卷一 曲礼上第一
礼记
○陆德明《音义》曰(yue):“此记二礼之遗阙,故名《礼记》。”
[疏]正义(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue):夫(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di);理人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)伦(lun),本其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)未(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)运(yun)(yun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“夫(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)必(bi)本於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)未(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),理也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)与天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)俱(ju)兴,故(gu)(gu)(gu)昭二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)《左传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》称晏子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)久矣(yi),与天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)并(bing)(bing)。”但(dan)(dan)于(yu)时(shi)质略,物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)自(zi)然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)尊(zun)卑(bei),若(ruo)羊羔(gao)跪(gui)乳,鸿雁(yan)飞有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)行(xing)列(lie),岂由(you)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)哉!是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)才(cai)既(ji)(ji)判,尊(zun)卑(bei)自(zi)然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。但(dan)(dan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)初分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),即(ji)应(ying)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)君(jun)臣治国。但(dan)(dan)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)绵远,无(wu)文(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《易(yi)纬(wei)(wei)·通(tong)卦验》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先,与乾曜(yao)合(he)元,君(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)期,辅有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)名(ming)(ming)。”注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing),王(wang)亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)期。辅有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)名(ming)(ming),公、卿、大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)始(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)握(wo)机矩”,注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)谓(wei)(wei)遂人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),在(zai)(zai)(zai)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)前(qian)(qian),始(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。矩,法(fa)(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)持斗(dou)(dou)机运(yun)(yun)转之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa),指天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)施(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。”既(ji)(ji)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“始(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)卑(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。持斗(dou)(dou)星以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)施(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即(ji)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)纬(wei)(wei)·斗(dou)(dou)威仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“宫(gong)主君(jun),商(shang)主臣,角主父,徵主子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),羽主夫(fu),少宫(gong)主妇,少商(shang)主政(zheng)(zheng)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)北(bei)斗(dou)(dou)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)。七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)迹所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)兴也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)康(kang)(kang)成(cheng)(cheng)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“《易(yi)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),阴阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)变化,政(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),自(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)初起(qi)。”人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)即(ji)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。既(ji)(ji)政(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)初起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),历(li)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)代(dai)(dai),至(zhi)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。”然(ran)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),《易(yi)》道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)既(ji)(ji)彰,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)弥著。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)谯周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)《古(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)考》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)火(huo)德(de)(de)王(wang),造作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)钻燧出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)火(huo),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民(min)熟食(shi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)大(da)(da)(da)(da)悦(yue),号曰(yue)(yue)遂人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。次有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)姓,乃至(zhi)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi),制(zhi)嫁娶,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)俪皮为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)琴瑟(se)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)。”又(you)(you)《帝(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)世(shi)(shi)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“燧人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没(mei),包(bao)牺(xi)(xi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)嫁娶嘉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)始(shi)(shi)(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。但(dan)(dan)《古(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)考》遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)至(zhi)于(yu)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi),唯经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)姓;《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“历(li)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)”,其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)同,未(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)孰(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。或(huo)(huo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)姓而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《广(guang)雅》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“一(yi)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)万(wan)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)年(nian)。”方(fang)叔机注《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)头纪(ji)(ji)(ji)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)龙(long)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)、摄提纪(ji)(ji)(ji)、合(he)洛(luo)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)、连通(tong)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)、序(xu)命(ming)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)、凡(fan)(fan)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)头一(yi),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)龙(long)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),摄提七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),含洛(luo)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),连通(tong)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),序(xu)命(ming)四(si)(si),凡(fan)(fan)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”但(dan)(dan)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)及(ji)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),年(nian)代(dai)(dai)参差,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)一(yi),纬(wei)(wei)候(hou)纷纭(yun),各(ge)相(xiang)乖背,且复烦而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)无(wu)用(yong)(yong),今(jin)并(bing)(bing)略之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),唯据(ju)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)及(ji)《帝(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)世(shi)(shi)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)说(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《易(yi)·系(xi)辞》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“包(bao)牺(xi)(xi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没(mei),神(shen)(shen)(shen)农(nong)(nong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。”案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《帝(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)世(shi)(shi)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun),伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)女娲氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),亦风姓也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。女娲氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没(mei),“次有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)庭(ting)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、柏皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中央氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、栗陆氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、骊连氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、赫胥(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、尊(zun)卢氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、浑沌氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、昊英氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)巢氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、朱(zhu)襄(xiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、葛天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阴康(kang)(kang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、无(wu)怀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),凡(fan)(fan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)代(dai)(dai),皆袭伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)号”。