1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)，日(ri)本(ben)水(shui)(shui)(shui)俣湾附近发(fa)现(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)一种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“怪(guai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)”，称为(wei)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)俣病(bing)(bing)(bing)”。这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)症最实出现(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)猫(mao)身上，病(bing)(bing)(bing)猫(mao)步态不稳，抽搐、麻痹，甚(shen)(shen)至(zhi)跳海而(er)死(si)。不久(jiu)，陆(lu)续发(fa)现(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)患这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)症的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人。患者(zhe)步履蹒跚(shan)，手足麻痹乃至(zhi)变形，神(shen)经错(cuo)乱甚(shen)(shen)至(zhi)死(si)亡。后来发(fa)现(xian)(xian)(xian)，这(zhei)(zhei)不是传染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)，而(er)是工业废水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)放污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公害(hai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)俣湾一家化(hua)工厂(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)氯乙烯和(he)醋酸(suan)忆烯使(shi)用了(le)(le)含(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)剂，排(pai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)废水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是无机(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，而(er)无机(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)会(hui)与水(shui)(shui)(shui)体(ti)(ti)(ti)或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)机(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)反应生(sheng)(sheng)成甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脂溶性(xing)(xing)非常强，可(ke)(ke)以在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)内(nei)(nei)(nei)逐渐富集并通过食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)链(lian)最终进入人体(ti)(ti)(ti)，被(bei)(bei)肠(chang)胃吸(xi)收，侵(qin)害(hai)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)枢神(shen)经细(xi)胞。公司和(he)政府对(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)俣病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认定(ding)只(zhi)考虑直接(jie)接(jie)触甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)导致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)症状，而(er)这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)症状与甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)通过食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)链(lian)进入人体(ti)(ti)(ti)所(suo)导致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)症状不完本(ben)相同(tong)。因(yin)此(ci)，只(zhi)有(you)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)俣病(bing)(bing)(bing)患者(zhe)获得认定(ding)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)体(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)是人类健康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隐患。因(yin)为(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微量(liang)(liang)(liang)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，经过水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)链(lian)（如：浮(fu)游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)浮(fu)游(you)动(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)小鱼(yu)(yu)大(da)鱼(yu)(yu)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐级转移，在(zai)(zai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)链(lian)顶级生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)内(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)(ke)以富集到数千至(zhi)数十(shi)万(wan)倍(bei)。以美国(guo)(guo)金枪鱼(yu)(yu)罐头为(wei)例，1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)含(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)为(wei)0.08PPM［注］，到了(le)(le)2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)就增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)长至(zhi)1.79PPM。对(dui)以鳌鱼(yu)(yu)和(he)鲸为(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)来源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法罗群(qun)(qun)岛(dao)居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追踪调(diao)查发(fa)现(xian)(xian)(xian)，他(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可(ke)(ke)能是全(quan)(quan)世界(jie)人群(qun)(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，达到6PPM。鱼(yu)(yu)类体(ti)(ti)(ti)内(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)为(wei)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，其(qi)百分(fen)(fen)(fen)比(bi)随着(zhe)鱼(yu)(yu)龄增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)而(er)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)，一年(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱼(yu)(yu)所(suo)含(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)31%—35%，8—12年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱼(yu)(yu)所(suo)含(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)67%—100%。在(zai)(zai)一般(ban)情(qing)况(kuang)下(xia)调(diao)查和(he)监测鱼(yu)(yu)类的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)示(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，对(dui)于(yu)(yu)了(le)(le)解水(shui)(shui)(shui)域汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)程度十(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)必要(yao)。 