《神灭论(lun)》作(zuo)于南朝(chao)(chao)萧齐永(yong)明年(483—493)中。是时(shi),南朝(chao)(chao)佛教盛行,以致为祸(huo)国民。范缜于“风惊雾(wu)起(qi),驰(chi)荡不(bu)休
”之时,以偶然论(lun)观点痛斥因果报应论(lun),反对(dui)宣扬佛教,终作《神灭(mie)论(lun)》一文。
或问予云:“神灭,何以知其(qi)灭也?”答曰:“神即(ji)形(xing)也,形(xing)即(ji)神也。是以形(xing)存(cun)(cun)则神存(cun)(cun),形(xing)谢则神灭也。”
问曰:“形(xing)者(zhe)无知(zhi)之(zhi)称,神(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe)有知(zhi)之(zhi)名,知(zhi)与无知(zhi),即事有异(yi),神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)与形(xing),理不容一(yi),形(xing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)相即,非所闻也(ye)。”答曰:“形(xing)者(zhe)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)质,神(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe)形(xing)之(zhi)用,是(shi)则形(xing)称其(qi)(qi)质,神(shen)(shen)(shen)言其(qi)(qi)用,形(xing)之(zhi)与神(shen)(shen)(shen),不得相异(yi)也(ye)。”
问曰:“神(shen)故非质,形故非用(yong),不得为异,其义安在?”答曰:“名殊而体一也。”
问曰:“名既(ji)已殊,体何得一?”答(da)曰:“神之(zhi)于质,犹(you)利(li)之(zhi)于刃(ren)(ren)(ren),形之(zhi)于用,犹(you)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)于利(li),利(li)之(zhi)名非刃(ren)(ren)(ren)也,刃(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)名非利(li)也。然而舍利(li)无刃(ren)(ren)(ren),舍刃(ren)(ren)(ren)无利(li),未闻刃(ren)(ren)(ren)没(mei)而利(li)存,岂容形亡而神在。”
问曰(yue):“刃(ren)之(zhi)与(yu)利,或如(ru)来说,形之(zhi)与(yu)神(shen),其(qi)(qi)义不然。何以(yi)言之(zhi)?木(mu)之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)知(zhi)也(ye),人之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)知(zhi)也(ye),人既(ji)有(you)(you)如(ru)木(mu)之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)有(you)(you)异木(mu)之(zhi)知(zhi),岂非木(mu)有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)一,人有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)二邪(xie)?”答曰(yue):“异哉(zai)言乎!人若有(you)(you)如(ru)木(mu)之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)为(wei)形,又有(you)(you)异木(mu)之(zhi)知(zhi)以(yi)为(wei)神(shen),则可如(ru)来论也(ye)。今人之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)知(zhi)也(ye),木(mu)之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)知(zhi)也(ye),人之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非木(mu)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),木(mu)之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非人质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),安在有(you)(you)如(ru)木(mu)之(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)复(fu)有(you)(you)异木(mu)之(zhi)知(zhi)哉(zai)!”
问(wen)曰:“人之(zhi)(zhi)质所以(yi)异(yi)木(mu)质者,以(yi)其有知(zhi)耳。人而(er)无(wu)(wu)知(zhi),与木(mu)何异(yi)?”答曰:“人无(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)质犹(you)木(mu)无(wu)(wu)有知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)形。”
问曰(yue):“死者之(zhi)形骸,岂非无知(zhi)之(zhi)质邪(xie)?”答曰(yue):“是无知(zhi)之(zhi)质也。”
问曰:“若然者,人(ren)果有(you)如木(mu)之质(zhi),而(er)有(you)异木(mu)之知矣。”答(da)曰:“死者有(you)如木(mu)之质(zhi),而(er)无异木(mu)之知;生者有(you)异木(mu)之知,而(er)无如木(mu)之质(zhi)也。”
问(wen)曰(yue):“死者之(zhi)骨(gu)骼,非生者之(zhi)形(xing)骸(hai)(hai)邪?”答曰(yue):“生形(xing)之(zhi)非死形(xing),死形(xing)之(zhi)非生形(xing),区已革矣。安有生人之(zhi)形(xing)骸(hai)(hai),非有死人之(zhi)骨(gu)骼哉?”
问(wen)曰:“若生者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)骸(hai)(hai)非死者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)骼(ge),死者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)骼(ge),则(ze)应不(bu)由生者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)骸(hai)(hai),不(bu)由生者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)骸(hai)(hai),则(ze)此骨(gu)骼(ge)从何(he)而至此邪?”答(da)曰:“是生者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)骸(hai)(hai),变(bian)为死者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)骼(ge)也。”
问曰:“生(sheng)者(zhe)之形骸虽变为(wei)死者(zhe)之骨骼,岂(qi)不(bu)因(yin)生(sheng)而死,则知死体犹生(sheng)体也。”答曰:“如因(yin)荣(rong)木变为(wei)枯(ku)木,枯(ku)木之质,宁(ning)是荣(rong)木之体!”
