●卷四
◎天(tian)官冢宰下
(
○陆曰:“本亦作天官冢宰下。”)
医师掌医之政令,聚毒药以共医事。(毒药,药之辛苦者,药之物恒多毒。《孟子》曰:“若药不瞑眩,厥疾不瘳。”
○瞑,眠见反(fan)(fan),徐(xu)亡于反(fan)(fan)。眩(xuan),玄(xuan)见反(fan)(fan),徐(xu)音玄(xuan),刘音虎县反(fan)(fan)。不(bu)瘳,敕留反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“医师”至“医事”
○释曰:医师者,众医之长,故掌医之政令。言“聚毒药以共医事”者,谓所有药物并皆聚之,以供疾医、疡医等,故言以供医事。
○注“毒药”至“不瘳”
○释曰(yue):言“毒(du)(du)(du)药(yao),药(yao)之(zhi)辛(xin)苦(ku)”者(zhe)(zhe),细(xi)辛(xin),苦(ku)参(can),虽辛(xin)苦(ku)而无(wu)毒(du)(du)(du),但有毒(du)(du)(du)者(zhe)(zhe)多辛(xin)苦(ku),故云(yun)毒(du)(du)(du)药(yao)药(yao)之(zhi)辛(xin)苦(ku)者(zhe)(zhe)。又云(yun)“药(yao)之(zhi)物恒多毒(du)(du)(du)”者(zhe)(zhe),药(yao)中有毒(du)(du)(du)者(zhe)(zhe),谓巴豆、狼牙之(zhi)类(lei)是也。药(yao)中有无(wu)毒(du)(du)(du)者(zhe)(zhe),谓人参(can)、芎穷之(zhi)类(lei)是也。药(yao)之(zhi)无(wu)毒(du)(du)(du)亦聚(ju)之(zhi)。直言聚(ju)毒(du)(du)(du)药(yao)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)毒(du)(du)(du)为(wei)主,故郑(zheng)云(yun)药(yao)之(zhi)物恒多毒(du)(du)(du)。又引《孟子(zi)》者(zhe)(zhe),案《孟子(zi)》滕(teng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)为(wei)世子(zi),将(jiang)之(zhi)楚,过宋,级孟子(zi),而谓之(zhi)云(yun):“今滕(teng)国(guo),绝长补短,将(jiang)五十(shi)里,可以(yi)为(wei)善国(guo)乎?《书》曰(yue):‘药(yao)不瞑(ming)眩(xuan),厥疾(ji)不瘳。’”注云(yun):“逸《书》也。药(yao)使人瞑(ming)眩(xuan)闷(men)乱,乃得瘳愈(yu),犹(you)人敦德惠(hui)乃治也。”引之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),证药(yao)中有毒(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)意。此(ci)是《古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)尚书·说命》之(zhi)篇,高宗语傅说之(zhi)言也。不引《说命》而引《孟子(zi)》者(zhe)(zhe),郑(zheng)不见《古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)尚书》故也。
凡邦之有疾病者、<疒匕>疡者造焉,则使医分而治之。(<疒匕>,头疡,亦谓秃也。身伤曰疡。分之者,医各有能。
○<疒匕>,戚匹婢反,徐芳(fang)鄙反,刘(liu)芳(fang)指反,一音(yin)芳(fang)夷(yi)反。疡,音(yin)羊,身创也。造,七报反。)
[疏]“凡邦”至“治之”
○释曰:国中有疾病者,谓若《疾医》所云者是也。<疒匕>疡者,谓若《疡医》所云者是也。云“造焉”者,此二者,皆来造医师也。云“医师则使医分而治之”者,疾病者付疾医,<疒匕>疡者付疡医,故云分而治之。下有食医、兽医,亦属医师,不来造医师者,食医主齐和饮食,不须造医师;兽医,畜兽之贱,便造兽医,故亦不须造医师。
○注“<疒匕>头”至“有能”
○释曰:言(yan)(yan)“<疒(chuang)(chuang)匕(bi)(bi)>,头疡(yang)(yang)(yang)”者(zhe)(zhe),案下《疡(yang)(yang)(yang)医(yi)》肿疡(yang)(yang)(yang)等不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)<疒(chuang)(chuang)匕(bi)(bi)>,此(ci)特言(yan)(yan)<疒(chuang)(chuang)匕(bi)(bi)>者(zhe)(zhe),肿疡(yang)(yang)(yang)等可以兼之,故(gu)云<疒(chuang)(chuang)匕(bi)(bi)>头疡(yang)(yang)(yang),谓(wei)头上(shang)有(you)疮含(han)(han)脓血(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)。又云“亦谓(wei)秃(tu)也”者(zhe)(zhe),秃(tu)含(han)(han)脓血(xue)者(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)入(ru)<疒(chuang)(chuang)匕(bi)(bi)>中;秃(tu)而不(bu)(bu)含(han)(han)脓血(xue)者(zhe)(zhe),<疒(chuang)(chuang)匕(bi)(bi)>中可以兼之,故(gu)云亦谓(wei)秃(tu)也。云“身(shen)伤曰疡(yang)(yang)(yang)”者(zhe)(zhe),《曲(qu)礼》云“身(shen)有(you)疡(yang)(yang)(yang)则(ze)浴”是也,即(ji)《疡(yang)(yang)(yang)医(yi)》所云肿疡(yang)(yang)(yang)已下亦是。云“分之者(zhe)(zhe),医(yi)各(ge)有(you)能”者(zhe)(zhe),疾(ji)医(yi)知(zhi)疾(ji)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)疡(yang)(yang)(yang),疡(yang)(yang)(yang)医(yi)知(zhi)疡(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)疾(ji),故(gu)云医(yi)各(ge)有(you)能。
岁终,则稽其医事以制其食。十全为上,十失一次之,十失二次之,十失三次之,十失四为下。(食,禄也。全犹愈也。以失四为下者,五则半矣,或不治自愈。
