爱上海

王淑艳 译注

【说明与解析】

在这篇列传里，主要记述(shu)了商鞅事秦变法革新、功过得失以及卒(zu)受恶名于秦的史实，倾注(zhu)了太史公(gong)对其(qi)刻薄少恩所持的批评(ping)态度(du)。

然而，商鞅(yang)(yang)变法(fa)却是我国(guo)历(li)史上成功的一例。孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)当(dang)政，已进入七(qi)雄(xiong)争霸(ba)的战国(guo)时期，周室(shi)衰微，诸侯相(xiang)互攻(gong)伐，斗争异常(chang)激烈，谁(shei)想立于不(bu)败之地，谁(shei)就得(de)寻求自强的途径。商鞅(yang)(yang)就是顺应历(li)史的潮流，三见孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)，说以强国(guo)之术，使孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)“不(bu)自知(zhi)厀之前(qian)于席，语(yu)数日不(bu)厌(yan)。”君臣默契，奠定(ding)了(le)变法(fa)成功的基(ji)础。

记述(shu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)的(de)(de)矛盾(dun)冲突是(shi)本文一大特点(dian)(dian)。变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)未(wei)行，就遭到守(shou)旧派的(de)(de)公(gong)然(ran)反(fan)对。商鞅与(yu)甘龙、杜挚面对面的(de)(de)斗(dou)争，其焦点(dian)(dian)就集中(zhong)在“法(fa)古”、“循礼”还是(shi)“治世不(bu)(bu)一道(dao)、便(bian)国不(bu)(bu)法(fa)古”的(de)(de)冲突上；变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)实行，众皆哗然(ran)，“言(yan)初令之不(bu)(bu)便(bian)者(zhe)以(yi)千数”。商鞅却立木悬赏，取信于(yu)民；刑太子师，以(yi)肃其法(fa)。变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)十年，“秦民大悦(yue)”，“家(jia)给人足”“民勇于(yu)公(gong)战、怯(qie)于(yu)私斗(dou)”，国家(jia)日益强盛。率师包围安邑，俘魏(wei)公(gong)子卬(ang)，迫使魏(wei)国割地迁都(dou)，亦是(shi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)极富(fu)成效的(de)(de)佐证。他悲(bei)剧的(de)(de)结局乃是(shi)与(yu)守(shou)旧派斗(dou)争的(de)(de)延(yan)续(xu)。与(yu)赵良(liang)一席谈(tan)话，其祸已萌，但商鞅终(zhong)未(wei)采纳赵良(liang)言(yan)，受制于(yu)自己的(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)，作茧自缚，以(yi)至车裂族(zu)灭，并非偶(ou)然(ran)。

从章法(fa)(fa)(fa)结构上(shang)看，前(qian)有(you)蓄势(shi)，后有(you)照(zhao)应，通篇以(yi)变(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)作骨。始言商鞅“好刑名法(fa)(fa)(fa)术之(zhi)学”，为变(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)作了(le)辅垫(dian)；继而(er)“鞅欲变(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”，导出革新(xin)与守旧的斗争；“卒(zu)定变(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)令”，具体记载了(le)新(xin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的内容；“于是太子(zi)犯法(fa)(fa)(fa)”，刑黥太子(zi)师傅、以(yi)严法(fa)(fa)(fa)令；而(er)终以(yi)“嗟乎(hu)，为法(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)敝一至此”。材料取(qu)舍紧(jin)紧(jin)围(wei)绕变(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)骨，使得骨坚而(er)肉丰(feng)、血(xue)脉贯(guan)通而(er)主(zhu)题突出。

《商君列传》乃历史(shi)实(shi)录，当(dang)是不言而喻的。而强烈的文(wen)学(xue)色彩特别是适当(dang)的小说(shuo)因素，更突出了这(zhei)篇记载的本质真实(shi)。本文(wen)调动(dong)了夸张、比(bi)照、对偶、排比(bi)、形(xing)容、描写(xie)等多种文(wen)学(xue)手(shou)(shou)段，析理透辟(pi)、深(shen)刻，语(yu)言生(sheng)动(dong)形(xing)象(xiang)。而这(zhei)些文(wen)学(xue)手(shou)(shou)段多着眼于(yu)人物(wu)精神世界

的刻画和细节的描写，使(shi)人物更为丰满、灵动、传神，而又不失历史的真(zhen)实。

商君逃难一节，《战国策》并没记(ji)载。恐怕是(shi)出于太史公的虚(xu)构(gou)，这一细节显(xian)然又(you)是(shi)后世(shi)小说创作中的“误会(hui)法”，运用误会(hui)，生发矛盾，引起(qi)戏剧(ju)性效果。这类细节不(bu)仅不(bu)伤害历史的真实，而(er)且使历史人物、历史事(shi)件的本质彰明(ming)、突出，增强(qiang)了历史感，从而(er)给(ji)人以更生动、更形象(xiang)、更深刻的印记(ji)。

商君，是(shi)卫国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君姬妾(qie)生的(de)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)。名(ming)鞅(yang)(yang)，姓公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)，他(ta)的(de)祖(zu)先本来姓姬。公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)年(nian)轻时就(jiu)(jiu)喜欢刑(xing)名(ming)法术之学，侍奉(feng)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)做了(le)(le)中(zhong)庶子(zi)。公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)知道(dao)他(ta)贤(xian)能(neng)(neng)，还没(mei)来得(de)及(ji)向(xiang)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)推(tui)荐。正(zheng)赶上公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)得(de)了(le)(le)病，魏(wei)(wei)(wei)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)亲(qin)自(zi)去看(kan)望(wang)他(ta)，说：“你(ni)的(de)病倘有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)测，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家将怎么(me)办呢？”公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)回答说：“我(wo)的(de)中(zhong)庶子(zi)公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)，虽然年(nian)轻，却有(you)(you)奇(qi)才(cai)，希望(wang)大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)全部(bu)交给他(ta)，由他(ta)去治理。”魏(wei)(wei)(wei)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)听后默(mo)默(mo)无言。当(dang)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)将要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)离(li)(li)(li)开时，公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)屏(ping)退左右随侍人(ren)员(yuan)，说：“大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)假(jia)如不(bu)(bu)任用(yong)公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)，就(jiu)(jiu)一定要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)杀(sha)掉(diao)他(ta)，不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)让(rang)他(ta)走出(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境。”魏(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)答应了(le)(le)他(ta)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求就(jiu)(jiu)离(li)(li)(li)去了(le)(le)。公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)召来公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)，道(dao)歉说：“刚才(cai)大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)询问能(neng)(neng)够(gou)出(chu)任国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)的(de)人(ren)，我(wo)推(tui)荐了(le)(le)你(ni)。看(kan)大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)神情(qing)不(bu)(bu)会同意我(wo)的(de)建议。我(wo)当(dang)先忠(zhong)于(yu)君后考(kao)虑臣的(de)立场(chang)，因而劝大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)假(jia)如不(bu)(bu)任用(yong)公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)，就(jiu)(jiu)该杀(sha)掉(diao)他(ta)。大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)答应了(le)(le)我(wo)的(de)请(qing)求。你(ni)赶快离(li)(li)(li)开吧(ba)，不(bu)(bu)快走马上就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)被擒。”公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)说：“大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)既然不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)听您(nin)的(de)话(hua)任用(yong)我(wo)，又(you)怎么(me)能(neng)(neng)听您(nin)的(de)话(hua)来杀(sha)我(wo)呢？”终于(yu)没(mei)有(you)(you)离(li)(li)(li)开魏(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)离(li)(li)(li)开后，对随侍人(ren)员(yuan)说：“公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)病很严(yan)重(zhong)，真叫人(ren)伤心啊(a)，他(ta)想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)我(wo)把(ba)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)全部(bu)交给公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)掌管，难(nan)道(dao)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)糊涂了(le)(le)吗？”

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)座死后不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙鞅(yang)听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)秦孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下令在(zai)全国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)寻访(fang)有(you)才能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人，要重整(zheng)秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)业，向(xiang)东收复失(shi)地(di)(di)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)就(jiu)西去秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，依靠孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宠臣姓景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太监(jian)求(qiu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召(zhao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)，让(rang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)很长时间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家大(da)(da)事(shi)，孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一边听一边打瞌睡，一点也听不(bu)(bu)(bu)进去。事(shi)后孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)迁怒景(jing)监(jian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)人是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)言欺人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家伙(huo)，这种人怎么(me)(me)能(neng)任(ren)用(yong)(yong)呢！”景(jing)监(jian)又(you)用(yong)(yong)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话责(ze)(ze)备(bei)卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)用(yong)(yong)尧、舜治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法劝说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大(da)(da)王(wang)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)志不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)领会。”过了(le)(le)(le)几天，景(jing)监(jian)又(you)请求(qiu)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召(zhao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)再见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时，把治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之道(dao)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淋漓(li)尽致，可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)还合(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)意。事(shi)后孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)责(ze)(ze)备(bei)景(jing)监(jian)，景(jing)监(jian)也责(ze)(ze)备(bei)卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)用(yong)(yong)禹、汤、文、武的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)法劝说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大(da)(da)王(wang)而他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)听不(bu)(bu)(bu)进去。请求(qiu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)再召(zhao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)我(wo)一次(ci)。”卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)又(you)一次(ci)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)对(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)很友(you)好(hao)，可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)没任(ren)用(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。会见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)退出(chu)后，孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)对(dui)景(jing)监(jian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)错(cuo)，我(wo)可(ke)(ke)以和他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)谈(tan)谈(tan)了(le)(le)(le)。”景(jing)监(jian)告诉卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)，卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)用(yong)(yong)春秋五霸(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)法去说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)服大(da)(da)王(wang)，看他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)思是(shi)(shi)准备(bei)采(cai)纳了(le)(le)(le)。果(guo)真(zhen)再召(zhao)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)我(wo)一次(ci)，我(wo)就(jiu)知(zhi)道(dao)该说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)些什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)啦。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)又(you)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)跟他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)谈(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)常投(tou)机，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)觉(jue)地(di)(di)在(zai)垫席上(shang)向(xiang)前移动膝(xi)盖，谈(tan)了(le)(le)(le)好(hao)几天都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)觉(jue)得厌倦。景(jing)监(jian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“您凭什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)能(neng)合(he)上(shang)大(da)(da)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)意呢？我(wo)们国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)高(gao)兴极了(le)(le)(le)。”卫(wei)(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)回答(da)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)劝大(da)(da)王(wang)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)帝王(wang)治(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办(ban)(ban)法，建立(li)夏、商、周那样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛世(shi)，可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)王(wang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘时间太长了(le)(le)(le)，我(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)等(deng)，何况贤(xian)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)，谁不(bu)(bu)(bu)希(xi)望自己在(zai)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时候名扬天下，怎么(me)(me)能(neng)叫我(wo)闷(men)闷(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)乐地(di)(di)等(deng)上(shang)几十(shi)年、几百(bai)年才成就(jiu)帝王(wang)大(da)(da)业呢？’所以，我(wo)用(yong)(yong)富国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)强兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办(ban)(ban)法劝说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)才特(te)别高(gao)兴。然而，这样也就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)与殷、周的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德行相媲美了(le)(le)(le)。”

