真读书与假读书
①读书是求知的门径,因为先民的经验和无法亲自接触到的现代人的经验,都可以从书本上发现,所以读书就是借前人或他人经(jing)验而获取知识的方法(fa)。
②从前有(you)人(ren)把读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)分为(wei)(wei)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)死(si)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)死(si)等等的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)方式。我(wo)认为(wei)(wei)针对(dui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生们(men)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形,首(shou)先似宜分为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、假读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和真读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)三类(lei)(lei)。所谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)极懒(lan)惰的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生,在(zai)(zai)(zai)讲堂(tang)上纵然(ran)(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)瞌睡,至少是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)(ken)认真听讲,到了自(zi)习的(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候简直是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)(ken)乍动(dong)用(yong)功(gong);因此(ci),在(zai)(zai)(zai)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)举行考试(shi)时(shi),其成(cheng)绩当然(ran)(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)格(ge)。这(zhei)(zhei)一类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生当然(ran)(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最坏的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生。其次是(shi)(shi)(shi)所谓假读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生,这(zhei)(zhei)一类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生并(bing)非不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)(ken)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)于读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)感兴趣(qu),只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)受了父(fu)母师长的(de)(de)(de)(de)督责,既入校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)求学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),因此(ci)把读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)视(shi)同(tong)一种义(yi)(yi)务,只(zhi)(zhi)求敷衍塞责,目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)(zhi)求应付考试(shi),考及(ji)(ji)格(ge),应算满足。偶然(ran)(ran)(ran)有(you)些考试(shi)成(cheng)绩还(hai)算不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)错,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)毕(bi)业离校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)扣(kou),使不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)(ken)继(ji)续自(zi)动(dong)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),因为(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)们(men)认为(wei)(wei)入校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一种义(yi)(yi)务,已(yi)毕(bi)业离校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)后义(yi)(yi)务已(yi)尽,那就(jiu)(jiu)用(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)着(zhe)再行读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),所以他(ta)(ta)们(men)自(zi)出了校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)门之(zhi)日起,学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)问只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)日走(zou)下坡(po),纵然(ran)(ran)(ran)在(zai)(zai)(zai)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)也还(hai)可观。我(wo)称之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)假读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因为(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)们(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),并(bing)非出自(zi)诚意之(zhi)故(gu)。复次所谓真读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)与假读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)适相反。他(ta)(ta)们(men)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于诚意的(de)(de)(de)(de),因为(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)们(men)对(dui)于读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)感到举,所以把读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)视(shi)为(wei)(wei)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)权利(li),而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)任(ren)(ren)何(he)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)义(yi)(yi)务。有(you)了这(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理作(zuo)用(yong),他(ta)(ta)们(men)定然(ran)(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)肯(ken)(ken)认真读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),而且不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)(ken)放过(guo)任(ren)(ren)何(he)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)机(ji)会(hui)。这(zhei)(zhei)类(lei)(lei)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生在(zai)(zai)(zai)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)固然(ran)(ran)(ran)成(cheng)绩很好(hao),毕(bi)业离校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)后,定然(ran)(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)(ken)离开(kai)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)本,在(zai)(zai)(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)业工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候,一有(you)余暇,定然(ran)(ran)(ran)继(ji)续而自(zi)动(dong)地(di)读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。称之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)真读(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)算得是(shi)(shi)(shi)名副其实。