○稽(ji),古(gu)兮反(fan),考也,後皆放(fang)此。)
[疏]“岁终”至“为下”
○释曰:言“岁终”者,谓至周之岁终。云“则稽其医事”者,谓疾医等岁始已来,治病有愈有不愈,并有案记。今岁终总考计之,故言稽其医事。云“以制其食”,据所治愈不愈之状而制其食禄,而制五等之差。云“十全为上”者,谓治十还得十,制之上等之食。云“十失一次之”者,谓治十得九,制禄次少於上者。云“十失二次之”者,谓治十得八,制禄次少於九者。“十失三次之”者,谓治十得七,制禄次少於八者。“十失四为下”者,谓治十得六,制禄次於得七者。
○注“食禄”至“自愈”
○释曰:“食(shi),禄(lu)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),食(shi)即(ji)月俸,故以(yi)(yi)禄(lu)解食(shi)。依(yi)《序官》,疾(ji)医(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)士(shi)(shi)(shi),疡(yang)医(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)士(shi)(shi)(shi)。案《礼(li)记·王制》:下(xia)(xia)(xia)士(shi)(shi)(shi)视上农夫,食(shi)九人禄(lu);中(zhong)(zhong)士(shi)(shi)(shi)倍下(xia)(xia)(xia)士(shi)(shi)(shi),十(shi)八人禄(lu)。若然(ran),中(zhong)(zhong)士(shi)(shi)(shi)禄(lu)食(shi)有常(chang),今差为(wei)(wei)五(wu)等者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但功中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)守本禄(lu),功高者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)益之,功下(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)损之,欲勉励医(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),故为(wei)(wei)此五(wu)等之差。云“失(shi)四为(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)则(ze)半(ban)矣(yi)(yi),或不(bu)(bu)治自愈”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《汉书·艺(yi)文志(zhi)》云:《神农黄(huang)帝食(shi)药》七卷,云寒(han)温疾(ji)病之浅,深辨五(wu)苦六辛,致(zhi)水(shui)火(huo)之齐,以(yi)(yi)通开结。反之於此乃(nai)失(shi)其宜(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)热(re)益热(re),以(yi)(yi)寒(han)益寒(han),积气内伤(shang),是以(yi)(yi)独失(shi),故谚云“有病不(bu)(bu)治,恒得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)医(yi)(yi)汉书《艺(yi)文志(zhi)》。若然(ran),此经(jing)失(shi)四之类亦(yi)是以(yi)(yi)寒(han)益寒(han),以(yi)(yi)热(re)益热(re)。言(yan)有病不(bu)(bu)治恒得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)医(yi)(yi),故郑云五(wu)则(ze)半(ban)矣(yi)(yi),或不(bu)(bu)治自愈,释经(jing)所以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)十(shi)失(shi)五(wu)之意。
食医掌和王之六食、六饮、六膳、百羞、百酱、八珍之齐。(和,调也。
○食,音嗣(si),下“食齐”同(tong)。齐,才细(xi)(xi)反,下皆(jie)同(tong)。徐(xu)蒋细(xi)(xi)反。)
[疏]“食医”至“之齐”
○释(shi)曰:言“掌和王之六食”以下者,此等并是膳(shan)夫(fu)所掌,此食医调和而已。其六食、六饮(yin)等之义(yi),并在《膳(shan)夫(fu)》。
凡食齐氐春时,(饭宜温。
○氐,音(yin)视。)羹齐(qi)氐夏时(shi),(羹宜(yi)热。)酱齐(qi)氐秋时(shi),(酱宜(yi)凉(liang)。)饮齐(qi)氐冬时(shi)。(饮宜(yi)寒。)
[疏]“凡食”至“冬时”
○释曰:言(yan)(yan)“凡(fan)食(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)氐(di)春时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)“凡(fan)者(zhe)(zhe),总与下(xia)四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为目,故(gu)言(yan)(yan)凡(fan)以该(gai)之(zhi)。言(yan)(yan)“食(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),即上六食(shi),则(ze)《内(nei)则(ze)》所云(yun)食(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)一也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)“饭之(zhi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)和。氐(di),犹比也(ye)(ye)。四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常温,比於春时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)郑(zheng)云(yun)“饭宜(yi)(yi)温”。