheng)确经验。”宣王(wang)(wang)说(shuo):“好(hao),这样就(jiu)能(neng)训(xun)(xun)导治理(li)其民众了。”于是在(zai)夷宫立称为鲁(lu)君(jun),就(jiu)是孝公(gong)(gong)。此后(hou),诸(zhu)侯(hou)多有违抗王(wang)(wang)命的。孝公(gong)(gong)二十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(前771),诸(zhu)侯(hou)背叛周(zhou)(zhou)室,犬戎(rong)人(ren)杀(sha)死幽(you)王(wang)(wang)。秦(qin)开始(shi)列(lie)为诸(zhu)侯(hou)。
二十七年(nian)(前769),孝公死,其(qi)子弗湟继(ji)位,就是惠公。
惠公三十年(nian)(前739),晋人杀(sha)其(qi)君(jun)(jun)昭侯。四(si)十五年(nian)(前724),晋人又杀(sha)其(qi)君(jun)(jun)孝侯。
四十六年(前(qian)723),惠公(gong)死(si),长庶子息(xi)(xi)代理(li)政务,执(zhi)掌君权,就是隐(yin)公(gong)。当初,惠公(gong)正(zheng)妻(qi)无子,其贱妾声子生儿(er)子息(xi)(xi)。息(xi)(xi)长大后,惠公(gong)为息(xi)(xi)娶宋(song)国女。宋(song)女来到鲁国,惠公(gong)看她(ta)美丽(li)就夺为自己的妻(qi)子。生下儿(er)子允。惠公(gong)将宋(song)女升(sheng)为正(zheng)妻(qi),立(li)允为太子。到惠公(gong)死(si)时,因为允太幼(you)小,鲁人共同让息(xi)(xi)代理(li)国政,不叫作即位。
隐公(gong)五年(前781),在(zai)棠地(di)观看捕鱼。八年(前715),与(yu)郑国交换天子所赐之封(feng)邑(yi)太山(shan)的枋(fang)(beng,崩)和许田,君子讥贬这件事。
十一(yi)年(nian)(前712)冬(dong),公(gong)子(zi)(zi)挥向隐(yin)公(gong)献媚说(shuo)(shuo):“百姓认为您(nin)当(dang)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)于(yu)民(min)有(you)(you)利,您(nin)就(jiu)不要(yao)代理而正(zheng)式做(zuo)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)吧。我请求您(nin)杀(sha)掉子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun),您(nin)让我当(dang)国(guo)相。”隐(yin)公(gong)说(shuo)(shuo):“先(xian)君(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)命在前。我是(shi)因为允(yun)(yun)幼小(xiao),所以代理国(guo)政(zheng)。现(xian)在允(yun)(yun)已长大,我正(zheng)营(ying)造菟(tu)(tù,兔)裘这个地(di)方(fang)准备养老,再(zai)把国(guo)政(zheng)交(jiao)给子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)。”公(gong)子(zi)(zi)挥害(hai)怕(pa)子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)听到自己的(de)话而杀(sha)他(ta),反(fan)而向子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)说(shuo)(shuo)隐(yin)公(gong)的(de)坏(huai)话诬陷(xian)说(shuo)(shuo):“隐(yin)公(gong)想(xiang)正(zheng)式做(zuo)国(guo)君(jun)(jun),除掉你,你要(yao)考虑此事。请允(yun)(yun)许(xu)我为你杀(sha)死(si)隐(yin)公(gong)。”子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)答应(ying)了。十一(yi)月,隐(yin)公(gong)将要(yao)祭祀钟(zhong)巫之神,在社圃斋(zhai)戒,住(zhu)在(wěi,伪)氏家中(zhong)。公(gong)子(zi)(zi)挥派人在氏家杀(sha)死(si)隐(yin)公(gong),而立子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)为鲁君(jun)(jun),就(jiu)是(shi)桓公(gong)。
桓公(gong)元年(nian)(前(qian)711),郑国用玉(yu)璧换取天(tian)子(zi)赐给鲁(lu)的封邑许田。二年(nian)(前(qian)710),鲁(lu)君(jun)命把宋国赂送的鼎放入(ru)太庙,君(jun)子(zi)讥贬此事。
三年(前(qian)709),派公(gong)子(zi)挥到(dao)齐国接娶齐女(nv)为桓(huan)公(gong)夫人。六年(前(qian)706),夫人生(sheng)下一(yi)子(zi),其生(sheng)日(ri)与(yu)桓(huan)公(gong)相同,所以起名叫“同”。同长大,为太子(zi)。
十六(liu)年(nian)(前(qian)696),桓(huan)公与诸(zhu)侯在曹(cao)国盟会(hui),讨伐郑国,支持郑厉公回(hui)国执政。
十(shi)八年(前(qian)694)春,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)准(zhun)备外出(chu),与(yu)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)一同去(qu)齐(qi)(qi)国。申(xū,需(xu))谏止(zhi),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)听,于是去(qu)了(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)国。齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)与(yu)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)私通。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)知(zhi)道了(le)(le)怒责夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)把桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)责骂之事(shi)告诉(su)了(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)侯(hou)。夏四月丙子(zi)日,齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)宴请桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)酒醉后,齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)命(ming)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)彭(peng)生(sheng)抱住桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong),又命(ming)彭(peng)生(sheng)折断(duan)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)肋骨,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)死(si)于车(che)中。鲁(lu)人(ren)(ren)告于齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)说(shuo):“我们国君(jun)畏敬您的(de)威严,不(bu)敢安居,到齐(qi)(qi)国修两国友睦之礼(li)。礼(li)成而人(ren)(ren)未归(gui),罪责无法追(zhui)究,只要求得到彭(peng)生(sheng)以在诸侯(hou)面(mian)前(qian)洗掉丑闻。”齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)杀死(si)彭(peng)生(sheng)以向鲁(lu)解(jie)释。鲁(lu)国人(ren)(ren)立太子(zi)同为君(jun),就(jiu)是庄公(gong)(gong)。庄公(gong)(gong)之母桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)于是留(liu)在齐(qi)(qi)国,不(bu)敢归(gui)鲁(lu)。
庄公(gong)五年(nian)(前(qian)689)冬,伐卫(wei),武力支持卫(wei)惠公(gong)回国执政。
八(ba)年(nian)(前686)冬,齐(qi)(qi)公(gong)子纠(jiu)(jiu)逃亡来鲁(lu)国。九年(nian)(前685),鲁(lu)国想武力护送子纠(jiu)(jiu)返齐(qi)(qi)国为君,但落(luo)后于(yu)齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong),齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)发兵攻鲁(lu),鲁(lu)国危急(ji),只能(neng)杀(sha)(sha)了子纠(jiu)(jiu),其(qi)臣召(zhao)忽从死。齐(qi)(qi)人告知鲁(lu)国要(yao)(yao)生得管(guan)仲。鲁(lu)人施伯说:“齐(qi)(qi)想得到管(guan)仲,并(bing)非想杀(sha)(sha)他(ta)(ta),而是将(jiang)要(yao)(yao)任用他(ta)(ta),他(ta)(ta)被任用后必为鲁(lu)之大患。不(bu)(bu)如杀(sha)(sha)死管(guan)仲,把(ba)他(ta)(ta)尸(shi)体给(ji)齐(qi)(qi)国。”庄公(gong)不(bu)(bu)听,把(ba)管(guan)仲押解到齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)人用管(guan)仲为相。
十三(san)年(前681),鲁(lu)庄公(gong)和(he)大夫(fu)曹沫(mo)(mo)(huì,会)在柯(ke)地(di)与齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)盟会,曹沫(mo)(mo)武力劫持齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong),索(suo)要鲁(lu)被(bei)齐(qi)侵占(zhan)的土(tu)地(di),盟誓后释放桓(huan)公(gong)。桓(huan)公(gong)想毁(hui)约,管仲谏止(zhi),终于归还给鲁(lu)国(guo)被(bei)侵之地(di)。十五年(前679),齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)开始(shi)称霸于诸(zhu)侯。二十三(san)年(前671),庄公(gong)到齐(qi)国(guo)去观(guan)看社祭。
三十二年(前662),当(dang)初,庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)修筑一台正好俯(fu)临党氏(shi)之家,庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)见其(qi)孟(meng)女(nv),十分喜爱(ai),答应立(li)她为(wei)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren),割破(po)胳膊订下(xia)盟誓。孟(meng)女(nv)生子(zi)斑(ban)(ban)。斑(ban)(ban)长大后,喜爱(ai)梁(liang)氏(shi)之女(nv),前去她家看(kan)她。一个(ge)名(ming)叫荦(luo)(luo)的养马人(ren)(ren)从墙外戏弄梁(liang)氏(shi)女(nv)。斑(ban)(ban)大怒,鞭打(da)荦(luo)(luo)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)听(ting)说(shuo)此事,说(shuo):“荦(luo)(luo)很有(you)膂力,应杀(sha)掉他,这人(ren)(ren)不能打(da)完后就放了。”斑(ban)(ban)未来(lai)得(de)及杀(sha)荦(luo)(luo)。正适庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)病。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)三个(ge)弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di),长名(ming)庆(qing)父(fu)(fu),次曰叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya),幼名(ming)季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)娶齐女(nv)为(wei)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)名(ming)哀(ai)姜。哀(ai)姜无(wu)子(zi),哀(ai)姜之妹(mei)名(ming)叔(shu)(shu)姜,生子(zi)名(ming)开。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)无(wu)子(zi),因喜爱(ai)孟(meng)女(nv),想(xiang)立(li)其(qi)子(zi)斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)太子(zi)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)病,向其(qi)弟(di)(di)叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)问谁可继承君(jun)位。叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)说(shuo):“父(fu)(fu)死(si)子(zi)继,兄(xiong)死(si)弟(di)(di)及,这是鲁(lu)国常规(gui)。现有(you)庆(qing)父(fu)(fu),可为(wei)嗣君(jun),您担忧什么?”庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)嫌恶叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)想(xiang)立(li)庆(qing)父(fu)(fu),无(wu)人(ren)(ren)时又问季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)说(shuo):“我昌(chang)死(si)也(ye)要立(li)斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)君(jun)。”庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰:“刚才叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)想(xiang)立(li)庆(qing)父(fu)(fu),怎么办?”季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)就以庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)名(ming)义命令(ling)叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)在针巫氏(shi)家中待命,派针季(ji)(ji)(ji)强迫叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)喝毒(du)(du)酒(jiu),向叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)说(shuo):“你喝了这个(ge),可以不杀(sha)你的后人(ren)(ren);不然,你死(si)了,你的后人(ren)(ren)也(ye)将被杀(sha)。”叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)于(yu)是饮毒(du)(du)酒(jiu)而死(si),鲁(lu)国立(li)叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)之子(zi)为(wei)叔(shu)(shu)孙(sun)氏(shi)。八月(yue)癸亥日,庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si),季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)终于(yu)立(li)子(zi)斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)君(jun),合于(yu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)遗命。子(zi)斑(ban)(ban)有(you)丧在身(shen),住于(yu)党氏(shi)家。
当初庆(qing)父与哀(ai)姜私通,庆(qing)父想立(li)哀(ai)姜妹之子开。结果(guo)庄(zhuang)公(gong)死后(hou)季友(you)立(li)斑(ban)为君,十月己(ji)未日,庆(qing)父派(pai)圉人荦在党氏家杀死鲁(lu)公(gong)子斑(ban)。季友(you)逃到陈国(guo)。庆(qing)父终立(li)庄(zhuang)公(gong)子开,就(jiu)是名湣(min)公(gong)。
湣公二年(前660),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)与(yu)哀(ai)姜(jiang)(jiang)私通(tong)愈益严重。哀(ai)姜(jiang)(jiang)与(yu)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)商量想(xiang)杀(sha)(sha)死湣公而立庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)为鲁君。庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)派卜(yǐ,椅)在武闱杀(sha)(sha)死湣公。季(ji)(ji)友(you)闻知后(hou)(hou),与(yu)湣公弟申(shen)从陈至(zhi)邾(zhu),要求鲁人接(jie)纳申(shen)为鲁君。鲁人想(xiang)杀(sha)(sha)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)害怕,逃到(dao)莒。于是(shi)(shi)季(ji)(ji)友(you)拥戴子(zi)申(shen)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo),立为国(guo)(guo)(guo)君,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)釐(xī,西)公。釐公也是(shi)(shi)庄公少子(zi)。哀(ai)姜(jiang)(jiang)害怕,逃到(dao)邾(zhu)。季(ji)(ji)友(you)送礼给莒人索(suo)要庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)被送回(hui)(hui),季(ji)(ji)友(you)派人杀(sha)(sha)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)要求允许(xu)他流(liu)亡国(guo)(guo)(guo)外,季(ji)(ji)友(you)不答(da)应,派大夫奚(xi)斯哭着去告(gao)诉庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)。庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)听到(dao)奚(xi)斯的哭声(sheng),心中明(ming)白(bai)只好自杀(sha)(sha)而死。齐桓公听到(dao)哀(ai)姜(jiang)(jiang)与(yu)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)yín乱危害鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo),就(jiu)从邾(zhu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)把哀(ai)姜(jiang)(jiang)召回(hui)(hui)杀(sha)(sha)死,把她(ta)尸(shi)(shi)体(ti)送归鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo),陈尸(shi)(shi)示众。鲁釐公求情后(hou)(hou)埋葬了(le)哀(ai)姜(jiang)(jiang)。
季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)母亲乃陈国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)女,所以季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)逃亡(wang)时(shi)(shi)去陈国(guo)(guo),陈国(guo)(guo)帮助护送季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)和(he)子(zi)申。季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)临降(jiang)生时(shi)(shi),桓公(gong)令人为之(zhi)占卜(bu),卜(bu)人说:“这是一个男孩,其(qi)名叫作‘友(you)(you)’,将(jiang)(jiang)来位于两社之(zhi)间(jian),定(ding)将(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)为公(gong)室重臣。季(ji)(ji)(ji)友(you)(you)死后,鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)将(jiang)(jiang)衰。”到降(jiang)生时(shi)(shi),其(qi)掌(zhang)中有(you)纹路为‘友(you)(you)’字(zi),就以友(you)(you)命(ming)名,取号叫成(cheng)季(ji)(ji)(ji)。其(qi)后人就是季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏,庆父的后人为孟氏。
釐公(gong)元年(前(qian)659),把(ba)汶阳与(bì,必)邑封赐季(ji)友。季(ji)友为鲁相。
九年(nian)(前651),晋大夫里克(ke)杀死其君奚齐(qi)、卓子。齐(qi)桓公(gong)率领鲁(lu)釐公(gong)讨伐晋国之乱(luan),到达高梁而返,立晋惠公(gong)为君。十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(前643),齐(qi)桓公(gong)死。二十(shi)四年(nian)(前636),晋文(wen)公(gong)即位。
三(san)十三(san)年(nian)(前(qian)627),釐公死,其子兴继位,就(jiu)是文公。
文公(gong)元年(nian)(前626),楚国(guo)太子商臣杀其父成王,自立为君(jun)。三年(nian)(前624),文公(gong)朝会晋襄公(gong)。
十一(yi)年(前(qian)616)十月甲(jia)午日,鲁人在咸大(da)败(bai)狄人,俘虏长狄乔(qiao)如,鲁大(da)夫(fu)富父终甥(sheng)用(yong)戈刺乔(qiao)如之喉,杀死(si)了他,把乔(qiao)如的首级埋(mai)于(yu)子(zi)驹门,并以乔(qiao)如二(er)字为(wei)宣伯命名。
当(dang)初,宋(song)武公之时,鄋(sou)(sōu,搜)瞒(man)伐宋(song),司徒皇父帅师抵抗,在(zai)长丘击败狄(di)人,俘(fu)获(huo)长狄(di)缘斯。晋国灭掉(diao)路国时,俘(fu)获(huo)乔如之弟(di)棼(fēn,焚(fen))如。齐(qi)惠公二年(前607),鄋(sou)瞒(man)伐齐(qi),齐(qi)王(wang)子城父俘(fu)获(huo)其弟(di)荣如,埋其首级于(yu)(yu)北(bei)门。卫人俘(fu)获(huo)其弟(di)简如。鄋(sou)瞒(man)因(yin)此终于(yu)(yu)灭亡。
十五年(前621),季文子(zi)到晋国出使。
十八(ba)年(前609)二(er)月(yue),鲁(lu)文(wen)公(gong)死。文(wen)公(gong)有(you)两个(ge)妃子(zi):长(zhang)妃齐(qi)(qi)女是(shi)哀(ai)(ai)姜,生儿子(zi)恶(e)和视;次妃是(shi)敬嬴(yíng,赢(ying)),甚受宠爱(ai),生子(zi)俀(tui)(wēi,危)。俀(tui)暗中笼(long)络襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)仲(zhong),襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)仲(zhong)想立(li)俀(tui)为(wei)君,叔仲(zhong)说(shuo)不(bu)行。襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)仲(zhong)请求齐(qi)(qi)惠公(gong),齐(qi)(qi)惠公(gong)刚即位,想拉拢(long)鲁(lu)国,就(jiu)答应了。冬十月(yue),襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)仲(zhong)杀死恶(e)与视而(er)立(li)俀(tui)为(wei)鲁(lu)君,就(jiu)是(shi)宣公(gong)。哀(ai)(ai)姜回齐(qi)(qi)国,号哭而(er)过闹市(shi),说(shuo):“天(tian)哪(na)!襄(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)仲(zhong)大逆不(bu)道,杀嫡立(li)庶!”市(shi)上(shang)人(ren)都跟着哭泣,鲁(lu)国人(ren)都称(cheng)她(ta)为(wei)“哀(ai)(ai)姜”。从此公(gong)国室衰微,而(er)孟(meng)孙氏(shi)、叔孙氏(shi)、季(ji)孙氏(shi)、三桓之族强盛起(qi)来(lai)。
宣公(gong)俀十(shi)二年(前597),楚庄王强大(da),围(wei)攻郑国。郑伯(bo)投(tou)降,后庄王又恢复郑封国的地(di)位。
十八年(nian)(前591),宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)死(si),其子成公(gong)(gong)黑肱继(ji)位,就是成公(gong)(gong)。季(ji)文子说:“使我国(guo)(guo)(guo)杀嫡(di)立(li)(li)庶失去诸侯(hou)支持的人,是襄仲(zhong)。”襄仲(zhong)立(li)(li)起宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)后,襄仲(zhong)之子公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)归(gui)父(fu)备(bei)受宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)宠爱。宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)想除(chu)掉三桓,与晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)商量(liang)讨(tao)伐三桓。适(shi)值宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)死(si)去,季(ji)文子怨恨公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)归(gui)父(fu),归(gui)父(fu)逃到(dao)齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)。
成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二年(nian)(前(qian)589)春,齐国讨伐鲁(lu)国占据(ju)隆邑。夏季,成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)晋(jin)国大夫(fu)郤(xì,细(xi))克联军在(zai)鞌(ān,安)地大败齐顷公(gong)(gong)(gong)的军队(dui),齐国归还(hai)占我之地。四年(nian)(前(qian)587),成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之晋(jin)国,晋(jin)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)尊重成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)想背(bei)叛(pan)晋(jin)国与(yu)楚联盟,有(you)人谏止,才作罢。十年(nian)(前(qian)581),成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)至(zhi)晋(jin)国。晋(jin)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si),晋(jin)人留下成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)送葬,鲁(lu)人讳言此事,十五年(nian)(前(qian)576)鲁(lu)第(di)一次与(yu)吴国来往,与(yu)吴王寿梦在(zai)钟离(li)盟会。
十六年(nian)(前575),宣伯(bo)请(qing)求晋国,想(xiang)让晋人(ren)杀掉季文子(zi)。因为季文子(zi)是节(jie)义之(zhi)人(ren),晋人(ren)没有答(da)应(ying)宣伯(bo)的请(qing)求。
十八年(nian)(前(qian)573),成公死,其子午继(ji)位,就是襄公。这时襄公才三岁。
襄公元年(nian)(前572),晋(jin)(jin)人立悼公为君。去年(nian)冬(dong)季(ji),晋(jin)(jin)大夫栾书杀其君厉公。四年(nian)(前569),襄公到晋(jin)(jin)国朝会。
五年(前568),季文子死。其家(jia)中(zhong)无(wu)(wu)穿(chuan)丝绸(chou)之妾,马(ma)棚中(zhong)没有吃(chi)谷子的马(ma),府中(zhong)无(wu)(wu)金玉之器(qi),就(jiu)这样(yang)俭朴地做(zuo)了三代国君的相。君子说:“季文子真是(shi)廉(lian)洁(jie)忠正啊!”