孝(xiao)公(gong)任用卫(wei)鞅后不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久，打算(suan)变(bian)(bian)(bian)更法(fa)(fa)(fa)度(du)，又(you)恐怕(pa)天下(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)议论自己。卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“行动犹豫(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)决(jue)(jue)，就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会搞出(chu)名堂，办事犹豫(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)决(jue)(jue)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会成(cheng)(cheng)功。况且超出(chu)常人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行为，本来就常被世(shi)(shi)俗(su)(su)(su)非议；有(you)(you)(you)独道(dao)见解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，一定(ding)(ding)(ding)会被一般人(ren)(ren)(ren)嘲笑。愚(yu)蠢(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)事成(cheng)(cheng)之后都弄不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明白，聪(cong)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)事先就能(neng)(neng)(neng)预见将要发生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓谋划(hua)新事物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)创(chuang)始而(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)和(he)他们共享成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欢乐。探讨最(zui)高道(dao)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)世(shi)(shi)俗(su)(su)(su)合流，成(cheng)(cheng)就大(da)业的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)一般人(ren)(ren)(ren)共谋。因此，圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只要能(neng)(neng)(neng)够(gou)使(shi)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)强盛(sheng)，就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必沿(yan)(yan)用旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；只要能(neng)(neng)(neng)够(gou)利(li)(li)于百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓，就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必遵循旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)制。”孝(xiao)公(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“讲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好。”甘龙说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是这(zhei)样(yang)。圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改变(bian)(bian)(bian)民俗(su)(su)(su)而(er)施以(yi)(yi)教化(hua)，聪(cong)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改变(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)而(er)治(zhi)理(li)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)。顺应(ying)民风民俗(su)(su)(su)而(er)施教化(hua)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)费力就能(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)功；沿(yan)(yan)袭(xi)(xi)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)而(er)治(zhi)理(li)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)，官吏习惯而(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓安定(ding)(ding)(ding)。”卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“甘龙所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是世(shi)(shi)俗(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)啊。一般人(ren)(ren)(ren)安于旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)习俗(su)(su)(su)，而(er)读书人(ren)(ren)(ren)拘泥于书本上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)见闻。这(zhei)两种人(ren)(ren)(ren)奉(feng)公(gong)守法(fa)(fa)(fa)还可(ke)以(yi)(yi)，但不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)他们谈(tan)论成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)。三代(dai)礼(li)制不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同而(er)都能(neng)(neng)(neng)统一天下(xia)，五伯(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一而(er)都能(neng)(neng)(neng)各霸一方。聪(cong)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)(fa)度(du)，愚(yu)蠢(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)被法(fa)(fa)(fa)度(du)制约；贤(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)变(bian)(bian)(bian)更礼(li)制，寻常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)被礼(li)制约束。”杜挚(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)百(bai)(bai)(bai)倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益，就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)改变(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)十倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功效，就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)更换旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)器。仿效成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)过(guo)失，遵循旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)礼(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会出(chu)偏(pian)差。”卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“治(zhi)理(li)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)一成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)(fa)(fa)，有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于国(guo)(guo)家(jia)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)仿效旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)度(du)。所以(yi)(yi)汤(tang)武(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沿(yan)(yan)袭(xi)(xi)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)度(du)而(er)能(neng)(neng)(neng)王(wang)天下(xia)，夏殷(yin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)更换旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)礼(li)制而(er)灭亡。反对旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)非难，而(er)沿(yan)(yan)袭(xi)(xi)旧(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)值(zhi)得赞扬。”孝(xiao)公(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“讲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好。”于是任命卫(wei)鞅为左(zuo)庶长，终于制定(ding)(ding)(ding)了变(bian)(bian)(bian)更成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命令(ling)。

下(xia)令把十家(jia)编(bian)成(cheng)一什，五(wu)家(jia)编(bian)成(cheng)一伍(wu)，互相监视检举(ju)，一家(jia)犯(fan)法，十家(jia)连带治罪(zui)。不告发奸(jian)恶(e)的(de)(de)(de)处(chu)以拦腰(yao)斩(zhan)断的(de)(de)(de)刑罚，告发奸(jian)恶(e)的(de)(de)(de)与(yu)斩(zhan)敌首级(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)样(yang)受赏(shang)，隐藏(zang)奸(jian)恶(e)的(de)(de)(de)人与(yu)投降敌人同(tong)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)惩罚。一家(jia)有(you)(you)两个以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)壮丁不分居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)，赋税加倍。有(you)(you)军(jun)(jun)(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)人，各按(an)标准升爵受赏(shang)；为私事斗殴的(de)(de)(de)，按(an)情节轻重分别处(chu)以大小不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)刑罚。致力(li)于农(nong)业生产，让粮食丰收、布帛增(zeng)产的(de)(de)(de)免除(chu)自身的(de)(de)(de)劳役或赋税。因(yin)从(cong)事工(gong)商业及懒惰(duo)而贫穷(qiong)的(de)(de)(de)，把他们的(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子全(quan)都没(mei)(mei)收为官奴。王族(zu)里没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)军(jun)(jun)(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)，不能列入家(jia)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)名册。明确尊卑爵位等级(ji)(ji)，各按(an)等级(ji)(ji)差(cha)别占(zhan)有(you)(you)土地、房产，家(jia)臣奴婢的(de)(de)(de)衣裳(shang)、服饰，按(an)各家(jia)爵位等级(ji)(ji)决定。有(you)(you)军(jun)(jun)(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)显(xian)赫荣耀，没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)军(jun)(jun)(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)即使很富有(you)(you)也(ye)不能显(xian)荣。

新法(fa)准备(bei)就(jiu)绪后，还(hai)没公布，恐(kong)怕(pa)百姓(xing)(xing)不相信(xin)，就(jiu)在国都后边市场的(de)南门(men)竖起一(yi)根三丈长(zhang)的(de)木(mu)头(tou)，招募百姓(xing)(xing)中能把木(mu)头(tou)搬(ban)到(dao)北(bei)门(men)的(de)人(ren)赏(shang)给(ji)十(shi)金。百姓(xing)(xing)觉得这件事(shi)很奇怪，没人(ren)敢动。又宣布“能把木(mu)头(tou)搬(ban)到(dao)北(bei)门(men)的(de)人(ren)赏(shang)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)金”。有(you)一(yi)个(ge)人(ren)把它搬(ban)走了(le)，当下就(jiu)给(ji)了(le)他(ta)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)金，借此表明令(ling)出必行，绝不欺骗。事(shi)后就(jiu)颁布了(le)新法(fa)。

新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)在民间施行(xing)了(le)(le)整一年，秦国(guo)老百(bai)姓到国(guo)都(dou)说(shuo)(shuo)新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)方(fang)便的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)数(shu)以(yi)千计。正当这时，太子(zi)触犯(fan)了(le)(le)新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)。卫(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)：“新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)顺利推(tui)行(xing)，是(shi)(shi)因为上层(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)触犯(fan)它。”将依新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)处(chu)罚(fa)太子(zi)。太子(zi)，是(shi)(shi)国(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)继承人(ren)(ren)(ren)，又(you)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)施以(yi)刑罚(fa)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)处(chu)罚(fa)了(le)(le)监督他(ta)行(xing)为的(de)(de)老师(shi)公子(zi)虔，以(yi)墨刑处(chu)罚(fa)了(le)(le)给他(ta)传授(shou)知识的(de)(de)老师(shi)公孙贾。第二天，秦国(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)都(dou)遵照新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)执行(xing)了(le)(le)。新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)推(tui)行(xing)了(le)(le)十年，秦国(guo)百(bai)姓都(dou)非(fei)常高兴，路上没有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)拾别(bie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)丢的(de)(de)东西为己有(you)，山林里(li)也没了(le)(le)盗贼，家家富裕充(chong)足。人(ren)(ren)(ren)民勇于(yu)为国(guo)家打仗，不(bu)(bu)敢为私利争斗，乡村、城镇社会秩序安定。当初(chu)说(shuo)(shuo)新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)方(fang)便的(de)(de)秦国(guo)百(bai)姓又(you)有(you)来说(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)令方(fang)便的(de)(de)，卫(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)：“这都(dou)是(shi)(shi)扰(rao)乱教化(hua)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)把他(ta)们全部迁到边疆去。此后，百(bai)姓再没人(ren)(ren)(ren)敢议(yi)论(lun)新(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)。

于(yu)是(shi)卫鞅被任(ren)命(ming)为大良造。率领着(zhe)军队围(wei)攻魏(wei)国安邑，使他们(men)屈服投降。过了三年，秦国在咸阳建筑宫(gong)廷城阙，把(ba)国都从(cong)雍地迁到(dao)咸阳。下令禁止(zhi)百(bai)姓父子(zi)兄弟(di)同居(ju)一(yi)室。把(ba)零星的乡镇(zhen)村庄合(he)并成(cheng)县(xian)(xian)，设置了县(xian)(xian)令、县(xian)(xian)丞，总(zong)共合(he)并划(hua)分(fen)为三十(shi)一(yi)个县(xian)(xian)。废(fei)除井田重新划(hua)分(fen)田塍的界线，鼓励开(kai)垦荒地，而使赋(fu)税平衡(heng)。统一(yi)全国的度量衡(heng)制度。施行了四年，公子(zi)虔又(you)犯了新法，被判处劓刑。过了五年，秦国富强，周天(tian)子(zi)把(ba)祭(ji)肉赐给秦孝公，各国诸侯都来祝贺。