问曰(yue)(yue):“荣(rong)(rong)体(ti)(ti)变(bian)为(wei)枯(ku)(ku)体(ti)(ti),枯(ku)(ku)体(ti)(ti)即(ji)是荣(rong)(rong)体(ti)(ti);丝体(ti)(ti)变(bian)为(wei)缕(lv)体(ti)(ti),缕(lv)体(ti)(ti)即(ji)是丝体(ti)(ti),有(you)何(he)别焉?”答曰(yue)(yue):“若(ruo)枯(ku)(ku)即(ji)是荣(rong)(rong),荣(rong)(rong)即(ji)是枯(ku)(ku),应(ying)荣(rong)(rong)时凋零,枯(ku)(ku)时结实也。又荣(rong)(rong)木(mu)不应(ying)变(bian)为(wei)枯(ku)(ku)木(mu),以(yi)荣(rong)(rong)即(ji)枯(ku)(ku),无所(suo)复变(bian)也。荣(rong)(rong)枯(ku)(ku)是一,何(he)不先(xian)枯(ku)(ku)后(hou)荣(rong)(rong)?要先(xian)荣(rong)(rong)后(hou)枯(ku)(ku),何(he)也?丝缕(lv)之义,亦同此破。”
问曰(yue):“生形之谢,便应豁然都尽,何故(gu)方受死形,绵历未已邪?”答曰(yue):“生灭之体(ti),要有(you)(you)其(qi)次(ci)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)欻(hu)而生者(zhe)必(bi)(bi)欻(hu)而灭,渐而生者(zhe)必(bi)(bi)渐而灭。欻(hu)而生者(zhe),飘骤是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);渐而生者(zhe),动植是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)欻(hu)有(you)(you)渐,物之理也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
问曰(yue):“形即是(shi)神(shen)者,手等亦是(shi)神(shen)邪?”答曰(yue):“皆是(shi)神(shen)之分也。”
问曰(yue):“若皆(jie)是(shi)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)分,神(shen)既能虑,手等(deng)亦应能虑也?”答(da)曰(yue):“手等(deng)亦应能有痛(tong)痒之(zhi)(zhi)知,而无是(shi)非之(zhi)(zhi)虑。”
问曰:“知(zhi)之与(yu)虑(lv),为(wei)(wei)一(yi)为(wei)(wei)异?”答曰:“知(zhi)即(ji)是(shi)虑(lv),浅则(ze)为(wei)(wei)知(zhi),深则(ze)为(wei)(wei)虑(lv)。”
问(wen)曰:“若(ruo)尔,应有(you)(you)二虑。虑既有(you)(you)二,神有(you)(you)二乎?”答曰:“人体惟一(yi),神何得二。”
问曰:“若不得二(er),安有(you)痛痒之知,复(fu)有(you)是非之虑?”答曰:“如手足(zu)虽异,总(zong)为(wei)一人(ren);是非痛痒虽复(fu)有(you)异,亦(yi)总(zong)为(wei)一神矣(yi)。”
问曰:“是非(fei)之(zhi)虑,不关手足(zu),当(dang)关何处?”答曰:“是非(fei)之(zhi)虑,心器所(suo)主(zhu)。”
问(wen)曰:“心器是(shi)五藏之主,非邪?”答曰:“是(shi)也。”
问曰(yue)(yue):“五藏有何殊别,而(er)心独(du)有是非(fei)之虑乎?”答曰(yue)(yue):“七(qi)窍亦复何殊,而(er)司(si)用(yong)不均。”
问曰:“虑思(si)无方,何(he)以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)是心(xin)器所(suo)(suo)主?”答(da)曰:“五藏各有(you)所(suo)(suo)司无有(you)能虑者(zhe),是以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)为(wei)虑本。”
问曰:“何不寄在眼等分中?”答曰:“若虑可(ke)寄于眼分,眼何故不寄于耳(er)分邪?”