九年(前564),鲁国与晋(jin)国共同伐郑。晋(jin)悼公在卫国为(wei)襄公举(ju)行(xing)冠礼,季(ji)武子(zi)随从,辅助举(ju)行(xing)冠礼仪式。
十一年(前(qian)562),三(san)桓氏分别掌握鲁国三(san)军。
十(shi)二年(前561),朝(chao)会晋国。十(shi)六(liu)年(前557),晋平(ping)公即位。二十(shi)一年(前552),朝(chao)会晋平(ping)公。
二十二年(前551),孔丘降(jiang)生。
二(er)十五年(前548),齐国大(da)夫崔(cui)杼杀其君(jun)(jun)庄公(gong),立庄公(gong)弟景公(gong)为齐君(jun)(jun)。
二(er)十九年(前(qian)544),吴国的延陵季子出使鲁国,观周乐(le),能全(quan)部解说其(qi)意,鲁人十分敬重他。
三十一(yi)年(nian)(前542)六月,襄公死(si)。其年(nian)九月,太子死(si)。鲁人立(li)襄公夫(fu)人妹齐归之子裯为鲁君(jun),就是昭(zhao)公。
昭公(gong)(gong)时(shi)年十九岁,还是(shi)(shi)幼稚(zhi)顽皮(pi)。穆叔(shu)不想立(li)(li)(li)他,说:“太(tai)子(zi)死,有(you)他同母之弟可立(li)(li)(li)为君,如无同母弟,才立(li)(li)(li)庶子(zi)中的长子(zi)。年龄(ling)相同的就要择其才能,才能也(ye)相同则占卜以决定。现(xian)在裯(chou)(chou)(chou)不是(shi)(shi)嫡(di)子(zi),而且居丧时(shi)并不悲伤,反有(you)喜(xi)色(se),若真的立(li)(li)(li)了他,必为季氏之忧。”季武(wu)子(zi)不听,终于(yu)立(li)(li)(li)裯(chou)(chou)(chou)为君。等(deng)到襄公(gong)(gong)下葬(zang)时(shi),裯(chou)(chou)(chou)已因顽皮(pi)穿(chuan)坏了三件丧服(fu)。君子(zi)说:“这(zhei)人不得善(shan)终。”
昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)539),朝(chao)(chao)拜(bai)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)到达黄河边,晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)婉(wan)言拒绝,让昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返回(hui),鲁(lu)人(ren)以为耻辱。四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)538),楚(chu)(chu)灵王(wang)要诸侯到申地盟会(hui),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)称病不去。七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)535),季武子死。八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)534),楚(chu)(chu)灵王(wang)建成章华台,召见昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)(qian)往祝(zhu)贺,灵王(wang)赐给昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宝器;后又(you)反(fan)悔, 又(you)骗取回(hui)来(lai)。十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)530),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朝(chao)(chao)会(hui)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)至黄河,晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)辞谢,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返回(hui)。十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)529),楚(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子弃疾杀死其君灵王(wang),自立为楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)。十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)527),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朝(chao)(chao)会(hui)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo),晋(jin)(jin)人(ren)留下(xia)他给晋(jin)(jin)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)送葬,鲁(lu)人(ren)以为耻辱。二(er)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)522),齐(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)晏子在边境(jing)巡狩(shou),顺便到鲁(lu)国(guo)询问礼制(zhi)。二(er)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)521),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朝(chao)(chao)会(hui)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)至黄河,晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)辞谢,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返回(hui)。
二十五年(前517)春,有鸲(qú,渠)鹆(yu)(yu)(yù,浴)鸟(niao)来(lai)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)巢居。师己说:“文公和成公有童(tong)谣说:‘鸲鹆(yu)(yu)来(lai)巢到鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo),国(guo)(guo)君出居到乾侯。鸲鹆(yu)(yu)住进来(lai),国(guo)(guo)君去野外(wai)。’”
季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与郈(hou)(hou)(hòu,后)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斗(dou)鸡,季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)给(ji)鸡装上护甲,郈(hou)(hou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)给(ji)鸡爪(zhua)套上金属套。季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一怒之(zhi)下(xia)侵犯郈(hou)(hou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),郈(hou)(hou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也愤恨季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。臧(zang)(zang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯之(zhi)弟臧(zang)(zang)会曾造伪诬(wu)陷臧(zang)(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),后藏在(zai)季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)中(zhong),臧(zang)(zang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯因(yin)此拘禁季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)人(ren)。季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大怒,把(ba)臧(zang)(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)臣(chen)囚禁。臧(zang)(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与郈(hou)(hou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)告难。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)九月戊戌日(ri)攻伐季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),进入其家(jia)。平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)登台请求说(shuo):“您因(yin)听(ting)信(xin)谗言而不(bu)(bu)能细察我(wo)(wo)之(zhi)过错大小,就来(lai)诛伐我(wo)(wo),请允许我(wo)(wo)迁(qian)居到沂上。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)答(da)应。季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又请求把(ba)自己(ji)囚禁于(yu)鄪邑,仍不(bu)(bu)答(da)应。平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又请求带五(wu)乘车流(liu)亡(wang)(wang)国(guo)外,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)还不(bu)(bu)答(da)应。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)驹(ju)说(shuo):“您答(da)应了吧。季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)握政权(quan)时间(jian)甚(shen)久,徒(tu)党极多,他们(men)将(jiang)合(he)谋对付您。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)听(ting)。郈(hou)(hou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“一定杀死(si)季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。”叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)臣(chen)戾对其徒(tu)众说(shuo):“季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被灭亡(wang)(wang)或仍存在(zai),哪(na)样对我(wo)(wo)们(men)有利?”大家(jia)都回答(da):“没有了季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也不(bu)(bu)能存在(zai)。”戾说(shuo):“对,马上救援季(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)他们(men)击(ji)败昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)军(jun)队。孟(meng)懿子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)听(ting)到叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)战(zhan)胜,也杀死(si)郈(hou)(hou)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯。郈(hou)(hou)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯正作为昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)使节派往孟(meng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),所(suo)以孟(meng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抓(zhua)住了他。孟(meng)孙(sun)(sun)、叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)、季(ji)孙(sun)(sun)三家(jia)共同讨(tao)伐昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)逃亡(wang)(wang)。己(ji)亥日(ri),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)至(zhi)(zhi)齐(qi)国(guo)。齐(qi)景公(gong)说(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)给(ji)你两万五(wu)千户(hu)人(ren)及土地来(lai)接待(dai)你。”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)说(shuo):“怎么能放(fang)弃周公(gong)之(zhi)业(ye)而做齐(qi)国(guo)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)作罢(ba)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)说(shuo):“齐(qi)景公(gong)不(bu)(bu)讲(jiang)信(xin)用,不(bu)(bu)如早去晋国(guo)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)从。叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)见昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)回国(guo),就去见季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)叩头至(zhi)(zhi)地表示(shi)惶愧。开始他们(men)想迎(ying)回昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong),孟(meng)孙(sun)(sun)、季(ji)孙(sun)(sun)后又反悔(hui),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)作罢(ba)。
二十六年(前516)春,齐(qi)伐鲁,占领郓邑(yi)让鲁昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)居(ju)住。夏季,齐(qi)景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)想武力护送(song)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)回国(guo),命部(bu)下不得(de)接受鲁国(guo)的礼物。鲁大(da)夫申(shen)丰、汝(ru)贾许诺给齐(qi)大(da)夫高龁(hé,何)、子将粟谷(gu)八万斗(dou)。子将就向齐(qi)侯说(shuo):“鲁群臣不服从鲁君,有奇怪现象。宋元公(gong)(gong)为鲁昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)到(dao)晋国(guo)求援,想支持昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)回国(guo),死(si)于途中。叔(shu)孙(sun)昭(zhao)(zhao)子请求让鲁君回国(guo),无病而死(si)。不知是上(shang)天抛弃鲁君,还是他得(de)罪(zui)了(le)鬼(gui)神(shen)?请您再等等看吧。”齐(qi)景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)听从了(le)他的话(hua)。
二十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(前(qian)(qian)514),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)到晋(jin)(jin)国(guo),要求(qiu)支(zhi)持(chi)他回国(guo)为(wei)君(jun)(jun)。季(ji)平子贿(hui)赂晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)的六卿,六卿接受了季(ji)氏礼物,就(jiu)去(qu)谏止晋(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun),晋(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)也就(jiu)不再坚持(chi),只让昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)居住在(zai)乾(qian)侯。二十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(前(qian)(qian)513),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)至郓邑(yi)。齐景公(gong)(gong)派人给昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)送信,信中称昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)为(wei)“主(zhu)君(jun)(jun)”。昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)以(yi)之为(wei)耻辱,一(yi)怒之下又(you)去(qu)了乾(qian)侯。三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(前(qian)(qian)511),晋(jin)(jin)人想支(zhi)持(chi)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)回鲁(lu),召见(jian)季(ji)平子。季(ji)平子身着(zhe)布衣赤(chi)脚而行(xing),通过(guo)六卿谢(xie)罪(zui)。六卿替季(ji)平子说话,说:“晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)虽支(zhi)持(chi)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong),但鲁(lu)人不愿意(yi)。”晋(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)也就(jiu)作罢。三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(前(qian)(qian)510),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)死在(zai)乾(qian)侯。鲁(lu)人一(yi)同(tong)立起昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)之弟宋为(wei)君(jun)(jun),就(jiu)是(shi)定(ding)公(gong)(gong)。
定(ding)公即位时,赵(zhao)简子问史墨说(shuo):“季(ji)氏(shi)会灭亡吗?”史墨回答说(shuo):“不会。季(ji)友为鲁国(guo)立过大功(gong),受封于鄪(bi)是国(guo)之上卿,至季(ji)文子、季(ji)武子时,累世增其(qi)功(gong)业。鲁文公死,东门逐杀嫡立庶(shu),鲁国(guo)君丧(sang)失其(qi)权(quan)。权(quan)力掌在季(ji)氏(shi)手中,至今(jin)已历四代国(guo)君了。人民不知道(dao)他们的(de)(de)国(guo)君,这样的(de)(de)国(guo)君怎(zen)么能掌握国(guo)家!因此做(zuo)国(guo)君的(de)(de)一定(ding)要慎(shen)守礼器爵号,不能给予(yu)别(bie)人。
定公五年(nian)(前505),季(ji)平(ping)子(zi)死(si)。阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)因私愤(fen)囚禁季(ji)桓(huan)子(zi),季(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)与他(ta)订立盟约,才被(bei)释放。七年(nian)(前503),齐国(guo)伐鲁(lu),占领郓邑,阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)住在那(nei)里(li)作为自己(ji)(ji)的奉邑,在那(nei)里(li)处理政务。八年(nian)(前502),阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)想(xiang)把三桓(huan)之(zhi)家(jia)嫡(di)(di)子(zi)全(quan)部杀掉,改立起与自己(ji)(ji)关系密切的庶(shu)子(zi)代(dai)替嫡(di)(di)子(zi);阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)派(pai)车接季(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)要杀掉他(ta),季(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)用(yong)计脱身。三桓(huan)共攻阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu),阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)跑到阳(yang)关驻扎(zha)。九年(nian)(前501),鲁(lu)军讨伐阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu),阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)逃亡到齐,后又逃至晋国(guo)赵(zhao)氏处。
