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韩非子·六反原文与翻译

[移动版] 作者:韩非子

韩非子·六反原文与翻译

畏死(si)远难,降北(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“贵生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”。学道立方,离法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“文学之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”游居厚养,牟食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“有能之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”。语曲牟知,伪诈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“辩(bian)智之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”。行剑攻杀,暴(bao)憿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“磏勇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”。活贼匿奸,当死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“任誉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”。此六民(min)(min)(min)(min)者,世(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)誉(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。赴险(xian)殉诚,死(si)节之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“失计之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。寡闻从(cong)令,全法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“朴陋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。力作而(er)(er)(er)食(shi),生(sheng)利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“寡能之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),嘉厚纯粹,整(zheng)谷(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“愚戆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。重命畏事,尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“怯(qie)慑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。挫(cuo)贼遏奸,明上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“謟谗(chan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此六民(min)(min)(min)(min)者,世(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)毁也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。奸伪无(wu)益之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)六,而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)誉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)彼;耕战有益之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)六,而(er)(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)毁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)此:此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓“六反”。布衣循私(si)利而(er)(er)(er)誉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),世(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)听虚声(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在,利必(bi)加(jia)焉。百姓循私(si)害(hai)而(er)(er)(er)訾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),世(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)壅(yong)于俗而(er)(er)(er)贱(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),贱(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在,害(hai)必(bi)加(jia)焉。故名赏在乎(hu)私(si)恶(e)当罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min),而(er)(er)(er)毁害(hai)在乎(hu)公善(shan)宜赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi),索(suo)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)强,不可(ke)得也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

害(hai)(hai)怕死(si)亡,逃(tao)避危难(nan),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)投降败逃(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)称(cheng)(cheng)誉他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)珍惜生命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雅士(shi)。学做(zuo)神仙,设立方(fang)术,本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)违(wei)反法治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)称(cheng)(cheng)誉他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大有(you)(you)(you)学问的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文士(shi)。游手好闲(xian),给(ji)养丰厚,本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寄生虫;世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)称(cheng)(cheng)誉他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)耐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。歪理(li)诡辩,玩弄(nong)智巧,本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虚伪巧诈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)称(cheng)(cheng)誉他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)辩士(shi)智士(shi)。行侠舞剑,喜(xi)斗(dou)好杀,本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)凶(xiong)暴(bao)而(er)冒险的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)称(cheng)(cheng)誉他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刚强(qiang)威武的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勇士(shi)。包(bao)庇大盗,隐(yin)藏坏人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)该判(pan)死(si)刑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)称(cheng)(cheng)誉他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仗义(yi)舍(she)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名士(shi)。这六种(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)舆论所(suo)赞美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。奔赴国(guo)难(nan),献身君主(zhu),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)舍(she)生取义(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)贬(bian)(bian)斥(chi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)失多得少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。见闻很少,服(fu)从命(ming)令(ling),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)保全法令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)贬(bian)(bian)斥(chi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)浅薄愚(yu)昧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。尽(jin)心耕作,自食其(qi)力(li),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)创造财富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)贬(bian)(bian)斥(chi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没有(you)(you)(you)才能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。品德优异,单(dan)纯朴实,本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正派善良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)贬(bian)(bian)斥(chi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蠢(chun)笨呆板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。重视命(ming)令(ling),谨慎办事(shi)(shi)(shi),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)重君主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)贬(bian)(bian)斥(chi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)胆小(xiao)伯事(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。打击贼人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),止(zhi)住(zhu)奸人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提醒君主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)却(que)(que)(que)(que)贬(bian)(bian)斥(chi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)奉承讨好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。这六种(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)舆论所(suo)诋(di)毁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。奸诈虚伪而(er)无益于(yu)国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六种(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),社会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那样(yang)地(di)赞美(mei)(mei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men);努力(li)耕战而(er)有(you)(you)(you)益于(yu)国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六种(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),社会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)上(shang)却(que)(que)(que)(que)这样(yang)地(di)诋(di)毁他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men):这就叫做(zuo)六反。平民(min)从私利出发(fa)称(cheng)(cheng)赞前六种(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),当(dang)(dang)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)听到(dao)虚名而(er)尊(zun)重这些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),而(er)得到(dao)尊(zun)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),一定(ding)(ding)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)得到(dao)好处。百姓从私害(hai)(hai)出发(fa)话毁后六种(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),当(dang)(dang)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)受世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)蒙蔽而(er)鄙(bi)视他(ta)(ta)(ta)们(men)(men),而(er)受到(dao)鄙(bi)视的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),一定(ding)(ding)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)受到(dao)迫(po)害(hai)(hai)。结果声誉和赏赐(ci)归于(yu)私下干坏事(shi)(shi)(shi)、应(ying)当(dang)(dang)判(pan)罪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),而(er)诋(di)毁和迫(po)害(hai)(hai)却(que)(que)(que)(que)给(ji)了为国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)做(zuo)好事(shi)(shi)(shi)、应(ying)当(dang)(dang)奖赏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。这样(yang)还想求(qiu)得国(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)强(qiang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。