然(ran)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)庭(ting)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)农(nong)(nong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别(bie)号。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《封禅书(shu)(shu)》无(wu)怀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian),今(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《世(shi)(shi)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)未(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)(ke)信用(yong)(yong)。《世(shi)(shi)纪(ji)(ji)(ji)》又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“神(shen)(shen)(shen)农(nong)(nong)始(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)种穀(gu)(gu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)号曰(yue)(yue)神(shen)(shen)(shen)农(nong)(nong)。”案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)运(yun)(yun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“夫(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,始(shi)(shi)(shi)诸饮食(shi),燔(fan)黍捭豚,蕢(kui)桴而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)土鼓。”又(you)(you)《明(ming)堂(tang)位(wei)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“土鼓苇(wei)籥,伊耆(qi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)。”又(you)(you)《郊特牲》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“伊耆(qi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蜡。”蜡即(ji)田祭,与种穀(gu)(gu)相(xiang)协,土鼓苇(wei)籥又(you)(you)与蕢(kui)桴土鼓相(xiang)当(dang)(dang)(dang),故(gu)(gu)(gu)熊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):伊耆(qi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)农(nong)(nong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。既(ji)(ji)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)始(shi)(shi)(shi)诸饮食(shi),致敬鬼神(shen)(shen)(shen),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)祭祀(si)吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)农(nong)(nong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)(you)《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)与蚩尢战於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)涿鹿”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)军(jun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《易(yi)·系(xi)辞》“黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”章云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“古(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)葬诸中野”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)凶礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)(you)《论(lun)(lun)语(yu)撰考》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“轩知(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)利,九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)牧(mu)倡(chang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。”既(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牧(mu),当(dang)(dang)(dang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)朝(chao)聘,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宾(bin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)然(ran),自(zi)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)至(zhi)黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di),吉、凶、宾(bin)、军(jun)、嘉五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)始(shi)(shi)(shi)具。皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)起(qi),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)一(yi),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名(ming)(ming)起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)”,其(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);其(qi)(qi)(qi)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名(ming)(ming)起(qi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)”,其(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)乖也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。且遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian),《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)运(yun)(yun)》“燔(fan)黍捭豚”在(zai)(zai)(zai)伏(fu)(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),何(he)得(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祭祀(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)遂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)?其(qi)(qi)(qi)唐尧,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《舜(shun)典(dian)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“修五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”,郑(zheng)(zheng)康(kang)(kang)成(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公、侯、伯、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、男之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)命(ming)伯夷“典(dian)朕三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen),亦见经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《舜(shun)典(dian)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“类于(yu)上(shang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)姓如丧(sang)考妣”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)凶礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“群(qun)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)四(si)(si)朝(chao)”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)宾(bin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“舜(shun)征有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)苗”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)军(jun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“嫔于(yu)虞(yu)”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)嘉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)舜(shun)时(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)具备。直云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“典(dian)朕三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),据(ju)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、地(di)(di)与人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)实事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)唯吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)(qi)(qi)馀四(si)(si)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)并(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兼(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《论(lun)(lun)语(yu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“殷因(yin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夏(xia)(xia)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”,“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)因(yin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)殷礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》总陈虞(yu)、夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)、周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虞(yu)、夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)、周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)当(dang)(dang)(dang)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。郑(zheng)(zheng)康(kang)(kang)成(cheng)(cheng)注《大(da)(da)(da)(da)宗(zong)伯》,唯云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)唐虞(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),至(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但(dan)(dan)书(shu)(shu)篇(pian)散(san)亡(wang),夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)绝(jue)灭,无(wu)文(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),故(gu)(gu)(gu)据(ju)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耳(er)。武王(wang)没(mei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)幼弱,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摄政(zheng)(zheng),六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)致太(tai)平(ping),述文(wen)(wen)武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)《洛(luo)诰(gao)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“考朕招(zhao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)刑,及(ji)单(dan)文(wen)(wen)祖德(de)(de)。”又(you)(you)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·明(ming)堂(tang)位(wei)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公摄政(zheng)(zheng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian),制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐(le),颁度(du)量(liang)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)。但(dan)(dan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》、《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)序(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),体(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。统之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin)曰(yue)(yue)体(ti)(ti),践而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。”郑(zheng)(zheng)知(zhi)(zhi)然(ran)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)器(qi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),体(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《祭义(yi)(yi)(yi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》既(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)释,故(gu)(gu)(gu)郑(zheng)(zheng)依而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)虽合(he)训体(ti)(ti)、履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)体(ti)(ti),《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),故(gu)(gu)(gu)郑(zheng)(zheng)序(xu)又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“然(ran)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)虽混同为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),至(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)并(bing)(bing)立俱(ju)陈,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)曰(yue)(yue)此(ci)(ci)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),此(ci)(ci)曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。