十年(nian)(前(qian)500),定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)与齐景公(gong)(gong)在夹谷(gu)相(xiang)会,孔子(zi)(zi)主(zhu)持礼仪。齐人想袭击(ji)定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong),孔子(zi)(zi)按礼仪登阶而上(shang),诛责齐国(guo)秦淫乐的(de)(de)乐人,齐侯害(hai)怕,未敢袭害(hai)定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong),而且归还侵占的(de)(de)鲁国(guo)土地来谢罪。十二年(nian)(前(qian)498),派仲(zhong)由拆(chai)毁三桓家族的(de)(de)城墙,没收他们的(de)(de)铠甲(jia)武(wu)器(qi)。孟氏不肯(ken)拆(chai)毁其城,定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)派兵攻(gong)伐(fa),不能战胜而作罢。季桓子(zi)(zi)接受齐国(guo)的(de)(de)美女乐工(gong),孔子(zi)(zi)离开鲁国(guo)。
十五年(前495),定公死,其子将继(ji)位,就是哀公。
哀公(gong)五年(前(qian)490),齐景公(gong)死。六年(前(qian)489),齐大夫田(tian)乞杀其君孺子(zi)。
七年(前488),吴(wu)王夫(fu)差强(qiang)盛,伐齐,到缯地(di),向鲁国素(su)要(yao)牛、羊(yang)、猪各一(yi)百(bai) 头。季康子派子贡说服(fu)吴(wu)王和吴(wu)太宰嚭(pǐ,痞),用礼(li)制折服(fu)他们。吴(wu)王说:“我们是纹身(shen)的蛮夷之人,不值得用礼(li)制来要(yao)求。”于是停止索(suo)要(yao)。
八年(前487),吴国为邹国攻(gong)伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),至城下,与鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)订盟约而离(li)去,齐伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),占(zhan)领三邑。十年(前485),鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)伐齐国南(nan)部边(bian)境。十一年(前484),齐国又(you)伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)。季氏任用冉(ran)有甚有成效,因此思念孔子(zi),孔子(zi)就(jiu)自卫(wei)国归返鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国。
十四年(前(qian)481),齐国(guo)大夫田常(chang)(chang)在俆(shū,舒)州(zhou)杀死齐君简公。孔子(zi)要求哀(ai)公出兵征伐田常(chang)(chang),哀(ai)公不从。十五年(前(qian)480),派(pai)子(zi)服景伯为(wei)使节,子(zi)贡为(wei)副(fu)手,去至齐国(guo)。齐归还(hai)侵鲁之地。田常(chang)(chang)初(chu)为(wei)齐国(guo)相,想(xiang)要亲睦(mu)诸侯,所以如此。
十(shi)六年(nian)(前479),孔子逝世(shi)。
二(er)十二(er)年(nian)(前473),越王句(gōu,勾)践灭掉(diao)吴王夫差。
二十七年(前468)春,季(ji)康子死(si)。夏,哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)忧虑三桓(huan)之(zhi)强(qiang),想借(jie)诸侯之(zhi)力威(wei)胁之(zhi),三桓(huan)也怕哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)发(fa)难,因此君臣之(zhi)间矛(mao)盾很深。哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)去陵阪(bǎn,板)游(you)玩,路遇(yu)孟(meng)武伯,哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)说:“请问你,我能善终吗?”孟(meng)武伯回答说:“不知道。”哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)想借(jie)越国力量(liang)攻伐三桓(huan)。八月,哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)去陉(xing)氏家(jia)。三桓(huan)攻哀(ai)(ai)公(gong),哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)逃(tao)亡至卫国,又(you)离卫至邹,终于去至越国。鲁(lu)人(ren)又(you)迎哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)回国,死(si)于有(you)山氏之(zhi)家(jia)。其子宁继位,就是悼公(gong)。
悼公时代,三(san)桓强盛(sheng),鲁国君反(fan)如小侯,比三(san)桓之家还(hai)要卑弱。
十(shi)三年(前454),韩(han)、赵、魏三晋灭掉(diao)智伯,瓜分其地为三家所有(you)。
三十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前429),悼公(gong)(gong)死(si)(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)嘉继位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)元公(gong)(gong)。元公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前408)死(si)(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)显继位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)。穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)三十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前376)死(si)(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)奋(fen)继位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)共 公(gong)(gong) 。共公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前353)死(si)(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)屯(tun)继位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)康(kang)公(gong)(gong)。康(kang)公(gong)(gong)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前344)死(si)(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)匽(yan)(yǎn,掩(yan))继位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)景公(gong)(gong)。景公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前315)死(si)(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)叔继位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)平公(gong)(gong)。此(ci)时六(liu)国皆自称为王。
平(ping)公(gong)(gong)十二(er)年(前303),秦惠王(wang)死(si)。二(er)十年(前296),平(ping)公(gong)(gong)死(si),其子贾继(ji)位,就是文(wen)公(gong)(gong)。文(wen)公(gong)(gong)元年(前295),楚怀王(wang)死(si)于秦国。二(er)十三年(前273),文(wen)公(gong)(gong)死(si),其子雠(chou)继(ji)位,就是顷公(gong)(gong)。
顷公二年(nian)(nian)(前271),秦攻克楚(chu)国(guo)郢(ying)都,楚(chu)顷王向东迁都于陈。十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(前254),楚(chu)伐鲁,战区徐州。二十四年(nian)(nian)(前249),楚(chu)考烈王伐灭鲁国(guo)。顷公逃亡,迁居到都外小邑(yi),成为(wei)平民(min),鲁国(guo)祭祀灭绝。顷公在柯(ke)邑(yi)死去。
鲁国自周公至(zhi)顷公,总计三十(shi)四(si)代(dai)。
太史公(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo):我听说(shuo)孔子(zi)曾说(shuo)“鲁(lu)国(guo)的(de)道德真是(shi)衰微至(zhi)极了!洙水(shui)泗水(shui)之间(jian)人们争辩计较不已。”看(kan)看(kan)庆(qing)父、叔(shu)牙和闵公(gong)(gong)(gong)即(ji)位之时,鲁(lu)国(guo)多(duo)么(me)(me)混乱(luan)不堪!隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)替之事;襄仲杀嫡立庶;孟(meng)孙(sun)、叔(shu)孙(sun)、季孙(sun)三家本是(shi)臣(chen)子(zi),却亲身攻(gong)打昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong),以致昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)逃亡(wang)。他们虽一直遵循礼(li)仪(yi)揖(yi)让之节,但实(shi)际行事又多(duo)么(me)(me)与此违背啊(a)!
周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)旦者,周(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)弟也。自文王(wang)(wang)在时,旦为(wei)子孝,笃仁①,异于群子。及(ji)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)即位,旦常辅翼武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)②,用事居多③。武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)九年,东伐至(zhi)盟津,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)辅行。十一年,伐纣,至(zhi)牧野,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)佐武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),作《牧誓(shi)》④。破殷(yin),入(ru)商(shang)宫。已(yi)杀纣,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)把(ba)大钺,召公(gong)把(ba)小钺 ,以夹武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)⑥,衅社(she)⑦,告纣之罪(zui)于天及(ji)殷(yin)民(min)。释(shi)箕子之囚⑧。封(feng)纣子武(wu)(wu)庚禄父,使管叔、蔡叔傅之⑨,以继殷(yin)祀⑩。遍封(feng)功(gong)臣同姓戚者⑾。封(feng)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)旦于少昊之虚曲阜⑿,是为(wei)鲁公(gong)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)不就封(feng),留(liu)佐武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)。
①笃仁:忠厚(hou)诚实仁爱。 ②辅(fu)翼(yi):佐助辅(fu)弼。③用(yong)事:处理政(zheng)务。④《牧(mu)誓(shi)》:周武王伐纣时,在(zai)牧(mu)野战(zhan)(zhan)役前发布的(de)(de)战(zhan)(zhan)斗动员令(ling)。誓(shi)词中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)内容包(bao)括揭(jie)露(lu)殷纣的(de)(de)罪行(xing)和对自(zi)己部(bu)队战(zhan)(zhan)斗鼓励及作战(zhan)(zhan)要求。《牧(mu)誓(shi)》被收在(zai)《尚书》中(zhong)(zhong)。司马迁在(zai)《周本纪(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)载(zai)录了全文,对其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)古(gu)僻(pi)词语进行(xing)了改写(xie),可参看。 ⑤把:手持。 钺:古(gu)代用(yong)于斫杀(sha)的(de)(de)金(jin)属兵器,其(qi)状如大斧,有(you)穿孔可装柄。⑥夹(jia):在(zai)左右辅(fu)助。⑦衅(xin)社(she):衅(xin),杀(sha)牲(sheng)血祭,社(she),地神。⑧箕子(zi)之(zhi)因:殷纣yín乱暴虐,比干强谏,纣剖其(qi)心,箕子(zi)害怕装疯为(wei)(wei)奴(nu),被纣囚禁。 ⑨傅:辅(fu)助。但这种辅(fu)助又(you)有(you)教育及监视的(de)(de)意思。 ⑩中(zhong)(zhong)国古(gu)代以子(zi)孙不断、祭祀不绝为(wei)(wei)光荣。作为(wei)(wei)有(you)道之(zhi)君王往(wang)往(wang)不灭绝敌方(fang)子(zi)孙祭祀,所以让武庚禄父继承对殷祖先的(de)(de)岁时香火祭祀。 (11)戚(qi):亲戚(qi)。 (12)虚:同“墟(xu)”,区(qu)域。
武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)克(ke)殷二年,天下未集(ji)①,武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)疾,不(bu)(bu)(bu)豫②,群臣惧,太公(gong)(gong)(gong)、召公(gong)(gong)(gong)乃(nai)穆卜③。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue):“未可以(yi)戚我(wo)(wo)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。④”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)是乃(nai)自(zi)以(yi)为质⑤,设三坛(tan),周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)北面(mian)立(li)⑥,戴璧秉圭(gui)⑦,告于(yu)(yu)太王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季、文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。史策(ce)祝曰(yue)⑧:“惟(wei)尔(er)元孙王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)⑨,勤(qin)劳阻(zu)疾⑩。若尔(er)三王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)是有(you)负子之责于(yu)(yu)天(11),以(yi)旦(dan)代(dai)(dai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)之身。旦(dan)巧能(neng),多(duo)才多(duo)艺,能(neng)事(shi)鬼(gui)神。乃(nai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)旦(dan)多(duo)材多(duo)艺,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)事(shi)鬼(gui)神。乃(nai)命(ming)于(yu)(yu)帝庭(12),敷佑四方(13),用能(neng)定汝子孙于(yu)(yu)下地(14),四方之民罔不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬畏(15)。无坠天之降(jiang)葆命(ming)(16),我(wo)(wo)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)亦(yi)永有(you)所依归(17)。今我(wo)(wo)其即命(ming)于(yu)(yu)元龟(gui)(18),尔(er)之许(xu)我(wo)(wo),我(wo)(wo)以(yi)其璧与(yu)圭(gui)归(19),以(yi)俟(si)尔(er)命(ming)。尔(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)许(xu)我(wo)(wo),我(wo)(wo)乃(nai)屏璧与(yu)圭(gui)(20)。”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)已令史策(ce)告太王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季、文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),欲代(dai)(dai)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)发(fa),于(yu)(yu)是乃(nai)即三王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)卜。卜人(ren)皆曰(yue)吉,发(fa)书视之(21),信吉。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)喜,开籥(22),乃(nai)见书遇吉。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)入贺武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)其无害(hai),旦(dan)新(xin)受(shou)命(ming)三王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),维长(zhang)终是图(23)。兹道能(neng)念(nian)予(yu)一人(ren)(24)。”周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)藏其策(ce)金縢匮中(25),诫(jie)守者(zhe)勿(wu)敢(gan)言(yan)。明(ming)日,武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)(26)。
