第16课 舌战群儒 课文原文 鄂教八下

罗贯中

张昭(zhao)等见(jian)孔明丰神飘洒，器宇(yu)轩昂，料道此(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必来游说(shuo)。张昭(zhao)先(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)挑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)：“昭(zhao)乃江东微末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)，久闻(wen)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高卧隆中(zhong)，自比管；乐(le)(le)。此(ci)(ci)语(yu)(yu)果有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎？”孔明曰(yue)(yue)：“此(ci)(ci)亮(liang)平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小可之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比也。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)(yue)：“近闻(wen)刘(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)三顾(gu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)草(cao)庐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，幸(xing)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为如(ru)鱼得(de)水(shui)，思欲席(xi)卷(juan)荆襄。今(jin)一(yi)(yi)旦以(yi)(yi)(yi)属(shu)曹操，未(wei)审是(shi)何主(zhu)见(jian)？”孔明自思张昭(zhao)乃孙权手下(xia)第一(yi)(yi)个谋士(shi)，若不(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)难(nan)倒他，如(ru)何说(shuo)得(de)孙权，遂答曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)观取(qu)汉上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易如(ru)反(fan)掌(zhang)。我主(zhu)刘(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)躬行仁(ren)(ren)义(yi)，不(bu)忍夺同(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基业(ye)，故力辞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。刘(liu)琮孺子，听信(xin)佞(ning)言(yan)(yan)，暗自投(tou)降，致使曹操得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)猖獗(jue)。今(jin)我主(zhu)屯兵江夏，别有(you)(you)良图，非(fei)等闲可知(zhi)也。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)(yue)：“若此(ci)(ci)，是(shi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)言(yan)(yan)行相(xiang)违也。先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自比管、乐(le)(le)，管仲(zhong)相(xiang)桓公(gong)，霸诸侯，一(yi)(yi)匡天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)；乐(le)(le)毅(yi)扶持(chi)微弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕，下(xia)齐七十余城(cheng)：此(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者，真(zhen)济世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才也。先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在草(cao)庐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，但笑(xiao)(xiao)傲风月，抱膝危(wei)坐。今(jin)既(ji)从事刘(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)，当(dang)(dang)为生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)灵兴利除害，剿灭(mie)乱贼。且(qie)(qie)刘(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)未(wei)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚(shang)且(qie)(qie)纵横寰宇(yu)，割据城(cheng)池；今(jin)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆仰望(wang)。虽三尺童(tong)蒙，亦(yi)谓彪虎(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)翼，将(jiang)见(jian)汉室复兴，曹氏(shi)即灭(mie)矣。朝(chao)廷旧臣，山(shan)林(lin)隐士(shi)，无不(bu)拭目而(er)待(dai)：以(yi)(yi)(yi)为拂高天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云翳(yi)，仰日(ri)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光辉(hui)，拯民(min)(min)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，措天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)衽席(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，在此(ci)(ci)时也。何先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自归(gui)豫(yu)州(zhou)，曹兵一(yi)(yi)出(chu)，弃(qi)甲抛(pao)戈，望(wang)风而(er)窜；上(shang)不(bu)能(neng)报刘(liu)表(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)庶民(min)(min)，下(xia)不(bu)能(neng)辅孤子而(er)据疆土；乃弃(qi)新(xin)野(ye)(ye)，走樊(fan)城(cheng)，败(bai)当(dang)(dang)阳，奔(ben)夏口(kou)，无容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是(shi)豫(yu)州(zhou)既(ji)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，反(fan)不(bu)如(ru)其(qi)初也。管仲(zhong)、乐(le)(le)毅(yi)，果如(ru)是(shi)乎？愚直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)，幸(xing)勿见(jian)怪！”孔明听罢，哑(ya)然(ran)而(er)笑(xiao)(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)：“鹏(peng)飞万(wan)里，其(qi)志岂(qi)群鸟(niao)能(neng)识哉？譬如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)染沉疴，当(dang)(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)用糜粥(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和(he)药以(yi)(yi)(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待(dai)其(qi)腑脏(zang)调(diao)和(he)，形体渐安(an)，然(ran)后(hou)用肉食以(yi)(yi)(yi)补(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛(meng)药以(yi)(yi)(yi)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：则(ze)病根尽(jin)去(qu)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也。若不(bu)待(dai)气脉和(he)缓，便(bian)投(tou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)猛(meng)药厚味，欲求安(an)保，诚为难(nan)矣。吾(wu)主(zhu)刘(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)，向日(ri)军(jun)败(bai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)汝南，寄(ji)迹刘(liu)表(biao)，兵不(bu)满千，将(jiang)止关、张、赵云而(er)已(yi)：此(ci)(ci)正如(ru)病势尫羸已(yi)极之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时也，新(xin)野(ye)(ye)山(shan)僻小县，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)稀少，粮(liang)食鲜薄，豫(yu)州(zhou)不(bu)过暂借以(yi)(yi)(yi)容身，岂(qi)真(zhen)将(jiang)坐守于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)耶？夫(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)甲兵不(bu)完，城(cheng)郭不(bu)固，军(jun)不(bu)经练(lian)，粮(liang)不(bu)继日(ri)，然(ran)而(er)博望(wang)烧屯，白河用水(shui)，使夏侯惇，曹仁(ren)(ren)辈心惊胆裂：窃谓管仲(zhong)、乐(le)(le)毅(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用兵，未(wei)必过此(ci)(ci)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)刘(liu)琮降操，豫(yu)州(zhou)实出(chu)不(bu)知(zhi)；且(qie)(qie)又不(bu)忍乘乱夺同(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基业(ye)，此(ci)(ci)真(zhen)大(da)仁(ren)(ren)大(da)义(yi)也。当(dang)(dang)阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)败(bai)，豫(yu)州(zhou)见(jian)有(you)(you)数十万(wan)赴义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)，扶老携幼相(xiang)随(sui)，不(bu)忍弃(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日(ri)行十里，不(bu)思进(jin)取(qu)江陵，甘(gan)与同(tong)败(bai)，此(ci)(ci)亦(yi)大(da)仁(ren)(ren)大(da)义(yi)也。寡不(bu)敌(di)众(zhong)，胜负乃其(qi)常事。昔高皇数败(bai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)项羽，而(er)垓(gai)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)战成(cheng)功，此(ci)(ci)非(fei)韩信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良谋乎？夫(fu)信(xin)久事高皇，未(wei)尝累(lei)胜。盖国家大(da)计，社稷安(an)危(wei)，是(shi)有(you)(you)主(zhu)谋。非(fei)比夸(kua)辩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虚誉欺人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)：坐议立谈(tan)，无人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可及；临机应变，百无一(yi)(yi)能(neng)。诚为天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)笑(xiao)(xiao)耳！”这一(yi)(yi)篇言(yan)(yan)语(yu)(yu)，说(shuo)得(de)张昭(zhao)并无一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)回答。