第二年(nian)，齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)队(dui)在马陵打败魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，俘虏了(le)(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)太子(zi)(zi)申，射杀将军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)庞涓。下一(yi)(yi)年(nian)，卫(wei)鞅劝孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)：“秦(qin)(qin)和(he)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)关系，就(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)人(ren)得了(le)(le)(le)心腹疾病，不是魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兼并了(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，就(jiu)(jiu)是秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)吞并了(le)(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。为(wei)什(shen)么要(yao)这(zhei)样说(shuo)呢？魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)处(chu)山(shan)岭险(xian)要(yao)的(de)西(xi)部(bu)，建(jian)都(dou)安(an)邑(yi)，与秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)黄(huang)河为(wei)界而(er)独立据有崤山(shan)以(yi)(yi)东(dong)的(de)地(di)利。形(xing)势有利就(jiu)(jiu)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)进犯秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，没(mei)利时就(jiu)(jiu)向(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)扩展领(ling)(ling)地(di)。如今凭借大王圣明贤能，秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)才(cai)繁荣(rong)昌盛。而(er)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)往年(nian)被齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打得大败，诸侯们(men)都(dou)背(bei)叛了(le)(le)(le)他，可以(yi)(yi)趁此良机攻打魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)抵(di)挡不住秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，必然(ran)要(yao)向(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)撤(che)退。一(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)撤(che)退，秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)占据了(le)(le)(le)黄(huang)河和(he)崤山(shan)险(xian)固的(de)地(di)势，向(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)控制各(ge)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)诸侯，这(zhei)可是统一(yi)(yi)天下的(de)帝(di)王伟业啊！”孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)认为(wei)说(shuo)得对。就(jiu)(jiu)派(pai)卫(wei)鞅率领(ling)(ling)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)队(dui)攻打魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)派(pai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)领(ling)(ling)兵迎(ying)击(ji)。两军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)拒对峙，卫(wei)鞅派(pai)人(ren)给(ji)(ji)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)将公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)送来一(yi)(yi)封信(xin)，写道：“我(wo)当初与公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)相(xiang)处(chu)的(de)很(hen)快(kuai)乐，如今你(ni)我(wo)成了(le)(le)(le)敌对两国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)将领(ling)(ling)，不忍心相(xiang)互攻击(ji)，可以(yi)(yi)与公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)当面相(xiang)见，订立盟(meng)(meng)约，痛痛快(kuai)快(kuai)地(di)喝(he)几杯(bei)然(ran)后(hou)(hou)各(ge)自撤(che)兵，让秦(qin)(qin)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)安(an)无事。”魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)认为(wei)卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)的(de)对。会(hui)盟(meng)(meng)结束(shu)，喝(he)酒，而(er)卫(wei)鞅埋伏下的(de)士兵突然(ran)袭击(ji)并俘虏了(le)(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)，趁机攻打他的(de)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)队(dui)，彻底(di)打垮(kua)了(le)(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)后(hou)(hou)，押着(zhe)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)班师回国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)惠(hui)王的(de)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)队(dui)多(duo)次被齐(qi)、秦(qin)(qin)击(ji)溃，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内(nei)空虚，一(yi)(yi)天比一(yi)(yi)天消弱，害(hai)怕了(le)(le)(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)派(pai)使者割让河西(xi)地(di)区(qu)奉(feng)献给(ji)(ji)秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做为(wei)媾(gou)和(he)的(de)条(tiao)件。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)离(li)开安(an)邑(yi)，迁都(dou)大梁(liang)。梁(liang)惠(hui)王后(hou)(hou)悔地(di)说(shuo)：“我(wo)真后(hou)(hou)悔当初没(mei)采(cai)纳公(gong)(gong)(gong)叔座的(de)意见啊。”卫(wei)鞅打败魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)回来以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)，秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)把於(wu)、商十五(wu)个(ge)邑(yi)封给(ji)(ji)了(le)(le)(le)他，封号叫做商君。

商(shang)君出(chu)(chu)任(ren)秦(qin)相(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)年，很多皇亲国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)戚都(dou)怨恨他。赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)去(qu)见商(shang)君。商(shang)君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)见到你(ni)，是(shi)由(you)于孟兰(lan)皋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)绍(shao)，现在(zai)我(wo)们交个朋友，可以(yi)(yi)吗？”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)回答说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“鄙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)奢望。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)过：‘推(tui)荐(jian)贤(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，受(shou)到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民拥戴(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才会(hui)(hui)前来(lai)；聚集不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖之(zhi)徒，即使(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)成王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)业(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也会(hui)(hui)引退。’鄙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才，所以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)从(cong)(cong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。鄙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)听到过这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)：‘不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)该(gai)占(zhan)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)职位(wei)而(er)(er)(er)占(zhan)有(you)(you)它叫做(zuo)(zuo)贪(tan)位(wei)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)该(gai)享(xiang)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名声而(er)(er)(er)享(xiang)有(you)(you)它叫做(zuo)(zuo)贪(tan)名。’鄙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)要是(shi)接受(shou)了(le)(le)(le)您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情谊，恐怕那就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)鄙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)既贪(tan)位(wei)又(you)(you)贪(tan)名了(le)(le)(le)。所以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)从(cong)(cong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。”商(shang)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“您(nin)(nin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高兴(xing)我(wo)对(dui)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治理吗？”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)够听从(cong)(cong)别(bie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意见叫做(zuo)(zuo)聪，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)够自我(wo)省察叫做(zuo)(zuo)明，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)够自我(wo)克(ke)制(zhi)叫做(zuo)(zuo)强。虞舜(shun)曾说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)过：‘自我(wo)谦虚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)尊重(zhong)。’您(nin)(nin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)遵循(xun)虞舜(shun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主张(zhang)去(qu)做(zuo)(zuo)，无(wu)须问我(wo)了(le)(le)(le)。”商(shang)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“当初，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)习俗和戎狄一(yi)(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)，父子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)开，男(nan)女(nv)老少同居一(yi)(yi)(yi)室。如(ru)今(jin)我(wo)改变(bian)了(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)化，使(shi)他们男(nan)女(nv)有(you)(you)别(bie)，分(fen)居而(er)(er)(er)住，大(da)造(zao)宫(gong)廷城阙，把秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)营建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)像鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)。您(nin)(nin)看我(wo)治理秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，与五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)夫(fu)比(bi)，谁(shei)更(geng)有(you)(you)才干？”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)张(zhang)羊皮(pi)比(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)领狐腋贵重(zhong)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)个随(sui)声附(fu)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)比(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)正(zheng)义(yi)直言。武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)允许大(da)臣(chen)们直言谏诤，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)昌盛，纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)讲(jiang)话(hua)，因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)灭(mie)亡(wang)(wang)。您(nin)(nin)如(ru)果(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反(fan)对(dui)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)(fa)，那么(me)(me)，请允许鄙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)整(zheng)天(tian)直言而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)责备，可以(yi)(yi)吗？”商(shang)君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“俗话(hua)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，外表上(shang)(shang)动(dong)听的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)好比(bi)是(shi)花(hua)朵，真实(shi)至(zhi)诚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)如(ru)同果(guo)(guo)实(shi)，苦(ku)口相(xiang)(xiang)劝(quan)、听来(lai)逆耳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)是(shi)治病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)药(yao)，献媚奉(feng)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)是(shi)疾病(bing)。您(nin)(nin)果(guo)(guo)真肯(ken)终(zhong)日(ri)正(zheng)义(yi)直言，那就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)我(wo)治病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)药(yao)了(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)将拜您(nin)(nin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)师，您(nin)(nin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)又(you)(you)拒绝和我(wo)交朋友呢！”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“那五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)夫(fu)，是(shi)楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏僻(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乡下人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)贤(xian)明，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)想去(qu)当面拜见，要去(qu)却没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)路费(fei)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把自己卖给(ji)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，穿(chuan)着粗布短衣给(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家喂牛。整(zheng)整(zheng)过了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年，秦(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)知道(dao)了(le)(le)(le)这(zhei)(zhei)件事，把他从(cong)(cong)牛嘴(zui)下面提拔起(qi)来(lai)，凌驾于万人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)谁(shei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)满意。他出(chu)(chu)任(ren)秦(qin)相(xiang)(xiang)六七(qi)年，向东讨伐过郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，三次拥立晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君，一(yi)(yi)(yi)次出(chu)(chu)兵救楚(chu)。在(zai)境内(nei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)行德(de)化。巴国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前来(lai)纳贡；施(shi)(shi)(shi)德(de)政(zheng)于诸侯，四方少数民族前来(lai)朝(chao)见。由(you)余听到这(zhei)(zhei)种情形，前来(lai)敲门(men)投奔(ben)。五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)夫(fu)出(chu)(chu)任(ren)秦(qin)相(xiang)(xiang)，劳累不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)坐车(che)(che)，酷暑炎热(re)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)打(da)伞(san)，走遍(bian)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)随(sui)从(cong)(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)辆(liang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)带(dai)武(wu)(wu)装防(fang)卫，他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功名载于史(shi)册，藏于府库(ku)，他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)行施(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)于后代。五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)夫(fu)死(si)时，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)论男(nan)女(nv)都(dou)痛(tong)哭流(liu)涕，连小孩子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)唱(chang)歌(ge)谣(yao)，正(zheng)在(zai)舂米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也因(yin)悲哀而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)发(fa)出(chu)(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)应的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼声。这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)行啊(a)。如(ru)今(jin)您(nin)(nin)得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)见秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，靠(kao)(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)宠臣(chen)景监推(tui)荐(jian)介(jie)绍(shao)，这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)什(shen)么(me)(me)名声了(le)(le)(le)。身为(wei)(wei)(wei)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓造(zao)福而(er)(er)(er)大(da)规模地(di)(di)(di)营建(jian)宫(gong)阙，这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家建(jian)立功业(ye)了(le)(le)(le)。惩治太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)师傅，用(yong)(yong)严(yan)刑酷法(fa)(fa)残害(hai)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓，这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)积累怨恨、聚积祸患啊(a)。教(jiao)(jiao)化百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓比(bi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓更(geng)深入(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)，百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓模仿(fang)上(shang)(shang)边的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行为(wei)(wei)(wei)比(bi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓更(geng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)迅(xun)速(su)。如(ru)今(jin)您(nin)(nin)却违情背理地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)立权(quan)威(wei)变(bian)更(geng)法(fa)(fa)度，这(zhei)(zhei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)对(dui)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓施(shi)(shi)(shi)行教(jiao)(jiao)化啊(a)。您(nin)(nin)又(you)(you)在(zai)商(shang)於封地(di)(di)(di)南面称君，天(tian)天(tian)用(yong)(yong)新法(fa)(fa)来(lai)逼迫秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贵族子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟(di)。《诗(shi)经(jing)》上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘相(xiang)(xiang)鼠还懂得(de)(de)礼貌(mao)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)礼仪，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)既然失去(qu)了(le)(le)(le)礼仪，为(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)快快地(di)(di)(di)死(si)呢。’照这(zhei)(zhei)句诗(shi)看来(lai)，实(shi)在(zai)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)恭维(wei)您(nin)(nin)了(le)(le)(le)。公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)虔闭门(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)(chu)已经(jing)八年了(le)(le)(le)，您(nin)(nin)又(you)(you)杀死(si)祝欢而(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)墨刑惩处(chu)公(gong)孙贾。《诗(shi)经(jing)》上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘得(de)(de)到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振兴(xing)，失掉人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灭(mie)亡(wang)(wang)。’这(zhei)(zhei)几件事，都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)得(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呀。您(nin)(nin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)(chu)门(men)，后边跟着数以(yi)(yi)十(shi)计的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)辆(liang)，车(che)(che)上(shang)(shang)都(dou)是(shi)顶(ding)盔贯甲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卫士，身强力壮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)做(zuo)(zuo)贴身警卫，持矛(mao)操戟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)紧靠(kao)(kao)您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奔(ben)随(sui)。这(zhei)(zhei)些(xie)防(fang)卫缺少一(yi)(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)，您(nin)(nin)必定不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)出(chu)(chu)门(men)。《尚书》上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘凭(ping)靠(kao)(kao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)昌盛，凭(ping)靠(kao)(kao)武(wu)(wu)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灭(mie)亡(wang)(wang)。’您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处(chu)境就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)好象早晨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)露(lu)水，很快就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)消亡(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)危险(xian)，您(nin)(nin)还打(da)算要延年益(yi)寿(shou)吗？那为(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)把商(shang)於十(shi)五(wu)(wu)邑封地(di)(di)(di)交还秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，到偏僻(pi)荒(huang)远的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方浇园自耕，劝(quan)秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)重(zhong)用(yong)(yong)那些(xie)隐居山林的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)才，赡(shan)养老人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，抚育孤(gu)儿(er)，使(shi)父兄(xiong)相(xiang)(xiang)互敬重(zhong)，依(yi)功序爵，尊崇有(you)(you)德(de)之(zhi)士，这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)(yang)才可以(yi)(yi)稍保平安。您(nin)(nin)还要贪(tan)图商(shang)於的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富有(you)(you)，以(yi)(yi)独揽秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)荣宠，聚集百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)怨恨，秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦舍弃宾(bin)客(ke)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)当朝(chao)，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所要拘捕(bu)您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)难(nan)道(dao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)少吗？您(nin)(nin)丧身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象抬(tai)起(qi)足来(lai)那样(yang)(yang)迅(xun)速(su)地(di)(di)(di)到来(lai)。”但商(shang)君没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)听从(cong)(cong)赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劝(quan)告。