“羹(geng)(geng)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)氐(di)夏(xia)(xia)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)大羹(geng)(geng)、羹(geng)(geng)、菜羹(geng)(geng),等(deng)其所齐(qi)(qi)(qi)和,四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常热(re),故(gu)云(yun)氐(di)夏(xia)(xia)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),羹(geng)(geng)宜(yi)(yi)热(re)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“酱(jiang)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)氐(di)秋(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),案《醢人》、《醯人》唯有醯醢,不(bu)言(yan)(yan)酱(jiang),即豆(dou)酱(jiang)也(ye)(ye)。案《公(gong)食(shi)大夫》“公(gong)亲设酱(jiang)”。酱(jiang)者(zhe)(zhe),食(shi)之(zhi)主,言(yan)(yan)酱(jiang)则(ze)该(gai)诸豆(dou)实。四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皆须(xu)凉(liang),故(gu)言(yan)(yan)酱(jiang)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)氐(di)秋(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。又云(yun)“饮齐(qi)(qi)(qi)氐(di)冬时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)若《浆人》六饮水浆之(zhi)等(deng)。四(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皆须(xu)寒,故(gu)言(yan)(yan)饮齐(qi)(qi)(qi)氐(di)冬时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),饮宜(yi)(yi)寒故(gu)也(ye)(ye)。
凡和,春多酸,夏多苦,秋多辛,冬多咸,调以滑甘。(各尚其时味,而甘以成之,犹水火金木之载於土。《内则》曰:“枣栗饴蜜以甘之,堇榆娩槁氵氵隋以滑之。”
○和,胡卧反(fan)(fan)。饴,以之反(fan)(fan)。堇,音(yin)谨。,音(yin)桓(huan)。,符云反(fan)(fan)。娩,音(yin)问。槁,苦老(lao)反(fan)(fan)。氵,刘(liu)思酒反(fan)(fan),徐相(xiang)幼反(fan)(fan)。氵隋,相(xiang)蕊反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“凡和”至“滑甘”
○释曰:言“凡和”者,亦与下四时为目。言“春多酸”者,东方木味酸,属春,谓和食,酸多於馀味一分,故云春多酸。云“夏多苦”者,南方火味苦,属夏,夏时调和食,苦亦多於馀味一分,故云夏多苦。“秋多辛”者,西方金味辛,属秋,秋时调和食,辛亦多於馀味一分,故云秋多辛。冬多咸”者,北方水味咸,属冬,冬时调和食,咸亦多於馀味一分,故言冬多咸。“调以滑甘”者,中央土味甘,属季夏,金木水火,非土不载,於五行土为尊,於五味甘为上,故甘总调四味。“滑”者,通利往来,亦所以调和四味,故云调以滑甘。此五味之言,出《洪范》及《月令》。
○注“各尚”至“滑之”
○释曰(yue):言“各(ge)尚其时味”者(zhe)(zhe),多一分者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),必多其时味者(zhe)(zhe),所以助时气也(ye)。又(you)引“《内则》曰(yue)枣栗饴(yi)蜜(mi)以甘(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),证经甘(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)所用物(wu)也(ye)。又(you)云“堇榆(yu)娩槁氵氵隋以滑(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),证经滑(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)所用之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)。郑君注《内则》:“,堇类(lei)。榆(yu)白曰(yue)。娩,新生者(zhe)(zhe)。槁,乾(qian)也(ye)。齐人(ren)溲曰(yue)盎。秦人(ren)滑(hua)(hua)曰(yue)氵隋。”谓将此堇已(yi)下,和溲以滑(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)。
凡会膳食之宜,牛宜余,羊宜黍,豕宜稷,犬宜粱,雁宜麦,鱼宜菰。(会,成也,谓其味相成。郑司农云:“余,更也,《尔雅》曰‘余,稻’,菰,胡也。”
○余,音(yin)杜,又(you)他杜反(fan)。菰,音(yin)孤。更,本亦作亢,音(yin)庚。,刘本作凋,音(yin)。)
[疏]“凡会”至“宜菰”
○释曰:“凡会膳食之宜”者,谓会成膳食相宜之法。言“牛宜余”者,依《本草》、《素问》,牛味甘平,稻味苦而又温,甘苦相成,故云牛宜余。“羊宜黍”者,羊味甘热,黍味苦温,亦是甘苦相成,故云羊宜黍。“豕宜稷”者,猪味酸,牝猪味苦,稷米味甘,亦是甘苦相成,故云豕宜稷。“犬宜粱”者,犬味酸而温,粱米味甘而微寒,亦是气味相成,故云犬宜粱。又云“雁宜麦”者,雁味甘平,大麦味酸而温,小麦味甘微寒,亦是气味相成,故云雁宜麦。云“鱼宜菰”者,鱼味寒,鱼族甚多,寒热酸苦兼有,而云宜菰,或同是水物相宜,故云鱼宜菰。
○注“会成”至“胡也”
○释曰(yue):云“余(yu),更也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦方俗异名。云“《尔雅》曰(yue)余(yu),稻也(ye),菰,胡也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),今南方见(jian)有菰米(mi)是也(ye)。
凡君子之食恒放焉。(放犹依也。
○放,甫往反。)
[疏]“凡君”至“放焉”
○释曰:上六食六饮一经,据共王,不通放下。凡食“春多酸”已下,至“鱼(yu)宜(yi)菰(gu)”已上,齐和相成之事,虽以(yi)王为主(zhu),君子(zi)大夫已上亦依之,故(gu)云“恒(heng)放焉”。