座上忽一人抗声问(wen)曰(yue)(yue)：“今(jin)曹公兵屯百(bai)万，将列千员(yuan)，龙骧(xiang)虎视，平吞江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)夏(xia)，公以为何如(ru)？”孔(kong)明视之(zhi)，乃虞翻(fan)也(ye)。孔(kong)明曰(yue)(yue)：“曹操收袁绍蚁聚之(zhi)兵，劫(jie)刘表(biao)乌合(he)之(zhi)众，虽数百(bai)万不(bu)(bu)足惧也(ye)。”虞翻(fan)冷笑(xiao)(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)：“军败(bai)于当阳，计穷(qiong)于夏(xia)口，区区求(qiu)教于人，而(er)犹言‘不(bu)(bu)惧’，此真大言欺人也(ye)！”孔(kong)明曰(yue)(yue)：“刘豫州(zhou)(zhou)以数千仁义之(zhi)师，安能敌百(bai)万残暴之(zhi)众？退守(shou)夏(xia)口，所(suo)以待时也(ye)。今(jin)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)东兵精粮足，且有长江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)险，犹欲使其主屈膝(xi)降(jiang)贼，不(bu)(bu)顾天下耻笑(xiao)(xiao)。由此论之(zhi)，刘豫州(zhou)(zhou)真不(bu)(bu)惧操贼者矣！”虞翻(fan)不(bu)(bu)能对(dui)。