或(huo)(huo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)此(ci)(ci)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),此(ci)(ci)威仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》、《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)体(ti)(ti)、履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别(bie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)体(ti)(ti)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)立治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本,统之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)体(ti)(ti),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)齐正於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物,故(gu)(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)体(ti)(ti)。贺玚(yang)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“其(qi)(qi)(qi)体(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物体(ti)(ti),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)物贵贱高(gao)下(xia)小(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)文(wen)(wen)质各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)体(ti)(ti)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)曰(yue)(yue)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)体(ti)(ti),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制(zhi)法(fa)(fa),体(ti)(ti)此(ci)(ci)万(wan)物,使高(gao)下(xia)贵贱各(ge)得(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)宜也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》但(dan)(dan)明(ming)体(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)行(xing)践履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),物唯万(wan)体(ti)(ti),皆同一(yi)履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)无(wu)两(liang)义(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。于(yu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)备,故(gu)(gu)(gu)《论(lun)(lun)语(yu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)监於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)代(dai)(dai),郁(yu)郁(yu)乎文(wen)(wen)哉!吾从周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)既(ji)(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)用(yong)(yong),何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“失(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)德(de)(de),失(shi)(shi)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)仁(ren)(ren),失(shi)(shi)仁(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)义(yi)(yi)(yi),失(shi)(shi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忠(zhong)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薄(bo),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华,争愚(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)”。故(gu)(gu)(gu)先师准纬(wei)(wei)候(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)行(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)行(xing)德(de)(de),茸荃行(xing)仁(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霸行(xing)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。若(ruo)失(shi)(shi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),岂周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)康(kang)(kang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)?所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)同者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》盛言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)质素之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、无(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)静默之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)此(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浮薄(bo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)施(shi),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抑浮薄(bo),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“忠(zhong)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薄(bo)”。且圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王(wang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、德(de)(de)、仁(ren)(ren)、义(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),并(bing)(bing)蕴于(yu)心(xin),但(dan)(dan)量(liang)时(shi)设教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、德(de)(de)、仁(ren)(ren)、义(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),须(xu)用(yong)(yong)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)行(xing),岂可(ke)(ke)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),全无(wu)仁(ren)(ren)、义(yi)(yi)(yi)、礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?殷周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),全无(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、德(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》意有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)主,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)据(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)难经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。既(ji)(ji)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)体(ti)(ti),其(qi)(qi)(qi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》见於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)籍(ji),其(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)异者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),见有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)处(chu)。案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《孝经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)说(shuo)(shuo)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”,一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)器(qi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《中庸(yong)(yong)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”,三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《春(chun)秋说(shuo)(shuo)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”,四(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)说(shuo)(shuo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)正经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)(wai)题》谓(wei)(wei)‘为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》’,六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)·艺(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)志》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)”,七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),故(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)俱(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》。《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),举其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)数而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别(bie),亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)处(chu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)。一(yi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《孝经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)说(shuo)(shuo)》、《春(chun)秋》及(ji)《中庸(yong)(yong)》并(bing)(bing)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“威仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)”,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)器(qi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“《曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)”,三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)说(shuo)(shuo)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“动(dong)仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)”,四(si)(si)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)谓(wei)(wei)“为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》”,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)·艺(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)志》谓(wei)(wei)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“古(gu)(gu)(gu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”。凡(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)处(chu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming),称谓(wei)(wei)并(bing)(bing)承三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),故(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)即(ji)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别(bie),其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)委曲,条数繁广(guang),故(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。非(fei)谓(wei)(wei)篇(pian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian),但(dan)(dan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殊别(bie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)条耳(er)。或(huo)(huo)一(yi)篇(pian)一(yi)卷,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)数条之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。今(jin)行(xing)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),唯十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)篇(pian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已。故(gu)(gu)(gu)《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)·艺(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)志》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“汉(han)(han)(han)初,高(gao)堂(tang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)篇(pian)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。至(zhi)武帝(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi),河间献(xian)(xian)王(wang)得(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian),献(xian)(xian)王(wang)献(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。