①未(wei)集:尚(shang)未(wei)成功。本句(ju)指(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)统一(yi)之(zhi)业(ye)尚(shang)未(wei)完全(quan)成功。 ②不(bu)豫:不(bu)安,不(bu)舒服。后代(dai)(dai)(dai)从这个(ge)典故引申,称(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)有(you)病(bing)为“不(bu)豫”。 ③穆卜(bu):恭敬地占卜(bu)。此(ci)处的(de)(de)占卜(bu)是(shi)用火(huo)灼烧(shao)龟板(ban),通(tong)过龟板(ban)上(shang)(shang)出现(xian)的(de)(de)纹路(lu)来(lai)预测(ce)吉凶(xiong)。 ④戚:忧愁悲伤。先(xian)王(wang)(wang):此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)室祖(zu)先(xian)太王(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)季、文(wen)王(wang)(wang)。 ⑤质(zhi):人(ren)质(zhi)。此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)公以(yi)(yi)自己身体(ti)为保证物来(lai)请求(qiu)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)让武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)恢复(fu)健康(kang),由自己来(lai)代(dai)(dai)(dai)替武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)去死。 ⑥北(bei)面:面朝北(bei)方(fang),古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)臣见君,要脸向(xiang)北(bei)面以(yi)(yi)示尊敬。 ⑦戴:捧着(zhe)。璧:一(yi)种圆环状的(de)(de)玉制礼器(qi)(qi),其边(bian)宽为内孔直(zhi)径(jing)的(de)(de)两倍(bei)。秉:手持。圭(gui)(gui)(guī,归(gui)(gui)):古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)一(yi)种长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)条形的(de)(de)玉制礼器(qi)(qi),上(shang)(shang)端(duan)为三(san)角形,下(xia)(xia)端(duan)正方(fang)。古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)祭神时(shi)以(yi)(yi)璧为尊神的(de)(de)主要礼品,而(er)以(yi)(yi)圭(gui)(gui)为陪献品。 ⑧策祝(zhu):将祈(qi)祷(dao)之(zhi)辞写于简策之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)而(er)祝(zhu)告于神。 ⑨元孙(sun):长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)孙(sun)。本来(lai)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)发(fa)(fa)是(shi)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)次子(zi)(zi),但(dan)此(ci)时(shi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)伯邑考已死,故称(cheng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)孙(sun)。又因为武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)虽是(shi)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi),但(dan)这里(li)(li)是(shi)向(xiang)几(ji)代(dai)(dai)(dai)祖(zu)先(xian)祈(qi)祷(dao),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)概括地称(cheng)“孙(sun)”。⑩阻(zu):遭到(dao)困(kun)厄(e)。 (11)负(fu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)责(ze):责(ze),同“债”。即(ji)欠子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)债。全(quan)句(ju)意指(zhi)(zhi):如(ru)果(guo)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要求(qiu)你(ni)们牺(xi)牲(sheng)一(yi)个(ge)子(zi)(zi)孙(sun),让他(ta)死去以(yi)(yi)便到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)事奉鬼神,即(ji)你(ni)们欠上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)一(yi)个(ge)子(zi)(zi)孙(sun),那么(me)让我(wo)代(dai)(dai)(dai)替武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)发(fa)(fa)去吧。 (12)指(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)受(shou)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命于天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)帝之(zhi)庭(ting)。 (13)敷:普遍。佑:佑护。四方(fang):指(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)。 (14)用:因而(er)。定:安定。下(xia)(xia)地:指(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)间。 (15)罔:无。 (16)无:勿(wu)。坠:丧(sang)失(shi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)降葆(bao)命:上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)降给(ji)的(de)(de)宝(bao)贵(gui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命,指(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)部族取得天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)时(shi)运。葆(bao),通(tong)“宝(bao)”。 (17)本句(ju)意为:如(ru)果(guo)我(wo)能(neng)代(dai)(dai)(dai)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)发(fa)(fa)去死,武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)发(fa)(fa)必能(neng)使国运长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)久相传不(bu)绝,那么(me)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)就(jiu)会永远在周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室的(de)(de)宗(zong)庙里(li)(li)受(shou)到(dao)祭祀。有(you)所(suo)依归(gui)(gui):有(you)地方(fang)能(neng)存身。 (18)即(ji)命:听命。元龟:大龟。 (19)归(gui)(gui):通(tong)“馈”,奉送。 (20)屏:藏而(er)不(bu)给(ji)。 (21)发(fa)(fa)书(shu):翻开占兆书(shu)。 (22)籥(yuè,月):本为古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)一(yi)种管状乐(le)器(qi)(qi),但(dan)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)锁(suo)也是(shi)管状的(de)(de),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)锁(suo)为“籥”。(23)维:通(tong)“唯”。全(quan)句(ju)意为:现(xian)在您只要考虑(lv)周(zhou)室天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)远之(zhi)计就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)了(le),不(bu)必再(zai)为自己的(de)(de)病(bing)担(dan)心。(24)念(nian):考虑(lv)。予一(yi)人(ren):古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)自称(cheng)“予一(yi)人(ren)”,此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)发(fa)(fa)。 (25)金縢匮(kui)(kui):金丝缠(chan)束的(de)(de)柜(ju)子(zi)(zi)。縢:缠(chan)束。匮(kui)(kui),同“柜(ju)”。 (26)有(you)瘳(chou):(chōu,抽(chou)):病(bing)体(ti)痊愈。
其后(hou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)既崩(beng)①,成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)少,在强葆(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)中②。周(zhou)公恐(kong)天(tian)下(xia)闻武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)而畔③,周(zhou)公乃践阼代成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)摄行(xing)政当国④。管叔及(ji)其群弟流言于(yu)(yu)国曰:“周(zhou)公将不利于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。”周(zhou)公乃告(gao)太(tai)公望、召(zhao)公奭曰:“我(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)弗辟而摄行(xing)政者(zhe)⑤,恐(kong)天(tian)下(xia)畔周(zhou),无(wu)(wu)以(yi)告(gao)我(wo)(wo)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)太(tai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季、文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。三(san)(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)忧劳天(tian)下(xia)久矣(yi),于(yu)(yu)今(jin)而后(hou)成(cheng)。武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蚤终,成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)少,将以(yi)成(cheng)周(zhou)⑥,我(wo)(wo)所(suo)以(yi)为之(zhi)(zhi)若此。”于(yu)(yu)是卒(zu)相(xiang)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而使其子(zi)(zi)伯(bo)禽(qin)(qin)代就封于(yu)(yu)鲁(lu)。周(zhou)公戒伯(bo)禽(qin)(qin)曰:“我(wo)(wo)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi),武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)弟,成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)叔父(fu),我(wo)(wo)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)下(xia)亦不贱矣(yi)。然我(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)沐三(san)(san)捉发(fa)⑦,一(yi)(yi)饭三(san)(san)吐哺⑧,起以(yi)待士,犹恐(kong)失(shi)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)贤人(ren)。子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)鲁(lu),慎无(wu)(wu)以(yi)国骄人(ren)⑨。”
①崩:古代称天子之死为(wei)“崩”。②强葆:同“襁褓(bao)”。③畔:通“叛”。④践阼(zuo):登上帝(di)(di)位。阼(zuo),堂前(qian)两(liang)台阶(jie)中东面(mian)(mian)(mian)一个。宾主(zhu)相见,客(ke)人(ren)(ren)走西(xi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)台阶(jie),叫(jiao)作“阶(jie)”,主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)走东面(mian)(mian)(mian)台阶(jie),叫(jiao)做“阼(zuo)”。天子主(zhu)持祭(ji)祀时(shi)登阼(zuo),所以“阼(zuo)”也指帝(di)(di)位。但周公并未即位,而只(zhi)是代理天子之事,此处太史(shi)公是简略言(yan)之。摄(she):代理。行(xing)政:处理政务。当国(guo)(guo)(guo):主(zhu)持国(guo)(guo)(guo)家大权。 ⑤弗辟:不避(bi)让。辟,同“避(bi)”。 ⑥成(cheng)周:完成(cheng)周王朝稳(wen)定之大业(ye)。 ⑦沐:古代洗发(fa)为(wei)“沐”,洗身(shen)为(wei)“浴(yu)”。 ⑧哺:口中所含的(de)食物。 ⑨以国(guo)(guo)(guo)骄人(ren)(ren):认为(wei)自(zi)己(ji)是有封国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)君而看(kan)不起(qi)别人(ren)(ren)。
管、蔡(cai)(cai)、武庚(geng)等果率(lv)淮(huai)夷(yi)(yi)而反①。周公(gong)乃奉成王(wang)命,兴师(shi)东(dong)伐,作《大诰》②。遂诛管叔,杀武庚(geng),放蔡(cai)(cai)叔。收(shou)殷余民,以封(feng)康叔于卫,封(feng)微子于宋,以奉封(feng)殷祀。宁(ning)淮(huai)夷(yi)(yi)东(dong)上(shang)④,二(er)年而毕定。诸侯咸服宗周⑤。
①淮夷:此少(shao)数部族(zu),西周(zhou)时(shi)居住在今淮河下游(you)。 ②《大诰(gao)》:《尚书》篇名。周(zhou)公东征之际对各国诸侯及(ji)官员所做的讲话(hua)。 ③放:流放。 ④宁:平定(ding)。 ⑤咸:都。 宗周(zhou):以(yi)周(zhou)王室为(wei)宗主(zhu)。
天(tian)(tian)降祉福①,唐叔得禾(he)②,异母同颖,献(xian)之(zhi)成王,成王命唐叔以(yi)馈(kui)(kui)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)于东(dong)土④,作《馈(kui)(kui)禾(he)》⑤。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)既受命禾(he)⑥,嘉天(tian)(tian)子命,作《馈(kui)(kui)禾(he)》⑦。东(dong)土以(yi)集,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)归报成王,乃为诗贻王,命之(zhi)曰《鸱鸮》⑧。王亦(yi)未敢训周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)⑨。
①祉:福。 ②禾(he):粟谷之茎。③母:草木能结(jie)果(guo)实者为(wei)母,不结(jie)果(guo)实者为(wei)牡,结(jie)果(guo)实不饱满为(wei)童(tong)。颖:禾(he)穗。 ④馈(kui):古(gu)代赠送食物叫作“馈(kui)”。于东土:当时周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)东征未归,尚在东方。 ⑤《馈(kui)禾(he)》:已亡佚(yi)。 ⑥命禾(he):天子所赐之禾(he)。 ⑦《嘉禾(he)》:已亡佚(yi)。 ⑧《鸱鸮》:后(hou)被收在《诗经·豳(bīn,宾)风》中。是周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)用象征的手法,写(xie)(xie)鸱鸮建巢(chao)之事,来隐喻自己的心迹。 ⑨训:责备。据《毛诗》及(ji)孔颖达《毛诗正义》,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)摄政(zheng),管(guan)蔡流言,成王怀(huai)疑(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)将篡位(wei),因此周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)东征之后(hou),写(xie)(xie)《鸱鸮》诗说(shuo)明管(guan)蔡不能不诛,成王亦虽然不悦,但未敢责备周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)。
成(cheng)王(wang)七年二月乙未,王(wang)朝步自周(zhou)①,至丰②,使太(tai)保(bao)召(zhao)公(gong)先(xian)之(zhi)洛相(xiang)土③。其(qi)三(san)月,周(zhou)公(gong)往营成(cheng)周(zhou)洛邑(yi),卜(bu)居焉,曰吉,遂国之(zhi)④。
①朝(chao)(chao):朝(chao)(chao)拜(bai)。此处指(zhi)成王(wang)到(dao)武(wu)王(wang)之庙(miao)(miao)朝(chao)(chao)拜(bai),祈告(gao)营(ying)造成周洛邑之事。周:此指(zhi)镐(hào,浩)京(jing),武(wu)王(wang)之庙(miao)(miao)在此。 ②丰(feng):文王(wang)之庙(miao)(miao)所在地丰(feng)邑。至丰(feng):去到(dao)文王(wang)庙(miao)(miao)祈告(gao)。③相(xiang)土:堪(kan)察(cha)地形。 ④国:建都。
成(cheng)(cheng)王长,能听政。于是周公乃还政于成(cheng)(cheng)王,成(cheng)(cheng)王临朝(chao)。周公之代成(cheng)(cheng)王治①,南面倍依(yi)以朝(chao)诸侯②。及七年后(hou),还政成(cheng)(cheng)王,北面就臣位,匔匔如畏然③。
①治:处理政务,管理国(guo)家(jia)。 ②南面:面向(xiang)南边。倍:背向(xiang)着。依:通“扆”(yǐ,椅):古代堂之后壁(bi)即室之前壁(bi),壁(bi)上西边是(shi)牖(yǒu,有(you)),东边是(shi)户(门),户牖(窗)之间为扆。古代天(tian)子接受(shou)朝(chao)拜,就背对(dui)扆,脸(lian)向(xiang)南。③匔(gōng,工)匔;谨(jin)慎恭敬(jing)的样子。
初,成(cheng)(cheng)王少(shao)时,病,周(zhou)公(gong)乃(nai)自揃(jian)其蚤(zao)沈之河①,以祝于神曰:“王少(shao)未有识(shi),奸神命者乃(nai)旦也②。”亦藏其策于府③。成(cheng)(cheng)王病有廖。及成(cheng)(cheng)王事,人或谮周(zhou)公(gong)④,周(zhou)公(gong)奔楚⑤。成(cheng)(cheng)王发(fa)府,见周(zhou)公(gong)祷书,乃(nai)泣,反(fan)周(zhou)公(gong)⑥。
①揃(jiǎn,剪):剪断。蚤(zao):通“爪(zhua)”,指甲(jia)。沈:沉入水中。 ②奸(gān,甘(gan)):冒犯(fan)。 ③府:储藏文书之处。 ④谮(zèn,去声(sheng)“怎”):说(shuo)坏(huai)话诬(wu)陷别人。 ⑤奔:逃(tao)亡。 反:同“返(fan)”。
周(zhou)公归,恐成王(wang)(wang)壮,治有(you)所淫(yin)佚①,乃(nai)作(zuo)《多(duo)(duo)(duo)士》②,作(zuo)《毋逸(yi)》③。《毋逸(yi)》称(cheng):“为(wei)人(ren)父母,为(wei)业至(zhi)长久,子(zi)孙骄奢忘之,以亡其(qi)家,为(wei)人(ren)子(zi)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)慎乎(hu)!故昔(xi)在殷王(wang)(wang)中宗(zong)(zong),严恭(gong)敬畏天(tian)命④,自度治民⑤,震惧不(bu)(bu)敢荒(huang)宁(ning)⑥,故中宗(zong)(zong)飨国(guo)七十(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)⑦。其(qi)在高(gao)宗(zong)(zong),久劳于(yu)外,为(wei)与小(xiao)人(ren)⑧,作(zuo)其(qi)继(ji)位(wei)⑨,乃(nai)有(you)亮⑩,三年(nian)(nian)不(bu)(bu)言,言乃(nai)欢(huan)⑾,不(bu)(bu)敢荒(huang)宁(ning),密靖(jing)殷国(guo)⑿,至(zhi)于(yu)小(xiao)大无怨,故高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)飨国(guo)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)。其(qi)在祖(zu)甲,不(bu)(bu)义惟王(wang)(wang)(13),久为(wei)小(xiao)人(ren)于(yu)外,知小(xiao)人(ren)之依(14),能(neng)保(bao)施小(xiao)民(15),不(bu)(bu)悔鳏寡,故祖(zu)甲飨国(guo)三十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)。”《多(duo)(duo)(duo)士》称(cheng)曰:“自汤至(zhi)于(yu)帝(di)乙(yi),无不(bu)(bu)率祀明德(16),帝(di)无不(bu)(bu)配天(tian)者(17)。在今(jin)后(hou)嗣(si)王(wang)(wang)纣,诞淫(yin)厥佚(18),不(bu)(bu)顾天(tian)及民之从也。其(qi)民皆可(ke)诛(zhu)。”(周(zhou)多(duo)(duo)(duo)士)“文王(wang)(wang)日中昃不(bu)(bu)暇食(19),飨国(guo)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)。”作(zuo)此以诫成王(wang)(wang)。
①淫(yin)佚(yi):荒(huang)淫(yin)放荡。 ②《多士(shi)》:今(jin)存于《尚书》中,是周公代替成王向殷遗(yi)民中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴隶(li)主(zhu)阶级(ji)发表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诰令(ling)。《多士(shi)》并(bing)非(fei)告诫周成王之(zhi)(zhi)作,此(ci)句(ju)及后边(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“《多士(shi)》称曰(yue)”一句(ju)当(dang)是衍文。 ③《毋逸》:今(jin)存《尚书》中,作《无逸》。是周公告诫成王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)讲(jiang)话(hua)。 ④严:同“俨”,庄重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)样(yang)子。恭:恭敬(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。 ⑤自度(du)(du):以(yi)法(fa)度(du)(du)自律。⑥震(zhen)惧(ju):小(xiao)心(xin)谨慎常怀恐(kong)惧(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(害(hai)怕治(zhi)理不(bu)好国(guo)家)。荒(huang)宁:荒(huang)废事业(ye),自图逸乐。 ⑦飨(xiang)(xiang):通“享(xiang)”,享(xiang)有。飨(xiang)(xiang)国(guo):拥有国(guo)家。 ⑧小(xiao)人:地位低下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劳动(dong)者。 ⑨作:始(shi)。 ⑩亮:指帝王居丧。 (11)言乃欢:指他一旦说话(hua)就很贤明,臣民非(fei)常喜(xi)悦。(12)密:安。靖:定(ding)。(13)不(bu)义(yi)(yi)(yi)惟(wei)王:以(yi)自己做天子为不(bu)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。惟(wei),为、是。《集(ji)解》引(yin)马融的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)说:“祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)甲有兄祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)庚,而祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)甲贤,武丁(祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)甲之(zhi)(zhi)父)欲立之(zhi)(zhi),祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)甲以(yi)王废长立少不(bu)义(yi)(yi)(yi),逃(tao)亡(wang)民间,故曰(yue)‘不(bu)义(yi)(yi)(yi)惟(wei)王’。”(14)小(xiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)依:小(xiao)民所依靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),指仁政。(15)保(bao):安。施(shi):惠(hui)。 (16)率(lv):遵循(礼制)。明:勉。 (17)配天:指其(qi)德形能与上天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)相符合(he)。 (18)诞(dan):大。厥(jue):其(qi)。 (19)昃(zè,仄):太(tai)阳偏西。