座间又一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)问曰：“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)欲效(xiao)仪(yi)、秦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舌，游说(shuo)东(dong)吴耶？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)视(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)步骘(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰：“步子山以(yi)(yi)苏秦(qin)张(zhang)仪(yi)为(wei)辩士，不(bu)(bu)知苏秦(qin)、张(zhang)仪(yi)亦(yi)(yi)豪杰也(ye)(ye)。苏秦(qin)佩六国(guo)相(xiang)印，张(zhang)仪(yi)两次相(xiang)秦(qin)，皆有匡(kuang)扶人(ren)(ren)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋，非(fei)比畏(wei)强凌弱，惧(ju)刀避剑(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。君等(deng)闻曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)虚发诈伪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)词，便畏(wei)惧(ju)请(qing)降，敢笑苏秦(qin)、张(zhang)仪(yi)乎(hu)(hu)？”步骘(zhi)默然(ran)无(wu)语。忽一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)问曰：“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)何(he)如人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)视(shi)其人(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)薛综(zong)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)答曰：“曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)乃(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)汉贼(zei)也(ye)(ye)，又何(he)必问？”综(zong)曰：“公(gong)言(yan)(yan)差矣(yi)。汉传世(shi)至今，天数将终。今曹(cao)公(gong)已(yi)有天下(xia)三分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)，人(ren)(ren)皆归心。刘(liu)豫(yu)州不(bu)(bu)识天时，强欲与(yu)争(zheng)，正如以(yi)(yi)卵击(ji)石，安(an)得不(bu)(bu)败(bai)乎(hu)(hu)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)厉声曰：“薛敬文安(an)得出此无(wu)父无(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)乎(hu)(hu)！夫人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)天地(di)间，以(yi)(yi)忠孝为(wei)立身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)。公(gong)既为(wei)汉臣(chen)(chen)，则见(jian)有不(bu)(bu)臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，当誓共(gong)戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。今曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)祖宗叨(tao)食汉禄(lu)，不(bu)(bu)思报效(xiao)，反怀篡逆(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所共(gong)愤；公(gong)乃(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)以(yi)(yi)天数归之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，真无(wu)父无(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)！不(bu)(bu)足(zu)与(yu)语！请(qing)勿复言(yan)(yan)！”薛综(zong)满面羞惭，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)对答。座上又一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)应声问曰：“曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)虽挟天子以(yi)(yi)令诸(zhu)侯，犹是相(xiang)国(guo)曹(cao)参之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。刘(liu)豫(yu)州虽云中(zhong)山靖王(wang)苗裔，却无(wu)可稽(ji)考，眼见(jian)只是织席贩屦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫耳(er)，何(he)足(zu)与(yu)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)抗衡哉！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)视(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)陆绩也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)笑曰：“公(gong)非(fei)袁(yuan)术座间怀桔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陆郎乎(hu)(hu)？请(qing)安(an)坐，听吾(wu)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)：曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)既为(wei)曹(cao)相(xiang)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，则世(shi)为(wei)汉臣(chen)(chen)矣(yi)；今乃(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)专权(quan)肆横，欺凌君父，是不(bu)(bu)惟(wei)无(wu)君，亦(yi)(yi)且蔑祖，不(bu)(bu)惟(wei)汉室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱臣(chen)(chen)，亦(yi)(yi)曹(cao)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贼(zei)子也(ye)(ye)。刘(liu)豫(yu)州堂堂帝胄，当今皇帝，按谱赐爵(jue)，何(he)云无(wu)可稽(ji)考？且高祖起身亭长(zhang)，而终有天下(xia)；织席贩屦，又何(he)足(zu)为(wei)辱乎(hu)(hu)？公(gong)小儿(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)见(jian)，不(bu)(bu)足(zu)与(yu)高士共(gong)语！”陆绩语塞(sai)。

座上一(yi)人忽(hu)曰：“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)所言(yan)，皆强词(ci)夺理，均非正论，不必再言(yan)。且请问孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)治何经典？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)视之(zhi)(zhi)，乃严酸也(ye)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰：“寻章摘句，世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒也(ye)，何能兴邦(bang)立事？且古耕(geng)莘伊尹，钓渭子牙，张良、陈平之(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)。邓禹、耿弇之(zhi)(zhi)辈(bei)，皆有匡(kuang)扶(fu)宇宙(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)才，未审其生平治何经典。岂(qi)亦效书(shu)生，区(qu)区(qu)于笔(bi)砚之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)，数黑论黄，舞(wu)文弄墨而已乎？”严峻低头丧气而不能对。

忽(hu)又一人(ren)(ren)(ren)大声曰：“公好(hao)为(wei)大言，未必真有实(shi)学(xue)，恐适为(wei)儒(ru)(ru)者所(suo)笑耳。”孔(kong)明视(shi)其人(ren)(ren)(ren)，乃汝阳(yang)程德枢也。孔(kong)明答曰：“儒(ru)(ru)有君子(zi)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)别(bie)。君子(zi)之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)，忠君爱国，守正恶邪，务使泽及当时(shi)，名留后世(shi)。若夫(fu)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)，惟(wei)务雕虫，专工翰墨，青(qing)春作赋(fu)，皓(hao)首穷经；笔下虽有千言，胸中实(shi)无一策。且如(ru)杨(yang)雄以文章名世(shi)，而(er)屈身事莽(mang)，不免投(tou)阁而(er)死，此(ci)所(suo)谓小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)也；虽日赋(fu)万言，亦何取(qu)哉！”程德枢不能对。众人(ren)(ren)(ren)见孔(kong)明对答如(ru)流，尽皆失(shi)色。

注：课文节选自罗贯中《三国演义》第四十三回“诸葛亮舌战群儒 鲁(lu)子敬力(li)排众议”。