古者(zhe)有谚曰:“为(wei)政犹(you)沐也(ye)(ye)(ye),虽有弃发,必为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”爱弃发之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费而(er)忘长发之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li),不知权(quan)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)弹痤者(zhe)痛,饮(yin)药(yao)者(zhe)苦(ku)(ku),为(wei)苦(ku)(ku)惫(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)不弹痤饮(yin)药(yao),则(ze)身(shen)不活,病(bing)不已(yi)矣。今上下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接,无(wu)子(zi)父(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)泽(ze),而(er)欲(yu)以行义禁(jin)(jin)下(xia),则(ze)交必有郄矣。且(qie)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),产男则(ze)相(xiang)(xiang)贺(he),产女(nv)则(ze)杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此俱出(chu)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怀衽,然男子(zi)受(shou)贺(he),女(nv)子(zi)杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),虑其后便,计之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长利(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),犹(you)用计算之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心以相(xiang)(xiang)待也(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)况无(wu)父(fu)(fu)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)泽(ze)乎?今学(xue)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)也(ye)(ye)(ye),皆(jie)去求(qiu)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,出(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,是求(qiu)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲也(ye)(ye)(ye),此不熟于论恩,诈而(er)诬也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)明主(zhu)不受(shou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。圣人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治也(ye)(ye)(ye),审(shen)于法禁(jin)(jin),法禁(jin)(jin)明著,则(ze)官(guan)法;必于赏罚(fa),赏罚(fa)不阿,则(ze)民用。官(guan)治则(ze)国(guo)富(fu),国(guo)富(fu)则(ze)兵强,而(er)霸(ba)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye)成矣。霸(ba)王者(zhe),人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)利(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)挟大(da)利(li)(li)以听治,故(gu)其任官(guan)者(zhe)当能,其赏罚(fa)无(wu)私。使士民明焉(yan),尽力致(zhi)死(si),则(ze)功伐可立(li)而(er)爵(jue)禄(lu)可致(zhi),爵(jue)禄(lu)致(zhi)而(er)富(fu)贵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye)成矣。富(fu)贵者(zhe),人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)利(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)挟大(da)利(li)(li)以从事,故(gu)其行危至死(si),其力尽而(er)不望。此谓(wei)君不仁(ren),臣(chen)不忠,则(ze)不可以霸(ba)王矣。