疾医掌养万民之疾病。四时皆有疠疾:春时有首疾,夏时有痒疥疾,秋时有疟寒疾,冬时有嗽上气疾。(疠疾,气不和之疾。,酸削也。首疾,头痛也。嗽,也。上气,逆喘也。《五行传》曰:“六疠作见。”
○,音消(xiao)。痒,以掌反。疥,音介。嗽,西豆反,本(ben)亦(yi)作束。上,时(shi)掌反,注(zhu)同。,苦代反。喘,音昌(chang)兖(yan)反。见,音贤(xian)遍反,下同。)
[疏]“疾医”至“气疾”
○释曰:言“掌养万民之有疾病五行传者,此主疗治疾病。而云养者,但是疗治,必须将养,故以养言之。疾病两言之者,疾轻,病重,故注《论语》云“疾甚曰病”。谓疾病俱疗,故两言之。此直言万民,不言王与大夫,《医师》虽不言,或可医师治之。云“四时皆有疠疾”者,此言亦与下为目。云“春时有首疾”者,春是四时之首,阳气将盛,惟金木,故有头首之疾。言者,谓头痛之外别有酸削之痛。云“夏时有痒疥疾”者,四月纯阳用事,五月已後阴气始起,惟水火,水为甲,疥有甲,故有疥痒之疾。云“秋时有疟寒疾”者,秋时阳气渐销,阴气方盛,惟火金,兼寒兼热,故有疟寒之疾。云“冬时有嗽上气疾”者,冬时阴气盛,阳气方起,惟土水,以土壅水,其气不通,故有嗽上气之疾。
○注“疠疾”至“作见”
○释(shi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):言(yan)(yan)(yan)“疠(li)疾(ji),气(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾(ji)”者(zhe),疠(li),谓(wei)疠(li)疫。人君政教失(shi)所(suo),则有五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相克,气(qi)叙不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)疠(li)疫起,故(gu)云(yun)气(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾(ji)。云(yun)“,酸(suan)(suan)削也”者(zhe),人患头痛,则有酸(suan)(suan)嘶而痛,酸(suan)(suan)削,则酸(suan)(suan)嘶也。云(yun)“嗽(sou),也”者(zhe),谓(wei)若《内则》不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢嚏(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)嗽(sou)也。云(yun)“上(shang)(shang)气(qi),逆喘也”者(zhe),向上(shang)(shang)喘息谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逆喘。引(yin)“《五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)传》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)六(liu)疠(li)作(zuo)见”,案《五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)传》云(yun):“五(wu)(wu)(wu)福乃降(jiang),用(yong)彰(zhang)於下,六(liu)作(zuo)见。一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)貌(mao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)恭,是(shi)谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肃,惟(wei)(wei)金(jin)木(mu)。”又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)从,是(shi)谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)又(you),惟(wei)(wei)火金(jin)。”又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“氐(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明,是(shi)谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)哲,惟(wei)(wei)水(shui)火。”又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聪(cong),是(shi)谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谋,惟(wei)(wei)土(tu)水(shui)。”又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)睿,是(shi)谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)圣,惟(wei)(wei)木(mu)金(jin)水(shui)火土(tu)。”此其五(wu)(wu)(wu)也。言(yan)(yan)(yan)六(liu)者(zhe),天(tian)虽无,案《洪范》六(liu)极(ji)(ji),又(you)案《书(shu)传》致六(liu)极(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由,皆由身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)事。