五个月之后，秦(qin)孝公(gong)去(qu)世，太子(zi)(zi)即位。公(gong)子(zi)(zi)虔一班(ban)人告(gao)发商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)要造反，派人去(qu)逮捕商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)逃跑到(dao)(dao)边境关口，想住(zhu)旅(lv)店(dian)。旅(lv)店(dian)的主人不(bu)(bu)(bu)知道(dao)他就(jiu)是(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)，说：“商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)有(you)令，住(zhu)店(dian)的人没有(you)证件店(dian)主要连(lian)带判罪。”商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)长长地叹(tan)息说：“唉呀(ya)！制(zhi)定新(xin)法的遗害竟然到(dao)(dao)了这样的地步！”离开秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)潜(qian)逃到(dao)(dao)魏(wei)。魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)人怨恨(hen)他欺(qi)骗(pian)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬而打(da)败魏(wei)军，拒绝收(shou)留他。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)打(da)算到(dao)(dao)别的国(guo)(guo)(guo)家。魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)人说：“商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)，是(shi)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的逃犯(fan)(fan)，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)强大逃犯(fan)(fan)跑到(dao)(dao)魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)来(lai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)送(song)还(hai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)行。”于是(shi)把商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)送(song)回(hui)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)再回(hui)到(dao)(dao)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)后，就(jiu)潜(qian)逃到(dao)(dao)他的封地商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)邑，和他的部属发动(dong)邑中的士兵，向(xiang)北攻击郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)谋求生路，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)出兵攻打(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)，把他杀死在(zai)郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)黾池。秦(qin)惠王把商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)五马(ma)分尸示众，说：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)要像(xiang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅那样谋反！”于是(shi)就(jiu)诛灭了商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)全(quan)家。

太史公(gong)说：商(shang)君，他(ta)的(de)天性就(jiu)是(shi)个(ge)残忍少恩的(de)人，考(kao)察他(ta)当(dang)初用帝王之道游说孝公(gong)，凭借着(zhe)虚饰(shi)浮说，不是(shi)他(ta)自身的(de)资质。再说凭靠着(zhe)国君宠臣太监的(de)推荐，等到(dao)被任用，就(jiu)刑罚(fa)公(gong)子虔，欺骗魏(wei)将公(gong)子卬，不听赵良(liang)的(de)规劝，足(zu)以证明商(shang)君残忍少恩了。我(wo)曾经读(du)过商(shang)君开塞耕战的(de)书籍(ji)，其内(nei)容和他(ta)本身的(de)作为相类似。但(dan)最(zui)终还是(shi)在秦国落得个(ge)谋反(fan)的(de)恶名，这是(shi)有缘故的(de)呀！

商君(jun)者(zhe)，卫(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸庶孽公(gong)子也(ye)(ye)①，名(ming)鞅，姓公(gong)孙(sun)(sun)氏，其祖本姬(ji)姓也(ye)(ye)。鞅少好刑名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学(xue)②，事魏相公(gong)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)座为中(zhong)庶子。公(gong)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)座知其贤，未及进③。会座病(bing)(bing)④，魏惠王(wang)亲往问(wen)病(bing)(bing)，曰(yue)(yue)：“公(gong)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)病(bing)(bing)有如(ru)不(bu)可(ke)讳⑤，将奈社稷何⑥？”公(gong)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)(yue)：“座之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)庶子公(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅，年(nian)虽少，有奇才，愿(yuan)王(wang)举国(guo)而(er)(er)(er)听之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”王(wang)嘿然⑦。王(wang)且(qie)(qie)去，座屏人言(yan)曰(yue)(yue)：“王(wang)即不(bu)听用(yong)鞅，必杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，无令(ling)出境。”王(wang)许诺而(er)(er)(er)去。公(gong)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)座召鞅谢(xie)曰(yue)(yue)：“今(jin)者(zhe)王(wang)问(wen)可(ke)以(yi)为相者(zhe)，我(wo)言(yan)若⑧，王(wang)色不(bu)许我(wo)⑨。我(wo)方先君(jun)后(hou)臣，因谓王(wang)即弗用(yong)鞅，当(dang)杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。王(wang)许我(wo)。汝可(ke)疾去矣⑩，且(qie)(qie)见禽(qin)。”鞅曰(yue)(yue)：“彼王(wang)不(bu)能用(yong)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)任臣，又安能用(yong)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)杀臣乎？”卒不(bu)去。惠王(wang)既去，而(er)(er)(er)谓左右(you)曰(yue)(yue)：“公(gong)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)病(bing)(bing)甚(shen)，悲乎，欲令(ling)寡人以(yi)国(guo)听公(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅也(ye)(ye)，岂不(bu)悖(bei)哉(zai)！”