又(you)(you)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)得(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)壁(bi)中古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》,凡(fan)(fan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)篇(pian)与高(gao)堂(tang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)同而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)字(zi)多异,其(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)篇(pian)外(wai)(wai)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)逸礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)体(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)末(mo),贤(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)郑(zheng)(zheng)序(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“体(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng),履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贤(xian)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。既(ji)(ji)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)重者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)宗(zong)伯序(xu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang);《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)末(mo),故(gu)(gu)(gu)轻(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》先冠、昏,后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)丧(sang)、祭。故(gu)(gu)(gu)郑(zheng)(zheng)序(xu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)或(huo)(huo)施(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上(shang),或(huo)(huo)循而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)下(xia)。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》,《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》壁(bi)中所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)得(de)(de)(de)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)。”《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)河间献(xian)(xian)王(wang)开献(xian)(xian)书(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu),得(de)(de)(de)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian),失(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)《冬官(guan)(guan)(guan)》一(yi)篇(pian),乃购千(qian)(qian)(qian)金不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de),取《考工记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)补其(qi)(qi)(qi)阙(que)。《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)得(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian),《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)得(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)同,未(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)孰(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)孔(kong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。但(dan)(dan)正《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》残缺,无(wu)复能(neng)明(ming),故(gu)(gu)(gu)范(fan)武子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)识殽烝,赵鞅及(ji)鲁君(jun)谓(wei)(wei)《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》。至(zhi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)没(mei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)共(gong)撰所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)闻,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)《记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》。或(huo)(huo)录(lu)旧(jiu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)(yi),或(huo)(huo)录(lu)变礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you),或(huo)(huo)兼(jian)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)体(ti)(ti)履(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),或(huo)(huo)杂序(xu)得(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)编(bian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)录(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《中庸(yong)(yong)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思伋所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),《缁衣》公孙(sun)尼子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)撰。郑(zheng)(zheng)康(kang)(kang)成(cheng)(cheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):《月令》,吕不(bu)(bu)韦所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)修。卢植云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):《王(wang)制(zhi)》,谓(wei)(wei)汉(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)时(shi)博士(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)录(lu)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)馀众篇(pian),皆如此(ci)(ci)例,但(dan)(dan)未(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)尽知(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》、《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu),自(zi)汉(han)(han)(han)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)授。郑(zheng)(zheng)君(jun)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)·艺(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)志》、《儒(ru)(ru)林传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun),传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)家(jia),唯高(gao)堂(tang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)德(de)(de)、戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)圣(sheng)名(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)(zai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)(you)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)《儒(ru)(ru)林传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“汉(han)(han)(han)兴,高(gao)堂(tang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)篇(pian),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)鲁徐(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)善(shan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)。孝文(wen)(wen)时(shi),徐(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容(rong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)官(guan)(guan)(guan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)。瑕丘(qiu)萧奋以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)至(zhi)淮阳太(tai)守(shou)。孟(meng)卿,东(dong)海(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)萧奋,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)授戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)德(de)(de)、戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)圣(sheng)。”《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),熊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)高(gao)堂(tang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、萧奋、孟(meng)卿、后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)仓及(ji)戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)德(de)(de)、戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)圣(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”此(ci)(ci)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)皆《仪(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)论(lun)(lun)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“今(jin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)德(de)(de)、戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)圣(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)德(de)(de)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)《记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)圣(sheng)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)篇(pian)”,则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)此(ci)(ci)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《儒(ru)(ru)林传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“大(da)(da)(da)(da)戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)授琅邪徐(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),小(xiao)戴(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)授梁人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)桥仁(ren)(ren)字(zi)季卿、杨(yang)荣字(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孙(sun)。仁(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)鸿胪,家(jia)世(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)业。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan)(guan)(guan)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),始(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)深恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)孝武帝(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi),始(shi)(shi)(shi)开献(xian)(xian)书(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu),既(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)山岩屋(wu)壁(bi),复入(ru)秘府,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)莫(mo)得(de)(de)(de)见焉(yan)。至(zhi)孝成(cheng)(cheng)时(shi),通(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)刘歆校理秘书(shu)(shu),始(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)(de)列(lie)序(xu),著于(yu)录(lu)略。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)众儒(ru)(ru)排弃,歆独识之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),知(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公致太(tai)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。河南缑(gou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)杜子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)春(chun),永平(ping)时(shi)初能(neng)通(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)读(du),郑(zheng)(zheng)众、贾逵往(wang)授业焉(yan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)马融(rong)、郑(zheng)(zheng)玄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng),各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)授,不(bu)(bu)复繁言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
陆曰:“本或作(zuo)《曲礼(li)》,上者,后人加也,《檀弓》、《杂记》放此(ci)。《曲礼(li)》者,是《仪(yi)礼(li)》之(zhi)旧名,委曲说礼(li)之(zhi)事(shi)。”