古(gu)代有(you)句谚语(yu)说:“执(zhi)政好比洗头一样(yang),即使(shi)会(hui)(hui)有(you)一些头发掉(diao)落,仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必须(xu)洗头的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”看重掉(diao)头发的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)损耗(hao)而忘记促使(shi)头发生(sheng)长(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好处,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)懂得权衡利(li)(li)(li)弊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人。针刺痈疮是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)痛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),吃(chi)药(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)苦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);因(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)苦痛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)刺痈和吃(chi)药(yao),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)救不(bu)了命,治不(bu)了病。现在君(jun)(jun)(jun)臣(chen)相交,没(mei)有(you)父子(zi)(zi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩泽(ze),却想用施行仁(ren)义去控制臣(chen)下,那么君(jun)(jun)(jun)臣(chen)之间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交往必定会(hui)(hui)出(chu)现裂痕。况(kuang)且(qie)父母对(dui)于子(zi)(zi)女(nv),生(sheng)了男孩(hai)(hai)(hai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)互相祝(zhu)贺,生(sheng)了女(nv)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把她杀(sha)了。子(zi)(zi)女(nv)都出(chu)自父母的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)怀(huai)抱,然(ran)而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)男孩(hai)(hai)(hai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)受到祝(zhu)贺,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)杀(sha)了的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考虑到今(jin)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi),从长(zhang)远利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)打算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)以(yi)父母对(dui)于子(zi)(zi)女(nv),尚且(qie)用计算(suan)利(li)(li)(li)弊相对(dui)待,何况(kuang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)于没(mei)有(you)父子(zi)(zi)间(jian)恩泽(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人呢?现在学者(zhe)游(you)说君(jun)(jun)(jun)主,都要君(jun)(jun)(jun)主抛(pao)弃求(qiu)利(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打算(suan),而采(cai)用相爱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原则,这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要求(qiu)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主有(you)超过(guo)父母对(dui)于子(zi)(zi)女(nv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亲(qin)情,也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)属(shu)于不(bu)善(shan)于谈论恩泽(ze)问题的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谎言和欺诈了,所(suo)以(yi)明君(jun)(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。圣人治理国(guo)家,一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)详细(xi)地考察(cha)法律禁令,法律禁令彰明了,官府事(shi)务就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)得到妥善(shan)治理;二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)坚决地实(shi)(shi)行赏罚,赏罚不(bu)出(chu)偏(pian)差,民众就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)听从使(shi)唤(huan)。民众听从使(shi)唤(huan),官府事(shi)务得到妥善(shan)处理,国(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)富强(qiang)(qiang);国(guo)家富强(qiang)(qiang),兵力(li)(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)强(qiang)(qiang)盛。结果(guo),统一天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)业也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)随之完成了。统一天下,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主怀(huai)着(zhe)(zhe)统一天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)来治理国(guo)家,所(suo)以(yi)他根(gen)据能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)任用官员,实(shi)(shi)行赏罚没(mei)有(you)私(si)心(xin)。要让士人民众明白,为(wei)国(guo)家尽(jin)力(li)(li)(li)(li)拼死,功劳就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)建立(li),爵禄(lu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)获得;获得爵禄(lu),富贵(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)业就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)完成了。富贵(gui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)。臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)怀(huai)着(zhe)(zhe)取得富贵(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)来办事(shi),所(suo)以(yi)他们会(hui)(hui)冒着(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)命危险力(li)(li)(li)(li)、事(shi),竭尽(jin)全(quan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。死而无怨。这叫做君(jun)(jun)(jun)主不(bu)讲仁(ren)爱,臣(chen)下不(bu)讲忠心(xin),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)此统一天下了。

夫奸必知(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)备(bei),必诛则(ze)(ze)(ze)止;不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)肆,不(bu)诛则(ze)(ze)(ze)行。夫陈轻货于(yu)(yu)幽(you)隐,虽曾、史可疑(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye);悬(xuan)百金(jin)于(yu)(yu)市(shi),虽大(da)盗(dao)不(bu)取(qu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)曾、史可疑(yi)于(yu)(yu)幽(you)隐;必知(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)大(da)盗(dao)不(bu)取(qu)悬(xuan)金(jin)于(yu)(yu)市(shi)。故明主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)治国也(ye)(ye)(ye),众其(qi)守(shou)而重(zhong)其(qi)罪,使民(min)(min)以(yi)法禁而不(bu)以(yi)廉止。母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)倍父(fu),父(fu)令(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)行于(yu)(yu)子(zi)者十母(mu)(mu);吏(li)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)无(wu)爱(ai)(ai)(ai),令(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)行于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)万父(fu)。母(mu)(mu)积(ji)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)而令(ling)穷(qiong),吏(li)威严(yan)而民(min)(min)听从(cong),严(yan)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)之(zhi)(zhi)策亦(yi)可决(jue)矣。且父(fu)母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)求于(yu)(yu)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),动作则(ze)(ze)(ze)欲其(qi)安利(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye),行身则(ze)(ze)(ze)欲其(qi)远(yuan)罪也(ye)(ye)(ye)。君上之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye),有难则(ze)(ze)(ze)用其(qi)死(si),安平则(ze)(ze)(ze)尽其(qi)力。亲以(yi)厚爱(ai)(ai)(ai)关(guan)子(zi)于(yu)(yu)安利(li)而不(bu)听,君以(yi)无(wu)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)利(li)求民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)力而令(ling)行。明主(zhu)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi),故不(bu)养恩爱(ai)(ai)(ai)之(zhi)(zhi)心而增威严(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)势。故母(mu)(mu)厚爱(ai)(ai)(ai)处,子(zi)多败,推爱(ai)(ai)(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye);父(fu)薄爱(ai)(ai)(ai)教笞(chi),子(zi)多善,用严(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