问(wen)曰:“虑(lv)体无(wu)本(ben)(ben),故可(ke)寄(ji)之于(yu)眼(yan)分;眼(yan)自(zi)有(you)本(ben)(ben),不假寄(ji)于(yu)佗分也。”答(da)曰:“眼(yan)何(he)故有(you)本(ben)(ben)而(er)虑(lv)无(wu)本(ben)(ben);苟无(wu)本(ben)(ben)于(yu)我(wo)形,而(er)可(ke)遍寄(ji)于(yu)异(yi)地,亦可(ke)张甲之情,寄(ji)王乙(yi)之躯,李丙(bing)之性,托赵丁之体。然乎哉(zai)?不然也。”
问曰:“圣人(ren)形(xing)犹凡(fan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing),而有凡(fan)圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殊(shu),故(gu)知形(xing)神异(yi)矣。”答(da)曰:“不然。金之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精者(zhe)能昭,秽者(zhe)不能昭,有能昭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精金,宁有不昭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秽质。又(you)岂(qi)有圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神而寄凡(fan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi),亦无凡(fan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神而托圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)。是(shi)以八采(cai)、重(zhong)瞳,勋、华之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong);龙颜(yan)、马口,轩、皞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状,此(ci)形(xing)表之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异(yi)也。比干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,七(qi)窍列角;伯约(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胆(dan),其大(da)若(ruo)拳,此(ci)心器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殊(shu)也。是(shi)知圣人(ren)定分,每绝常区(qu),非惟道革群(qun)生,乃亦形(xing)超万有。凡(fan)圣均体(ti),所未(wei)敢安。”
问曰:“子云圣人之形必异于凡(fan)者,敢问阳货类仲尼,项(xiang)籍(ji)似大舜,舜、项(xiang)、孔、阳,智革形同,其(qi)故何(he)邪?”答(da)曰:“珉似玉而(er)非玉,鸡类凤而(er)非凤,物(wu)诚有之,人故宜尔。项(xiang)、阳貌似而(er)非实(shi)似,心器不均,虽貌无益(yi)。”
问曰:“凡(fan)圣之珠,形器不一,可也;圣人员极,理无有二,而丘、旦殊姿,汤、文异状,神不侔色,于此益明(ming)矣(yi)。”答(da)曰:“圣同于心器,形不必同也,犹马殊毛而齐逸,玉异色而均美(mei)。是以晋(jin)棘、荆(jing)和,等价连(lian)城,骅骝(liu)、騄骊,俱(ju)致千里。”
问曰(yue):“形神不二,既闻之矣(yi),形谢神灭(mie),理固宜然,敢问《经》云:‘为之宗庙,以鬼(gui)飨之。’何谓(wei)也?”答曰(yue):“圣(sheng)人之教然也,所以弭孝子(zi)之心,而厉偷薄之意,神而明之,此(ci)之谓(wei)矣(yi)。”
问(wen)曰:“伯有被(bei)甲,彭(peng)生(sheng)豕见,《坟(fen)》、《索(suo)》著其事,宁是设教而已邪?”答曰:“妖怪(guai)茫茫,或存(cun)或亡,强死者众,不皆为鬼(gui),彭(peng)生(sheng)、伯有,何(he)独能然(ran),乍为人(ren)豕,未必齐、郑之公(gong)子也。”
问(wen)曰(yue)(yue):“《易(yi)》称‘故(gu)知鬼神之情状,与(yu)天地相似而不(bu)违。’又曰(yue)(yue):‘载鬼一车。’其(qi)义云何?”答曰(yue)(yue):“有禽(qin)焉,有兽焉,飞(fei)走之别(bie)也;有人(ren)焉,有鬼焉,幽明之别(bie)也。人(ren)灭而为(wei)(wei)鬼,鬼灭而为(wei)(wei)人(ren),则未之知也。”
问曰:“知此神灭,有何利用邪?”答曰:“浮屠害政,桑门蠹俗,风惊雾起,驰荡不休,吾哀其弊,思拯其溺。夫竭财以赴僧,破产以趋佛,而不恤亲戚,不怜穷匮者何?良由厚我之情深,济物之意浅。是以圭撮涉于贫友,吝情动于颜色;千钟委于富僧,欢意畅于容发。岂不以僧有多余之期,友无遗秉之报,务施阙于周急,归德必于有己。又惑以茫昧之言,惧以阿鼻之苦,诱以虚诞之辞,欣以兜率之乐。故舍逢掖,袭横衣,废俎豆,列瓶钵,家家弃其亲爱,人人绝其嗣续。致使兵挫于行间,吏空于官府,粟罄于惰游,货殚于泥木。所以奸宄弗胜,颂声尚拥,惟此之故,其流莫已,其病无限。若陶甄禀于自然,森罗均于独化,忽焉自有,怳尔而无,来也不御,去也不追,乘夫天理,各安其性。小人甘其垄亩,君子保其恬素,耕而食,食不可穷也,蚕而衣,衣不可尽也,下有余以奉其上,上无为以待其下,可以全生,可以匡国,可以霸君,用此道也。”