成王在丰(feng),天下已安,周(zhou)之官(guan)政未次序①,于是周(zhou)公作(zuo)《周(zhou)官(guan)》②,官(guan)别(bie)其(qi)宜③。作(zuo)《立政》④,便百姓。百姓说⑤。
①官(guan)政:官(guan)职(zhi)制度。未(wei)次序:还未(wei)安排得(de)系统、合(he)理。 ②《周官(guan)》:已亡佚(yi)。今存(cun)《伪(wei)尚书(shu)(shu)》中之(zhi)《周官(guan)》乃(nai)假托周公之(zhi)作。 ③官(guan)别其宜:划分出每种官(guan)职(zhi)合(he)理的职(zhi)责(ze)范围。 ④《立政》:今存(cun)《尚书(shu)(shu)》中。主要向成王讲(jiang)述天下安定以后,用人和(he)理政方(fang)针。 ⑤百姓:西周时对(dui)贵族(zu)阶级的总称。说:“同(tong)“悦”。
周(zhou)(zhou)公在丰,病(bing),将没①,曰:“必葬我(wo)成(cheng)周(zhou)(zhou),以(yi)(yi)明吾不敢离成(cheng)王。”周(zhou)(zhou)公既卒,成(cheng)王亦让,葬周(zhou)(zhou)公于毕,从文王②,以(yi)(yi)明予小子不敢臣周(zhou)(zhou)公也③。
①没:同(tong)“殁”,死。 ②周(zhou)文王墓也在毕,所以说(shuo)陪(pei)从文王。 ③予小子:天(tian)子自己(ji)的谦称,此处(chu)是成王口气。
周(zhou)公(gong)卒后,秋(qiu)未获①,暴风(feng)(feng)雷(lei)(雨),禾(he)尽偃,大(da)木尽拔(ba)。周(zhou)国(guo)大(da)恐(kong)②。成王(wang)(wang)与大(da)夫朝服以开金縢书(shu),王(wang)(wang)乃得周(zhou)公(gong)所自(zi)以为功代武王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)说。二(er)公(gong)及王(wang)(wang)乃问史百执(zhi)事,史百执(zhi)事曰:“信(xin)有(you),昔周(zhou)公(gong)命我(wo)勿敢言。”成王(wang)(wang)执(zhi)书(shu)以泣,曰:“自(zi)今后其(qi)无穆(mu)卜(bu)乎!昔周(zhou)公(gong)勤劳王(wang)(wang)家,惟(wei)予(yu)幼人(ren)弗及知。今天动威以彰(zhang)周(zhou)公(gong)之(zhi)德(de),惟(wei)朕小子其(qi)迎③,我(wo)国(guo)家礼亦宜(yi)之(zhi)。”王(wang)(wang)出郊(jiao)(jiao),天乃雨,反风(feng)(feng),禾(he)尽起。二(er)公(gong)命国(guo)人(ren),凡大(da)木所偃,尽起而筑之(zhi)④。岁则大(da)孰(shu)⑤。于是成王(wang)(wang)乃命鲁得郊(jiao)(jiao)、祭(ji)文王(wang)(wang)⑥。鲁有(you)天子礼乐者(zhe)⑦,以褒周(zhou)公(gong)之(zhi)德(de)也(ye)⑧。
①获:收割庄稼。 ②周(zhou)(zhou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo):周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)都,此(ci)处指周(zhou)(zhou)都之人。 ③朕(zhen)小子:成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)自(zi)己的谦称(cheng)。 ④筑:培土并(bing)坚实。⑤孰:同(tong)“熟”,丰收。 ⑥郊(jiao)、祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang):祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)天(tian)帝的仪(yi)式在郊(jiao)外举(ju)行,故称(cheng)“郊(jiao)”。只有(you)天(tian)子才能祭(ji)(ji)天(tian)。这里周(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)允许鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)进行郊(jiao)祭(ji)(ji),是一种(zhong)特殊(shu)(shu)的奖赏(shang)和荣誉(yu)。祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang):指庙祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)。鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)得以庙祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang),也(ye)是一种(zhong)天(tian)子赐予(yu)的特殊(shu)(shu)荣誉(yu)。 ⑦本(ben)句意(yi)为(wei):鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君可(ke)以使用(yong)天(tian)子所(suo)使用(yong)的礼(li)仪(yi)和乐(le)(le)舞。天(tian)子之礼(li)乐(le)(le),据《礼(li)记· 明堂位》称(cheng):“成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)以周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)为(wei)有(you)勋劳于(yu)天(tian)下,是以封周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)于(yu)曲阜(fu),地方七百里,革车千乘,命鲁公(gong)世(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)祀(si)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)以天(tian)子之礼(li)乐(le)(le)。” ⑧:褒(bao):嘉奖。
周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)卒,子(zi)伯(bo)禽固已(yi)前受封(feng),是为鲁公(gong)(gong)。鲁公(gong)(gong)伯(bo)禽之(zhi)初受封(feng)之(zhi)鲁,三年而(er)后(hou)报政周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)①。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)曰:“何(he)迟(chi)也?”伯(bo)禽曰:“变其(qi)(qi)俗,革其(qi)(qi)礼②,丧三年然后(hou)除(chu)之(zhi),故迟(chi)。”太公(gong)(gong)亦封(feng)于齐,五月而(er)报政周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)曰:“何(he)疾(ji)也?”曰:“吾(wu)简其(qi)(qi)君臣(chen)礼,从(cong)其(qi)(qi)俗为也。”及后(hou)闻(wen)伯(bo)禽报政迟(chi),乃(nai)叹曰:“呜呼,鲁后(hou)世其(qi)(qi)北面事齐矣!夫政不简不易(yi),民(min)不有近(jin);平(ping)易(yi)近(jin)民(min),民(min)必归之(zhi)。”
①报政(zheng):汇报施(shi)政(zheng)效(xiao)果。 ②革:变(bian)革。
伯禽即位之后,有管、祭等反也,淮夷、徐戎亦(yi)并(bing)兴反①。于是伯禽率师伐之于肸(xi),作《肸(xi)誓》②,曰:“陈(chen)尔甲胄(zhou)③,无敢(gan)不善。无敢(gan)伤牿④。马牛其风⑤,臣妾逋(bu)逃⑥,勿敢(gan)越逐⑦,敬复之⑧,无敢(gan)寇攘⑨,逾墙恒⑩。鲁人三郊(jiao)三隧⑾,歭(chi)而(er)刍茭、糗粮、桢(zhen)幹(gan)⑿,无敢(gan)不逮(13)。我(wo)甲戌筑而(er)征徐戎,无敢(gan)不及(ji)(14),有大刑(15)。”作此(ci)《肸(xi)誓》,遂平徐戎,定鲁。
①徐戎:古(gu)东夷部(bu)族之(zhi)(zhi)一,西(xi)(xi)周时居住(zhu)在今(jin)淮河中下(xia)游,曾联合淮夷等抗周。又称“徐夷”。兴(xing)反:造反。 ②《肸誓(shi)》:今(jin)存于《尚书》中,作(zuo)《费(fei)(bì,必)誓(shi)》。③胄:头盔。 ④牿:关(guan)牛马的圈栏。无敢伤牿:深意是保(bao)护好牛马以备(bei)作(zuo)战时使用。⑤风:走失。 ⑥臣妾:男女奴(nu)隶。逋逃:逃跑(pao)。 ⑦越:远离。逐:追赶(gan)。 ⑧复:归还(hai)。 ⑨寇攘:劫掠侵扰。 ⑩逾墙(qiang)(qiang)恒(heng):跳墙(qiang)(qiang),指(zhi)偷窃(qie)物(wu)品。 (11)三郊(jiao)(jiao)三隧:古(gu)以城外为(wei)郊(jiao)(jiao),郊(jiao)(jiao)外为(wei)隧。三郊(jiao)(jiao)三隧,此指(zhi)鲁国西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)、北三方的近郊(jiao)(jiao)远郊(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)。因东方面临徐戎,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)防守敌人(ren)。所以只向三郊(jiao)(jiao)三隧之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)征发军用物(wu)资。 (12)歭:准备(bei),备(bei)办(ban)。刍茭:牲口吃的草(cao)。糗粮(liang):干粮(liang)。桢(zhen)幹:筑土墙(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)工具,夹土之(zhi)(zhi)板叫“幹”,支(zhi)持幹之(zhi)(zhi)木桩叫“桢(zhen)”。 (13)逮(dai):达到(dao)(dao),此处指(zhi)达到(dao)(dao)要(yao)(yao)求的物(wu)资数量。 (14)及:到(dao)(dao)来(lai) 。 (15)大(da)刑(xing):指(zhi)死(si)刑(xing)。
鲁公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)伯禽卒,子考公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)酋立(li)(li)。考公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)卒,立(li)(li)弟熙,是谓(wei)炀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。炀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)筑(zhu)茅阙门①。六年(nian)卒,子幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰立(li)(li)。幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四年(nian),幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟杀幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而自立(li)(li),是为魏公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。魏公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五十年(nian)卒,子厉(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擢立(li)(li)。厉(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十七年(nian)卒,鲁人立(li)(li)其弟具,是为献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十二(er)年(nian)卒②,子真公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)濞立(li)(li)。
①茅(mao)(mao)阙(que)门(men)(men):简(jian)称“茅(mao)(mao)门(men)(men)”,实际应为“雉(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men)”。《说文·隹(zhui)部》:“雉(zhi)(zhi)古文作。”或省为“弟”,与(yu)茅(mao)(mao)形近,而误为“茅(mao)(mao)”。诸侯有(you)三门(men)(men):库(ku)门(men)(men)、雉(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men)、路门(men)(men)。外朝在(zai)雉(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men)之外。因(yin)雉(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men)两旁(pang)有(you)高台,称作“阙(que)”,故又名(ming)“茅(mao)(mao)阙(que)门(men)(men)”。 ②本段所记之鲁国各君谥(shi)号及年(nian)代,因(yin)在(zai)我国历史记载正(zheng)式(shi)纪(ji)年(nian)以前,故与(yu)他书(shu)多分歧,今(jin)择其(qi)要一(yi)并录于下(xia):考公(gong)(gong)(gong)酋,《世本》作“考公(gong)(gong)(gong)就”、“考公(gong)(gong)(gong)遒”。炀公(gong)(gong)(gong)熙(xi)六(liu)年(nian)卒,《汉书(shu)· 律(lv)历志》作“六(liu)十(shi)年(nian)”。幽(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宰,《世本》作“幽(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)圉”。魏公(gong)(gong)(gong),《世本》作“微公(gong)(gong)(gong)弗”。献公(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)二(er)年(nian)卒,《汉书(shu)· 律(lv)历志》作“五(wu)十(shi)年(nian)”。
真公十(shi)四年,周(zhou)厉(li)王无道,出奔彘①,共和行政(zheng)②。二(er)十(shi)九年,周(zhou)宣王即位。
三十年,真公卒,弟敖(ao)立(li),是为武公。
①奔(ben):逃亡。 ②共和行(xing)(xing)政(zheng):周(zhou)厉王(wang)因国人(ren)暴动(dong)逃亡后,周(zhou)公与召(zhao)公共同执政(zheng),史称“ 共和行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)”。
武(wu)公(gong)(gong)九年春,武(wu)公(gong)(gong)与长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)括(kuo),少(shao)(shao)子(zi)戏,西朝周宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)。宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)爱(ai)戏,欲立(li)(li)戏为鲁太(tai)子(zi)。周之(zhi)樊仲山(shan)父谏(jian)宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)曰:“废长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)立(li)(li)少(shao)(shao),不(bu)顺(shun);不(bu)顺(shun),必(bi)犯王(wang)(wang)命①,犯王(wang)(wang)命,必(bi)诛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)②:故出(chu)令不(bu)可不(bu)顺(shun)也。令之(zhi)不(bu)行,政之(zhi)不(bu)立(li)(li)③;行而不(bu)顺(shun),民将(jiang)弃上④。夫(fu)下事上,少(shao)(shao)事长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),所(suo)以为顺(shun)。今(jin)天子(zi)诸侯(hou)⑤,立(li)(li)其(qi)少(shao)(shao),是教(jiao)民逆也。若(ruo)鲁从(cong)之(zhi),诸侯(hou)效之(zhi),王(wang)(wang)命将(jiang)有所(suo)壅⑥;若(ruo)弗(fu)从(cong)而诛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi),是自(zi)诛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)王(wang)(wang)命也。诛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)亦失,不(bu)诛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)亦失,王(wang)(wang)其(qi)图之(zhi)。”宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)弗(fu)听(ting),卒(zu)立(li)(li)戏为鲁太(tai)子(zi)。夏,武(wu)公(gong)(gong)归而卒(zu),戏立(li)(li),是为懿公(gong)(gong)。
①犯王命(ming):干(gan)犯了周(zhou)先(xian)王制定(ding)的(de)嫡长子(zi)继承(cheng)制。 ②诛(zhu):诛(zhu)灭。 ③政之不(bu)立:政令不(bu)能(neng)具有权威。 ④弃(qi)上:不(bu)服从其(qi)统(tong)治者(zhe)。 ⑤建:立。 ⑥壅:阻(zu)塞不(bu)能(neng)通行。
懿公九年,懿公兄括之子(zi)伯御(yu)与鲁(lu)(lu)人攻弑懿公,而立(li)伯御(yu)为(wei)(wei)君(jun)。伯御(yu)即位十一年,周宣王(wang)伐鲁(lu)(lu),杀其君(jun)伯御(yu),而问(wen)鲁(lu)(lu)公子(zi)能道顺诸侯者①,以为(wei)(wei)鲁(lu)(lu)后②。樊穆仲曰:“鲁(lu)(lu)懿公弟(di)称,肃恭明神(shen)③,敬事耆老④;赋事行刑,必问(wen)于遗训而咨于固(gu)实⑤,不干所问(wen)⑥,不犯所(知(zhi))〔咨〕⑦。宣王(wang)曰:“然,能训治(zhi)其民矣。”乃立(li)称于夷宫⑧,是为(wei)(wei)孝公。自是后,诸侯多畔王(wang)命。
①道:同“导”,启发。顺:通“训(xun)(xun)”,教戒。 ②鲁(lu)后:鲁(lu)国君位(wei)的继(ji)承人。 ③明神:敬神。 ④耆老(lao):此处泛(fan)指(zhi)老(lao)人。 ⑤遗训(xun)(xun):此处指(zhi)先王(wang)(wang)之遗训(xun)(xun)。咨:询问。固(gu)实(shi):固(gu),通“故”。故实(shi)即(ji)已往实(shi)践中的典(dian)型事例及其(qi)相应(ying)处理方法。 ⑥干:干犯(fan)。⑦犯(fan):抵触(chu)。 ⑧夷宫(gong):《集解(jie)》引韦昭注:“夷宫(gong)者,宣王(wang)(wang)祖父(fu)夷王(wang)(wang)之庙(miao)(miao)。古者爵命(ming)(任命(ming)爵位(wei))必于祖庙(miao)(miao)。”
孝公二(er)十五年,诸侯畔周,大戎杀幽王。秦始列为诸侯②。
①周(zhou)幽(you)王二十(shi)一年(前771),申(shen)侯(hou)引犬戎人宗周(zhou)攻杀幽(you)王。 ②幽(you)王死后,平王继位(wei),秦襄公护送平王东迁洛邑有功,被平王封为诸侯(hou)。二十(shi)七年,孝公卒,子弗湟(huang)立(li),是(shi)为惠公。
惠(hui)公三十年(nian),晋人弑(shi)其君昭(zhao)侯。四十五(wu)年(nian),晋人又(you)弑(shi)其君孝侯。
四十(shi)六年,惠公(gong)卒,长庶(shu)子(zi)息(xi)摄当(dang)国①,行(xing)君(jun)事,是(shi)为隐(yin)公(gong)。初,惠公(gong)適(shi)夫人(ren)无(wu)子(zi)②,公(gong)贱(jian)妾声(sheng)子(zi)生子(zi)息(xi)。息(xi)长,为娶(qu)于宋(song)(song)。宋(song)(song)女至(zhi)而好,惠公(gong)夺而自妻之。生子(zi)允(yun)(yun)。登宋(song)(song)女为夫人(ren)③,以允(yun)(yun)为太子(zi)。及(ji)惠公(gong)卒,为允(yun)(yun)少(shao)故,鲁人(ren)共令息(xi)摄政,不言即位。