[疏]正义曰(yue):案郑(zheng)(zheng)《目(mu)录(lu)(lu)》云(yun)(yun):“名(ming)曰(yue)《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》者,以(yi)其(qi)(qi)篇(pian)(pian)记(ji)(ji)五礼(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。祭祀(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。丧(sang)荒去(qu)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),凶(xiong)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。致贡(gong)朝(chao)会(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),宾(bin)(bin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。兵车旌鸿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),军(jun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。事(shi)长(zhang)(zhang)敬老、执贽纳(na)女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),嘉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)於(wu)《别(bie)录(lu)(lu)》属(shu)《制度》。”案郑(zheng)(zheng)此(ci)说(shuo),则(ze)此(ci)《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》篇(pian)(pian)中(zhong)有含(han)五礼(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义。是(shi)以(yi)经云(yun)(yun)“祷祠祭祀(si)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),当吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“送丧(sang)不由径(jing)”,“岁凶(xiong),年(nian)穀不登”,又(you)云(yun)(yun)“大夫(fu)士(shi)去(qu)国(guo)”,如(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,是(shi)丧(sang)荒去(qu)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),当凶(xiong)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“五官(guan)致贡(gong)曰(yue)享”,“天子当宁而(er)立曰(yue)朝(chao)”,“相(xiang)见(jian)於(wu)郤地曰(yue)会(hui)”,如(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,是(shi)致贡(gong)朝(chao)会(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),当宾(bin)(bin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“兵车不式”,“前有水,则(ze)载青旌”,如(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,是(shi)兵车旌鸿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),当军(jun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“侍坐於(wu)长(zhang)(zhang)者”,“故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)君(jun)子式黄发”,“妇人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贽,椇(ju)榛(zhen)枣栗(li)”,“纳(na)女於(wu)天子”,如(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,是(shi)事(shi)长(zhang)(zhang)敬老、执贽纳(na)女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo),当嘉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。必知执贽当妇人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贽者,以(yi)其(qi)(qi)《士(shi)相(xiang)见(jian)》,郑(zheng)(zheng)《目(mu)录(lu)(lu)》以(yi)士(shi)执贽为(wei)(wei)(wei)宾(bin)(bin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)篇(pian)(pian)既含(han)五礼(li)(li)(li)(li),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)篇(pian)(pian)名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》。《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)《仪(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》,其(qi)(qi)事(shi)是(shi)一。以(yi)其(qi)(qi)屈曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)行事(shi),则(ze)曰(yue)《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》;见(jian)於(wu)威仪(yi),则(ze)曰(yue)《仪(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》。但曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)仪(yi)相(xiang)对(dui)。《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》统(tong)心为(wei)(wei)(wei)号若(ruo),若(ruo)总而(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》亦(yi)有曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)名(ming),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)《艺文(wen)志》云(yun)(yun):“帝王为(wei)(wei)(wei)政,世有损益,至周曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)防,事(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)曰(yue),经礼(li)(li)(li)(li)三百,威仪(yi)三千(qian)。”是(shi)二(er)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)互而(er)相(xiang)通(tong),皆有曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)称也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“上”者,对(dui)下(xia)生(sheng)名(ming)。本以(yi)语多,简(jian)策重大,分为(wei)(wei)(wei)上下(xia),更无义也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“第一”者,《小尔雅》云(yun)(yun):“第,次也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”吕(lv)靖云(yun)(yun):“一者,数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始。”《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)》者,一部之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大名(ming)。《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》者,当篇(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小目(mu)。既题《曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》於(wu)上,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)著(zhu)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)》於(wu)下(xia),以(yi)配注(zhu)耳。郑(zheng)(zheng)氏者,姓郑(zheng)(zheng)名(ming)玄,字(zi)康(kang)成(cheng),北海(hai)高密(mi)县人(ren),前汉仆(pu)射郑(zheng)(zheng)崇八世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孙也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。后(hou)汉徵为(wei)(wei)(wei)大司农,年(nian)七十四(si)乃卒。然(ran)郑(zheng)(zheng)亦(yi)附卢、马之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本而(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)。注(zhu)者,即解(jie)书之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。但释义之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),多称为(wei)(wei)(wei)传(chuan)。传(chuan)谓传(chuan)述为(wei)(wei)(wei)义,或亲承圣(sheng)旨,或师(shi)儒相(xiang)传(chuan),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)传(chuan)。今谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)者,谦也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),不敢传(chuan)授,直注(zhu)己(ji)意而(er)己(ji)。若(ruo)然(ran),则(ze)传(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)注(zhu),各出己(ji)情。皇氏以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)自汉以(yi)前为(wei)(wei)(wei)传(chuan),自汉以(yi)后(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)注(zhu)。然(ran)王肃在郑(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),何以(yi)亦(yi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传(chuan)?其(qi)(qi)义非也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
《曲礼》曰:“毋不敬,礼主於敬。
○陆曰:“毋音无。《说文》云:‘止之词,其字从女,内有一画,象有奸之形,禁止之勿令奸。古人云毋,犹今人言莫也。’案‘毋’字与父母字不同,俗本多乱,读者皆朱点‘母’字以作‘无’音,非也。后放此。疑者,特复音之。”俨若思,俨,矜庄貌,人之坐思,貌必俨然。
○严,鱼检反,本亦作俨,同,矜庄貌。思如字,徐息嗣反。矜,君冰反。安定辞。审言语也。《易》曰:“言语者,君子之枢机。”
○枢,昌朱反。安民哉!此上三句可以安民,说《曲礼》者(zhe),美之云耳(er)。
[疏]正义曰:此一节明人君立治之本,先当肃心谨身,慎口之事。
○“《曲礼》曰”者,案下文“安民哉”,是为君上所行,故记人引《仪礼》正经“毋不敬”以下三句而为实验也。
○“毋不敬”者,人君行礼无有不敬,行五礼皆须敬也。“俨若思”者,俨,矜庄貌也。若,如也。思,计虑也。夫人计虑,状必端悫。今明人君矜庄之貌,如人之思也。
○“安定辞”者,安定,审也。辞,言语也。人君出言,必当虑之於心,然后宣之於口,是详审於言语也。
○“安民哉”者,但人君发举,不离口与身心,既心能肃敬,身乃矜庄,口复审慎,三者依於德义,则政教可以安民也。云“哉”者,记人美此三句者也。
○注“礼主於敬”。
○正义曰:《孝经》云:“礼者敬而已矣。”是也。又案郑《目录》云“《曲礼》之中,体含五礼”,今云“《曲礼》曰:毋不敬”,则五礼皆须敬,故郑云:“礼主於敬。”然五礼皆以拜为敬礼,则祭极敬、主人拜尸之类,是吉礼须敬也。拜而后稽颡之类,是凶礼须敬也。主人拜迎宾之类,是宾礼须敬也。军中之拜肃拜之类,是军礼须敬也。冠昏饮酒,皆有宾主拜答之类,是嘉礼须敬也。兵车不式,乘玉路不式,郑云“大事不崇曲敬者”,谓敬天神及军之大事,故不崇曲小之敬。熊氏以为唯此不敬者,恐义不然也。既云“《曲礼》曰”,“是引《仪礼》正经,若引“《春秋》曰”、“《诗》曰”之类。所引者若《冠礼》戒辞云“寿考惟祺,介尔景福”之等,今不见者,或在三千散亡之中也。
○注“俨矜”至“俨然”。
○正义曰:经唯云“俨若思”,不云“坐”,郑必知“坐思”者,案《大学》云:“定而后能静,静而后能安,安而后能虑。”虑即思,故知思必当坐也。
○注“审言”至“枢机”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):《论语》云(yun):“驷不及舌。”故(gu)审言(yan)(yan)语也(ye)。“《易》曰(yue)”者,《易·系辞》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)也(ye),故(gu)彼(bi)云(yun):“君子出(chu)其言(yan)(yan)善,则千里(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),况其迩者乎(hu)!出(chu)其言(yan)(yan)不善,则千里(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外违之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),况其迩者乎(hu)!言(yan)(yan)行(xing)者,君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)枢(shu)(shu)机。”郑(zheng)注:“枢(shu)(shu)谓(wei)户枢(shu)(shu),机谓(wei)弩(nu)(nu)牙,户枢(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发,或明或闇;弩(nu)(nu)牙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发,或中或否,以喻君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或荣(rong)或辱。”引之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,证(zheng)审言(yan)(yan)语之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。彼(bi)为“言(yan)(yan)行(xing)”,郑(zheng)云(yun)“言(yan)(yan)语”者,既证(zheng)经(jing)辞,无取於行(xing),故(gu)变文(wen)(wen)为语也(ye)。
敖不可长,欲不可从,志不可满,乐不可极。四者慢游之道,桀、纣所以自祸。
○敖,五报反(fan)(fan),慢也;王(wang)肃五高反(fan)(fan),遨游也。长,丁丈(zhang)反(fan)(fan),卢植、马融、王(wang)肃并(bing)直良(liang)反(fan)(fan)。欲如字,一音(yin)喻。从,足用反(fan)(fan),放纵也。乐音(yin)洛,皇侃音(yin)岳,极如字,皇纪(ji)力反(fan)(fan)。桀,其列反(fan)(fan),夏之末(mo)主(zhu)(zhu),名癸。纣,直丑反(fan)(fan),殷之末(mo)主(zhu)(zhu),名辛。
[疏]“敖不”至“可极”。
○正义曰:此一节承上人君敬慎之道,此亦据人君恭谨节俭之事,故郑引桀、纣以证之。
○“敖不可长”者,敖者矜慢在心之名,长者行敖著迹之称。夫矜我慢物,中人不免,若有心而无迹,则於物无伤;若迹著而行用,则侵虐为甚。倾国亡家,必由乎此,故戒不可长。
○“欲不可从”者,心所贪爱为欲,则“饮食男女,人之大欲存焉”是也。人皆有欲,但不得从之也。
○“志不可满”者,六情遍睹在心未见为志。凡人各有志意,但不得自满,故《六韬》云:“器满则倾,志满则覆。”
○“乐不可极”者,乐者天子宫县以下,皆得有乐,但主欢心,人情所不能已,当自抑止,不可极为,故《乐记》云:“乐盈而反,以反为文。”
○注“四者”至“自祸”。
○正义曰:案《尚书》、《史(shi)记》说纣(zhou)恶(e)(e)甚多,不(bu)可(ke)具载。皇氏云:“斮朝涉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胫,剖贤人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,是(shi)长敖也(ye)(ye)。糟丘酒池(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,是(shi)从欲也(ye)(ye)。玉杯象箸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,是(shi)志满也(ye)(ye)。靡(mi)靡(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le),是(shi)乐(le)极也(ye)(ye)。桀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为恶(e)(e),唯有民队(dui)涂炭,淫於妹嬉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),虽(sui)史(shi)传不(bu)言(yan)四事(shi),亦应俱有四者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶(e)(e),故纣(zhou)焚宣室,桀放南巢,但‘天作(zuo)孽,犹可(ke)违(wei),自(zi)(zi)作(zuo)孽,不(bu)可(ke)逭’,桀、纣(zhou)皆自(zi)(zi)身为恶(e)(e),以(yi)致灭亡,故云‘自(zi)(zi)祸’也(ye)(ye)。”
贤者狎而敬之,狎,习也,近也,谓附而近之,习其所行也。《月令》曰:“虽有贵戚近习。”
○狎,户甲反。近,附近之近,下注内不出者皆同。傶音戚,本亦作戚。畏而爱之。心服曰畏。曾子曰:“吾先子之所畏。”爱而知其恶,憎而知其善。谓凡与人交,不可以己心之爱憎,诬人之善恶。
○诬音无,后并同。积而能散,谓已有蓄积,见贫穷者,则当能散以周救之,若宋乐氏。
○蓄,敕六反。周音周。乐音岳,谓宋司城乐喜。安安而能迁。谓已今安此之安,图后有害,则当能迁。晋咎犯与姜氏醉重耳而行,近之。
○害如字,本亦作难,乃旦反。咎,其九反。重,直尨反。临财毋苟得,为伤廉也。
○为,于伪反,下“为伤”、“为近”皆同。临难毋苟免。为伤义也。
○难,乃旦反。很毋求胜,分毋求多。为伤平也。很,阋也,谓争讼也。《诗》云:“兄弟阋於墙。”
○很,胡恳反。胜,舒证反。分,扶问反。阋,呼历反,犹斗也。争,争斗之争,下文皆同。疑事毋质,质,成也。彼已俱疑,而已成言之,终不然,则伤知。
○知音智。直而勿(wu)有。直,正也。已若不(bu)疑(yi),则当称(cheng)师友而正之,谦也。
[疏]“贤者”至“勿有”。
○正义曰:此一节总明爱敬安危忠信之事,各随文解之。
○“贤者狎而敬之”者,贤是有德成之称,狎谓近也,习也。贤者身有道艺,朋类见贤思齐焉,必须附而近之,习其德艺,侪伦易相亵慢,故戒令相敬也。
○注“狎习”至“近习”。
○正义曰:引《月令》者,案《月令》仲冬之月,禁戒妇功,不得奢慢。贵戚谓王之姑姊妹。近习谓王之所亲幸嫔御之属。言近习者,王附而近之,习其色。引之者,证贤者附而近之,习其道艺。连引贵戚,於义无所当也。