一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)凶短折,思(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)睿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu)(zhu);二曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)疾(ji),氐(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu)(zhu);三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)忧,言(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu)(zhu);四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)贫,听(ting)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聪(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu)(zhu);五(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)恶,貌(mao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)恭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu)(zhu);六(liu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)弱,皇不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)极(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu)(zhu)。据此六(liu)极(ji)(ji),皇极(ji)(ji)为属天(tian)王者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)极(ji)(ji)亦有疴(ke)疾(ji)病,并前五(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)为六(liu)。彼言(yan)(yan)(yan)此郑注言(yan)(yan)(yan)疠(li)者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)谓(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相乘(cheng),此言(yan)(yan)(yan)疠(li),疠(li)气(qi)与人为疫,故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同。若据五(wu)(wu)(wu)事所(suo)置言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),四时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾(ji)皆据氐(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明者(zhe)也。
以五味、五、五药养其病,(养犹治也。病由气胜负而生,攻其赢,养其不足者。五味,醯酒饴蜜姜盐之属。五,麻黍稷麦豆也。五药,草木石也。其治合之齐,则存乎神农、子仪之术云。
○赢(ying),音盈(ying),後不音者同(tong)。合,如字,又音ト,下(xia)同(tong)。)
[疏]注“养犹”至“术云”
○释曰:言(yan)“养(yang)犹(you)治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),病(bing)者(zhe)(zhe)须(xu)养(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)养(yang)犹(you)治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“病(bing)由气胜负而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),假令夏时热,病(bing)者(zhe)(zhe)体寒,即是(shi)(shi)水,水羸(lei)而(er)胜也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),火气负而(er)不(bu)足也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)言(yan)犹(you)气胜负而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)。云(yun)(yun)“攻(gong)其(qi)(qi)赢,养(yang)其(qi)(qi)不(bu)足”者(zhe)(zhe),夏时病(bing)者(zhe)(zhe),则五味(wei)中食甘,五中食稷(ji),以(yi)甘稷(ji)是(shi)(shi)土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)味(wei),土所克(ke)水,是(shi)(shi)攻(gong)其(qi)(qi)赢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。土生(sheng)(sheng)於(wu)火,土是(shi)(shi)火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),食甘稷(ji),为子(zi)(zi)(zi)养(yang)母之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)养(yang)其(qi)(qi)不(bu)足也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“五味(wei),醯酒饴蜜(mi)姜(jiang)盐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe),醯则酸(suan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),酒则苦(ku)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),饴蜜(mi)即甘也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),姜(jiang)即辛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),盐即咸也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),此(ci)(ci)即五味(wei)酸(suan)苦(ku)辛咸甘也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑不(bu)言(yan)五味(wei)酸(suan)咸等,而(er)言(yan)醯酒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)者(zhe)(zhe),当时医方(fang),见用醯酒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,故(gu)举以(yi)言(yan)焉。