③但是(shi)(shi)(shi)坦步来说(shuo)(shuo),仅仅认真读(du)书(shu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)(yi)尽了(le)读(du)书(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能事呢?我在(zai)开始(shi)已(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)说(shuo)(shuo)过(guo),读(du)书(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要凭藉(jie)先(xian)民(min)和他(ta)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)经(jing)(jing)验而获取(qu)知识。照这样而获犁知识都是(shi)(shi)(shi)现(xian)(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)别人(ren)已(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)努力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果,自(zi)(zi)己只有(you)收(shou)(shou)(shou)集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)功,没有(you)加工之(zhi)(zhi)功。记得英(ying)国17世纪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一位大学者(zhe)培根曾经(jing)(jing)说(shuo)(shuo)过(guo),有(you)三种(zhong)(zhong)小动物(wu)值(zhi)得人(ren)类取(qu)法(fa)。第一种(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)蚂蚁。它(ta)们辛(xin)辛(xin)勤(qin)(qin)勤(qin)(qin)地(di)尽量(liang)收(shou)(shou)(shou)集(ji)可供(gong)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西,不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)现(xian)(xian)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)得着或用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)着,不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)现(xian)(xian)在(zai)已(yi)(yi)否有(you)多余(yu)。A但培根说(shuo)(shuo),这种(zhong)(zhong)小动物(wu)只有(you)收(shou)(shou)(shou)集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)勤(qin)(qin),不(bu)(bu)知道如何(he)加工改进。因(yin)此,他(ta)又(you)提出(chu)另(ling)外(wai)两种(zhong)(zhong)足资人(ren)类取(qu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小动物(wu)。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)蜘蛛(zhu),一是(shi)(shi)(shi)蜜蜂(feng)。蜘蛛(zhu)不(bu)(bu)靠向(xiang)外(wai)辛(xin)勤(qin)(qin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)集(ji)食(shi)料,却利用(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)(zi)己身体中放出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一种(zhong)(zhong)纤维(wei),织成(cheng)(cheng)蜘蛛(zhu)网,以逸待(dai)劳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),静侯一些小昆虫自(zi)(zi)投(tou)罗网。B据培根的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi),这一种(zhong)(zhong)小动物(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)靠自(zi)(zi)发的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而非对外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努力(li),以达成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)目标。蜜蜂(feng)去(qu)兼具(ju)蚂蚁和蜘蛛(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),一面勤(qin)(qin)于向(xiang)花中采(cai)取(qu)它(ta)们所需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西,一面把所采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西在(zai)肚子里经(jing)(jing)过(guo)了(le)一种(zhong)(zhong)内在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),使其(qi)变成(cheng)(cheng)更有(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)蜂(feng)蜜。因(yin)此蜜蜂(feng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)兼作对外(wai)与自(zi)(zi)发的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)两种(zhong)(zhong)努力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。C
④培根(gen)很(hen)赞成蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),因为如用(yong)来比较一(yi)下求(qiu)知的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),蚂蚁也算得是专靠读(du)书(shu),蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)算得是专靠自己(ji)的(de)(de)内在努力,即思考,蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)却是兼靠读(du)书(shu)和思考的(de)(de)。各位同学,你们试想(xiang)一(yi)想(xiang),究竟(jing)愿学蚂蚁呢,蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)呢,或是蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)呢?我认为你们自己(ji)定会作(zuo)贤明之决择(ze)的(de)(de)。
1. 从(cong)第①段中找出(chu)和喂点的(de)“前人”、“他(ta)人”含义(yi)相同的(de)词语。
前人:_______________________________
他人:_______________________________
2. 第②段论述三种读书的情形。请分别把这三类情形的表现及其原因用简要的语句填写在下面的表格内。
三种读书的情形 |
具体表现 |
原因 |
3. 从论述的内容看,第②段(duan)与第③段(duan)之间是什么关系?
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4. “如果(guo)把它们收(shou)集食料(liao)的工(gong)作比(bi)拟人(ren)(ren)类收(shou)集前(qian)人(ren)(ren)和他(ta)人(ren)(ren)知识经验的工(gong)作,他(ta)们的确算是第(di)一等认真读书的学生。”这句话应放(fang)在文中A、B、C的哪一处?
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5. 第三段论述了三种获取知识的方式,请分别把这三种方式的表现填入下表。
三种获取知识的方式 |
具体表现 |
概括说明 |
蚂蚁式 |
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靠读书。 |
采集百花粉,经过自己(ji)的酿造成为营养丰富的蜜。 |
6. 作者所要(yao)论证的观点(dian)是_________________________________________________________。
所用的主要论证方法是____ 、____ 、_____ 。
7. 读了这篇文章,结合你的学习(xi)情况,说说对(dui)你的最大启发(fa)是什么。
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