乱花渐欲迷人眼
——2008年中考作文命题预测
[陕西]王臻/供稿
2008年(nian)，全国各地(di)市大(da)都会进入(ru)基础教育课程改革(ge)实(shi)验区(qu)，在新(xin)课程教育理念的导(dao)引下，我(wo)们相信2008年(nian)的中考作文试题(ti)，一定会像春天的花儿一样竞相争艳，呈现出“乱花渐(jian)欲迷人眼”的态势—
一、命(ming)题形式稳中有变
笔者曾各抽取了(le)120份中考(kao)语文试题(ti)对(dui)2006年和2007年两年的全国各地(di)市中考(kao)作文试题(ti)形式(shi)在(zai)数量上做了(le)如(ru)下(xia)的比较——
命题形式
2006年
2007年
全命题作文
9道(7.5%)
18道(15%)
半命题作文
21道(17.5%)
22道(18.3%)
话题作文
30道(25%)
17道(14.2%)
材料作文
8道(6.7%)
9道(7.5%)
选题作文
52道(43.3%)
54道(45%)
从上表我们(men)(men)不难看出，2007年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)考作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)仍以全(quan)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、半(ban)(ban)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、话题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、材(cai)料作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和选(xuan)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)为主。其中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)多的(de)地市采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)是(shi)(shi)近几(ji)年(nian)最(zui)为流行(xing)的(de)选(xuan)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，这种形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)几(ji)乎占到(dao)了所有试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)“半(ban)(ban)壁江(jiang)山”。在各种命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)增(zeng)幅最(zui)大(da)，已由2006年(nian)的(de)9道(dao)(dao)增(zeng)加(jia)到(dao)了2007年(nian)的(de)18道(dao)(dao)，2007年(nian)全(quan)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)道(dao)(dao)数恰好(hao)是(shi)(shi)2006年(nian)的(de)2倍。话题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)降(jiang)幅最(zui)大(da)，已由2006年(nian)的(de)30道(dao)(dao)降(jiang)到(dao)了2007年(nian)的(de)17道(dao)(dao)，降(jiang)了11.2个百分点。之(zhi)所以出现如此变化(hua)，是(shi)(shi)因(yin)为话题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)虽然(ran)有开放空间大(da)、写作(zuo)(zuo)自由等(deng)(deng)优点，但也(ye)容易让考生对(dui)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)进行(xing)宿(su)构。各地市中(zhong)(zhong)考命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)者显(xian)然(ran)发现了这个问题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，因(yin)而他们(men)(men)才在命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)时大(da)幅度降(jiang)低了话题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)率，转而增(zeng)加(jia)了有简单明了、审题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)障碍少、不宜宿(su)构等(deng)(deng)优点的(de)全(quan)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)率。从表中(zhong)(zhong)看，2007年(nian)半(ban)(ban)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、材(cai)料作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和选(xuan)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)相(xiang)对(dui)2006年(nian)来说采(cai)用(yong)(yong)率稍有增(zeng)加(jia)。
有理由(you)相信，中(zhong)(zhong)考作文在(zai)命(ming)题(ti)形式上所表(biao)现(xian)出来的这种趋势在(zai)2008年(nian)全(quan)国中(zhong)(zhong)考中(zhong)(zhong)不会(hui)发生太(tai)大的变化，可能改变的也许仅会(hui)出现(xian)在(zai)具体地(di)市(shi)的中(zhong)(zhong)考作文中(zhong)(zhong)，为(wei)了避(bi)免命(ming)题(ti)形式和近几年(nian)雷同，命(ming)题(ti)者一般都会(hui)在(zai)作文命(ming)题(ti)形式上或(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)少做些调整。这一点还要广大考生特别注(zhu)意。
二、涉及范围越来越广
从近几(ji)年全国(guo)各地的(de)中(zhong)考(kao)作(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试题(ti)来看(kan)，在内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)上贴近考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活实(shi)际的(de)试题(ti)数量仍为(wei)最多。