奸(jian)人在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)能被(bei)察觉(jue)的(de)情况(kuang)下(xia),才会(hui)戒惧(ju);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)受惩(cheng)罚(fa)的(de)情况(kuang)下(xia),才不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢再犯。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能被(bei)察觉(jue)的(de)情况(kuang)下(xia),他就(jiu)会(hui)放(fang)肆(si);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)受惩(cheng)罚(fa)的(de)情况(kuang)下(xia),他就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)横(heng)行(xing)。把廉价的(de)东西放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)冷僻(pi)之(zhi)处(chu)(chu),即(ji)使是(shi)(shi)曾(ceng)参、史{鱼酋}这(zhei)样(yang)有(you)修养(yang)的(de)人也有(you)偷窃的(de)嫌疑;把百金放(fang)置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)闹(nao)市中,即(ji)使出名(ming)的(de)盗贼也不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢取走(zou)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)被(bei)察觉(jue),曾(ceng)参、史绍就(jiu)可能在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)暗处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)坏事;一(yi)定(ding)(ding)察觉(jue);大盗就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)闹(nao)市上(shang)(shang)取走(zou)放(fang)置(zhi)的(de)百金。所以(yi)明(ming)君治理国家,多设耳目,重罚(fa)罪犯,使民(min)(min)众(zhong)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)法令(ling)而受到约束,不(bu)(bu)(bu)靠廉洁的(de)品德而停止作恶。母(mu)亲(qin)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)护子(zi)(zi)女(nv)要(yao)(yao)倍于(yu)(yu)(yu)父亲(qin),然而父亲(qin)严(yan)令(ling)子(zi)(zi)女(nv)的(de)效果(guo)(guo)更十倍于(yu)(yu)(yu)母(mu)亲(qin);官吏对(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)众(zhong)没(mei)有(you)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)心,然而对(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)众(zhong)发号施令(ling),其效果(guo)(guo)更要(yao)(yao)万倍于(yu)(yu)(yu)父亲(qin)。母(mu)亲(qin)过分宠(chong)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)子(zi)(zi)女(nv),命(ming)令(ling)就(jiu)行(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong);官吏运(yun)用(yong)(yong)刑罚(fa)的(de)威严(yan),命(ming)令(ling)就(jiu)能让人服从。采用(yong)(yong)威严(yan)的(de)略好,还是(shi)(shi)仁爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)策(ce)略好,由(you)此也就(jiu)可以(yi)决断了。况(kuang)且父母(mu)寄希望于(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)女(nv)的(de),行(xing)动(dong)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)想让他们安(an)全有(you)利(li)(li),做人上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)想他们不(bu)(bu)(bu)去犯罪。君主对(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)众(zhong),危(wei)难时(shi)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)他们拼死(si)作战(zhan),安(an)定(ding)(ding)时(shi)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)他们尽力(li)耕作。父母(mu)怀着深厚(hou)的(de)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai),把子(zi)(zi)女(nv)安(an)排在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)全有(you)利(li)(li)的(de)环境(jing)中,但子(zi)(zi)女(nv)却不(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)父母(mu)的(de)话;君主在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)与利(li)(li)的(de)条件(jian)下(xia)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)民(min)(min)众(zhong)为(wei)自(zi)己出死(si)力(li),命(ming)令(ling)却能行(xing)得(de)通(tong)。明(ming)君懂得(de)这(zhei)些,所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)培养(yang)仁爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)之(zhi)心而加强威严(yan)之(zhi)势。所以(yi)母(mu)亲(qin)对(dui)(dui)子(zi)(zi)女(nv)厚(hou)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai),子(zi)(zi)女(nv)多数不(bu)(bu)(bu)好,是(shi)(shi)因为(wei)宠(chong)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)结(jie)果(guo)(guo);父亲(qin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)偏爱(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai),常用(yong)(yong)体罚(fa),子(zi)(zi)女(nv)多数,很好,是(shi)(shi)因为(wei)严(yan)厉的(de)结(jie)果(guo)(guo)。

 

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