①长庶(shu)子(zi):古人(ren)称(cheng)正妻(qi)所生(sheng)为(wei)“嫡(di)子(zi)”,妾所生(sheng)为(wei)“庶(shu)子(zi)”。息虽为(wei)庶(shu)子(zi),但在众嫡(di)庶(shu)中(zhong)年龄最(zui)大(da),称(cheng)“长庶(shu)子(zi)”。因为(wei)他不是嫡(di)子(zi),所以按嫡(di)长子(zi)继承制他不能(neng)为(wei)君,只能(neng)代理。 ②適:通“嫡(di)”,正妻(qi)为(wei)嫡(di)。 ③登:高升。
隐(yin)公(gong)五年(nian),观渔于棠①。八年(nian),与郑易天子之太山之邑祊及(ji)许田②,君子讥之③。
①渔:渔人(ren)捕(bu)鱼(yu)。这句是指让(rang)(rang)捕(bu)鱼(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)陈设取(qu)鱼(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)备,观其(qi)取(qu)鱼(yu)以(yi)为(wei)戏乐。此举不(bu)合君礼。事详(xiang)见《左(zuo)传(chuan)·隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)五年(nian)》。《谷梁传(chuan)》亦谓(wei)“礼,尊不(bu)亲小事,卑不(bu)尸大功。鱼(yu),卑者之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)观之(zhi)(zhi),非正也(ye)”。 ②易:交(jiao)(jiao)换(huan)。事详(xiang)《左(zuo)传(chuan)· 隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)八(ba)年(nian)》:“郑(zheng)伯请(qing)释泰山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)祀(si)而(er)祀(si)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong),以(yi)泰山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)祊易许(xu)田(tian)。三月(yue),郑(zheng)伯使宛来归祊,不(bu)祀(si)泰山(shan)也(ye)。”因(yin)(yin)郑(zheng)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)是周(zhou)(zhou)宣王(wang)(wang)的同母弟(di),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)赐给郑(zheng)国祊(bēng,崩)邑,令(ling)其(qi)在天(tian)子(zi)(zi)祭泰山(shan)时,郑(zheng)国助(zhu)祭。又(you)因(yin)(yin)周(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)营(ying)建洛(luo)邑王(wang)(wang)城时,想(xiang)迁(qian)都(dou)于洛(luo)邑,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)赐给周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)洛(luo)邑附近(jin)(jin)的许(xu)田(tian),以(yi)便(bian)鲁(lu)君朝见周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)时住宿。后(hou)周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)泰山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)祀(si)废(fei)弃(qi),故祊邑对郑(zheng)国无(wu)用,又(you)因(yin)(yin)祊远(yuan)离郑(zheng)国(祊在今山(shan)东费(fei)县附近(jin)(jin)),而(er)许(xu)田(tian)(在今河南许(xu)昌(chang)附近(jin)(jin))又(you)远(yuan)离鲁(lu)国,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)郑(zheng)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)想(xiang)用郑(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)祊换(huan)鲁(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)许(xu)田(tian)。但天(tian)子(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)赐之(zhi)(zhi)邑不(bu)能随便(bian)交(jiao)(jiao)换(huan),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)想(xiang)出一个借口,说让(rang)(rang)鲁(lu)祭祀(si)泰山(shan),而(er)郑(zheng)祭祀(si)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(许(xu)田(tian)有周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)庙)。此事至鲁(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)才交(jiao)(jiao)换(huan)完毕(bi)。 ③君子(zi)(zi)讥之(zhi)(zhi):指作(zuo)史者评论此事时讥贬鲁(lu)郑(zheng)二国擅(shan)自交(jiao)(jiao)换(huan)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)赐邑。
十(shi)一年冬,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)挥(hui)(hui)谄(chan)谓(wei)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)①:“百姓便君(jun)(jun)②,君(jun)(jun)其遂立③。吾请(qing)为君(jun)(jun)杀子(zi)(zi)允,君(jun)(jun)以我(wo)为相(xiang)。”隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue):“有先君(jun)(jun)命(ming)。吾为允少(shao),故摄(she)代(dai)。今(jin)允长矣,吾方营菟裘之地而(er)老焉④,以授子(zi)(zi)允政。”挥(hui)(hui)惧子(zi)(zi)允闻而(er)反(fan)诛之,乃反(fan)谮(jian)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)于(yu)子(zi)(zi)允曰(yue)⑤:“隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)欲遂立,去(qu)子(zi)(zi),子(zi)(zi)其图之。请(qing)为子(zi)(zi)杀隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)。”子(zi)(zi)允许(xu)诺。十(shi)一月,隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)祭钟巫(wu)⑥,齐于(yu)社圃⑦,馆于(yu)氏⑧。挥(hui)(hui)使人(ren)弑隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)于(yu)氏,而(er)立子(zi)(zi)允为君(jun)(jun),是为桓公(gong)(gong)。
①谄(chan):巴(ba)结献媚(mei)。 ②便(bian)君:以您当(dang)国(guo)(guo)君为(wei)合宜。 ③遂:终。隐公(gong)本为(wei)代理(li),公(gong)子挥功他最终还(hai)是(shi)自立为(wei)君,不(bu)再(zai)让位于太子允。 ④营:建(jian)造房屋。老(lao):养老(lao)。 ⑤谮:说(shuo)坏话诬陷。 ⑥钟(zhong)巫:神(shen)名。鲁(lu)(lu)隐公(gong)祭钟(zhong)巫的原因是(shi),当(dang)鲁(lu)(lu)隐公(gong)还(hai)是(shi)公(gong)子时(shi),在(zai)狐(hu)壤地方与郑国(guo)(guo)作(zuo)战被(bei)俘。郑人把隐公(gong)囚禁(jin)在(zai)郑国(guo)(guo)大(da)夫尹氏(shi)处。隐公(gong)买(mai)通尹氏(shi),向尹氏(shi)家中所(suo)立钟(zhong)巫之神(shen)的牌位祈(qi)祷,后与尹氏(shi)归鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo),隐公(gong)就在(zai)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)也(ye)立起(qi)钟(zhong)巫的神(shen)牌,经常祭祀,认为(wei)它有灵验。 ⑦齐:同“斋”,即斋戒,古人在(zai)祭祀前要整(zheng)洁身(shen)心。《礼记·祭统》说(shuo):“及时(shi)将(jiang)祭,君子乃斋。……及其将(jiang)斋也(ye)防其邪物(指邪念(nian)),讫(禁(jin)绝)其嗜(shi)欲,耳不(bu)听乐(le)。”社圃:园名。 ⑧馆:住宿。
桓公(gong)元年(nian),郑以璧易天子之许(xu)田(tian)①。二年(nian),以宋之赂鼎(ding)入(ru)于太庙(miao)②,君子讥之。
①隐公(gong)(gong)八年时(shi),郑(zheng)已将祊(beng)(beng)邑给(ji)鲁(lu)国。本年郑(zheng)国因为祊(beng)(beng)邑比许(xu)田小(xiao),故又(you)加赠(zeng)玉璧来补偿(chang)。交换祊(beng)(beng)邑与许(xu)田之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)正式(shi)完(wan)成。可参见(jian)《春秋》及(ji)《左传》桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)元年记载(zai)。②宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)赂(lu)鼎:鼎名“郜(gào,告(gao))大鼎”。原为郜国所(suo)铸,宋(song)灭(mie)郜,占有此(ci)鼎。鲁(lu)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)二年时(shi),宋(song)国太宰华(hua)督杀其君殇公(gong)(gong),立宋(song)庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong),用郜大鼎贿赂(lu)鲁(lu)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong),又(you)给(ji)齐、陈、郑(zheng)三(san)国礼物,争取支持(chi)。鲁(lu)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)将此(ci)鼎放入太庙,鲁(lu)大夫臧(zang)哀伯(bo)谏(jian)止,公(gong)(gong)不听。其事(shi)经过及(ji)臧(zang)哀伯(bo)谏(jian)辞详见(jian)《左传· 桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)二年》。
三年,使挥迎妇(fu)于齐为(wei)夫人(ren)。六(liu)年,夫人(ren)生子,与桓公同(tong)(tong)日,故名(ming)曰同(tong)(tong),同(tong)(tong)长,为(wei)太子。
十六年(nian),会与曹,伐郑(zheng),入厉(li)公①。
①郑厉公(gong)于桓公(gong)十五年(nian)被(bei)大夫祭(ji)(zhài,寨)仲所(suo)逼,出奔。本年(nian)春天(tian),鲁桓公(gong)与宋公(gong)、蔡侯、卫侯在曹盟会,夏四月伐郑。想支持郑厉公(gong)归国执政(zheng),但(dan)未成功。
十(shi)八年春,公(gong)将(jiang)有(you)行,遂与(yu)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)如齐(qi)(qi)。申谏止①,公(gong)不听,遂如齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)通桓公(gong)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)②。公(gong)怒(nu)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)③,夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)告(gao)齐(qi)(qi)侯(hou)④。夏四月丙子(zi),齐(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)飨公(gong)⑤,公(gong)醉,使公(gong)子(zi)彭生(sheng)抱鲁(lu)(lu)桓公(gong),因命彭生(sheng)摺(zhe)其胁⑥,公(gong)死(si)于车。鲁(lu)(lu)人(ren)(ren)告(gao)于齐(qi)(qi)曰(yue):“寡君(jun)畏君(jun)之威,不敢宁(ning)居,来修好礼。礼成而不反(fan),无所归咎 ,请(qing)得彭生(sheng)以(yi)除丑于诸(zhu)侯(hou)。”齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)杀彭生(sheng)以(yi)说鲁(lu)(lu)⑦。立太子(zi)同,是(shi)为庄公(gong),庄公(gong)母夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)因留齐(qi)(qi)⑧,不敢归鲁(lu)(lu)。
①申(shen)谏辞为:“女有(you)家(夫),男有(you)室(妻),无相渎(轻(qing)慢)也(ye)。谓之(zhi)有(you)礼。易此,必(bi)败。”见《左传(chuan)· 桓公(gong)(gong)十八年》。 ②鲁(lu)(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)的(de)夫人文姜是齐襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)妹,二(er)人通奸(jian)。 ③怒:谴责。④据《公(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)· 庄公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)年》,文姜向(xiang)齐襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)说:“鲁(lu)(lu)君说太子(zi)同不是他(ta)的(de)儿(er)子(zi),而(er)是齐侯的(de)儿(er)子(zi)。”齐襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)听(ting)了大怒。⑤飨:用(yong)酒食招待。 ⑥摺(lā,拉(la))其胁(xie):摺,折断(duan)。胁(xie):肋骨。⑦说鲁(lu)(lu):向(xiang)鲁(lu)(lu)国解释。 ⑧因:于是。
庄公(gong)五年冬,伐卫(wei),内卫(wei)惠公(gong)①。
①内:同(tong)“纳”,用武力支持某人归(gui)国为君。卫惠公因谗毁其兄卫太(tai)子伋(ji),致(zhi)被国人不容,出奔(ben)于齐。此次被诸侯武力支持回国。可(ke)参见(jian)《卫康叔(shu)世家》。
八年(nian)(nian),齐公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)来奔(ben)①。九年(nian)(nian),鲁(lu)(lu)欲内子(zi)(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)于齐,后桓公(gong),桓公(gong)发兵击鲁(lu)(lu),鲁(lu)(lu)急,杀(sha)子(zi)(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)。召忽死。齐告鲁(lu)(lu)生致管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)②。鲁(lu)(lu)人施伯曰(yue):“齐欲得(de)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),非(fei)杀(sha)之也,将用(yong)之,用(yong)之则为鲁(lu)(lu)患。不如杀(sha),以其尸与之。”庄公(gong)不听(ting),遂囚管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)与齐③。齐人相(xiang)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)。
①齐(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)被(bei)杀后国(guo)内大乱,襄公(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)(jiu)母是鲁国(guo)之(zhi)女,因此来避难并寻求援助(zhu)。本段史实详见《齐(qi)(qi)太公(gong)世家(jia)》。 ②生(sheng)(sheng)致(zhi):得到活的。齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)抢在公(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)前进入齐(qi)(qi)国(guo),成为齐(qi)(qi)君。又(you)听鲍叔牙建议,想任用管仲(zhong)为齐(qi)(qi)相,故(gu)欲生(sheng)(sheng)致(zhi)管仲(zhong)。参见《齐(qi)(qi)太公(gong)世家(jia)》及《管晏列传》。 ③与:给(ji)。
十(shi)三年,鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)庄公(gong)(gong)与曹(cao)(cao)沫会齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)会于柯(ke),曹(cao)(cao)沫劫齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)①,求鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)侵地(di),已盟(meng)而释桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)欲背约,管仲谏,卒(zu)归鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)侵地(di)。十(shi)五年,齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)始霸(ba)。二(er)十(shi)三年,庄公(gong)(gong)如(ru)齐(qi)观社②。
①劫:劫持。事详见(jian)(jian)《刺(ci)客列传(chuan)》。 ②观社(she)(she):参观祭(ji)(ji)祀社(she)(she)神之(zhi)活动。按(an)齐(qi)国祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she),聚男女以游观,本身不合于周礼(li)。鲁庄公去(qu)观看别国诸侯祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she),也(ye)不合于周礼(li)。因(yin)此(ci)曹沫(huì,会)曾谏止,“公不听,遂(sui)如齐(qi)”事详见(jian)(jian)《左传(chuan)·庄公二(er)十三年》、《国语·鲁语上》。
三十二年,初,庄(zhuang)公(gong)筑台(tai)临党氏(shi)①,见孟(meng)(meng)女,说而(er)爱之(zhi)(zhi),许立(li)为(wei)(wei)夫人,割臂以盟。孟(meng)(meng)女生(sheng)子斑(ban)(ban)。斑(ban)(ban)长(zhang),说梁氏(shi)女,往观。圉人荦(luo)自墙外(wai)与梁氏(shi)女戏。斑(ban)(ban)怒(nu),鞭(bian)荦(luo)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)闻之(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue):“荦(luo)有(you)力(li)焉(yan),遂(sui)杀之(zhi)(zhi),是未(wei)可鞭(bian)而(er)置也②。”斑(ban)(ban)未(wei)得(de)杀。会庄(zhuang)公(gong)有(you)疾,庄(zhuang)公(gong)有(you)三弟(di),长(zhang)曰(yue)庆父(fu),次(ci)曰(yue)叔(shu)牙(ya),次(ci)曰(yue)季(ji)友。庄(zhuang)公(gong)娶齐女为(wei)(wei)夫人曰(yue)哀姜。哀姜无子。哀姜娣曰(yue)叔(shu)姜③,生(sheng)子开。庄(zhuang)公(gong)无適(shi)嗣(si)(si)④,爱孟(meng)(meng)女,欲立(li)其子斑(ban)(ban)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)病,而(er)问(wen)嗣(si)(si)于(yu)弟(di)叔(shu)牙(ya)。叔(shu)牙(ya)曰(yue):“一(yi)继一(yi)及⑤,鲁之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)也。庆父(fu)在(zai),可为(wei)(wei)嗣(si)(si),君何忧?”庄(zhuang)公(gong)患叔(shu)牙(ya)欲立(li)庆父(fu),退而(er)问(wen)季(ji)友。季(ji)友曰(yue):“请(qing)以死立(li)斑(ban)(ban)也。”庄(zhuang)公(gong)曰(yue):“曩者(zhe)叔(shu)牙(ya)欲立(li)庆父(fu)⑥,奈何?”季(ji)友以庄(zhuang)公(gong)命命牙(ya)待命于(yu)针巫氏(shi),使(shi)针季(ji)劫饮(yin)叔(shu)牙(ya)以鸩(zhen)⑦,曰(yue):“饮(yin)此则有(you)后奉祀⑧;不然(ran),死且无后。”牙(ya)逐饮(yin)鸩(zhen)而(er)死,鲁立(li)其子为(wei)(wei)叔(shu)孙氏(shi)。八月癸(gui)亥,庄(zhuang)公(gong)卒,季(ji)友竟立(li)子斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)(wei)君,如庄(zhuang)公(gong)命。侍丧,舍于(yu)党氏(shi)。