又(you)云(yun)(yun)“五,麻黍稷(ji)麦豆也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)依《月令》五方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)五,据养(yang)疾(ji)而(er)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非必入(ru)於(wu)药(yao)(yao)分。又(you)云(yun)(yun)“五药(yao)(yao),草(cao)(cao)(cao)木(mu)虫石(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),草(cao)(cao)(cao)谓(wei)麻黄勺药(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),木(mu)谓(wei)厚朴杜仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),虫谓(wei)吴公(gong)蠃鳖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),石(shi)谓(wei)磁石(shi)白石(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)五之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中麻豆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等有入(ru)药(yao)(yao)分者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“其(qi)(qi)治合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齐,则存乎神农、子(zi)(zi)(zi)仪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术云(yun)(yun)”者(zhe)(zhe),案(an)(an)刘(liu)向云(yun)(yun):“扁(bian)鹊治赵(zhao)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)暴(bao)疾(ji)尸{厥足}之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing),使子(zi)(zi)(zi)明炊汤,子(zi)(zi)(zi)仪脉神,子(zi)(zi)(zi)术案(an)(an)摩。”又(you)《中经(jing)簿》云(yun)(yun):“《子(zi)(zi)(zi)义本草(cao)(cao)(cao)经(jing)》一(yi)卷。”仪与义,一(yi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若然,子(zi)(zi)(zi)义亦周(zhou)末(mo)时人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。并不(bu)说(shuo)神农。案(an)(an)张(zhang)仲(zhong)景《金(jin)匮(kui)》云(yun)(yun)“神农能(neng)尝百药(yao)(yao)”,则炎帝者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)此(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren),能(neng)合和(he)此(ci)(ci)术耳。
以五气、五声、五色氐其死生。(三者剧易之徵,见於外者。五气,五藏所出气也。肺气热,心气次之,肝气凉,脾气温,肾气寒。五声,言语宫商角徵羽也。五色,面貌青赤黄白黑也。察其盈虚休王,吉凶可知。审用此者,莫若扁鹊、仓公。
○易,以鼓反(fan)(fan)。藏,才(cai)浪(lang)反(fan)(fan),下文(wen)及注同。徵,张里反(fan)(fan)。王,往况反(fan)(fan)。扁(bian),本(ben)亦作(zuo)扁(bian),蒲典反(fan)(fan),徐抗忍(ren)反(fan)(fan)。鹊,《汉书音义(yi)》云:“扁(bian)鹊,魏桓侯时(shi)医人(ren)(ren)。”《史记》云:“姓秦,名少齐(qi),越人(ren)(ren)。”仓公,《史记》云:“姓淳于,名意(yi),临淄人(ren)(ren),为齐(qi)太仓令,汉文(wen)帝时(shi)人(ren)(ren)。”)
[疏]“以五”至“死生”
○释曰:上文三五,所以治疗。此经三五,观其死生。故云“氐其死生”。
○注“三者”至“仓公”
○释曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“三者(zhe)(zhe)剧易(yi)之(zhi)徵(zhi),见於(wu)外”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)经(jing)三者(zhe)(zhe),并是(shi)人(ren)之(zhi)病者(zhe)(zhe)气(qi)(qi)(qi)与声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)色。其(qi)病在(zai)内,人(ren)所(suo)不睹(du),见其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)色,则知(zhi)(zhi)增剧及简易(yi),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)剧易(yi)之(zhi)徵(zhi)见於(wu)外者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“五(wu)(wu)藏所(suo)出气(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)五(wu)(wu)藏谓气(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)所(suo)藏,故(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)气(qi)(qi)(qi)出於(wu)五(wu)(wu)藏。