○“畏而爱之”。
○正义曰:贤者有其德行,人皆心服畏之。既有所畏,必当爱其德义,不可疏之。
○注“心服”至“所畏”。
○正义曰:引“曾子曰:吾先子之所畏”者,《孟子》云:“或问曾西曰:‘吾子与子路孰贤?’曾西蹴然曰:‘吾先子之所畏也。’”先子谓祖曾参,不在四科,
○而子路入四科,故曾参心服子路。引之者,证经“畏”是心服之义。
○“爱而知其恶,憎而知其善”。正义曰:爱谓己所亲幸,憎谓己所嫌慢。人多爱而不知其恶,憎而不知其善,故记人戒之云,凡人虽爱,必当知其心怀恶行。崔氏云:“若石碏知子厚是也。心虽憎疾,亦当知其善能。若祁奚知其解狐是也。若然,乃可审知人之贤愚。”
○“积而能散”。正义曰:凡人贪啬,皆好积而不好散。今谓已有蓄积,能赈乏周无,则是仁惠也。
○注“谓已”至“乐氏”。
○正义曰:引宋乐氏者,案襄二十九年《左传》云,郑国饥,子皮贷民粟,户一钟。乐氏者,宋司城官,姓乐,名喜,字子罕。宋亦饥,乐喜请於平公云:“邻於善,民之望。”请贷民粟,并使诸大夫亦贷之。今不引郑罕氏而引宋乐氏者,郑罕氏施而敛之,宋乐氏施而不敛,故晋叔向闻之曰:“郑之罕,宋之乐,施而不德,乐氏加焉。”熊氏云:“礼,家施不及国,大夫不收公利,二家皆非也。”今郑为能散者,直取一边能散之义是同,不据家施非礼之事。郑不言“是”而言“若”者,但礼与诸经事实是一,惟文字不同,郑则言“是”。若《檀弓》云:“诸侯伐秦,曹桓公卒於会。”郑注引《春秋传》云:“曹伯庐卒於师是也。”以其一事,故云“是”也。此礼本不为乐氏而作,但事类相似,引以为证,故云“若”也。
○“安安而能迁”。
○正义曰:上安据心,下安据处。凡人多居危如安,故记人戒之云,谓已心安於此所处之安,当图谋於后有害以否。若后当有害,必须早迁,则离害也。
○注“谓已”至“近之”。
○正义曰:晋舅犯者,案《左传》僖二十三年,晋重耳自翟之齐,齐桓公妻之,有马二十乘,重耳心安於齐,不欲归晋。从者重耳之舅,字子犯,“谋於桑下。蚕妾在其上,以告姜氏。姜氏杀之,而谓公子曰:‘子有四方之志,其闻之者,吾杀之矣。’公子曰:‘无之。’姜氏曰:‘行也,怀与安,实败名。’公子不可,姜氏与子犯谋,醉而遣之。醒,以戈逐子犯。”至秦,秦伯纳之,卒为霸主。是“安安而能迁”之事。郑不云“是”,又不云“若”,而言“近之”者,安安能迁,亦不为重耳而作,不得云“是”,迁又非重耳之意,不得云“若”,故云“近之”也。
○“临财毋苟得”。
○正义曰:财利,人之所贪,非义而取谓之苟得。故记人戒之,今有财利,元非两人之物,两人俱临而求之,若苟得入已,则伤廉隅,故郑云:“为伤廉也。”
○“临难毋苟免”。
○正义曰:难谓有寇仇谋害君父,为人臣子,当致身授命以救之。故记人戒之云,若君父有难,臣子若苟且免身而不斗,则陷君父於危亡,故云“毋苟免”。见义不为,无勇也,故郑云:“为伤义也。”
○“很毋求胜,分毋求多”。
○正义曰:很谓小小阋很。凡人所争,皆欲求胜。故记人戒之云,而有小小阋很,当引过归已,不可求胜。
○“分毋求多”者,此元是众人之物,当共分之,人皆贪欲,望多入已。故记人戒之云,所分之物毋得求多也。
○注“为伤”至“於墙”。
○正义曰:所引《诗》者,是《小雅·常棣》,闵管蔡失道之诗也。彼云:“兄弟阋於墙,外御其侮。”引之者,证经很亦是小小阋很之事,若大很则当报之,故《论语》孔子云“以直报怨”是也。
○“疑事毋质”。
○正义曰:人多专固,未知而为已知。故戒之云,彼已俱疑,而来问已。质,成也。若已亦疑,则无得成言之;若成言疑事,后为贤人所讥,则伤已智也。故孔子戒子路云“不知为不知”也。
○“直而勿有”。
○正义(yi)曰:此(ci)谓彼(bi)疑(yi)(yi)已(yi)不(bu)疑(yi)(yi)者,仍须谦退。直,正也(ye)。彼(bi)有疑(yi)(yi)事而(er)来问已(yi),已(yi)若不(bu)疑(yi)(yi)而(er)答之,则当(dang)称师友(you)所说以正之,勿为巳(si)有此(ci)义(yi)也(ye)。
若夫,言若欲为丈夫也。《春秋传》曰:“是谓我非夫。
○夫,方于反,丈夫也。坐如尸,视貌正。立如齐。磬且听也。齐谓祭祀时。
○齐,侧皆反,本亦作斋,音同,注同。礼从宜,事不可常也。晋士匄帅师侵齐,闻齐侯卒,乃还,《春秋》善之。
○丐本亦作匄,音盖。还音旋,后放此。使从俗。亦事不可常也。牲币之属,则当从俗所出。《礼器》曰:“天不生,地不养,君子不以为礼,鬼神不飨。”
○使,色吏(li)反。币,徐扶世反。飨(xiang),许两反。
[疏]“若夫”至“从俗”。
○正义曰:此一节论为丈夫之法,当“坐如尸”以下四行并备,乃可立身,各依文解之。
○“若夫”者,凡人若为丈夫之法,必当如下所陈,故目丈夫於上,下乃论其行以结之。
○注“言若”至“非夫”。
○正义曰:案《左传》宣十二年邲之战,楚侵郑、晋救之。及河,闻郑既及楚平,中军将荀林父欲还,不济。上军将士会曰:“善。”中军佐先穀曰:“不可,成师以出,闻敌强而退,非夫也。”又哀十一年,齐伐鲁,鲁武叔初不欲战,为冉求所非。武叔曰:“是谓我不成丈夫也。”退而蒐乘。二传之言,当是先縠之辞也。彼无“是谓我”,郑君足之也。
○“坐如尸”者,尸居神位,坐必矜庄。言人虽不为尸,若所在坐法,必当如尸之坐,故郑云“视貌正”也。
○“立如齐”者,人之倚立,多慢不恭,故戒之云,倚立之时虽不齐,亦当如祭前之齐,必须磬折屈身。
○注“磬且”至“祀时”。
○正义曰:“磬且听”,案《士虞礼》云:“无尸者,主人哭,出复位,祝阖牖户,如食间。”是祭时主人有听法。云“磬”者,谓屈身如磬之折杀。案《考工记》云:“磬氏为磬,倨句一矩有半。”郑云:“必先度一矩为句,一矩为股,而求其弦。既而以一矩有半触其弦,则磬之倨句也。”是磬之折杀,其形必曲。人之倚立,亦当然也。又云“齐谓祭祀时”者,凡齐皆在祭前,自整齐之名,并於適寝之中,坐而无立。今云“立如齐”者,齐有立者,但祭前有齐,所以自整齐也,则祭日神前亦当齐,则斋者是先后通称。此言“立如斋”,非祭前坐斋,故郑云:“斋谓祭祀时也。”若然,此立谓侍尊者之时,故《玉藻》云“凡侍於君,绅垂,足如履斋,视下听上”是也。
○“礼从宜”者,皇氏云:“上二事,丈夫为俨恪之仪。此下二事,丈夫为君出使之法。”义或然也。“礼从宜”者,谓人臣奉命出使征伐之礼,虽奉命出征,梱外之事,将军裁之,知可而进,知难而退,前事不可准定,贵从当时之宜也。
○注“事不”至“善之”。
○正义曰:案《春秋》襄十九年,“齐侯还卒,晋士匄帅师侵齐,至穀,闻齐侯卒,乃还。”《公羊》云:“还者何?善辞也。何善尔?大其不伐丧也。此受命於君而伐齐,则何大其不伐丧也?大夫以君命出使,进退在大夫也。”
○“使从俗”者,使谓臣为君出聘之法,皆出土俗牲币以为享礼,土俗若无,不可境外求物,故云“使从俗”也。皇氏云:“上‘礼从宜’,与此‘使从俗’,互而相通,皆是以礼而使。”义或然也。
○注“亦事”至“不飨”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):“牲币之(zhi)(zhi)属,当从俗所(suo)出”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)若(ruo)《郊特牲》及《聘(pin)礼(li)》,朝聘(pin)皆有(you)皮(pi)马龟金竹箭(jian)璧帛之(zhi)(zhi)等,有(you)则致之(zhi)(zhi),无则已,故云“不(bu)可常也”。“《礼(li)器》曰(yue)(yue):天不(bu)生”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)天不(bu)以四时而生,若(ruo)李梅冬实。“地不(bu)养”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)居(ju)山以鱼(yu)鳖,居(ju)泽以鹿(lu)豕。“君子不(bu)以为(wei)(wei)礼(li)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)天不(bu)生地不(bu)养之(zhi)(zhi)等,君子不(bu)将为(wei)(wei)飨礼(li)。“鬼神(shen)不(bu)飨”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言君子不(bu)以为(wei)(wei)礼(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),祇由鬼神(shen)不(bu)歆飨此非(fei)常之(zhi)(zhi)物,明鬼神(shen)依人(ren)也。
夫礼者,所以定亲疏,决嫌疑,别同异,明是非也。礼不妄说人,为近佞媚也。君子说之不以其道,则不说也。
○夫音扶,凡发语之端皆然,后放此。疏,所居反,或作疏。决,徐古穴反。嫌,户恬反。别,彼列反,下注、下文同。说音悦,又始悦反,注同。伎,乃定反,口才曰佞。媚,眉忌反,意向曰媚。不辞费。为伤信,君子先行其言而后从之。
○辞,本又作词,同;《说文》以词为言词之字;辞,不受也,后皆放此。费,芳味反,言而不行为辞费。礼不逾节,不侵侮,不好狎。为伤敬也。人则习近为好狎。
○侮,徐云抚反,轻慢也。好,呼报反,注同。脩身践言,谓之善行。践,履也,言履而行之。
○行,下孟反,下“行脩”同。行脩言道,礼之质也。言道,言合於道。质犹本也,礼为之文饰耳。礼闻取於人,不闻取人。谓君人者。取於人,谓高尚其道。取人,谓制服其身。
○取於(wu),旧七树反,谓趣就师(shi)求(qiu)道(dao)也;皇如(ru)字,谓取师(shi)之道(dao)。取人(ren)如(ru)字,谓制师(shi)使(shi)从已。礼闻来学,不闻往教。尊(zun)道(dao)艺(yi)。
[疏]“夫礼”至“往教”。
○正义曰:此一节总明治身立行,交接得否,皆由於礼,故以礼为目,各随文解之。
○“夫礼者,所以定亲疏”者,五服之内,大功已上服粗者为亲,小功已下服精者为疏,故《周礼》小史掌定系世,辨昭穆也。
○“决嫌疑”者,若妾为女君期,女君为妾若报之则太重,降之则有舅姑为妇之嫌,故全不服,是决嫌疑者,孔子之丧,门人疑所服。子贡曰:“昔者夫子丧颜回,若丧子而无服。丧子路亦然,请丧夫子,若丧父而无服。”是决疑也。
○“别同异”者,贺玚云:“本同今异,姑姊妹是也。本异今同,世母叔母及子妇是也。”
○“明是非也”者,得礼为是,失礼为非,若主人未敛,子游裼裘而吊,得礼,是也。曾子袭裘而吊,失礼,非也。但嫌疑同异是非之属,在礼甚众,各举一事为证。而皇氏具引,今亦略之。
○“礼不妄说人”者,礼动不虚,若说人之德,则爵之。问人之寒,则衣之。若无爵无衣,则为妄说,近於佞媚也。
○注“君子”至“说也”。
○正义曰:此《论语》文。孔子曰:“君子说之不以其道,则不说也。”不以其道说之,是妄说,故君子不说也,引证经礼不妄说人之事。
○“不辞费者”。正义曰:凡为人之道,当言行相副,今直有言而无行,为辞费。
○“礼不”至“好狎”。
○礼者所以辨尊卑,别等级,使上不逼下,下不僣上,故云礼不逾越节度也。“不侵侮”者,礼主於敬,自卑而尊人,故戒之不得侵犯侮慢於人也。
○“不好狎”者,贤者当狎而敬之,若直近而习之,不加於敬,则是好狎,故郑云“习近为好狎”也。
○“行脩”至“质也”。
○凡为礼之法,皆以忠信仁义为本,礼以文饰。“行脩”者,忠信之行脩。“言道”者,言合於仁义之道。“质”,本也,则可与礼为本也。
○“礼闻取於人,不闻取人”者,熊氏以为此谓人君在上招贤之礼,当用贤人德行,不得虚致其身。“礼闻取於人”者,谓礼之所闻,既招致有贤之人,当於身上取於德行,用为政教,不闻直取贤人,授之以位,制服而已,故郑云“谓君人者”。皇氏以为人君取师受学之法,“取於人”,谓自到师门,取其道艺。
○“礼闻来学,不闻往教”。
○“礼闻(wen)来学(xue)”者,凡学(xue)之(zhi)法,当就其师,处北(bei)面伏膺(ying)。“不闻(wen)往教”者,不可以屈(qu)师亲来就己,故郑云“尊道艺”也。
道德仁义,非礼不成。教训正俗,非礼不备。分争辨讼,非礼不决。君臣、上下、父子、兄弟,非礼不定。宦学事师,非礼不亲。班朝治军,涖官行法,非礼威严不行。祷祠祭祀,供给鬼神,非礼不诚不庄。分、辨,皆别也。官,仕也。班,次也。涖,临也。庄,敬也。学或为御。
○辨,皮勉反,徐方勉反。上下,上谓公卿,下谓大夫、士。宧音患。朝,直遥反。涖,本亦作莅,徐音利,沈力二反,又力位反。祷,丁老反,郑云:“求福曰祷。”祠音词,求得曰祠。共音恭,本或作供。庄,侧良反,徐侧亮反。学或为御,郑此注为见他本也,后放此。是以君子恭敬撙节退让以明礼。撙犹趋也。
○撙,祖本反。趋,士俱反,就也,向也。鹦鹉能言,不离飞鸟。猩猩能言,不离禽兽。今人而无礼,虽能言,不亦禽兽之心乎?夫唯禽兽无礼,故父子聚麀。聚犹共也。鹿牝曰麀。
○婴,本(ben)或作鹦,厄(e)耕反。母,本(ben)或作鹉(wu),同,音(yin)武(wu),诸葛(ge)恪茂后反。离,力智反,下(xia)同。狌(sheng),本(ben)又作猩(xing),音(yin)生。禽(qin)(qin)兽(shou),卢本(ben)作走兽(shou)。麀音(yin)忧(you),牝鹿也。牝,频忍反,徐扶(fu)尽反,旧扶(fu)允反。是故圣人作为礼(li)以教(jiao)人,使人以有礼(li),知(zhi)自别於禽(qin)(qin)兽(shou)。
[疏]“道德”至“禽兽”。
○正义曰:此一节明礼为诸事之本。言人能有礼,然可异於禽兽也。
○“道德仁义,非礼不成”者,道者通物之名,德者得理之称,仁是施恩及物,义是裁断合宜,言人欲行四,事不用礼无由得成,故云“非礼不成”也。道德为万事之本,仁义为群行之大,故举此四者为用礼之主,则馀行须礼可知也。道是通物,德是理物,理物由於开通,是德从道生,故道在德上。此经道谓才艺,德谓善行,故郑注《周礼》云:“道多才艺,德能躬行,非是《老子》之道德也。”熊氏云:“此是《老子》‘失道而后德,失德而后仁,失仁而后义’。今谓道德,大而言之则包罗万事,小而言之则人之才艺善行。无问大小,皆须礼以行之,是礼为道德之具,故云‘非礼不成’。然人之才艺善行得为道德者,以身有才艺,事得开通,身有美善,於理为得,故称道德也。”
○“教训正俗,非礼不备”者,熊氏云:“教谓教人师法,训谓训说义理,以此教训,正其风俗,非得其礼,不能备具,故云‘非礼不备’。但教之与训,小异大同。”“分争辨讼,非礼不决”者,《周礼·司寇》“以两造禁民讼”,又云“以两剂禁民狱”,故郑云:“争罪曰狱,争财曰讼。”则万事通名。故《左传》云“凡有血气,皆有争心”,又云“锥刀之末,将尽争之”是也。此“争财曰讼”,对文异耳,散则通名。故《左传》云“卫侯与元咺讼”,是争罪亦曰讼也。
○“君臣、上下、父子、兄弟,非礼不定”者,上谓公卿大夫,下谓士也。君父南面,臣子北面,公卿大夫则列位於上,士则列位於下,兄前弟后,唯礼能定也。《白虎通》云:“君,群也,群下之所归心也。臣,坚也,厉志自坚也。父,矩也,以法度教子也。子,孳也,孳孳无已也。兄,况也,况父法也。弟,悌也,心顺行笃也。”“官学事师,非礼不亲”者,熊氏云:“官谓学仕官之事,学谓习学六艺,此二者俱是事师,非礼不亲。”《左传》宣二年,赵盾见灵辄饿,问之,云:“官三年矣。”服虔云:“官,学也。”是学职事为官也。
○“班朝治军,涖官行法,非礼威严不行”者,班,次也;朝,朝廷也;次,谓司士正朝仪之位次也;治军,谓师旅卒伍各正其部分也;涖,临也;官,谓卿、大夫、士各有职掌;行法,谓司寇士师明刑法也。皆用礼,威严乃行也。“祷祠祭祀,供给鬼神,非礼不诚不庄”者,《周礼·都宗人》云:“国有大故,则令祷祠。”郑注云:“祠谓报塞。”又《小宗伯》注云:“求福曰祷,得求曰祠。”熊氏云:“祭祀者,国家常礼。牲币之属,以供给鬼神,唯有礼乃能诚敬。”
○“是以君子恭敬撙节退让以明礼”者,君子是有德有爵之通称,王肃云:“君上位,子下民。”又康成注《少仪》云:“君子,卿大夫若有异德者。”凡礼有深疑,则举君子以正之。恭敬者,何胤云:“在貌为恭,在心为敬。”何之所说,从多举也。夫貌多心少为恭,心多貌少为敬,所以知者,《书》云“奉先思孝,接下思恭”,又云“貌曰恭”,又《少仪》云“宾客主恭,祭祀主敬”,《论语》云“巧言令色足恭”,又云“至於犬马,皆能有养,不敬何以别乎”,又《孝经说》“君父同敬,为母不同敬”。以此诸文言之,凡称敬多为尊,故知貌多为恭,心多为敬也。又通而言之,则恭敬是一。《左传》云:“敬恭父命。”《士昏礼》云:“敬恭听宗父母之言。”《孝经》云:“恭敬安亲。”此并恭敬连言,明是一也。撙者,趋也。节,法度也。言恒趋於法度。“退让以明礼”者,应进而迁曰退,应受而推曰让。“以明礼”者,既道德仁义已下,并须礼以成,故君子之身行恭敬,趋法度,及退让之事,以明礼也。
○“猩猩”至“禽兽”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):《尔雅》云(yun):“猩(xing)猩(xing)小(xiao)而(er)(er)(er)好(hao)啼。”郭注《山海经(jing)(jing)》云(yun):“人面豕身(shen),能言(yan)语,今(jin)交阯封(feng)谿(qi)县出猩(xing)猩(xing),状如(ru)獾犭屯,声似(si)小(xiao)儿啼。”今(jin)案,禽(qin)(qin)(qin)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)之名(ming),经(jing)(jing)记不同。《尔雅》云(yun):“二足(zu)而(er)(er)(er)羽谓(wei)(wei)之禽(qin)(qin)(qin),四足(zu)而(er)(er)(er)毛谓(wei)(wei)之兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。”今(jin)鹦鹉是羽曰(yue)(yue)禽(qin)(qin)(qin),猩(xing)猩(xing)四足(zu)而(er)(er)(er)毛,正可是兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。今(jin)并(bing)云(yun)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)者,凡语有通(tong)别(bie)(bie),别(bie)(bie)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之,羽则(ze)曰(yue)(yue)禽(qin)(qin)(qin),毛则(ze)曰(yue)(yue)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)然(ran)者,禽(qin)(qin)(qin)者,擒也(ye),言(yan)鸟力小(xiao)可擒捉而(er)(er)(er)取之;兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)者,守也(ye),言(yan)其力多,不易(yi)可擒,先须(xu)围守,然(ran)后乃获(huo),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)也(ye)。通(tong)而(er)(er)(er)为说,鸟不可曰(yue)(yue)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)亦(yi)可曰(yue)(yue)禽(qin)(qin)(qin),故(gu)鹦鹉不曰(yue)(yue)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),而(er)(er)(er)猩(xing)猩(xing)通(tong)曰(yue)(yue)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)。故(gu)《易(yi)》云(yun):“王用三驱,失前禽(qin)(qin)(qin)。”则(ze)驱走者亦(yi)曰(yue)(yue)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)。又(you)《周(zhou)礼·司马职(zhi)》云(yun):“大兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)公之,小(xiao)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)私之。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)此而(er)(er)(er)言(yan),则(ze)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)未(wei)必皆鸟也(ye)。又(you)康成注《周(zhou)礼》云(yun):“凡鸟兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)未(wei)孕曰(yue)(yue)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)。”《周(zhou)礼》又(you)云(yun):“以(yi)(yi)(yi)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)作六挚,卿(qing)羔,大夫(fu)雁(yan)。”《白(bai)虎通(tong)》云(yun):“禽(qin)(qin)(qin)者,鸟兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)之总名(ming)。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)此诸经(jing)(jing)证(zheng)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)名(ming)通(tong)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)其小(xiao)兽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)可擒,故(gu)得通(tong)名(ming)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)。