这些中(zhong)考(kao)作(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试题(ti)，它(ta)们或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)真情(qing)实(shi)感，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活体验(yan)，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)健(jian)康成长，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)学(xue)习发展，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)品德修(xiu)养，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)价(jia)值取向，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)思想(xiang)，或(huo)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)独特感受(shou)……丰(feng)富的(de)作(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试题(ti)内(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)，体现了新(xin)课改(gai)的(de)精神理念(nian)，为(wei)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)写(xie)(xie)作(zuo)开辟了更(geng)加广阔的(de)天地，也为(wei)考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)认(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)世界、认(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)社(she)会(hui)、认(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活、认(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)自我提供了有(you)力的(de)帮助，使考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能够在自己(ji)原有(you)的(de)认(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)水(shui)平(ping)和(he)写(xie)(xie)作(zuo)水(shui)平(ping)上，进行创造性的(de)表(biao)(biao)述，有(you)助于考(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)写(xie)(xie)出(chu)能代表(biao)(biao)自己(ji)最高水(shui)平(ping)的(de)作(zuo)文(wen)(wen)。
另外，我(wo)们也不能不看(kan)到，近几年全国各地(di)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)考(kao)(kao)作文试(shi)题(ti)，在内容上已经有明显从单纯的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)向更为(wei)广(guang)阔的(de)(de)(de)社会生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)延伸拓展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)迹象(xiang)，这也是中(zhong)考(kao)(kao)作文在命题(ti)上步(bu)入纵(zong)深的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)必然结果。如2007年江苏(su)省扬州(zhou)市中(zhong)考(kao)(kao)作文试(shi)题(ti)为(wei)半命题(ti)作文“吃(chi) ”,对于这样的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)考(kao)(kao)作文试(shi)题(ti)，考(kao)(kao)生(sheng)(sheng)在写作时只有将视野投(tou)向更为(wei)广(guang)阔的(de)(de)(de)社会生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)，才有写深写透写活(huo)写好的(de)(de)(de)可能。
因此我们(men)说(shuo)，2008年(nian)中(zhong)考(kao)(kao)作文(wen)命题在内(nei)容上涉及(ji)的(de)(de)范围(wei)将会越(yue)(yue)来(lai)越(yue)(yue)广。备考(kao)(kao)中(zhong)我们(men)除过要继续注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)考(kao)(kao)生生活外，还要特别注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)平时考(kao)(kao)生不(bu)易注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)的(de)(de)社(she)会生活诸方面。如家庭日常、环境保护(hu)、和(he)谐氛(fen)围(wei)、文(wen)化体育(yu)、法律道德、军(jun)事争端、高(gao)科(ke)技术等都应该(gai)成为考(kao)(kao)生注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)的(de)(de)。只有这样(yang)，当遇(yu)到(dao)内(nei)容涉及(ji)范围(wei)更广的(de)(de)中(zhong)考(kao)(kao)作文(wen)试题时，我们(men)才能因“知己知彼(bi)”而“百战不(bu)殆”。
三、开放程度不断加大
这首先表现(xian)在(zai)近年来越(yue)来越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地市(shi)逐(zhu)年加(jia)入到(dao)以(yi)“选(xuan)题(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)考(kao)查学生作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)队伍(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)来。严(yan)格来说(shuo)，选(xuan)题(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)并不是(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)具体的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)，一(yi)般均是(shi)由全(quan)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、半(ban)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、材料作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和话题(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等四种(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)两(liang)两(liang)任(ren)意(yi)(yi)组(zu)合，其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)两(liang)道试题(ti)只(zhi)要求(qiu)考(kao)生选(xuan)写其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)道作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。