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“肺(fei)气(qi)(qi)(qi)热(re)(re)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)已下(xia)并据《月(yue)令》“牲南首”而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)。肺(fei)在(zai)上,当夏,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)肺(fei)气(qi)(qi)(qi)热(re)(re)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“心(xin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)次之(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),心(xin)在(zai)肺(fei)下(xia),心(xin)位当土(tu),心(xin)气(qi)(qi)(qi)亦热(re)(re),故(gu)言(yan)(yan)次之(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“肝(gan)(gan)气(qi)(qi)(qi)凉(liang)”者(zhe)(zhe),肝(gan)(gan)在(zai)心(xin)下(xia)近右(you),其(qi)位当秋(qiu),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)肝(gan)(gan)气(qi)(qi)(qi)凉(liang)。此(ci)三藏并在(zai)膈上。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“脾(pi)(pi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)温(wen)”者(zhe)(zhe),於(wu)藏值春,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)温(wen)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“肾气(qi)(qi)(qi)寒”者(zhe)(zhe),肾位在(zai)下(xia),於(wu)藏值冬(dong),故(gu)言(yan)(yan)寒。此(ci)二者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)膈下(xia)。此(ci)五(wu)(wu)藏寒热(re)(re)等,据《月(yue)令》成文(wen)(wen)而(er)(er)说。及其(qi)医(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)术,心(xin)属南方(fang)(fang)(fang),肝(gan)(gan)属东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang),肺(fei)属西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang),脾(pi)(pi)属中(zhong)央,肾属北方(fang)(fang)(fang),此(ci)并据五(wu)(wu)色而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan),不据气(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)寒热(re)(re)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),言(yan)(yan)语(yu)宫商(shang)角徵(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),宫数(shu)八(ba)十(shi)一配中(zhong)央土(tu),商(shang)数(shu)七十(shi)二配西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)金角,数(shu)六十(shi)四配东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)木,徵(zhi)数(shu)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)四配南方(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo),羽(yu)(yu)数(shu)四十(shi)八(ba)配北方(fang)(fang)(fang)水。此(ci)五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)数(shu)多者(zhe)(zhe)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)浊,数(shu)少(shao)者(zhe)(zhe)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清,人(ren)之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)语(yu)似之(zhi),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)言(yan)(yan)语(yu)宫商(shang)角徵(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“五(wu)(wu)色,面貌(mao)之(zhi)青(qing)赤(chi)黄(huang)白黑也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)据五(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang),东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)木色,青(qing)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)色赤(chi),中(zhong)央土(tu)色黄(huang),西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)金色白,北方(fang)(fang)(fang)水色黑,病者(zhe)(zhe)面色似之(