①庶(shu)孽：旁支侧出或(huo)(huo)妾(qie)生之(zhi)(zhi)子。②刑(xing)名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)学：战国时(shi)以申不(bu)(bu)害为代表(biao)的法家(jia)一(yi)派。主(zhu)张(zhang)循名(ming)责(ze)实，以推(tui)行法治，强化(hua)上下关系(xi)。刑(xing)，通(tong)“形(xing)”。指(zhi)形(xing)体或(huo)(huo)事实。名(ming)，指(zhi)言(yan)论(lun)或(huo)(huo)主(zhu)张(zhang)。③进：推(tui)荐、保(bao)举。④会：适逢(feng)，正赶(gan)上。⑤有(you)如不(bu)(bu)可(ke)讳(hui)：倘有(you)不(bu)(bu)测。不(bu)(bu)可(ke)讳(hui)，亦(yi)作“不(bu)(bu)讳(hui)”。死亡的婉(wan)转(zhuan)说(shuo)法。讳(hui)，忌讳(hui)，隐瞒。⑥这一(yi)句的意(yi)思(si)是说(shuo)国家(jia)怎么办呢？有(you)托付何人的意(yi)思(si)。社稷(ji)：国家(jia)政权的代称。社，土地神(shen)。稷(ji)，谷(gu)神(shen)。以古代君主(zhu)都(dou)祭祀社稷(ji)，故以代称国家(jia)。⑦嘿：同“默”。⑧言(yan)：指(zhi)推(tui)举。若：你。⑨色(se)：脸色(se)，神(shen)情(qing)。⑩疾：快，迅速。禽(qin)：同“擒”拘捕(bu)，捕(bu)捉。悖：荒唐，糊涂。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔既(ji)死，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)闻秦孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下令国中(zhong)求贤者，将(jiang)修缪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业①，东复(fu)侵地②，乃遂西(xi)入秦，因(yin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宠臣景(jing)监(jian)(jian)以(yi)求见(jian)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)既(ji)见(jian)卫(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，语事良久，孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时(shi)时(shi)睡，弗听(ting)。罢而孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒景(jing)监(jian)(jian)曰(yue)(yue)：“子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)客(ke)妄人耳，安足用邪！”景(jing)监(jian)(jian)以(yi)让卫(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)③。卫(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)帝道(dao)(dao)④，其志不开(kai)悟矣(yi)(yi)。”后(hou)五日(ri)，复(fu)求见(jian)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)⑤。鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)复(fu)见(jian)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，益(yi)愈(yu)⑥，然而未(wei)中(zhong)旨⑦。罢而孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)复(fu)让景(jing)监(jian)(jian)，景(jing)监(jian)(jian)亦让鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)王道(dao)(dao)而未(wei)入也(ye)⑧。请复(fu)见(jian)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。”鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)复(fu)见(jian)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而未(wei)用也(ye)。罢而去。孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)谓景(jing)监(jian)(jian)曰(yue)(yue)：“汝(ru)客(ke)善，可与语矣(yi)(yi)。”鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)霸道(dao)(dao)⑨，其意欲用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。诚(cheng)复(fu)见(jian)我(wo)，我(wo)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。”卫(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)复(fu)见(jian)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与语，不自知(zhi)厀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前于(yu)席(xi)也(ye)⑩。语数日(ri)不厌。景(jing)监(jian)(jian)曰(yue)(yue)：“子何(he)以(yi)中(zhong)吾(wu)君(jun)？吾(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欢甚也(ye)。”鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)君(jun)以(yi)帝王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)比三(san)代，而君(jun)曰(yue)(yue)：‘久远，吾(wu)不能待。且贤君(jun)者，各(ge)及其身显名天下，安能邑(yi)邑(yi)待数十百年(nian)以(yi)成(cheng)帝王乎？’故吾(wu)以(yi)强国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)君(jun)，君(jun)大说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳(13)。然亦难以(yi)比德于(yu)殷周矣(yi)(yi)(14)。”

①缪(mou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)业：指(zhi)秦(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)修(xiu)德行(xing)武(wu)，开拓(tuo)疆土，争霸(ba)诸侯的(de)事业。详见(jian)卷五(wu)《秦(qin)本纪》“孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年令”。缪(mou)，通“穆(mu)”。②东复侵地：指(zhi)原属(shu)晋(jin)国的(de)河西地区。晋(jin)献公(gong)(gong)(gong)死去以(yi)后，流亡在外的(de)晋(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子夷(yi)吾为(wei)了争夺君(jun)(jun)位(wei)“使(shi)人请(qing)(qing)秦(qin)，求入晋(jin)”，并表示“诚得立(li)，请(qing)(qing)割晋(jin)之(zhi)河西八城与秦(qin)”。及夷(yi)吾立(li)为(wei)晋(jin)君(jun)(jun)，“背约不与河西城”。秦(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十四(si)年（前(qian)(qian)646），晋(jin)乘秦(qin)饥，兴(xing)兵攻秦(qin)，结果晋(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)夷(yi)吾反(fan)(fan)被秦(qin)生擒(qin)，只好与秦(qin)盟，“献其河西地”。后来“秦(qin)以(yi)往(wang)者数易君(jun)(jun)，君(jun)(jun)臣乖乱，故晋(jin)复强”，把(ba)原先割让给(ji)秦(qin)国的(de)河西之(zhi)地，又重(zhong)新夺回。见(jian)卷五(wu)《秦(qin)本纪》，参见(jian)卷三十九(jiu)《晋(jin)世家》。③让：责(ze)备。④说：规(gui)劝(quan)，劝(quan)说。帝(di)道(dao)：相传为(wei)尧舜(shun)等五(wu)帝(di)治(zhi)理国家的(de)方法。⑤这一(yi)句的(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)景监再(zai)向(xiang)孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)请(qing)(qing)求召见(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙鞅。⑥益愈：反(fan)(fan)复前(qian)(qian)日之(zhi)论，稍加修(xiu)正。由帝(di)道(dao)渐入王道(dao)。⑦未中旨：未能与孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)心意相合。⑧王道(dao)：即三王之(zhi)道(dao)。指(zhi)夏(xia)禹(yu)、商汤、周文(wen)(wen)王、周武(wu)王之(zhi)道(dao)。⑨霸(ba)道(dao)：即五(wu)霸(ba)之(zhi)道(dao)。指(zhi)以(yi)尊(zun)王攘夷(yi)为(wei)号召的(de)齐桓、晋(jin)文(wen)(wen)之(zhi)道(dao)。五(wu)霸(ba)，说法不一(yi)，一(yi)般认(ren)为(wei)是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、晋(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、齐桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)、宋襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)、楚庄王。他(ta)们多凭借武(wu)力威势治(zhi)理国家，开拓(tuo)疆土。⑩厀(xi)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)于席(xi)：身上跪在席(xi)子上向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)膝(xi)行(xing)。厀(xi)，通“膝(xi)”。古人席(xi)地而坐，膝(xi)盖(gai)挨着(zhe)席(xi)子。三代：指(zhi)夏(xia)、商、周三个(ge)朝代。邑邑：同(tong)(tong)“悒悒”。郁闷(men)不乐。(13)说：同(tong)(tong)“悦”。愉(yu)快，喜悦。(14)比德：比量德行(xing)。

孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)既用卫(wei)(wei)鞅①，鞅欲变(bian)法(fa)(fa)，恐天(tian)下议己。卫(wei)(wei)鞅曰：“疑(yi)行无(wu)(wu)名②，疑(yi)事无(wu)(wu)功。且夫有高人之(zhi)(zhi)行者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，固(gu)见非于(yu)(yu)(yu)世(shi)③；有独知之(zhi)(zhi)虑者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，必见敖于(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)④。愚(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)暗于(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)事⑤，知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)见于(yu)(yu)(yu)未(wei)萌⑥。民(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)与虑始(shi)而(er)可(ke)(ke)与乐成(cheng)(cheng)⑦。论(lun)至德者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和于(yu)(yu)(yu)俗(su)，成(cheng)(cheng)大功者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谋(mou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)众。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)圣人苟(gou)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)强国(guo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)其(qi)(qi)故(gu)(gu)⑧；苟(gou)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)利民(min)(min)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)循(xun)其(qi)(qi)礼(li)(li)。”孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)曰：“善(shan)。”甘龙(long)曰：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然。圣人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)民(min)(min)而(er)教⑨，知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变(bian)法(fa)(fa)而(er)治(zhi)。因民(min)(min)而(er)教，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)劳而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)功；缘(yuan)法(fa)(fa)而(er)治(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)⑩，吏习而(er)民(min)(min)安之(zhi)(zhi)。”卫(wei)(wei)鞅曰：“龙(long)之(zhi)(zhi)所言，世(shi)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)言也(ye)。常人安于(yu)(yu)(yu)故(gu)(gu)俗(su)，学者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)溺于(yu)(yu)(yu)所闻。以(yi)(yi)(yi)此两者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)居官守法(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)也(ye)，非所与论(lun)于(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)外也(ye)。三代不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同礼(li)(li)而(er)王，五伯不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同法(fa)(fa)而(er)霸。智者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)作法(fa)(fa)，愚(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)制(zhi)焉(13)；贤(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)更礼(li)(li)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)拘(ju)焉(14)。”杜挚曰：“利不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)百(bai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变(bian)法(fa)(fa)；功不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)十，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)器(15)。法(fa)(fa)古(gu)(gu)无(wu)(wu)过，循(xun)礼(li)(li)无(wu)(wu)邪。”卫(wei)(wei)鞅曰：“治(zhi)世(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一道，便国(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)古(gu)(gu)。故(gu)(gu)汤武不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)循(xun)古(gu)(gu)而(er)王，夏(xia)殷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)礼(li)(li)而(er)亡。反古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)非，而(er)循(xun)礼(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足多(16)。”孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)曰：“善(shan)。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)卫(wei)(wei)鞅为左庶长，卒(zu)定变(bian)法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)令。

①卫鞅(yang)：商鞅(yang)为卫国人，故称(cheng)。下(xia)(xia)句“恐天(tian)下(xia)(xia)议己”，是说(shuo)孝公欲从商鞅(yang)之言而变法(fa)(fa)，可是又怕(pa)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)议论他，不(bu)(bu)是说(shuo)商鞅(yang)“恐天(tian)下(xia)(xia)议己”。②疑：犹豫不(bu)(bu)定。③以(yi)上二(er)句的(de)意思(si)是说(shuo)，超出(chu)(chu)常人的(de)人本(ben)来要被世(shi)俗非难的(de)。④敖：通(tong)(tong)“謷”。嘲笑。《商君书》或作“骜”，或作“訾(zi)”。“骜”通(tong)(tong)“訾(zi)”。“訾(zi)”，毁(hui)谤。⑤暗：不(bu)(bu)清楚，不(bu)(bu)明白(bai)。⑥知：通(tong)(tong)“智”。未萌：未发(fa)露、察(cha)觉。⑦虑：事先谋划、创始。⑧法(fa)(fa)：效法(fa)(fa)。故：指成法(fa)(fa)。⑨易(yi)民(min)(min)：改变民(min)(min)风民(min)(min)俗。⑩缘：依照，沿袭。王(wang)：成王(wang)，统一天(tian)下(xia)(xia)。五(wu)伯：即五(wu)霸。(13)制(zhi)：被制(zhi)约。(14)不(bu)(bu)肖：不(bu)(bu)成材，没出(chu)(chu)息(xi)。(15)器：指古代标志(zhi)名位、爵号的(de)器物。(16)多：推重，赞扬。