①临:毗临。 ②置:赦免。 ③娣:妹。 ④適(shi)嗣:正妻之(zhi)子。 ⑤继:父死(si)子为(wei)君。及:兄死(si)弟为(wei)君。 ⑥曩者:不(bu)久前。 ⑦鸩:毒(du)酒。鸩相传是(shi)(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)有毒(du)的鸟,其羽(yu)毛(mao)泡成的毒(du)酒也叫(jiao)作“鸩”。 ⑧言外之(zhi)意是(shi)(shi)不(bu)杀你的后人。
先时庆父(fu)与哀姜私(si)通,欲(yu)立(li)哀姜娣子开(kai)(kai)。及庄公(gong)卒而季友(you)立(li)斑,十月(yue)己未,庆父(fu)使圉(yu)人荦杀(sha)鲁公(gong)子斑于党氏。季友(you)奔陈。庆父(fu)竟立(li)庄公(gong)子开(kai)(kai),是为湣公(gong)。
湣公(gong)二(er)年,庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)与(yu)(yu)哀姜(jiang)通益甚。哀姜(jiang)与(yu)(yu)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)谋杀(sha)湣公(gong)而(er)立(li)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)。庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)使卜(bu)袭杀(sha)湣公(gong)于武闱。季友(you)闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),自陈与(yu)(yu)湣公(gong)弟申如邾,请鲁(lu)求内之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)①。鲁(lu)人欲诛庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)恐,奔(ben)(ben)莒(ju) 。于是季友(you)奉(feng)子申入(ru)②,立(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是为釐公(gong)。釐公(gong)亦庄(zhuang)公(gong)少子。哀姜(jiang)恐,奔(ben)(ben)邾。季友(you)以赂如莒(ju)求庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)③,庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)归,使人杀(sha)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)请奔(ben)(ben),弗听,乃(nai)使大夫奚斯行哭(ku)而(er)往。庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)闻(wen)奚斯音,乃(nai)自杀(sha)。齐(qi)桓公(gong)闻(wen)哀姜(jiang)与(yu)(yu)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)乱以危鲁(lu),乃(nai)召之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邾而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以其尸归,戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鲁(lu)④。鲁(lu)釐公(gong)请而(er)葬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
①请鲁:请求鲁国(guo)(guo)人。 ②:奉:跟随。 ③求庆父:要求把(ba)庆父引(yin)渡回(hui)鲁国(guo)(guo)。④戮(lu):陈尸示众。
季(ji)友母陈(chen)女,故(gu)亡在陈(chen)①,陈(chen)故(gu)佐(zuo)送(song)季(ji)友及(ji)子申②。季(ji)友之将生也,父鲁桓公使(shi)人卜(bu)之,曰(yue):“男也,其名(ming)曰(yue)‘友’,间于两社③,为公室辅(fu)④。季(ji)友亡,则鲁不(bu)昌。”及(ji)生,有(you)文(wen)在掌曰(yue):“友”,遂以(yi)名(ming)之,号为成季(ji)。其后为季(ji)氏(shi),庆父后为孟氏(shi)也。
①亡:逃亡。 ②佐(zuo)送:帮助护送(季友和子申回(hui)鲁(lu)国)。 ③位(wei)于(yu)两社(she)之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),意(yi)指成为执(zhi)政大臣。古诸(zhu)侯库门之(zhi)(zhi)内、雉门之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)为外(wai)(wai)朝(chao)(chao),左(zuo)右有周社(she)、亳(bó,博)社(she)。诸(zhu)臣多于(yu)外(wai)(wai)朝(chao)(chao)处理政事。 ④公室:即国君之(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)族。辅(fu):辅(fu)佐(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)臣。
釐公元年,以汶阳、鄪封季友。季友为相。
九年,晋(jin)(jin)里克杀其君奚齐、卓子。齐桓(huan)公(gong)率釐公(gong)讨晋(jin)(jin)乱,至高梁(liang)而(er)还(hai),立(li)晋(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)。十七年,齐桓(huan)公(gong)卒。二(er)十四年,晋(jin)(jin)文公(gong)即(ji)位。
三(san)十三(san)年,釐公卒,子兴立,是为文公。
文公元(yuan)年(nian),楚(chu)太子商臣弑其父(fu)成(cheng)王,代立。三年(nian),文公朝晋襄公①。
①据《左传》载,文(wen)公(gong)二年(nian)时晋(jin)(jin)国因为文(wen)公(gong)不朝晋(jin)(jin),来鲁讨伐,文(wen)公(gong)去晋(jin)(jin)。晋(jin)(jin)君派阳(yang)处(chu)父与文(wen)公(gong)盟而辱文(wen)公(gong)。本(ben)年(nian),晋(jin)(jin)人(ren)又(you)认为去年(nian)做法太(tai)过火,所(suo)以重新进行盟约仪式。参见《〉左传· 文(wen)公(gong)二年(nian)、三(san)年(nian)》。
十一年(nian)十月甲午(wu),鲁败翟于(yu)咸①,获长翟乔如,富(fu)父终甥舂其喉②,以戈杀之,埋(mai)其首于(yu)子驹之门③,以命(ming)宣(xuan)伯(bo)④。
①翟(zhai):通“狄”,我国(guo)古代北(bei)方少(shao)数(shu)民族(zu)名。 ②舂:通“冲(chong)”,直刺。 ③子(zi)(zi)驹(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)门:鲁国(guo)都北(bei)郭有三门,最西(xi)称(cheng)子(zi)(zi)驹(ju)门。 ④此(ci)指用(yong)“乔(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)(ru)”来给叔(shu)孙(sun)得(de)臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(宣伯)命名。按(an)此(ci)次战胜翟(zhai)人(ren)、追获(huo)长翟(zhai)乔(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)(ru),主要是(shi)(shi)鲁大夫(fu)叔(shu)孙(sun)得(de)臣(chen)(chen)的功(gong)劳(lao),当战斗时(shi),得(de)臣(chen)(chen)是(shi)(shi)主帅,富父终甥是(shi)(shi)车(che)(che)右(战车(che)(che)上位于(yu)右面保护(hu)主帅之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren))的副手。详(xiang)见《左传(chuan)·文(wen)公十一年》。得(de)臣(chen)(chen)给自己(ji)的儿子(zi)(zi)起名“乔(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)(ru)”是(shi)(shi)为了(le)纪念此(ci)战的胜利和自己(ji)的功(gong)绩。
初,宋(song)武公之(zhi)世(shi),鄋(sou)瞒伐宋(song)①,司徒皇(huang)父帅师御之(zhi),以败翟于(yu)长(zhang)丘(qiu),获长(zhang)翟缘斯。晋之(zhi)灭路,获乔(qiao)如(ru)弟棼如(ru)。齐(qi)惠(hui)公二(er)年,鄋(sou)瞒伐齐(qi),齐(qi)王子(zi)城父获其(qi)弟荣如(ru),埋其(qi)首于(yu)北门。卫人获其(qi)季弟简(jian)如(ru)。鄋(sou)瞒由是(shi)遂亡。
①鄋瞒:北方狄族一部落名。亦称(cheng)“长(zhang)狄(翟)”。相(xiang)传其为防风氏(shi)之后代,夏商(shang)时(shi)称(cheng)为汪芒氏(shi),周代称(cheng)为长(zhang)狄氏(shi)。
十五年(nian),季文子使于晋。
十八年二月(yue),文公(gong)卒。文公(gong)有二妃(fei):长妃(fei)齐女为哀(ai)(ai)姜(jiang),生子(zi)(zi)恶及视;次妃(fei)敬嬴,嬖爱(ai)①,生子(zi)(zi)俀。俀私事襄仲(zhong)②,襄仲(zhong)欲(yu)立(li)(li)之(zhi),叔(shu)仲(zhong)曰不可。襄仲(zhong)请齐惠(hui)公(gong),惠(hui)公(gong)新(xin)立(li)(li),欲(yu)亲鲁(lu),许之(zhi)。冬十月(yue),襄仲(zhong)杀(sha)(sha)子(zi)(zi)恶及视而(er)立(li)(li)俀,是为宣公(gong)。哀(ai)(ai)姜(jiang)归齐,哭而(er)过市,曰:“天乎(hu)!襄仲(zhong)为不道③,杀(sha)(sha)適立(li)(li)庶!”市人(ren)皆(jie)哭,鲁(lu)人(ren)谓之(zhi)“哀(ai)(ai)姜(jiang)”。鲁(lu)由此(ci)公(gong)室卑⑤,三桓(huan)强⑥。
①嬖(bì,必),爱:宠幸(xing)。 ②私事(shi):事(shi),本(ben)意为(wei)事(shi)奉。此处私事(shi)指(zhi)暗中笼络(luo)。③不道:即无道。④恶、视(shi)为(wei)正妃所(suo)生(sheng),是嫡(di)子:俀(tui)(wēi,危)是次妃所(suo)生(sheng),是庶子。所(suo)以说“杀適(shi)(嫡(di))立庶。” ⑤卑(bei):衰微。 ⑥三桓(huan):鲁桓(huan)公三个(ge)(ge)儿子形成的仲孙(sun)氏(庆父(fu)之后(hou))、叔(shu)孙(sun)氏(叔(shu)牙之后(hou))和季(ji)孙(sun)氏(季(ji)友之后(hou))三个(ge)(ge)贵(gui)族(zu)家族(zu)。
宣公俀十二年,楚庄王强,围郑(zheng)。郑(zheng)伯降,复国之。
十八(ba)年(nian),宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒,子成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)黑肱(gong)立(li)(li),是(shi)为成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。季文(wen)子曰:“使我杀適立(li)(li)庶失大援(yuan)者(zhe),襄仲。”襄仲立(li)(li)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙归(gui)父有宠。宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)欲去(qu)三(san)桓①,与晋谋伐三(san)桓。会宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒,季文(wen)子怨(yuan)之②,归(gui)父奔齐。
①去:除掉(diao)。 ②怨之:怨恨襄(xiang)仲(zhong)之子公孙归父。
成(cheng)公二年春,齐(qi)伐(fa)取我隆①。夏,公与晋与郤克(ke)败齐(qi)顷公于(yu)鞌(an)②,齐(qi)复归我侵地。四(si)年,成(cheng)公如晋,晋景(jing)公不敬鲁(lu)。鲁(lu)欲背晋合于(yu)楚,或谏(jian)③,乃不④。十年,成(cheng)公如晋。晋景(jing)公卒(zu),因留成(cheng)公送(song)葬,鲁(lu)讳之⑤。十五年,始与吴王寿作梦(meng)会(hui)钟离(li)。
①其(qi)详载于《左传(chuan)·成公(gong)二(er)年》。 ②指“齐(qi)晋(jin)(jin)鞌(an)(ān,安)之战”,详参见《齐(qi)太(tai)公(gong)世家》。 ③谏(jian)者乃季文子(zi)。据(ju)《左传(chuan)·成公(gong)四年》:“秋(qiu),公(gong)至自晋(jin)(jin),欲求成于楚(chu)而(er)叛晋(jin)(jin)。季文子(zi)曰:‘不可(ke)。晋(jin)(jin)虽(sui)无道,未可(ke)叛也。国大、臣睦,而(er)迩于我,诸侯(hou)听焉(服(fu)从晋(jin)(jin)国),未可(ke)以贰(背叛)。《史(shi)佚之志(zhi)》有之曰:“非我族类,其(qi)心必异。”楚(chu)虽(sui)大,非吾(wu)族也,其(qi)(岂)肯字(zi)(爱(ai))我乎?’公(gong)乃止(zhi)。” ④不:同“否”。 ⑤此指《春秋(qiu)》记事(shi)之笔法。鲁(lu)成公(gong)送葬是一种(zhong)屈辱,所(suo)以《春秋(qiu)》讳言此事(shi),并连(lian)正常的“葬晋(jin)(jin)景(jing)公(gong)”都不记载。
十六年,宣伯告晋,欲诛季文(wen)子,文(wen)子有义,晋人(ren)弗许①。
①此事详载于(yu)《左传·成(cheng)(cheng)公十六年》。宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)与成(cheng)(cheng)公母穆姜(jiang)(jiang)私通(tong),穆姜(jiang)(jiang)按宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)之意强迫成(cheng)(cheng)公除掉孟献子(zi)(zi)、季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi)及(ji)其家族。成(cheng)(cheng)公不(bu)同意,宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)又(you)向(xiang)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)大夫(fu)郤(vì,细)犨(chōu,抽)说(shuo)二人(ren)坏话(hua)。当(dang)时季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi)随成(cheng)(cheng)公与晋(jin)(jin)军在一(yi)起,宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)想让晋(jin)(jin)人(ren)杀季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi),自己在国(guo)(guo)内杀孟献子(zi)(zi)。晋(jin)(jin)人(ren)囚禁季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi),晋(jin)(jin)大夫(fu)范(fan)文(wen)子(zi)(zi)说(shuo):“季(ji)孙(sun)(季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi))于(yu)鲁(lu),相二君矣(yi)。妾不(bu)衣帛,马不(bu)食粟,可(ke)不(bu)谓(wei)忠乎?信(xin)谗慝(ni)而(er)弃(qi)忠良,若诸(zhu)侯何(怎么向(xiang)诸(zhu)侯交代(dai))?”晋(jin)(jin)人(ren)终(zhong)于(yu)释放季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi)。
十八年,成(cheng)共(gong)卒,子午立,是(shi)为(wei)襄(xiang)公。是(shi)时襄(xiang)公三岁(sui)也。
襄公(gong)元年(nian),晋立悼公(gong)。往年(nian)冬,晋栾书弑其君厉公(gong)。四年(nian),襄公(gong)朝晋。
五年,季文子卒。家无(wu)衣帛(bo)之妾,厩无(wu)食(shi)粟(su)之马,府(fu)无(wu)金玉,以相三(san)君(jun)①。君(jun)子曰:“季文子廉忠矣②。”
①三君(jun):指鲁宣(xuan)公、成公、襄公。 ②见《左传·襄公五年》所引君(jun)子之评论。
九年,与晋伐(fa)郑。晋悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)冠襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)于卫①,季武子(zi)从②,相行礼。
①冠(guan)(guan)(guan):冠(guan)(guan)(guan)礼(li)(li)。古代童子(zi)长到成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)须进(jin)行(xing)(xing)的一种礼(li)(li)仪。天子(zi)、诸(zhu)侯十二而冠(guan)(guan)(guan),襄(xiang)公(gong)本年(nian)十二岁,应行(xing)(xing)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)礼(li)(li)。 ②据《左传·襄(xiang)公(gong)九年(nian)》季(ji)武子(zi)说(shuo):“君(jun)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(国君(jun)实(shi)行(xing)(xing)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)礼(li)(li)),必以(yi)(yi)裸(guàn,灌,以(yi)(yi)香酒酹地)享(通“飨”)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)金石之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐节之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)先君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祧(庙(miao))处之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。今寡(gua)君(jun)在行(xing)(xing)(道途之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中),未(wei)可具也,请(qing)及兄弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国而假备(bei)(借(jie)用诸(zhu)设备(bei))焉(yan)。”晋侯答应,到了(le)卫国,借(jie)卫成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙(miao)及其钟磬而举(ju)行(xing)(xing)襄(xiang)公(gong)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)礼(li)(li)。
十一年,三(san)桓氏分为三(san)军①。
①此前鲁(lu)有二军(jun)(jun),季武子(zi)想专权于鲁(lu)国,故(gu)增设一军(jun)(jun),而由仲孙、叔孙、季孙三氏(shi)分别掌握。
十(shi)二(er)年,朝晋(jin)。十(shi)六(liu)年,晋(jin)平公即位。二(er)十(shi)一年,朝晋(jin)平公。
二十二年,孔丘生。
二十(shi)五(wu)年,齐崔杼弑其(qi)君(jun)庄(zhuang)公(gong),立(li)其(qi)弟景(jing)公(gong)。
二十九年,吴延陵季子使(shi)鲁,问周乐,尽(jin)知其意,鲁人敬焉①。
①参见《吴太(tai)伯世家》中季札(zha)观乐(le)事。
三十一年六(liu)月,襄公卒。其九月,太子卒。鲁人立(li)齐归(gui)之(zhi)子裯为君,是为昭公。
昭公年十九,犹(you)有(you)童心(xin)①。穆叔不欲立(li),曰:“太(tai)子(zi)死,有(you)母弟(di)可立(li),不即(ji)立(li)长(zhang)。年均择贤②,义钧(jun)则卜之③。今裯非適嗣(si)④,且又居丧(sang)意不在戚而(er)有(you)喜(xi)色⑤,若果立(li),必(bi)为季氏忧。”季武(wu)子(zi)弗(fu)听,卒(zu)立(li)之。比及葬⑥,三易(yi)衰⑦。君子(zi)曰:“是(shi)不终也⑧。”
①指昭(zhao)公(gong)幼稚不(bu)庄重。 ②钧(jun):通“均(jun)”,相等(deng)(deng)。 ③义钧(jun):贤能相等(deng)(deng)。④裯为襄(xiang)公(gong)妾所(suo)生,为庶子。 ⑤戚:悲伤(shang)。 ⑥襄(xiang)公(gong)六月辛已(yi)死,十月癸酉(you)葬(zang),殡(bin)停约(yue)四(si)个月。⑦衰(chī,崔):同“缞(cui)”,丧(sang)服(fu)。四(si)个月穿坏了三件丧(sang)服(fu),说(shuo)明昭(zhao)公(gong)顽皮(pi)止极。⑧不(bu)终:不(bu)得善终。
昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)①,朝晋(jin)(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)河,晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)谢(xie)还(hai)之(zhi),鲁耻焉。四年(nian)(nian)(nian),楚灵王会诸侯于申,昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)称病(bing)不往。七年(nian)(nian)(nian),季武子(zi)卒。八年(nian)(nian)(nian),楚灵王就章华台,召昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)往贺(he),赐昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宝器;已而悔,复诈取之(zhi)②。十(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),朝晋(jin)(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)河,晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)谢(xie)还(hai)之(zhi)。十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian),楚公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)弃疾弑其君灵王,代(dai)立。十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian),朝晋(jin)(jin),晋(jin)(jin)留之(zhi)葬(zang)晋(jin)(jin)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong),鲁耻之(zhi)。二(er)(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),齐景公(gong)(gong)(gong)与晏(yan)子(zi)狩竟③,因入鲁问礼。二(er)(er)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian),朝晋(jin)(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)河,晋(jin)(jin)谢(xie)还(hai)之(zhi)。