这种(zhong)提供两(liang)道作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试题(ti)让考(kao)生选(xuan)择写作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)查考(kao)生作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)，无疑要比只(zhi)有一(yi)道试题(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)更具人性化。所(suo)以(yi)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)经出现(xian)就受到(dao)了广大(da)考(kao)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)广泛欢迎，越(yue)来越(yue)多地市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)考(kao)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)者也顺应民意(yi)(yi)，使这种(zhong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)在(zai)近几年迅速成(cheng)为采用频率最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)种(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)。可以(yi)肯定(ding)地说(shuo)，选(xuan)题(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)题(ti)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)还将在(zai)2008年全(quan)国中(zhong)(zhong)考(kao)中(zhong)(zhong)独领风骚，从而(er)更进一(yi)步加(jia)大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)考(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)试题(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)开(kai)放程(cheng)度。
其次表现(xian)为中考(kao)(kao)(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)对考(kao)(kao)(kao)生在(zai)(zai)总体(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)上有(you)所淡(dan)化。中考(kao)(kao)(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)一(yi)般都(dou)会对文(wen)(wen)体(ti)、立意、题(ti)目、字数等作(zuo)(zuo)明确要(yao)求(qiu)，但从2007年(nian)全国各地(di)中考(kao)(kao)(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)看，已经有(you)好些省市(shi)(shi)(shi)取消(xiao)了对作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)的(de)(de)一(yi)些基(ji)本要(yao)求(qiu)，也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)说，命题(ti)者只(zhi)给考(kao)(kao)(kao)生提供一(yi)个作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)，其它(ta)的(de)(de)什么都(dou)不提供。如(ru)山东省枣(zao)庄市(shi)(shi)(shi)、江苏省南通市(shi)(shi)(shi)、广(guang)东省深圳市(shi)(shi)(shi)等地(di)市(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)命题(ti)的(de)(de)。既就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)对中考(kao)(kao)(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)有(you)明确要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)大多(duo)数地(di)市(shi)(shi)(shi)，他们对作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)也是(shi)(shi)越来越宽泛(fan)。如(ru)在(zai)(zai)文(wen)(wen)体(ti)上的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)各地(di)市(shi)(shi)(shi)几乎都(dou)是(shi)(shi)“文(wen)(wen)体(ti)自选”，河北省、陕西省、浙江省嘉兴市(shi)(shi)(shi)等地(di)市(shi)(shi)(shi)甚至(zhi)还允许(xu)诗歌成(cheng)为中考(kao)(kao)(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)一(yi)种独(du)特文(wen)(wen)体(ti)。这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)，具有(you)很大的(de)(de)开放性，考(kao)(kao)(kao)生在(zai)(zai)写作(zuo)(zuo)时可以在(zai)(zai)许(xu)多(duo)方(fang)面按照(zhao)自己(ji)的(de)(de)“意愿”落(luo)笔(bi)，有(you)助于考(kao)(kao)(kao)生发(fa)挥自己(ji)最高的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)水平，写出令评卷老师青睐的(de)(de)高分作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)。总体(ti)淡(dan)化作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)趋势(shi)，在(zai)(zai)2008年(nian)中考(kao)(kao)(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)试(shi)题(ti)中一(yi)定还会得到很好的(de)(de)体(ti)现(xian)。
四、考查(cha)功能(neng)有望扩展。
作文试题主要考查的是考生的语言表达能力，这是作文试题最为基本的功能所在。但从近几年的中考作文试题来看，中考作文的考查功能有望得到扩展。我们发现，不少地市的中考作文试题在考查考生语言表达能力的同时也对考生的汉字书写能力进行考查。如2007年浙江省绍兴市和江苏省南通市作文试题总分均为65分，其中都有5分的书写分。又如陕西省课改区近几年的中考作文试题除过考查考生的语言表达能力外，还对考生评价自己作文的能力进行考查，具体表现为作文试题总分为50分，其中有5分是专为考查考生评价自己作文能力安排的。我们认为，2008年中考作文试题的考查功能有望得到进一步扩展，至少在往年已经出现了作文试题考查功能扩展的地市，作文试题考查功能的扩展现象会依然存在。