令民为(wei)什伍(wu)①，而相牧司连(lian)坐②。不(bu)告(gao)奸(jian)(jian)者腰(yao)斩，告(gao)奸(jian)(jian)者与(yu)(yu)斩敌首同赏，匿奸(jian)(jian)者与(yu)(yu)降(jiang)敌同罚。民有(you)(you)二男以(yi)上不(bu)分异者③，倍其(qi)赋。有(you)(you)军功者，各以(yi)率受上爵④；为(wei)私斗者，各以(yi)轻重被刑大(da)小。僇力本业⑤，耕织致粟帛多者复其(qi)身(shen)⑥。事末利(li)及怠而贫者⑦，举(ju)以(yi)为(wei)收孥⑧。宗室非有(you)(you)军功论⑨，不(bu)得为(wei)属籍(ji)⑩。明尊卑爵秩(zhi)等级，各以(yi)差(cha)次名田宅，臣妾(qie)衣(yi)服以(yi)家次。有(you)(you)功者显荣，无功者虽富无所芬(fen)华。

①什伍：户籍(ji)编制，十家(jia)为什，五家(jia)为伍。②牧司：检举，监督(du)。连坐(zuo)：一人(ren)犯法，其他(ta)人(ren)连带治罪。坐(zuo)，因犯……罪。③分异：分家(jia)另过。这是为繁(fan)殖(zhi)人(ren)口，发展生产(chan)。④率：标准。⑤僇力(li)：即“戮力(li)”。尽力(li)，致(zhi)力(li)于。⑥复其身：免其本身劳役或(huo)赋(fu)税(shui)。复，免除。⑦事末(mo)利：从(cong)事工(gong)商(shang)业(ye)。末(mo)，非根本，不重要的(de)事物(wu)。古代(dai)以农(nong)业(ye)为本，以工(gong)商(shang)业(ye)为末(mo)。⑧收孥：拘挚本人(ren)妻子，没收为官奴(nu)婢(bi)。孥，奴(nu)婢(bi)。⑨宗(zong)室(shi)：此(ci)指王族。⑩属籍(ji)：家(jia)族的(de)名册，谱牒。差(cha)次：等(deng)(deng)级次序(xu)。差(cha)，等(deng)(deng)。分别(bie)等(deng)(deng)级。名：占有。芬华：比喻(yu)显荣(rong)。即显赫荣(rong)耀。

令(ling)既(ji)具(ju)①，未(wei)布②，恐(kong)民(min)之不信，已(yi)乃立三丈(zhang)之木(mu)于国(guo)都市南门③，募民(min)有(you)能徙(xi)置(zhi)北门者(zhe)予十(shi)金。民(min)怪(guai)之，莫敢徙(xi)。复曰“能徙(xi)者(zhe)予五(wu)十(shi)金”。有(you)一人徙(xi)之，辄予五(wu)十(shi)金④，以明不期。卒下令(ling)。

令(ling)(ling)行(xing)于(yu)民(min)期(qi)年⑤，秦(qin)民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)国都言(yan)初令(ling)(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)不便者(zhe)以千数。于(yu)是太子(zi)犯法(fa)。卫鞅曰：“法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)不行(xing)，自上犯之(zhi)(zhi)。”将法(fa)太子(zi)⑥。太子(zi)，君嗣也，不可(ke)施刑(xing)，刑(xing)其傅公子(zi)虔，黔其师公孙(sun)贾⑦。明(ming)日，秦(qin)人(ren)皆趋令(ling)(ling)⑧。行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)年，秦(qin)民(min)大(da)说，道不拾(shi)遗，山无盗贼，家给(ji)人(ren)足。民(min)勇于(yu)公战(zhan)，怯于(yu)私斗(dou)，乡邑大(da)治。秦(qin)民(min)初言(yan)令(ling)(ling)不便者(zhe)有来言(yan)令(ling)(ling)便者(zhe)，卫鞅曰“此皆乱化之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)也”⑨，尽迁之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)边城。其后(hou)民(min)莫(mo)敢议(yi)令(ling)(ling)。

于(yu)是以鞅为大良造。将兵围魏安邑，降之(zhi)(zhi)。居三(san)年(nian)，作为筑冀阙宫庭于(yu)咸阳⑩，秦自雍徙都之(zhi)(zhi)。而令民(min)父(fu)子(zi)兄弟同室内息者(zhe)为禁。而集小(xiao)（都）乡(xiang)邑聚为县，置令、丞，凡三(san)十一县。为田开阡陌封疆，而赋(fu)税(shui)平。平斗(dou)桶权衡(heng)丈(zhang)尺(chi)。行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)四(si)年(nian)，公子(zi)虔复犯约，劓之(zhi)(zhi)。居五年(nian)，秦人富(fu)强，天子(zi)致胙于(yu)孝公（13），诸侯毕(bi)贺。

①具：准备就绪。②布：颁布，公布。③国都市南(nan)门：指都城后边市场南(nan)门。古代国都建制(zhi)：前朝(chao)，后市，左(zuo)祖、右社。④辄：就。金(jin)：古代货币单位。⑤期年(nian)：一(yi)整年(nian)。⑥法：处罚、治(zhi)罪。⑦黥：即墨刑。用(yong)刀(dao)在面额(e)上刺字，再涂以墨。⑧趋(qu)令(ling)：遵(zun)照(zhao)新法执(zhi)行。⑨乱化(hua)：扰乱教化(hua)。⑩冀(ji)阙(que)：古代宫庭外公布法令(ling)的(de)(de)门阙(que)。冀(ji)，记(ji)。出列教令(ling)，当记(ji)于门阙(que)。(11)阡(qian)陌：纵(zong)横交(jiao)错的(de)(de)田塍。南(nan)北叫阡(qian)，东西称陌。封：聚(ju)土作为标志。疆：划(hua)定疆界。(12)劓：古代割(ge)掉鼻子的(de)(de)刑罚。（13）致(zhi)胙：天子把祭祀用(yong)的(de)(de)肉赐给诸侯，表(biao)示荣宠的(de)(de)特殊礼遇(yu)。

其(qi)明(ming)年(nian)，齐(qi)(qi)败魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兵于马陵，虏(lu)其(qi)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)申，杀将(jiang)军宠涓①。其(qi)明(ming)年(nian)，卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)孝公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)：“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，譬(pi)若人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有腹心疾，非魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)并(bing)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)即并(bing)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。何者？魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)居(ju)领阨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西②，都安(an)邑③，与(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)界河而独擅山东(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利④。利则西侵秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，病(bing)则东(dong)(dong)收地(di)⑤。今(jin)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤圣，国赖以(yi)(yi)盛。而魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)往年(nian)大破(po)于齐(qi)(qi)，诸侯畔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)⑥，可(ke)因(yin)此时(shi)伐(fa)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)支(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，必(bi)东(dong)(dong)徙。东(dong)(dong)徙，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)据河山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固，东(dong)(dong)乡以(yi)(yi)制诸侯⑦，此帝王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业也。”孝公(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)然(ran)，使(shi)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)将(jiang)而伐(fa)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卬将(jiang)而击之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。军既相(xiang)距⑧，卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)遗魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)将(jiang)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卬书曰(yue)(yue)⑨：“吾始(shi)与(yu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)欢(huan)，今(jin)俱为(wei)两国将(jiang)，不(bu)(bu)忍相(xiang)攻(gong)，可(ke)与(yu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)面(mian)相(xiang)见，盟，乐饮而罢兵，以(yi)(yi)安(an)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。”魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卬以(yi)(yi)为(wei)然(ran)。会盟已，饮，而卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)伏(fu)甲士(shi)而袭虏(lu)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卬，因(yin)攻(gong)其(qi)军，尽破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)归(gui)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)惠王(wang)兵数(shu)破(po)于齐(qi)(qi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)⑩，国内空，日以(yi)(yi)削(xue)，恐(kong)，乃使(shi)使(shi)割河西之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)献(xian)于秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)(yi)和。而魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)遂(sui)去安(an)邑，徙都大梁。梁惠王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)：“寡人恨不(bu)(bu)用公(gong)(gong)叔座之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言也。”卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)既破(po)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)还，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)封之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於、商十五(wu)邑，号为(wei)商君(jun)。

①见卷(juan)五《秦(qin)本纪》、卷(juan)四十(shi)(shi)四《魏(wei)世家(jia)》、卷(juan)四十(shi)(shi)六(liu)《田敬(jing)仲完世家(jia)》、卷(juan)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)五《孙子吴起列(lie)传》。②领阨：山岭险要处。领，通(tong)“岭”。阨，通(tong)“隘”，狭隘，险要。③都安邑：建都安邑，亦即以安邑为(wei)(wei)都城。④界河：以黄河为(wei)(wei)界。⑤病：与(yu)上句“利”对举。⑥畔：通(tong)“叛”。⑦乡：同“向”。⑧相距：两(liang)军接近，尚(shang)未交战。距，通(tong)“拒”，抵(di)御。⑨遗：致送，赠(zeng)予。书：信。⑩数：屡次(ci)、频繁。三家(jia)分晋以后，河西之地属魏(wei)。