目前全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)人为(wei)活动(dong)向(xiang)大(da)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)达2000吨(dun)/年(nian)(nian)(nian)。汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)很容易蒸(zheng)发(fa)到大(da)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，并且能够随着(zhe)空气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)团作全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)范围(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迁移，在(zai)(zai)大(da)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)停留几个月(yue)甚(shen)(shen)至(zhi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)。在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)条件下(xia)，它会(hui)发(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)沉降(jiang)，并在(zai)(zai)当地食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)链(lian)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)内(nei)(nei)(nei)聚积。由于(yu)(yu)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)属(shu)性(xing)(xing)，它被(bei)(bei)联合国(guo)(guo)环境规划署列为(wei)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，是除了(le)(le)温室气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)唯一一种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)对(dui)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)范围(wei)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)影响的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)学物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)质。我国(guo)(guo)是汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)和(he)消费大(da)国(guo)(guo)，十(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)重(zhong)视汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)防治研究(jiu)。有(you)研究(jiu)表明：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康影响途(tu)径与其(qi)他(ta)国(guo)(guo)家不同(tong)，不能照搬欧(ou)美研究(jiu)成果评价中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)情(qing)况(kuang)，如在(zai)(zai)北(bei)美和(he)北(bei)欧(ou)地区，某些鱼(yu)(yu)类体(ti)(ti)(ti)内(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)浓度具(ju)有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)标性(xing)(xing)意义，但我国(guo)(guo)贵州(zhou)即(ji)使(shi)在(zai)(zai)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)较严(yan)(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地区，鱼(yu)(yu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)内(nei)(nei)(nei)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)却相对(dui)较低。另有(you)研究(jiu)发(fa)现(xian)(xian)(xian)：汽车尾气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)进入到空气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后，可(ke)(ke)以被(bei)(bei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吸(xi)收，因(yin)此(ci)路旁植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)高于(yu)(yu)公园中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)；北(bei)京市汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)来源是煤(mei)(mei)和(he)汽油燃(ran)烧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)释(shi)放、化(hua)工厂(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)排(pai)放，贵阳市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)原因(yin)则是土壤(rang)高汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)背景(jing)值以及原煤(mei)(mei)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)高。垃(la)圾焚烧是汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一个主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)来源。垃(la)圾中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)来自电池(chi)、体(ti)(ti)(ti)温计(ji)、日(ri)光灯等，如果能对(dui)含(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)废弃物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)采(cai)取比(bi)一般(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾更严(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处理措施，将有(you)利于(yu)(yu)减少汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)。
［注］PPM：即百万(wan)分之一。
5．下列关于(yu)“水俣(yu)病(bing)”的(de)理解，不(bu)符合(he)原文意(yi)思的(de)一项是
A．人和(he)猫(mao)“水俣病”的症状(zhuang)有相似之(zhi)处但(dan)是彼此却不(bu)会相互传(chuan)染。
B．含有大(da)量汞(gong)的工业废水的排入使水俣湾鱼虾体(ti)内含有甲基汞(gong)。
C．甲基汞通(tong)过食物链进入人体内的(de)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)未被认定为(wei)“水俣病”患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)。
D．所有的水俣病患者都具有直接接触甲基(ji)汞所导致的典(dian)型(xing)症(zheng)状。
6．下列理解，符(fu)合原(yuan)文意思(si)的一(yi)项是
A．水中微量汞经过食(shi)物链(lian)逐级转移富集到数千(qian)倍时才会转变成为甲(jia)基汞。
B．鱼(yu)类体内富集的汞含量必定高于同一水域中的浮游植物或(huo)浮游动物。
C．特定水域中一年生的鱼所含(han)的汞没有达到31%时表(biao)明汞污(wu)染并不严重。
D．我国贵州即(ji)使汞污染较为严重(zhong)的地(di)区污染程(cheng)度(du)也(ye)不(bu)及北美和北欧地(di)区。
7．根据(ju)原文提供的信息，以下(xia)推(tui)断不正确的一项是
A．植物(wu)(wu)中汞含量与植物(wu)(wu)所处的地理环(huan)境密切相关(guan)。
B．不同类型(xing)的城市其汞污染的主要来源存在(zai)差异。
C．直接焚(fen)烧含汞的废弃(qi)物(wu)会把汞排放到大(da)气之中。
D．人类活动(dong)较少的北(bei)极上空大气中(zhong)的汞浓度最低(di)。
参考答案：
5．D【解析】本(ben)题(ti)考查理解文中重要(yao)概(gai)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)含义(yi)的(de)(de)能力(li)。解答概(gai)念(nian)(nian)题(ti)，要(yao)特别注(zhu)意(yi)概(gai)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)内涵和外(wai)延(yan)。本(ben)题(ti)主要(yao)错在概(gai)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)外(wai)延(yan)上。
6．B【解析】本题考查理解文意…请点此进入高中说明文阅读训练答案100则查看完整参考答案（本文答案在第8页）…案(an)在第7页(ye)） …易蒸(zheng)发到(dao)大气中，并且能够(gou)随着空气团作全球(qiu)范围(wei)的迁移，在大气中停留(liu)几个月甚至一年”。从这(zhei)句话里推断不出“人类活动较少的北极上(shang)空大气中的汞浓度最(zui)低”。属臆(yi)断。