①据(ju)《十二诸侯年表》及《左传》,应为“二年”。 ②据(ju)《左传· 昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)七年》载,楚王赠昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)大屈之弓,又后悔(hui),楚大夫见昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong),说:“以前齐、晋、越三国都想要此弓,楚王不给。现在您拿(na)回去,要好(hao)好(hao)把守宝(bao)弓,防(fang)备三国起兵夺宝(bao)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)害怕,把弓又还(hai)给楚王。 ③竟(jing):同“境”。
二十五年春,鸲(qu)鹆(yu)(yu)来(lai)巢①。师己曰:“文(wen)、成之世童谣(yao)曰②:‘鸲(qu)鹆(yu)(yu)来(lai)巢,公(gong)在(zai)乾侯。鸲(qu)鹆(yu)(yu)入处,公(gong)在(zai)外野。’”
①鸲(qú,渠)鹆(yù,浴):即八哥鸟(niao)。据《集解》引《周礼》、《公羊传(chuan)》之语,当时(shi)认为(wei)鸲鹆一般不到(dao)济水以北,而(er)且(qie)穴居(ju)。现鸲鹆到(dao)了北方的(de)鲁国而(er)且(qie)巢居(ju),是一种反常的(de)自然现象。②童谣详见《左(zuo)传(chuan)· 昭公二十五年(nian)》。
季氏(shi)与劶(kou)氏(shi)斗(dou)鸡,季氏(shi)芥鸡羽①,劶(kou)氏(shi)金距②。季平(ping)(ping)子怒(nu)而侵劶(kou)氏(shi),劶(kou)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)亦怒(nu)平(ping)(ping)子。臧昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)之(zhi)弟会(hui)伪谗(chan)臧之(zhi)氏(shi)③,匿季氏(shi)④,葬昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)囚季氏(shi)人(ren)。季平(ping)(ping)子怒(nu),囚臧氏(shi)老⑤。臧、劶(kou)氏(shi)以难告昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)。昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)九月戊戌伐(fa)季氏(shi),遂入。平(ping)(ping)子登台(tai)请(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)曰(yue)(yue):“君以谗(chan)不察臣罪,诛之(zhi),请(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)迁沂(yi)上。”弗许。请(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)囚于鄪(bi),弗许。请(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)以五乘(cheng)亡,弗许。子家驹曰(yue)(yue):“君其许之(zhi)。政自季氏(shi)久矣,为徒(tu)者(zhe)众,众将(jiang)和谋。”弗听。劶(kou)氏(shi)曰(yue)(yue):“必杀之(zhi)。”叔孙(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)之(zhi)臣戾(li)谓其众曰(yue)(yue):“无季氏(shi)与有(you),孰利(li)?”皆曰(yue)(yue):“无季氏(shi)是无叔孙(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)。”戾(li)曰(yue)(yue):“然,救季氏(shi)!”遂败公(gong)(gong)师。孟懿子闻叔孙(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)胜(sheng),亦杀劶(kou)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)。劶(kou)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)为公(gong)(gong)使,故(gu)孟氏(shi)得之(zhi)。三家共伐(fa)公(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)遂奔(ben)。己亥,公(gong)(gong)至于齐。齐景公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“请(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)致千社待君⑥。”子家曰(yue)(yue):“弃周公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)业(ye)而臣于齐,可(ke)乎?”乃止。子家曰(yue)(yue):“齐景公(gong)(gong)无信,不如早之(zhi)晋(jin)。”弗从。叔孙(sun)(sun)(sun)见公(gong)(gong)还,见平(ping)(ping)子,平(ping)(ping)子顿首⑦。初欲迎昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong),孟孙(sun)(sun)(sun)、季孙(sun)(sun)(sun)后(hou)悔,乃止。
①芥:通“介”,护甲。 ②金距(ju):在(zai)鸡爪上装金属套。距(ju),鸡爪。 ③伪(wei)谗:造伪(wei)诬陷。 ④匿季氏(shi):藏于(yu)(yu)季氏(shi)之(zhi)家(jia)。 ⑤老:大夫之(zhi)家(jia)臣。 ⑥社(she):古以二十(shi)五家(jia)为一社(she)。 ⑦顿首:叩地而拜。形容季平子由(you)于(yu)(yu)把国君赶走而觉不安。
二十六(liu)年春(chun),齐(qi)(qi)伐鲁(lu)(lu),取郓而居昭公焉。夏,齐(qi)(qi)景公将(jiang)(jiang)内(nei)公,令无(wu)受鲁(lu)(lu)赂。申丰、汝贾(jia)许齐(qi)(qi)臣高龁(he)、子将(jiang)(jiang)粟五千庾①。子将(jiang)(jiang)言于(yu)齐(qi)(qi)侯曰:“群臣不能事鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun),有异焉②。宋(song)元公为(wei)鲁(lu)(lu)如晋(jin),求(qiu)内(nei)之,道(dao)卒。叔孙昭子求(qiu)内(nei)其君(jun),无(wu)病(bing)而死。不知天弃鲁(lu)(lu)乎?抑鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun)有罪于(yu)鬼(gui)神也?愿君(jun)且(qie)待。”齐(qi)(qi)景公从之。
①庾(yǔ,雨(yu)):古代容量单位,十六斗为(wei)一(yi)庾。②有(you)异:有(you)许(xu)多(duo)怪现象。
二(er)(er)十八年(nian)(nian),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)如晋(jin)(jin)(jin),求入①。季平(ping)子(zi)私于(yu)(yu)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)六卿(qing)(qing)②,六卿(qing)(qing)受季氏赂,谏晋(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)乃止(zhi),居昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)乾侯(hou)。二(er)(er)十九年(nian)(nian),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)如郓。齐景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)使人(ren)赐昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)书,自谓(wei)“主君(jun)(jun)”③。昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)耻之(zhi),怒而去乾侯(hou)④。三十一年(nian)(nian),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)欲内(nei)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong),召(zhao)季平(ping)子(zi)。平(ping)子(zi)布(bu)衣跣(xian)行(xing)⑤,因六卿(qing)(qing)谢(xie)罪。六卿(qing)(qing)为言曰:“晋(jin)(jin)(jin)欲内(nei)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong),众不(bu)从。”晋(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)止(zhi)。三十二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒于(yu)(yu)乾侯(hou)。鲁人(ren)共(gong)立昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)弟宋为君(jun)(jun),是为定公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
①人(ren):流(liu)亡(wang)在(zai)外(wai)的国(guo)君(jun)归(gui)国(guo)为君(jun)。 ②私:贿赂。 ③“自(zi)”字应(ying)据《六(liu)国(guo)年(nian)表》及(ji)《左传·昭(zhao)公(gong)二十九年(nian)》删。此(ci)乃(nai)齐(qi)景公(gong)称鲁昭(zhao)公(gong)为“主君(jun)”。“主君(jun)”是对(dui)大夫的称谓,齐(qi)侯把(ba)昭(zhao)公(gong)视(shi)同(tong)一(yi)个大夫,因此(ci)昭(zhao)公(gong)以为耻。 ④去:至。《六(liu)国(guo)年(nian)表》作“之”,去往之意(yi)。⑤跣:赤脚。⑥因:通过。
定公立(li),赵简(jian)子问史墨曰:“季氏亡(wang)乎?”史墨对曰:“不亡(wang)。季友有大功于鲁(lu)(lu),受鄪(bi)为(wei)上卿(qing) ,至于文子、武子,世(shi)增其业①。鲁(lu)(lu)文公卒,东门(men)遂(sui)杀(sha)適立(li)庶,鲁(lu)(lu)君于是失国政(zheng)(zheng)。政(zheng)(zheng)在季氏,于今四(si)君矣②。民(min)不知(zhi)君,何(he)以得国!是以为(wei)君慎器(qi)与(yu)名③,不可以假(jia)人④。”
①世:累世。 ②四(si)君:指鲁宣公(gong)(gong)、成公(gong)(gong)、襄公(gong)(gong)、昭公(gong)(gong)。 ③器:车辆服饰等,代表(biao)着人(ren)的地位(wei)等级。名:指爵号(hao)。 ④假:给予(yu)。
定公(gong)五(wu)年,季(ji)平子(zi)卒。阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)私怒(nu)①,囚季(ji)桓(huan)(huan)子(zi),与盟,乃舍之(zhi)。七年,齐伐(fa)我,取(qu)郓,以为鲁(lu)阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)邑以从政(zheng)②。八年,阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)欲尽(jin)杀三(san)桓(huan)(huan)適,而更立其所善庶子(zi)以代之(zhi)③;载季(ji)桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)将杀之(zhi)④,桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)诈而得(de)脱。三(san)桓(huan)(huan)共攻阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)⑤,阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)居(ju)阳关。九年,鲁(lu)伐(fa)阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)⑥,阳虎(hu)(hu)(hu)奔齐,已而奔晋赵氏。
①私怒:因私愤而发怒。②据《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)·定(ding)公七年》,春,齐(qi)(qi)国归还鲁国的郓(yun)和阳关二邑(yi),阳虎占为(wei)自己的奉邑(yi),在那里处理政务。夏,齐(qi)(qi)又伐(fa)鲁。③更(geng):改(gai)。所善:关系密切(qie)的。 ④其事(shi)详(xiang)载于《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)·定(ding)公八年》。阳虎想(xiang)借在蒲(pu)园(yuan)晏请季桓子之(zhi)机杀之(zhi)。林(lin)楚驾车载桓子,桓子说服林(lin)楚同(tong)人孟孙氏(shi)家避难(nan)。 ⑤事(shi)详(xiang)见《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)·定(ding)公八年》。 ⑥详(xiang)见《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)·定(ding)公九年》。
十年(nian),定公与齐(qi)景公会于夹谷,孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)行相事①。齐(qi)欲(yu)袭鲁君②,孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)以(yi)礼历阶③,诛齐(qi)淫乐(le)④,齐(qi)侯惧,乃止(zhi),归鲁侵地而谢过⑤。十二年(nian),使(shi)仲由毁(hui)三桓城(cheng),收其甲兵(bing)。孟氏不肯堕(duo)城(cheng)⑥,伐(fa)之(zhi),不克而止(zhi)。季桓子(zi)受齐(qi)女乐(le),孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)去。
①行相事:做(zuo)盟会的司仪。 ②据《齐太公世家》,齐景(jing)公怕孔子做(zuo)鲁国相,鲁国称(cheng)霸(ba),因此(ci)用犁(chú,除)之(zhi)计,想在盟会之(zhi)时让莱(lai)夷(yi)(yi)之(zhi)人奏乐,借机俘获鲁君。 ③历阶:拾级而上。 ④诛(zhu):斩(zhan)(zhan)。此(ci)指(zhi)斩(zhan)(zhan)奏淫(yin)乐之(zhi)夷(yi)(yi)人。⑤谢过(guo):谢罪。 ⑥堕(hui,灰):毁。
十五年,定(ding)公卒,子将(jiang)立(li),是为哀公。
哀公五(wu)年(nian),齐景公卒(zu)。六年(nian),齐田乞弑其君孺子。
七年,吴(wu)王(wang)夫差(cha)强,伐齐,至(zhi)缯(zeng),征百牢于鲁①。季(ji)康(kang)子(zi)使子(zi)贡说吴(wu)王(wang)及太宰嚭,以(yi)礼屈之。吴(wu)王(wang)曰:“我文(wen)身②,不足责(ze)礼。”乃止。
①百牢:牛、羊、猪各一百头。 ②文身(shen):即“纹(wen)身(shen)”。纹(wen)身(shen)断(duan)发是古代吴(wu)越(yue)的蛮(man)夷之俗,吴(wu)王(wang)强调这一点(dian),为自己的越(yue)礼行为辩解。
八年(nian),吴(wu)为(wei)邹伐(fa)鲁,至城下,盟而去。齐(qi)伐(fa)我(wo),取三邑。十年(nian),伐(fa)齐(qi)南边。十一年(nian),齐(qi)伐(fa)鲁。季氏用冉有有功①,思孔子,孔子自卫归(gui)鲁。
①功:成效。
十四年,齐(qi)(qi)田常(chang)弑(shi)其君简公(gong)于俆(xu)州。孔子(zi)请伐之,哀(ai)公(gong)不(bu)听(ting)。十五年,使子(zi)服景伯(bo)、子(zi)贡为介①,适齐(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)归我侵地。田常(chang)初相,欲亲(qin)诸(zhu)侯。
①介:副手。
十六年,孔子卒。
二(er)十(shi)二(er)年,越王句践灭吴王夫差。
二十七年(nian)春,季康子卒。夏,哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)患(huan)三桓,将欲因诸侯(hou)以劫(jie)之,三桓亦患(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)作难(nan)①,故(gu)君臣多间(jian)②。公(gong)(gong)(gong)游于陵阪,遇(yu)孟武伯于街,曰(yue):“请问余及死乎?”对(dui)曰(yue):“不(bu)知也(ye)。”公(gong)(gong)(gong)欲以越伐三桓。八月,哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)如陉(xing)氏。三桓攻公(gong)(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)奔(ben)于卫,去如邹,遂如越。国人迎(ying)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)复归,卒于有山(shan)氏③。子宁立,是为悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
①作难:发难。 ②间:仇隙(xi)。 ③有山氏:即陉(xing)氏。
悼公之时,三(san)(san)桓(huan)胜①,鲁如小侯,卑于三(san)(san)桓(huan)之家。
①胜:兴盛。
十三(san)年,三(san)晋(jin)灭智(zhi)伯,分(fen)其地有之。
三十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian),悼公(gong)卒(zu),子嘉立(li),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)元公(gong)。元公(gong)二十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),子显(xian)立(li),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)穆公(gong)。穆公(gong)三十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)①,子奋立(li),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)共公(gong)。共公(gong)二十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)②,子屯立(li),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)康公(gong)。康公(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),子匽立(li),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)景(jing)公(gong)。景(jing)公(gong)二十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),子叔立(li),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)平(ping)公(gong),是(shi)(shi)时六国皆称王。
①《六国(guo)年表(biao)(biao)》作“三(san)十二(er)年”,与(yu)《汉(han)书(shu)·律历(li)志》合,当(dang)是。②当(dang)以《六国(guo)年表(biao)(biao)》作“二(er)十三(san)年”。
平公(gong)(gong)十二年(nian),秦惠王卒。二十(二)年(nian),平公(gong)(gong)卒,子贾(jia)立,是(shi)为(wei)文公(gong)(gong)。文公(gong)(gong)(七(qi))〔元〕年(nian),楚怀王死于秦。二十三年(nian),文公(gong)(gong)卒,子雠立,是(shi)为(wei)顷公(gong)(gong)。
顷公(gong)二(er)年,秦拔楚之郢,楚顷王(wang)东徙于陈(chen)。十(shi)九年,楚伐我,取徐州。二(er)十(shi)四(si)年,楚考烈王(wang)伐灭鲁(lu)。顷公(gong)亡,迁于下邑(yi)①,为家人②,鲁(lu)绝祀③。顷公(gong)卒于柯(ke)。
①下邑:都城(cheng)以外为小邑。 ②家人:平(ping)民。 ③绝祀(si):祭祀(si)灭绝。此处指亡国(guo)。
鲁(lu)起周(zhou)公至顷(qing)公,凡三十四世。
太史公曰:余(yu)闻(wen)孔子称(cheng)曰:“甚矣(yi)鲁道之衰也(ye)!洙泗之间龂(yin)龂(yin)如也(ye)”①。观(guan)庆父及叔(shu)牙、闵公之际,何(he)(he)其(qi)(qi)乱也(ye)?隐、桓之事;襄仲杀適立(li)庶(shu);三家北面为臣,亲攻昭(zhao)公,昭(zhao)公以奔。至其(qi)(qi)揖让之礼则从矣(yi)②,而行事何(he)(he)其(qi)(qi)戾也(ye)③?
①龂(yǎn,掩)龂:争辩的样子。 ②从:遵守。 ③戾:背反。
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