商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)十(shi)年(nian)，宗(zong)室贵(gui)戚多怨(yuan)望者(zhe)①。赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)(liang)见(jian)(jian)商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue)：“鞅(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得(de)见(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)，从孟兰皋②。今(jin)鞅(yang)(yang)请(qing)得(de)交(jiao)，可(ke)(ke)乎(hu)？”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)：“仆(pu)(pu)(pu)弗敢愿也(ye)(ye)。孔丘有言(yan)(yan)曰(yue)(yue)：‘推贤(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)戴(dai)者(zhe)进③，聚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)退(tui)。’仆(pu)(pu)(pu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖，故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢受命(ming)。仆(pu)(pu)(pu)闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)：‘非其(qi)(qi)位而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)贪位，非其(qi)(qi)名而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)贪名。’仆(pu)(pu)(pu)听(ting)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义，则(ze)恐仆(pu)(pu)(pu)贪位贪名也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢闻(wen)(wen)命(ming)。”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue)：“子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说吾治秦(qin)(qin)(qin)与(yu)？”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)：“反(fan)听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)聪④，内(nei)(nei)视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)明⑤，自胜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)强(qiang)⑥。虞舜有言(yan)(yan)曰(yue)(yue)：‘自卑也(ye)(ye)尚矣⑦。’君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)若(ruo)道(dao)虞舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)⑧，无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)问(wen)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)矣。”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue)：“始秦(qin)(qin)(qin)戎翟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)，父子(zi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)别，同室而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)居。今(jin)我(wo)(wo)更制其(qi)(qi)教(jiao)(jiao)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)男(nan)(nan)女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别，大筑冀阙，营如(ru)鲁卫矣。子(zi)观我(wo)(wo)治秦(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)，孰与(yu)五羖大夫(fu)贤(xian)⑨？”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)：“千羊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)一狐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)掖⑩；千人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诺诺，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)一士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谔(e)(e)谔(e)(e)。武(wu)王(wang)(wang)谔(e)(e)谔(e)(e)以(yi)(yi)昌(chang)，殷纣(zhou)墨墨以(yi)(yi)亡（13）。君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)非武(wu)王(wang)(wang)乎(hu)，则(ze)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)请(qing)终日正言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)诛（14），可(ke)(ke)乎(hu)？”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue)：“语有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣，貌言(yan)(yan)华也(ye)(ye)（15），至言(yan)(yan)实也(ye)(ye)（16），苦言(yan)(yan)药也(ye)(ye)（17），甘言(yan)(yan)疾也(ye)(ye)（18）。夫(fu)子(zi)果肯终日正言(yan)(yan)，鞅(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)药也(ye)(ye)。鞅(yang)(yang)将事子(zi)（19），子(zi)又(you)(you)何辞焉(yan)！”赵(zhao)(zhao)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)：“夫(fu)五羖大夫(fu)，荆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。闻(wen)(wen)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)缪(mou)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)愿望见(jian)(jian)，行而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)资，自粥于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)客(ke)（20），被褐食牛（21）。期年(nian)，缪(mou)公(gong)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，举之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)（22），秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)莫敢望焉(yan)。相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)六七年(nian)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)东(dong)伐郑（23），三置(zhi)晋国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)（24），一救荆国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸（25）。发教(jiao)(jiao)封内(nei)(nei)（26），而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)巴人(ren)致贡(gong)；施德诸侯，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)八(ba)戎来服（27）。由余闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（28），款关(guan)请(qing)见(jian)(jian)（29）。五羖大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)，劳不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)坐乘(cheng)，暑(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)张(zhang)盖，行于(yu)国(guo)(guo)中，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)从车乘(cheng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)操干戈，功(gong)名藏于(yu)府库，德行施于(yu)后(hou)世。五羖大夫(fu)死，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)男(nan)(nan)女流涕，童子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)歌谣，舂者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相杵（30）。此(ci)五羖大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)见(jian)(jian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)，因嬖人(ren)景监以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)主(zhu)（31），非所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)名也(ye)(ye)。相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)百姓为(wei)(wei)事，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)大筑冀阙，非所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)功(gong)也(ye)(ye)。刑黥(qing)太子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)师(shi)傅，残伤民(min)以(yi)(yi)骏刑（32），是(shi)积怨(yuan)畜祸也(ye)(ye)。教(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化民(min)也(ye)(ye)深(shen)于(yu)命(ming)，民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效上(shang)也(ye)(ye)捷(jie)于(yu)令（33）。今(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又(you)(you)左(zuo)建(jian)外易（34），非所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)也(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又(you)(you)南面而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)称(cheng)寡人(ren)（35），日绳秦(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贵(gui)公(gong)子(zi)（36）。《诗(shi)》曰(yue)(yue)：‘相鼠有体，人(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)礼，人(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)礼，何不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遄(chuan)死（37），以(yi)(yi)《诗(shi)》观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，非所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)寿(shou)也(ye)(ye)（38）。公(gong)子(zi)虔杜门不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出已八(ba)年(nian)矣，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又(you)(you)杀(sha)祝(zhu)欢(huan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)黥(qing)公(gong)孙(sun)贾。《诗(shi)》曰(yue)(yue)：‘得(de)人(ren)者(zhe)兴(xing)，失人(ren)者(zhe)崩(beng)。’（39）此(ci)数(shu)事者(zhe)，非所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)得(de)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出也(ye)(ye)，后(hou)车十(shi)数(shu)，从车载(zai)甲，多力(li)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)骈胁者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)骖乘(cheng)（40），持矛而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)操阘戟者(zhe)旁车而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)趋(qu)（41）。此(ci)一物不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出。《书》曰(yue)(yue)：‘恃(shi)德者(zhe)昌(chang)，恃(shi)力(li)者(zhe)亡。’（42）君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危若(ruo)朝露，尚将欲延年(nian)益寿(shou)乎(hu)？则(ze)何不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)归十(shi)五都，灌园于(yu)鄙(bi)(bi)（43），劝秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)显岩穴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士（44），养老存孤，敬父兄，序(xu)有功(gong)，尊(zun)有德，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)少安。君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)尚将贪商(shang)于(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富，宠秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)，畜百姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怨(yuan)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)一旦捐(juan)宾客(ke)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立朝（45），秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)收君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)者(zhe)（46），岂其(qi)(qi)微哉（47）？亡可(ke)(ke)翘足而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)待。”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)弗从。