太上贵德,太上,帝皇之世,其民施而不惟报。
○大音泰,注同;大上谓三皇五帝之世。施,始豉反,下同。其次务施报。茸荃之世,礼始兴焉。礼尚往来,往而不来,非礼也;来而不往,亦非礼也。人有礼则安,无礼则危,故曰,礼者不可不学也。夫礼者,自卑而尊人,虽负贩者,必有尊也,而况富贵乎?负贩者尤轻恌志利,宜若无礼然。
○贩,方万反。佻,吐彫反。富贵而知好礼,则不骄不淫;贫贱而知好礼,则志不慑。慑犹怯惑。
○好,呼报(bao)反(fan),下(xia)同(tong)。慑,之涉反(fan)。怯,丘劫反(fan),何胤云:“惮所行为怯。”
[疏]“太上”至“不慑”。
○正义曰:此一节明世变道殊,所贵有异,虽负贩者,必须有礼,各随文解之。
○“太上贵德”者,大上谓三皇五帝之世也。其时犹淳厚其德,不尚往来之礼,所贵者在於有德,故曰“贵德”也。德主务施其事,但施而不希其反也。皇是三皇,帝是五帝,不云皇帝者,恐是一事不分,故郑升“帝”於“皇”上,以殊异代矣。然五帝虽有三礼五玉陟方朝会,而犹是揖让,故上同三皇,是以《礼运》注谓五帝为大道之时也。熊氏云:“三皇称皇者,皆行合天皇之星。”故《诗纬·含神雾》宋均注云:“北极天皇大帝,其精生人。”然则称皇者,皆得天皇之气也。郑玄意则以伏牺、女娲、神农为三皇,故注《中候·数省图》引《运斗枢》:“伏牺、女娲、神农为三皇也。”然宋均注《援神契》引《甄耀度》数燧人、伏牺、神农为三皇,谯周《古史考》亦然。《白虎通》取伏牺、神农、祝融为三皇,孔安国则以伏牺、神农、黄帝为三皇,并与郑不同。此皆无所据,其言非也。郑数伏牺、女娲、神农,非谓其人身自相接,其间代之王多矣。《六艺论》云:“燧人至伏牺一百八十七代。”宋均注《文耀钩》云:“女娲以下至神农七十二姓。”谯周以为伏牺以次有三姓始至女娲,女娲之后五十姓至神农,神农至炎帝一百三十三姓。是不当身相接。谯周以神农炎帝为别人,又以神农为木德,女娲为水德,皆非郑义也。其五帝者,郑注《中候·敕省图》云:“德合五帝坐星者称帝,则黄帝、金天氏、高阳氏、高辛氏、陶唐氏、有虞氏”是也。实六人而称五者,以其俱合五帝坐星也。五帝所以称帝者,《坤灵图》云:“德配天地,在正不在私,称之曰帝。”茸荃称王者,庄三年《穀梁传》曰:“其曰王者,人所归往也。”散而言之,则三皇亦称帝,则《月令》云“其帝太昊”是也。五帝亦称皇,则《吕刑》云“皇帝清问下民”是也。至茸荃德劣,不得上同於天,唯称王而已。此云“太上贵德”,郑云“帝皇之世”,则帝皇以上皆行德也。所以《中候·握河纪》云:“皇道帝德,非朕所事。”是三皇行道,五帝行德,不同者但德由道生,道为其本,故道优於德。散而言之,德亦是道,故总云“贵德”。既三皇行道,五帝行德,以次推之,则茸荃行仁,五霸行义。五帝虽行德,亦能有仁,故《大学》云“尧舜率天下以仁”是也。案《老子》云:“道常无名。”河上公云:“能生天地人,则当大《易》之气也。”《道德经》云:“上德不德。”其德稍劣於常道,则三皇之世,法大《易》之道行之也。然则可行之道,则伏牺画八卦之属是也,三皇所行者也。“下德不失德”,河上公云:“下德谓号谥之君。”则五帝所行者也。但三皇则道多德少,五帝则道少德多,此皆熊氏之说也。今谓道者开通济物之名,万物由之而有,生之不为功,有之不自伐,虚无寂莫,随物推移,则天地所生,微妙不测。圣人能同天地之性,其爱养如此,谓之为道。此则常道,人行大道也。其如此善行为心,於已为得,虽不矜伐,意恒为善,谓之为德,此则劣於道也。既能推恩济养,恻隐矜恤於物,谓之为仁,又劣於德。若其以仁招物,物不从已,征伐刑戮,使人服从,谓之为义,又劣於仁。以义服从,恐其叛散,以礼制约,苟相羁縻,是之谓礼,又劣於义。此是人情小礼,非大礼也。圣人之身,俱包五事,遇可道行道,可德行德,可仁行仁,可义行义,皆随时应物,其实诸事并有,非是有道德之时无仁义,有仁义之时无道德也。此道德以大言之,则天地圣人之功也。以小言之,则凡人之行也。故郑注《同礼》云:“道多才艺,德能躬行。”谓於一人之上,亦能开通,亦於已为德。以此言之,则《周礼》三德六德及《皋陶》九德,及《洪范》三德,诸经传道德皆有分域,小大殊名,不足怪也。
○注“其民施而不惟报”。
○正义曰:惟,思也。世既贵德,但有施惠而不思求报也。
○“其次务施报”。
○正义曰:“其次”谓茸荃之世也。“务”犹事也。茸荃之世,独亲其亲,独子其子,货力为己,施则望报,以为恒事,故云“务施报”。
○“礼尚往来”者,言茸荃之世,其礼主尚往来。
○“贫贱而知好礼,则志不慑”者,慑,怯也,惑也。贫者之容,好怯惑畏人,使心志不遂,若知礼者,则持礼而行之,故志不慑怯,是以於负贩之中,必有所尊也。
○注“慑犹怯惑”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):何胤云:“惮(dan)所(suo)行为怯,迷於事为惑。”义(yi)或当然。
人生十年曰“幼”,学。名曰幼,时始可学也。《内则》曰:“十年出就外傅,居宿於外,学书计。”二十曰“弱“,冠。三十曰“壮”,有室。有室,有妻也。妻称室。
○冠,古乱反。四十曰“强”,而仕。五十曰“艾”,服官政。艾,老也。
○艾,五盖反,谓苍艾色也;一音刈,治也。六十曰“耆”,指使。指事使人也。六十不与服戎,不亲学。
○耆,渠夷反,贺玚云:“至也,至老境也。”与音预。七十曰“老”,而传。传家事,任子孙,是谓宗子之父。
○传,直专反,沈直恋反。八十、九十曰“耄”。耄,惛忘也。《春秋传》曰:“谓老将知,耄又及之。”
○旄,本又作耄,同,亡报反,注同:本或作“八十曰耋,九十曰旄”,后人妄加之。惛音昏,一音呼困反。忘,亡亮反,又如字。知音智。七年曰“悼”。悼,怜爱也。
○悼,徒报反。悼与耄,虽有罪,不加刑焉。爱幼而尊老。百年曰“期颐”。期犹要也。颐,养也。不知衣服食味,孝子要尽养道而已。
○颐,羊时反。要,於遥反,又如字,下同。养道,羊尚反,又如字。大夫七十而致事。致其所掌之事於君而告老。若不得谢,谢犹听也。君必有命,劳苦辞谢之,其有德尚壮,则不听耳。
○听(ting),吐(tu)丁反,后可以(yi)意求,皆不音。劳(lao)如字(zi),又力报反。则(ze)(ze)必赐之几杖,行(xing)役以(yi)妇人(ren),適四方,乘(cheng)安车(che)(che),自称曰“老(lao)夫”,几杖、妇人(ren)、安车(che)(che),所以(yi)养其身体也(ye)。安车(che)(che),坐乘(cheng),若今小车(che)(che)也(ye)。老(lao)夫,老(lao)人(ren)称也(ye)。亦明君贪贤。《春秋传》曰:“老(lao)夫耄矣(yi)。”於(wu)其国则(ze)(ze)称名。君虽尊异之,自称犹若臣。越国而问(wen)焉,必告之以(yi)其制。邻国来问(wen),必问(wen)於(wu)老(lao)者以(yi)答之。制,法(fa)度。
[疏]“人生”至“其制”。
○正义曰:此一节明人幼而从学,至於成德,终始之行,皆遵礼制,各随文解之。
○“人生十年曰幼,学”者,谓初生之时至十岁。依《内则》,子生八年“始教之让,九年教之数日,十年出就外傅,居宿於外,学书计”,故以十年为节也。幼者,自始生至十九时,故《檀弓》云:“幼名者,三月为名称幼。”冠礼云:“弃尔幼志。”是十九以前为幼。《丧服传》云:“子幼。”郑康成云:“十五已下,皆别有义。”今云“十年曰幼,学”,是十岁而就业也。
○“二十曰弱,冠”者,二十成人,初加冠,体犹未壮,故曰弱也。至二十九,通得名弱冠,以其血气未定故也。不曰“人生”,并承上可知也。今谓庶人及士之子,若卿大夫十五以上则冠,故《丧服》云“大夫为昆弟之长殇”是也。其冠仪与士同,故《郊特牲》云“无大夫冠礼”是也。其大夫之子亦二十而冠,其诸侯之子亦二十而冠,天子之子则十二而冠。若天子诸侯之身,则皆十二而冠。具释在《冠义》。
○“三十曰壮,有室”者,三十而立,血气已定,故曰壮也。壮有妻,妻居室中,故呼妻为室。若通而言之,则宫室通名,故《尔雅》云:“宫谓之室,室谓之宫。”别而言之,论其四面穹隆则宫,因其贮物充实则曰室,室之言实也。今不云“有妻”而云“有室”者,妻者,齐也,齐为狭局,云室者,含妾媵,事类为广。案《媒氏》云:“男三十,女二十。”郑康成云:“二三者,天地相承覆之数也。”《易》曰:“参天两地而地而奇数焉。”《白虎通》云:“男三十筋骨坚强,任为人父。女二十肌肤充盛,任为人母,合为五十,应大衍之数,生万物也。”
○“四十曰强,而仕”者,三十九以前通曰壮,壮久则强,故“四十曰强”。强有二义,一则四十不惑,是智虑强;二则气力强也。
○“五十曰艾,服官政”者,四十九以前通曰强,年至五十,气力已衰,发苍白,色如艾也。五十是知天命之年,堪为大夫服事也。大夫得专事其官政,故曰“服官政”也。郑康成注《孝经》云:“张官设府谓之卿大夫。”即此之谓也。熊氏云:“案《中候·运衡》云‘年耆既艾’,注云:‘七十曰艾。’言七十者,以时尧年七十,故以七十言之。又《中候·准谶哲》云:‘仲父年艾,谁将逮政。’注云‘七十曰艾’者,云谁将逮政,是告老致政,致政当七十之时,故以七十曰艾。”
○“六十曰耆,指使“者,贺玚云:“耆,至也,至老之境也。六十耳顺,不得执事,但指事使人也。”郑注《射义》云:“耆耋皆老也。”
○注“六十”至“不亲学”。
○正义曰:此《王制》文。引之者,证不自使也。
○“七十曰老,而传”者,六十至老境而未全老,七十其老已至,故言老也。既年已老,则传徙家事,付委子孙,不复指使也。
○注“传家”至“之父”。
○正义曰:然庶子年老,亦得传付子孙,而郑唯云“谓宗子”者,为《丧服》有“宗子孤为殇”,郑云:“言孤,有不孤者,谓父有废疾,若七十而老,子代主宗事者也。”郑今欲会成《丧服》义,故引“宗子之父”也。又一云“宗子”并谓五宗也。五宗之子并是传祭之身,故指之也。庶子乃授家事於子,非相传之事,此既云“传”,故郑知非庶子也。必为宗子父者,以经言“传”,传者,上受父祖之事,下传子孙,子孙之所传家事,祭事为重,若非宗子,无由传之。但七十之时,祭祀之事犹亲为之,其视濯溉则子孙,故《序卦》注云“谓父退居田里,不能备祭宗庙,长子当亲视涤濯鼎俎”是也。若至八十,祭亦不为,故《王制》云:“八十齐丧之事不及也。”注云:“不齐,则不祭也。”
○“八十、九十曰耄”,耄者,僻谬也。人或八十而耄,或九十而耄,故并言二时也。
○注“耄惽”至“及之”。
○正义曰:“耄,惽忘也”者,“惽忘”即“僻谬”也。
○所引《春秋》,案《左传》昭元年,周景王使刘定公劳晋赵孟,定公劝赵孟纂禹之绩,广树之功。赵孟对云:“老夫罪戾,朝不谋夕。”刘子归语王曰:“谚所谓老将知而耄及之者,其赵孟之谓乎?”引之者,证老为耄。
○“七年曰悼”者,悼,怜爱也。未有识虑,甚可怜爱也。年七岁而在九十后者,以其同不加刑,故退而次之也。
○“悼与耄,虽有罪,不加刑焉”者,幼无识虑,则可怜爱,老已耄而可尊敬,虽有罪,而同不加其刑辟也。《周礼·司剌》有三赦,一曰幼弱,二曰老耄,三曰憃愚。郑注云:“若今时律令,未满八岁,八十以上,非手杀人,他皆不坐。”故司剌有三赦,皆放免不坐也。
○“百年曰期颐”者,期,要也;颐,养也。人年百岁,不复知衣服饮食寒暖气味,故人子用心,要求亲之意而尽养道也。“颐,养也”,《易·序卦》文。“大夫七十而致事”者,七十曰老,在家则传家事於子孙,在官致所掌职事还君,退还田里也。不云置而云致者,置是废绝,致是与人,明朝廷必有贤代已也。《白虎通》云:“臣年七十悬车致仕者,臣以执事趋走为职,七十耳目不聪明,是以退老去避贤也,所以长廉远耻。悬车,示不用也。致事,致职於君。君不使退而自去者,尊贤也。”
○“若不得谢”者,谢犹听许也。君若许其罢职,必辞谢云:“在朝日久,劬劳岁积。”是许其致事也。今不得听,是其有德尚壮,犹堪掌事,不听去也。“则必赐之几杖”者,熊氏云:“既不听致事,则《祭义》云‘七十杖於朝’是也。听致事,则《王制》云‘七十杖於国,八十杖於朝’是也。”案《书传》云:“七十杖於朝。”郑注云:“朝当为国者,以其下有‘八十杖於朝’,故以朝当为国也。与《王制》同,并谓听致事也。”
○“行役以妇人”者,行役,谓本国巡行役事。妇人能养人,故许自随也。
○“適四方,乘安车”者,“適四方”,谓远聘异国时。乘安车,安车,小车也,亦老人所宜。然此养老之具,在国及出,皆得用之。今言行役妇人,四方安车,则相互也,从语便,故离言之耳。
○“自称曰老夫”者,若此老臣行役及適四方,应与人语,其自称为老夫,言已是老大夫也。必称老者,明君贪贤之故,而臣老犹在其朝也。
○注“几杖”至“耄矣”。
○正义曰:“安车,坐乘,若今小车”者,古者乘四马之车立乘。此臣既老,故乘一马小车坐乘也。庾蔚云:“汉世驾一马而坐乘也。”熊氏云:“案《书传略说》云:‘致仕者以朝,乘车輲轮。’郑云:‘乘车,安车。言輲轮,明其小也。’”“《春秋传》曰:老夫耄矣”者,引《左传》,证老臣对他国人自称老夫也。此是《春秋》隐四年卫石碏辞也。石碏子厚与卫州吁游,吁弑其异毋兄完而自立,未能和民,欲结强援,时陈侯有宠於周桓王,州吁与石厚往陈,欲因陈自达於周,而石碏遣人告陈曰:“卫国褊小,老夫耄矣,无能为也,此二人者,实弑寡君,敢即图之。”
○“於其国则称名”者,“於其国”,谓自与其君言也,虽老,犹自称名也。
○注“君虽尊异之,自称犹若臣”者,案《玉藻》云“上大夫曰下臣”,《士相见礼》云“士大夫於他邦之君曰外臣”,是上大夫於已君自称为下臣,於他国君自称为外臣。又《玉藻》云“下大夫自名”,又郑注《玉藻》云“下大夫自名,於他国则曰外臣某”,其是下大夫於已君称名,於他国曰外臣某。此既自称老夫,宜是上大夫,而称名从下大夫者,既被君尊异,故臣亦谦退,从下大夫之例而称名也。且《玉藻》所云,是其从下大夫例,然臣於君,单称名无嫌也。
○“越(yue)国(guo)(guo)而问焉,必(bi)告之以(yi)其(qi)制”者,越(yue)国(guo)(guo)犹(you)他(ta)国(guo)(guo)也,若他(ta)国(guo)(guo)来(lai)问已国(guo)(guo)君之政,君虽已达其(qi)事,犹(you)宜问於老贤,老贤则称国(guo)(guo)之旧(jiu)制以(yi)对他(ta)国(guo)(guo)之问也。
谋於长者,必操几杖以从之。从,犹就也。
○长,丁(ding)丈反,下(xia)皆同(tong)。操(cao),七刀反。长者(zhe)问,不辞让而对,非礼也。当谢不敏,若曾子之为(wei)。
[疏]“谋於”至“从之”。
○正义曰:此一节明有事取谋议於长者,各依文解之。
○“操几杖以从之”者(zhe),操,执(zhi)持也(ye)。杖可以策身(shen),几可以杖己,俱(ju)是养尊(zun)者(zhe)之物(wu),故於(wu)谋议之时将就也(ye)。
凡为人子之礼,冬温而夏凊,昏定而晨省。安定其床衽也,省问其安否何如。
○夏,遐嫁反。凊,七性反;字从冫,冰,冷也;本或作水旁,非也。衽,而审反,徐而鸩反,席也。在丑夷不争。丑,众也。夷犹侪也。四皓曰:“陛下之等夷。”
○侪,仕皆反,等也,沈才诣反。皓,元老反;四(si)皓,园公、绮季、夏(xia)黄公、角里先生。
[疏]“凡为”至“不争”。
○正义曰:此一节明人子事亲奉养之礼,又去争讼,今各随文解之。
○“昏定而晨省”者,上云冬温夏凊,是四时之法,今说一日之法。定,安也。晨,旦也。应卧,当齐整床衽,使亲体安定之后,退。至明旦,既隔夜,早来视亲之安否何如。先昏后晨,兼示经宿之礼。熊氏云:“晨省者,案《内则》云,同宫则鸡初鸣,异宫则昧爽而朝。”
○“在丑夷不争”者,此一句明朋侪礼也。丑,众也;夷犹侪也,皆等类之名。风俗语不同,故兼言之。夫贵贱相临,则存畏惮,朋侪等辈,喜争胜负,亡身及亲,故宜诫之以不争。
○注“丑众”至“等夷”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):“丑(chou),众(zhong)也(ye)”,《释诂》文,谓在众(zhong)不(bu)(bu)忿争也(ye)。云“四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)曰(yue)(yue):陛下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)夷”者,证夷是(shi)(shi)等(deng)类(lei)也(ye)。四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),汉(han)时隐人(ren)(ren)高(gao)士也(ye)。其四(si)人(ren)(ren),一(yi)东(dong)园公(gong),二绮里(li)(li)季(ji),三(san)夏黄公(gong),四(si)角(jiao)里(li)(li)先生,皆老,发(fa)白皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)素,因呼为(wei)四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。隐商山不(bu)(bu)仕,高(gao)祖(zu)数(shu)召(zhao)不(bu)(bu)出。后为(wei)高(gao)祖(zu)欲废吕(lv)后之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)盈,而(er)立戚(qi)夫人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)赵王如(ru)意(yi)为(wei)大子(zi)(zi)(zi),张(zhang)良使(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卑辞(ci)安车遣(qian)辨(bian)士以请四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)果来,舍建城侯(hou)所。至汉(han)十(shi)一(yi)年(nian),黥布(bu)反(fan),高(gao)祖(zu)令太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)将(jiang)兵(bing)击(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)。四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)自相谓曰(yue)(yue):“几来欲以安太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)将(jiang)兵(bing),事危矣。”乃(nai)说建城侯(hou)曰(yue)(yue):“太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)将(jiang)兵(bing)有(you)功(gong)则(ze)位(wei)不(bu)(bu)益,无功(gong)则(ze)从此(ci)(ci)受祸(huo)。且(qie)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)所与(yu)诸将(jiang),皆尝与(yu)上定(ding)天下(xia)(xia)骁将(jiang)也(ye)。今使(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)将(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)(ci)无异(yi)使(shi)(shi)羊将(jiang)狼,皆不(bu)(bu)肯为(wei)用(yong),其无功(gong)必(bi)矣。臣闻母爱者子(zi)(zi)(zi)抱之(zhi)(zhi),今戚(qi)夫人(ren)(ren)日夜侍(shi)御,赵王常居前,上终不(bu)(bu)使(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)肖子(zi)(zi)(zi)居爱子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)上,明乎其代大子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)必(bi)矣。君何不(bu)(bu)急(ji)请吕(lv)后承间为(wei)上泣(qi)言(yan):“黥布(bu)天下(xia)(xia)猛将(jiang),善用(yong)兵(bing),诸将(jiang)皆陛下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)夷,今令大子(zi)(zi)(zi)将(jiang)此(ci)(ci)属,莫肯为(wei)用(yong)。’”於是(shi)(shi)吕(lv)后如(ru)四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)言(yan)以请高(gao)祖(zu)。高(gao)祖(zu)时疾,自行,十(shi)二年(nian)破黥布(bu)还而(er)疾益甚,愈欲易(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。及燕置酒,太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)侍(shi),四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)从太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),高(gao)祖(zu)惊曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)召(zhao)公(gong)数(shu)岁,公(gong)逃(tao)我,今反(fan)从我儿乎!”四(si)皓(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)曰(yue)(yue):“陛下(xia)(xia)轻士善骂,臣等(deng)义不(bu)(bu)受辱,故恐而(er)亡匿。”