①怨(yuan)(yuan)望：怨(yuan)(yuan)恨(hen)。望，埋怨(yuan)(yuan)责备(bei)。②从孟兰(lan)皋：经(jing)由(you)(you)孟兰(lan)皋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介绍(shao)。③戴(dai)者(zhe)：指(zhi)善于(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)理(li)政(zheng)事(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)受(shou)到百(bai)(bai)姓爱(ai)戴(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。④反听(ting)：能够接受(shou)别人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意见(jian)。⑤内视：自(zi)我(wo)(wo)省察(cha)。⑥自(zi)胜：自(zi)我(wo)(wo)克制。⑦自(zi)卑(bei)：谦(qian)虚，卑(bei)下自(zi)守。尚(shang)：尊重(zhong)。⑧前(qian)一(yi)“道”为(wei)(wei)(wei)遵循。后(hou)一(yi)道为(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)张、道理(li)。⑨这一(yi)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)，我(wo)(wo)和五(wu)羖大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)，谁更(geng)贤(xian)能。孰(shu)与(yu)(yu)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)较，与(yu)(yu)……比(bi)(bi)(bi)，哪个(ge)……。五(wu)羖（ｇǔ，股）大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)：即(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)名相百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。原为(wei)(wei)(wei)虞国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)灭(mie)虞，被晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)俘(fu)虏，随秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即(ji)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)夷吾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姐姐随嫁到秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，后(hou)逃(tao)离秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)宛地(di)(di)被楚(chu)(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)捉获。穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)闻(wen)(wen)其(qi)贤(xian)，就用(yong)(yong)五(wu)张黑色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊皮(pi)(pi)把他赎回，与(yu)(yu)谈三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)日，穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)悦，“授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)”。这与(yu)(yu)下文(wen)(wen)赵良所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)云(yun)颇不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》参(can)(can)见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)六十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)《老子(zi)韩非列传(chuan)》原文(wen)(wen)“伊尹(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)庖，百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)虏”段关于(yu)(yu)(yu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注文(wen)(wen)。⑩掖：同(tong)(tong)“腋”。胳(ge)肢窝。诺(nuo)诺(nuo)：答应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)，有(you)顺从、附(fu)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。谔(e)谔(e)：直言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)样子(zi)。（13）这两(liang)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，武王(wang)(wang)(wang)让大(da)(da)(da)臣们直言(yan)(yan)谏诤，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)就昌盛；纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)臣们不(bu)(bu)敢提(ti)意见(jian)，因(yin)而(er)(er)灭(mie)亡(wang)。墨墨：通(tong)“默默”。不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)，无(wu)声(sheng)息(xi)(xi)。（14）诛：责怪。（15）貌言(yan)(yan)华：表(biao)面上(shang)(shang)动(dong)听(ting)而(er)(er)实际虚浮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话。（16）至言(yan)(yan)：真实的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话。(17)苦言(yan)(yan)：逆耳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话。（18）甘(gan)言(yan)(yan)：献(xian)媚奉承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话。（19）事(shi)(shi)：师事(shi)(shi)。（20）粥（ｙù，育）：通(tong)“鬻”。卖。（21）被：同(tong)(tong)“披”。穿。食：给……吃。（22）加：凌驾。百(bai)(bai)姓：指(zhi)贵族(zu)。（23）东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐郑(zheng)：据(ju)《左(zuo)传(chuan)》载，鲁(lu)(lu)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，驻(zhu)军于(yu)(yu)(yu)郑(zheng)而(er)(er)代郑(zheng)设防(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)杞子(zi)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)送回信息(xi)(xi)，说(shuo)(shuo)郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)让他负责掌管北门(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)锁(suo)钥(yao)，如果秘密派军前(qian)来(lai)，郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就可以(yi)(yi)(yi)得到了(le)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召五(wu)羖大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)孟明(ming)等(deng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)东(dong)(dong)(dong)袭郑(zheng)。其(qi)事(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)至孟明(ming)等(deng)到了(le)滑国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，发(fa)现郑(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)(yi)有(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)防(fang)备(bei)，怕“攻(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)克，围之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)继”，就灭(mie)滑而(er)(er)还。按这次秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)“东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐郑(zheng)”，《左(zuo)传(chuan)》不(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)，只(zhi)载当(dang)初被百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)推(tui)荐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蹇(jian)叔(shu)曾谏穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)要“劳师以(yi)(yi)(yi)袭远(yuan)”。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)纪》述及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)与(yu)(yu)蹇(jian)叔(shu)哭送出师事(shi)(shi)，卷(juan)(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》、卷(juan)(juan)(juan)四十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)《郑(zheng)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》则(ze)未(wei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)事(shi)(shi)。（24）三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)置晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)：卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)纪》载，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)651），晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去(qu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)，发(fa)生里(li)(li)(li)(li)克之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱，流亡(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)夷吾“使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)请秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，求入晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)”，“穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)许之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)将兵(bing)送夷吾归(gui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)质的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)圉(yu)听(ting)说(shuo)(shuo)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)病，怕晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)去(qu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)他仍被留在(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，而(er)(er)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)“更(geng)立他子(zi)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逃(tao)离秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)归(gui)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。转(zhuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去(qu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)（《春(chun)秋》在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，《左(zuo)传(chuan)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）子(zi)圉(yu)立为(wei)(wei)(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，后(hou)谥为(wei)(wei)(wei)怀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)怨(yuan)(yuan)恨(hen)圉(yu)逃(tao)跑归(gui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迎送当(dang)时(shi)流亡(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)位(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)重(zhong)耳归(gui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，此(ci)(ci)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)636）事(shi)(shi)。参(can)(can)见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》、《左(zuo)传(chuan)》“僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”。（25）一(yi)救(jiu)荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸：当(dang)指(zhi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)。据(ju)《左(zuo)传(chuan)》载，鲁(lu)(lu)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)亦(yi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，即(ji)前(qian)633年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）冬，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)成王(wang)(wang)(wang)与(yu)(yu)陈、蔡、郑(zheng)等(deng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)围宋(song)(song)，宋(song)(song)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)到晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)告急(ji)。转(zhuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春(chun)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)先轸谋与(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、齐(qi)(qi)结成抗楚(chu)(chu)(chu)联盟，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)派其(qi)子(zi)甯(ning)（ｎìｎｇ，佞）率师参(can)(can)战(zhan)。夏四月晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、宋(song)(song)、齐(qi)(qi)、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)抗楚(chu)(chu)(chu)盟军大(da)(da)(da)败楚(chu)(chu)(chu)师于(yu)(yu)(yu)城濮，从而(er)(er)保卫了(le)宋(song)(song)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，制止了(le)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北侵。荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，即(ji)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。救(jiu)荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸，即(ji)救(jiu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)伐宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸。参(can)(can)见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》。又(you)《索(suo)隐》谓救(jiu)荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸“朝(chao)(chao)周(zhou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)”。此(ci)(ci)说(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)无(wu)根据(ju)，盖此(ci)(ci)战(zhan)结束(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、齐(qi)(qi)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、宋(song)(song)成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、蔡庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)盟践，以(yi)(yi)(yi)尊周(zhou)室。见(jian)《左(zuo)传(chuan)·僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》。按晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)大(da)(da)(da)败楚(chu)(chu)(chu)师，似与(yu)(yu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)并(bing)无(wu)多大(da)(da)(da)关系，此(ci)(ci)战(zhan)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)名将先轸在(zai)(zai)(zai)起作用(yong)(yong)。又(you)，由(you)(you)初置晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)经(jing)“一(yi)救(jiu)荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，到“东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐郑(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，其(qi)间有(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久，与(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)“相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)六七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”不(bu)(bu)合。又(you)，梁玉绳《史记志疑》云(yun)：“奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)相，未(wei)知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)何年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。”卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)纪》载：秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)羖羊皮(pi)(pi)”赎百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)事(shi)(shi)（前(qian)655），穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)(yu)“语三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)日”，大(da)(da)(da)悦，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)”。据(ju)此(ci)(ci)，百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，大(da)(da)(da)概就在(zai)(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)吧。当(dang)时(shi)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)“年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已(yi)(yi)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)”。由(you)(you)“年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已(yi)(yi)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)”而(er)(er)“授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到“东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐郑(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，则(ze)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)当(dang)已(yi)(yi)近百(bai)(bai)岁，甚或已(yi)(yi)逾百(bai)(bai)岁。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)，判断赵良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否合于(yu)(yu)(yu)史实，太史公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记述是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否确(que)凿，百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)龄因(yin)素(su)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)容忽视的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。（26）发(fa)教：施行德(de)化(hua)。封内：境内。（27）八(ba)戎：泛指(zhi)诸(zhu)戎部(bu)族(zu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)。（28）由(you)(you)余(yu)闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)纪》载，由(you)(you)余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)原系晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)，他会说(shuo)(shuo)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)话。我(wo)(wo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)“闻(wen)(wen)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)贤(xian)，故使(shi)由(you)(you)余(yu)观(guan)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”。后(hou)由(you)(you)余(yu)降秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，“穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)客礼(li)礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，问伐戎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形”。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)623），“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用(yong)(yong)由(you)(you)余(yu)谋伐戎王(wang)(wang)(wang)，益国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)，开地(di)(di)千里(li)(li)(li)(li)，遂霸西戎”。上(shang)(shang)句(ju)“八(ba)戎来(lai)服”，盖指(zhi)此(ci)(ci)。（29）款关：叩关，即(ji)入关求见(jian)。款，叩，敲。（30）相杵：捣米时(shi)发(fa)出相应(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼(hu)声(sheng)。（31）嬖：宠爱(ai)，宠幸。主(zhu)：荐主(zhu)，保举的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。（32）骏刑(xing)：严峻(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)罚。骏，通(tong)“峻(jun)(jun)”。（33）以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)，教化(hua)百(bai)(bai)姓比(bi)(bi)(bi)命令更(geng)深入人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)，百(bai)(bai)姓模仿上(shang)(shang)边(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行为(wei)(wei)(wei)比(bi)(bi)(bi)命令更(geng)迅速。（34）左(zuo)建(jian)外易：违情背理(li)地(di)(di)建(jian)立权(quan)威，改变法制。左(zuo)，失正。外，失中(zhong)。（35）南(nan)面：古代君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)坐北朝(chao)(chao)南(nan)。寡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谦(qian)称。指(zhi)商(shang)鞅被封商(shang)於之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)，号(hao)商(shang)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。（36）绳：约束(shu)，纠正。引申(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)逼迫。（37）以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)四句(ju)诗(shi)出自(zi)《诗(shi)经(jing)·鄘(yong)风·相鼠》第三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)章。遄，快，迅速。（38）为(wei)(wei)(wei)寿：敬酒，致(zhi)礼(li)。此(ci)(ci)引申(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)褒扬，恭(gong)维。（39）以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)句(ju)诗(shi)，《诗(shi)经(jing)》未(wei)载。可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逸(yi)诗(shi)。（40）骈胁(xie)：肌肉壮健，不(bu)(bu)显胁(xie)骨。骖乘：乘车时(shi)居于(yu)(yu)(yu)右者(zhe)，即(ji)陪乘。多指(zhi)警卫人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)员。（41）阘（ｘī，希）：长戟。旁：同(tong)(tong)“傍(bang)”。依傍(bang)，靠(kao)近。（42）《书》曰二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)句(ju)；《尚(shang)书》里(li)(li)(li)(li)没有(you)。《索(suo)隐》谓此(ci)(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《周(zhou)书》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)，孔子(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)删(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)。（43）鄙(bi)：边(bian)邑。此(ci)(ci)指(zhi)偏(pian)远(yuan)僻静的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方。（44）显：显扬。引申(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)用(yong)(yong)。岩穴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)：隐居山林的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)能之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)。（45）捐宾客：舍弃宾客。这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对死亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委婉(wan)说(shuo)(shuo)法。（46）收：逮(dai)捕(bu)，拘(ju)压。(47)微：少。

后(hou)五月而秦(qin)孝公卒(zu)，太子(zi)立。公子(zi)虔之(zhi)徒告商(shang)(shang)君(jun)欲反，发吏捕商(shang)(shang)君(jun)。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)亡至关下，欲舍客(ke)(ke)舍①。客(ke)(ke)人(ren)不知其是(shi)商(shang)(shang)君(jun)也②，曰(yue)：“商(shang)(shang)君(jun)之(zhi)法(fa)，舍人(ren)无(wu)验(yan)者坐(zuo)之(zhi)③。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)喟然叹曰(yue)：“嗟乎，为法(fa)之(zhi)敝一至此哉(zai)④！”去之(zhi)魏(wei)。魏(wei)人(ren)怨其欺(qi)公子(zi)卬而破魏(wei)师，弗受。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)欲之(zhi)他国。魏(wei)人(ren)曰(yue)：“商(shang)(shang)君(jun)，秦(qin)之(zhi)贼(zei)。秦(qin)强而贼(zei)入(ru)魏(wei)，弗归，不可”。遂(sui)(sui)内秦(qin)⑤。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)既复入(ru)秦(qin)，走(zou)商(shang)(shang)邑，与其徒属发邑兵北(bei)出击郑⑥。秦(qin)发兵攻商(shang)(shang)君(jun)，杀之(zhi)于郑黾(min)池⑦。秦(qin)惠王车(che)裂商(shang)(shang)君(jun)以徇(xun)⑧，曰(yue)：“莫如商(shang)(shang)鞅反者！”遂(sui)(sui)灭商(shang)(shang)君(jun)之(zhi)家。

①舍(she)：住。后一“舍(she)”为旅店。②客人(ren)(ren)：旅店主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)。③舍(she)人(ren)(ren)：住店的(de)人(ren)(ren)。验(yan)：凭(ping)证。路(lu)引一类的(de)身份证件。坐之：即(ji)店主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)与住店的(de)人(ren)(ren)一起判罪(zui)。④敝：通“弊(bi)”。弊(bi)病，害处。⑤内：同“纳(na)”。交纳(na)。⑥徒属(shu)：封邑中的(de)部属(shu)。⑦卷十五《六(liu)国年表》谓(wei)商君死彤地。⑧车(che)裂(lie)：古代酷(ku)刑，以车(che)撕裂(lie)人(ren)(ren)体(ti)。俗叫五马分尸。徇：示众(zhong)。

太史公曰：商君(jun)，其(qi)天资刻薄人也①。迹其(qi)欲干孝公以(yi)帝王术②，挟持浮说，非其(qi)质矣(yi)。且所因由嬖臣(chen)，及(ji)得用，刑公子虔(qian)，欺魏将卬，不师赵良之言，亦足发(fa)明商君(jun)之少恩(en)矣(yi)③。余尝读商君(jun)开塞(sai)耕战(zhan)书，与(yu)其(qi)人行事相类。卒受恶名(ming)于(yu)秦，有以(yi)也夫④！

①天资：天性。刻薄：残忍少恩。②迹：考察，追究。干：求取，这里是游说的意思。③发明：证明，说明。④有以：有缘故，有因由。

上一篇：史记·苏秦列传原文、注释与翻译

下一篇：史记·仲尼弟子列传原文、注释与翻译