夫为人子者,三赐不及车马,三赐,三命也。凡仕者,一命而受爵,再命而受衣服,三命而受车马。车马,而身所以尊者备矣。卿、大夫、士之子不受,不敢以成尊比逾於父。天子诸侯之子不受,自卑远於君。
○远,于万反。故州闾乡党称其孝也,兄弟亲戚称其慈也,僚友称其弟也,执友称其仁也,交游称其信也。不敢重受赐者,心也,如此而五者备有焉。《周礼》二十五家为闾,四闾为族,五族为党,五党为州,五州为乡。僚友,官同者。执友,志同者。
○僚,本又作寮,了彫反,同官者(zhe)。弟,大(da)计反,下注同。见(jian)父之(zhi)执,不(bu)谓(wei)之(zhi)进不(bu)敢(gan)进,不(bu)谓(wei)之(zhi)退(tui)不(bu)敢(gan)退(tui),不(bu)问不(bu)敢(gan)对,敬父同志,如事(shi)父。此孝子之(zhi)行也。
[疏]“夫为”至“行也”。
○正义曰:此一节明人子谦卑,行著於外,所敬又广。今各随文解之。言“夫”者,贵贱悉然也。“三赐”,三命也。言为人子,虽受三命之尊,终不敢受车马,车马则身有成尊,便比逾於父,故不受。所以许受三命,而不许受车马者,命是荣美,光显祖父,故受也;车马是安身,身安不关先祖,故不受也。不云“不受”,而云“不及”者,受是已到之日,明人子非唯外迹不受,抑亦心所不及於此赐也。
○注“三赐”至“於君”。
○正义曰:云“三赐不及”者,受命即受赐,故三赐三命,故《公羊》云:“命者何?加我服”,“锡者何?赐也。”是其命赐将相也。云“凡仕者,一命受爵,再命受衣服,三命受车马”者,皆约《周礼·大宗伯》之文。案《大宗伯》“一命受职”,职则爵也。又《宗伯》“三命受位”,郑康成云:“始有列位於王朝。”今言“受车马”者,但三命受位,即受车马。以经云“车马”,故以“车马”言之。云“卿、大夫、士之子不受,不敢以成尊比逾於父”者,以公侯伯卿三命,其子不受,不敢比於父;公侯伯大夫、子男卿再命,公侯伯士一命,子男之士不命,其子三命不受车马者,皆是不敢逾於父。不言天子诸侯之子不敢受者,以其父位既尊,不得言不敢比逾,故云“自卑远於君”。案《周礼》九仪,“一命受职,再命受服,三命受位,四命受器,五命赐则,六命赐官,七命赐国,八命作牧,九命作伯”。案《含文嘉》:“九赐:一曰车马,二曰衣服,三曰乐则,四曰朱户,五曰纳陛,六曰虎贲,七曰斧钺,八曰弓矢,九曰秬鬯。”宋均注云:“进退有节,行步有度,赐以车马,以代其步。言成文章,行成法则,赐以衣服,以表其德。动作有礼,赐以纳陛,以安其体。长於教诲,内怀至仁,赐以乐则,以化其民。居处修理,房内不泄,赐以朱户,以明其别。勇猛劲疾,执义坚强,赐之虎贲,以备非常。抗扬威武,志在宿卫,赐以斧钺,使得专杀。内怀仁德,执义不倾,赐以弓矢,使其专征。慈孝公母,赐以秬鬯,以归祭祀。”郑司农以《周礼》九命与九赐是一也。然则此“三赐”,郑康成知非“九赐”之第三,而云“三命之赐”者,康成以九命与九赐不同,九赐谓“八命作牧,九命作伯”之后,始加九赐。知者,《王制》云“三公一命卷,若有加,则赐。二曰衣服之属”是也。又《宗伯》“八命作牧”注云:“侯伯有功德,加命得专征伐。”《王制》云:“赐弓矢,然后征。”《诗》云:“瑟彼玉瓒,黄流在中。”传曰:“九命然后赐以圭瓒。”又《尚书·文侯》:“仇受弓矢秬鬯。”《左传》:“晋文公受大路、戎路、弓矢、秬鬯、虎贲。”此皆九命之外,始有衣服、弓矢、秬鬯等之赐,故知九赐不与九命同也。且此云“三赐不及车马”,其九赐“一曰车马”,何由三赐不及车马乎?故知此三赐非九赐之三赐也。若是九赐之三赐,即是身八命九命之尊,礼绝凡庶,何得下文云州闾、乡党、僚友、交游也?故康成以为诸侯及卿大夫之子三命者。其《公羊》说九赐之次,与《含文嘉》不同,一曰加服,二曰朱户,三曰纳陛,四曰舆马,五曰乐则,六曰虎贲,七曰斧钺,八曰弓矢,九曰秬鬯。异人之说,故文有参差,大略同也。《异义》许慎说九赐九命,郑康成以为不同,具如前说,其大夫赐乐,《乡饮酒》注云“大夫若君赐乐”,及《左传》“魏绛有金石之乐”,非九赐之正法也。车马之赐,进退由於君命,今言不受者,君子仕,辞位不辞禄,其物终必受之,故郑注下文“不敢受重赐者,心也。”
○“故州闾”至“称其信也”。《周礼·司徒》去王城百,置远郊,远郊之内为六乡,六乡之民,“五家为比,使之相保。五比为闾,使之相受。四闾为族,使之相葬。五族为党,使之相救。五党为州,使之相赒。五州为乡,使之相宾”。又《遂人职》主六遂,六遂之民在远郊之外,“五家为邻,五邻为里,四里为酂,五酂为鄙,五鄙为县,五县为遂”。今不言六遂者,举近耳。若六遂之中有此孝者,则亦称之也。
○“兄弟亲戚称其慈也”,亲指族内,戚言族外。慈者,笃爱之名。兄弟,外内通称。亲疏交接,并见其慈而称之。
○“僚友称其弟也”,僚友,同官者也。弟者,事长次弟之名。孝子能接同官,有所次序,不敢逾越等级,故同官之友称之。
○“执友称其仁也”,执友,执志同者也。同师之友,意趣相得,绸缪切瑳,故其见仁恩之心而称之。
○“交游称其信也”,交游,泛交也。结交游往,本资信合,故称信也。熊氏云:“然此五句,上始州闾,下及交游,亦其次也。前孝后信,又为差序,略举五者,馀行可知。不敢受赐者,心也。不受由心,故有五称也。”
○“见父(fu)之(zhi)执(zhi)”者(zhe),此亦承为(wei)人子之(zhi)事也(ye)。明非惟见交游为(wei)善(shan),乃遍至父(fu)友也(ye)。自上(shang)诣下曰见,自下朝上(shang)曰见。父(fu)之(zhi)执(zhi)谓(wei)执(zhi)友,与(yu)父(fu)同志者(zhe)也(ye)。或(huo)故往见,或(huo)路(lu)中相见也(ye)。
夫为人子者,出必告,反必面。告、面同耳,反言面者,从外来,宜知亲之颜色安否。
○告,古毒反。所游必有常,所习必有业。缘亲之意,欲知之。恒言不称老。广敬。年长以倍,则父事之。谓年二十於四十者,人年二十,弱冠成人,有为人父之端。今四十於二十者有子道。《内则》曰:“年二十,惇行孝弟。”
○冠,工唤反。惇,都温反。十年以长,则兄事之。五年以长,则肩随之。肩随者,与之并行差退。
○差,初佳反,徐初宜反。群居五(wu)人,则长者(zhe)必异席。席以四人为节,因宜有所尊。
[疏]“夫为”至“异席”。
○正义曰:此一节亦明人子事亲之法,游方习业,及汎交之礼,亦各随文解之。
○“恒言不称老”者,老是尊称,若其称老,乃是己自尊大,非是孝子卑退之情,故注云:“广敬。”言广者,非但敬亲,因敬亲广敬他人。或云子若自称老,父母则甚老,则感动其亲,故舜年五十而慕是也。
○“年长以倍,则父事之”者,此谓乡里之中,非亲非友,但二十以后,年长倍己,则以父道事之,即父党随行也。
○注“谓年”至“孝弟”。
○正义曰:人年三十而娶,於后乃有子,则三十於六十,乃是倍年。今郑言二十於四十者,但二十加冠成人,责以为人父为人子之礼,虽未有妻子,有为人父之端,又《内则》云“二十乃能敦行孝弟,可责以孝子之行”,故二十於四十,约之为倍年也。以二十未合有子,故郑云为人父之端,有子道也。
○“十年以长,则兄事之”者,谓年二十於三十者,全倍者父事之,半倍,故兄事之也。凡事之,则正差退而雁行也。
○“五年以长,则肩随之”者,谓并行而差退。若未二十童子则无此礼,以其不能惇行孝弟。《论语》云“与先生并行”,《王制》云“父之齿随行,兄之齿雁行”者,举成人有此礼也,童子礼则无也。此谓二十於二十五者肩随,则齐於雁行也。然则以此肩随而推之,上云父兄事之,岂是温凊如亲,正言其或行来坐席,推前相类耳。
○群居五人,则长者必异席”者,谓朋友居处法也。群,朋友也。子夏曰“吾离群”是也。古者地敷横席而容四人,四人则推长者居席端。若有五人会,应一人别席,因推长者一人於异席也。
○注“席以”至“所尊”。
○正义曰:熊氏(shi)云(yun):“知四(si)人为(wei)节者,以此(ci)(ci)云(yun)‘群居(ju)五人,则(ze)(ze)长者必异席(xi)’,既长者一人异席(xi),馀则(ze)(ze)四(si)人矣。”案《公食大(da)夫礼(li)》云(yun):“蒲筵常,加萑(huan)席(xi)寻。”此(ci)(ci)以蒲席(xi)者,故得容四(si)人,此(ci)(ci)群居(ju)之法。若宾(bin)(bin)主(zhu)礼(li)席(xi),皆(jie)无同坐(zuo)之法,故《乡饮(yin)酒》宾(bin)(bin)介异席(xi),又云(yun):“众(zhong)宾(bin)(bin)之席(xi),皆(jie)不属(shu)(shu)焉。”不相(xiang)连属(shu)(shu)也(ye)。”《乡射》“众(zhong)宾(bin)(bin)之席(xi)继而西(xi)”,谓相(xiang)连属(shu)(shu)也(ye)。《燕礼(li)》及《大(da)射》公三(san)重(zhong),大(da)夫再重(zhong),是皆(jie)异席(xi)也(ye)。
为人子者,居不主奥,坐不中席,行不中道,立不中门。谓与父同宫者也,不敢当其尊处。室中西南隅谓之奥。道有左右。中门,谓枨闑之中央。《内则》曰:“由命士以上,父子皆异宫。”
○奥,乌报反,沈於六反。处,昌虑反,下同。枨,宜衡反,闑也。闑,鱼列、五结二反。上,时掌反,凡言“以上”皆放此。食飨不为,,量也。不制待宾客馔具之所有。
○食音嗣。飨本又作享,香两反。,古爱反。馔,士恋反。祭祀不为尸。尊者之处,为其失子之道。然则尸卜筮无父者。
○为其,音于伪反,下注除“不为孤”皆同。听於无声,视於无形。恒若亲之将有教使然。不登高,不临深,不苟訾,不苟笑。为其近危辱也。人之性,不欲见毁訾,不欲见笑。君子乐然后笑。
○訾音紫,毁也,沈(shen)又将(jiang)知反。乐音洛。
[疏]“为人”至“苟笑”。
○正义曰:此一节明孝子居处及行立待宾祭祀敬慎之事,各随文解之。
○此明孝子居处闺门之内。不言凡者,或异居礼则不然。
○“居不主奥”者,主犹坐也。奥者,室内西南隅也。室乡南户,近东南角,则西南隅隐奥无事,故呼其名为奥。常推尊者于闲乐无事之处,故尊者居必主奥也。既是尊者所居,则人子不宜处之也。
○“坐不中席”者,一席四人,则席端为上。今不云上席而言中者,旧通有二,一云敬无馀席,非唯不可上,亦不可中也;一云共坐则席端为上,独坐则席中为尊。尊者宜独,不与人共,则坐常居中,故卑者坐不得居中也。
○“行不中道”者,尊者常正路而行,卑者故不得也。男女各路,路各有中也。
○“立不中门”者,中央有闑,闑傍有枨,枨谓之门梐。今云“不中门”者,谓枨闑之中,是尊者所行,故人子不得当之而行也。
○注“谓与”至“异宫”。
○正义曰:凡上四事,皆谓与父同宫者尔。若命士以上,则父子异宫则不禁。所以尔者,有命既尊,各有臣仆,子孙应敬已故也。云“不敢当其尊处”者,四事皆尊者之处。“室中西南隅谓之奥”者,《尔雅·释宫》文。郭璞注云:“隐奥之处。”“西北隅谓之屋漏”,孙氏云:“日光所漏入。”“东北隅谓之宧”,孙氏云:“日侧之明。”是宧,明也。“东隅谓之窔”,郭氏云:“隐暗也。”云“《内则》曰:由命士以上,父子皆异宫”者,证有异居之道也。
○“食飨不为”者,熊氏云:“谓传家事任子孙,若不传家事,则子孙无待宾之事。大夫士或相往来,设於飨食量也。不制设待宾馔,其事由尊者所裁,而子不得辄豫限量多少也。”
○“祭祀不为尸”者,尸代尊者之处,故人子不为也。
○“听於无声”者,谓听而不闻父母之声,此明人子常礼也。
○“视於无形”者,谓视而不见父母之形,虽无声无形,恒常於心想像,似见形闻声,谓父母将有教,使己然也。
○“不苟訾,不苟笑”者,苟,且也。相毁曰訾。不乐而笑为苟笑。彼虽有是非,而己苟讥毁訾笑之,皆非彼所欲,必反见毁辱,故孝子不为也。
○注“为其”至“后笑”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“危”,解“不登高,不临(lin)深”,“辱”释不訾不笑也(ye)。云“君子乐然后(hou)笑”者,引《论语》证不苟笑之事也(ye)。此是公明贾答孔子云:“夫子乐然后(hou)笑,人不厌其笑也(ye)。”
孝子不服暗,不登危,惧辱亲也。服,事也。暗,冥也。。不於暗冥之中从事,为卒有非常,且嫌失礼也。男女夜行以烛。
○瞑,本亦(yi)作冥,莫定反。下同。卒(zu),才(cai)忽(hu)反。父母存,不许友以死(si)。为忘亲也(ye),死(si)为报仇雠(chou)。不有私财,
[疏]“孝子”至“私财”。
○正义曰:此一节明孝子自谨慎其身,不许友以死,及不得有私财之事,各随文解之。
○“不服暗”者,服,事也,谓不行事於闇中也。一则为卒有非常,一则闇中行事,好生物嫌,故孝子深戒之。
○“父母存,不许友以死”者,谓不许为其友报仇雠也,亲存存须供养,则孝子不可死也。若父母存,许友报仇怨而死,是忘亲也。亲亡则得许友报仇,故《周礼》有“主友之雠,视从父兄弟”。《白虎通》云:“朋友之道亲存不得行者,不得许友以其身,亦不许友以死耳。”
○“不有私财(cai)”者,家事统於尊,财(cai)关尊者,故无私财(cai)。
为人子者,父母存,冠衣不纯素。为其有丧象也。纯,缘也。《玉藻》曰:“缟冠玄武,子姓之冠也。高冠素纰,既祥之冠也。”《深衣》曰:“具父母,衣纯以青。”
○纯,诸允反(fan)(fan),又之闰反(fan)(fan),下及注皆同(tong)。缘,悦绢反(fan)(fan)。缟,古(gu)老(lao)反(fan)(fan),沈又古(gu)到反(fan)(fan)。纰,婢支反(fan)(fan),徐补移反(fan)(fan)。
[疏]“为人”至“纯素”。
○正义曰:此一节明为人子父母存及孤子衣冠纯饰不同之事,各随文解之。不言凡者,若仕者或遇凶荒,虽亲存亦须素服,非要在亲没,故不言凡。
○“父母存,冠衣不纯素”者,冠纯谓冠饰也,衣纯谓深衣领缘也。《礼》,具父母,太父母,存冠衣纯以缋;若有父母,无太父母,则纯以青;若少而并无,则乃纯素也。故亲存者不得纯素也。
○注“为其”至“以青”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):引《玉(yu)藻》“缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan)玄武,子(zi)(zi)姓之(zhi)冠(guan)(guan)”,证(zheng)(zheng)冠(guan)(guan)纯有吉凶之(zhi)别(bie)也(ye)(ye)。缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe),薄(bo)绢为(wei)之(zhi)。玄武者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)黑(hei)缯为(wei)冠(guan)(guan)卷也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)姓者(zhe)(zhe),姓,生也(ye)(ye),孙是(shi)子(zi)(zi)所生,故(gu)谓(wei)孙为(wei)子(zi)(zi)姓。父(fu)有服(fu)(fu)未毕,子(zi)(zi)虽(sui)已(yi)除(chu),犹未全(quan)吉也(ye)(ye),故(gu)缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan)玄武。玄武是(shi)吉,缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan)为(wei)凶,明吉凶兼服(fu)(fu)也(ye)(ye)。何胤云:“缯里(li)卷武也(ye)(ye)。”云“缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan)素(su)纰(pi),既祥(xiang)之(zhi)冠(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye)”,又证(zheng)(zheng)有素(su)为(wei)凶也(ye)(ye)。当祥(xiang)之(zhi)日,朝服(fu)(fu)缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan);祥(xiang)祭之(zhi)后,则缟(gao)(gao)冠(guan)(guan)素(su)纰(pi)。何胤云:“素(su)纰(pi)谓(wei)缘冠(guan)(guan)两边(bian)。”云“《深衣(yi)》曰(yue):具父(fu)母衣(yi)纯以(yi)青”者(zhe)(zhe),引证(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)纯以(yi)素(su)之(zhi)事(shi)。
孤子当室,冠衣不纯采。早丧亲,虽除丧,不忘哀也。谓年未三十者。三十壮,有室,有代亲之端,不为孤也。当室,適子也。《深衣》曰:“孤子衣纯以素。”
○早丧,息浪反(fan)。適,下(xia)历(li)反(fan)。
[疏]“孤子”至“纯采”。
○正义曰:上言有亲而不素,此言无亲而素者也。孤子谓二十九以下而无父者,当室谓適子也。既少孤,故虽除服,犹自素也。然《深衣》云:“孤子衣纯以素。”则嫡庶悉然。今云“当室”,则似庶子不同,所以尔者,通者有二,云凡子皆然,岂唯当室,但嫡子内理蒸尝,外交宗族,代亲既备,嫌或不同,故特明之,所以郑引《深衣》为注,会证凡孤子悉同也。崔灵恩云:“指谓当室,不当室则纯采,所以然者,当室之孤,内理蒸尝,外交宗族,所履之事,莫不伤心,故特纯素示哀也。《深衣》不云当室者,文略耳。”
○注“早丧”至“以素”。
○正义曰:三(san)十(shi)以外(wai)遭丧者,除服后(hou)即得纯(chun)采(cai)。今所言虽是除丧,未三(san)十(shi)不(bu)得纯(chun)采(cai)。若至三(san)十(shi),则亦采(cai)也(ye),故(gu)云(yun)“当室(shi),適子(zi)也(ye)。《深(shen)(shen)衣(yi)》曰:‘孤子(zi)衣(yi)纯(chun)以素也(ye)。’”然注前解(jie)適子(zi),后(hou)引(yin)《深(shen)(shen)衣(yi)》,似崔解(jie)也(ye)。《深(shen)(shen)衣(yi)》不(bu)言冠者,从(cong)可知也(ye)。
幼子常视母诳。视,今之示字。小未有所知,常示以正物,以正教之无诳欺。
○视音示。诳,本或作廷,注同,九况反,欺也。童子不衣裘裳。裘大温,消阴气,使不堪苦。不衣裘裳,便易。
○衣,於既反,下同。大音泰,徐他佐反。便,婢面反。易,以豉反。立必正方,不倾听。习其自端正。长者与之提携,则两手奉长者之手。习其扶持,尊者提携,谓牵将行。
○提,大兮反。携,户圭反。奉,芳勇反,又扶恭反,下及注“奉扃”、“奉席”、“奉箕”皆同。负剑辟咡诏之,负谓置之於背,剑谓挟之於旁。辟咡诏之,谓倾头与语,口旁曰咡。
○辟,匹亦反,侧也,徐芳益反,沈扶赤反,注同。咡,徐如志反,何云:“口耳之间曰咡。”挟音协。则掩口而对。习其乡尊者屏气也。
○掩,於检反(fan)(fan)。乡(xiang),许亮反(fan)(fan),本又作向,后文(wen)注皆同。屏(ping),必领反(fan)(fan)。
[疏]“幼子”至“裘裳”。
○正义曰:此一节明父母教子及衣裘裳之法也,各随文解之。
○小儿恒习效长者,长者常示以正事,不宜示以欺诳,恐即学之,故曾子儿啼,妻云:“儿莫啼,吾当与汝杀豕。”儿闻辄止,妻后向曾子说之,曾子曰:“勿教儿欺。”即杀豕食儿。是不诳也。
○注“视,今之示字”。
○正义曰:古者观视於物,及以物视人,则皆作示傍著见,后世已来,观视於物,作示傍著见,以物示人单作示字,故郑注经中视字者,是今之以物示人之示也。是举今以辨古。《昏礼》“视诸衿鞶”,注云:“视乃正字,今文视作示,俗误行之。”言视正字也,言古之以物示人作视字为正,故云“视乃正字”。今文《仪礼》应为古视字,乃作今示字,故言俗误也。
○“童子不衣裘裳”者,童子,未成人之名也,衣犹著也。童子体热,不宜著裘,裘大温,伤阴气也。又应给役,若著裳则不便,故并不著也。故童子并缁布襦袴也。
○注“裘大”至“便易”。
○正义曰:“使不堪苦”者,热消阴气,则不堪苦使也。此“童子不衣裘裳”,二十则可,故《内则》云,二十“可以衣裘帛”。国君十二冠,则裘裳早矣。女子十五许嫁者则亦衣帛。《诗》云:“乃生男子,载衣之裳。”是初生暂行此礼。
○“立必”至“而对”。
○“立必正方”,立宜正乡一方,不得倾头属听左右也。张逸云:“此说其威仪常然。”
○“长者与之提携,则两手奉长者之手”者,非唯教之听立,至於行步,亦宜教之。提携谓牵将行时,因牵行之,又教之为节也。奉长者之手,为儿长大,方当供养扶持长者,故先使学之,令习便也。张逸云:“说其见与行之法也。”
○“负剑辟咡诏之”者,岂但在行须教,正在抱时亦令习也。负谓致儿背上也,剑谓挟於胁下,如带剑也。辟,倾也。咡,口旁也,诏,告也。长者,或若负儿之时而与之语,当倾头以告之也。不正向之,令气不触儿也,亦令见长者所为而复习之也。张逸云:“辟咡诏之,倾头以告教之也。”此长者之为也。此负谓儿在人背上曰负,儿在怀中亦称负,谓儿负之,故《内则》云:“三日始负子。”注云:“负之谓抱之。”
○注“口旁曰咡”。
○正义曰:案《管子书·弟子职》云:“食已循咡覆手。”谓弟子食讫,以手循覆於咡,故知是口旁也。
○“则掩(yan)口而对(dui)”者(zhe),向长者(zhe)告语之(zhi),此(ci)是童子(zi)答(da)长者(zhe)。童子(zi)虽未(wei)能掩(yan)口而对(dui),长者(zhe)亦教其为(wei)之(zhi)其礼(li),以为(wei)后法。掩(yan)口,恐气触人。张逸(yi)云:“谓令小者(zhe)如是,所习乡尊者(zhe)屏(ping)气也。”