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“察其(qi)盈(ying)虚(xu)休王,吉(ji)凶可知(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)令者(zhe)(zhe),假令冬(dong)时(shi)面色黑,其(qi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)寒,声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)应(ying)羽(yu)(yu),此(ci)是(shi)盈(ying)而(er)(er)王,吉(ji)可知(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)(ruo)冬(dong)时(shi)其(qi)色黄(huang),其(qi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)热(re)(re),声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)应(ying)宫,此(ci)得(de)中(zhong)央土(tu)来克己,此(ci)是(shi)虚(xu)而(er)(er)休,凶可知(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)(ruo)得(de)东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)青(qing)色等,则子来助己,亦吉(ji)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“审用此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe),莫若(ruo)(ruo)扁鹊(que)、仓公”者(zhe)(zhe),依《汉(han)书(shu)·艺文(wen)(wen)志》,大(da)古有(you)岐(qi)伯、揄附(fu),中(zhong)世有(you)扁鹊(que)、秦和,汉(han)有(you)仓公。若(ruo)(ruo)然,扁鹊(que)在(zai)周时(shi),仓公在(zai)汉(han)世,此(ci)二人(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)色之(zhi)候者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
两之以九窍之变,参之以九藏之动。(两参之者,以观其死生之验。窍之变,谓开闭非常。阳窍七,阴窍二。藏之动,谓脉至与不至。正藏五,又有胃、旁胱、大肠、小肠。脉之大候,要在阳明、寸口,能专是者,其唯秦和乎。岐伯、揄付则兼彼数术者。
○窍,音苦吊反。秦和,《左传(chuan)》昭(zhao)元(yuan)年:“晋(jin)平(ping)公疾,秦伯使医(yi)(yi)和为之”,即此人(ren)也。岐伯,其(qi)宜反。揄,羊朱(zhu)反,本(ben)亦作(zuo)俞。付,刘音附,徐音。岐伯、揄付皆黄帝时(shi)医(yi)(yi)人(ren)。)
[疏]“两之”至“之动”
○释曰:上经观其气色,此炯溟其脉候,故以参两言之。
○注“两参”至“术者”
○释(shi)曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)“参(can)两(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),观其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)死生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)验”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言两(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)窍与(yu)(yu)所氐为(wei)(wei)(wei)两(liang),两(liang)与(yu)(yu)九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)参(can)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“窍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)谓(wei)(wei)开闭非(fei)常(chang)(chang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),九(jiu)(jiu)窍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)开是其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)常(chang)(chang),或开或闭即(ji)是非(fei)常(chang)(chang),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)开闭非(fei)常(chang)(chang)也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“阳(yang)窍七”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)头露见(jian),故(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)也。阴(yin)窍二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)下(xia)不(bu)见(jian),故(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong)谓(wei)(wei)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)至(zhi)与(yu)(yu)不(bu)至(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)在(zai)内(nei),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病难知。但(dan)诊(zhen)(zhen)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)至(zhi)与(yu)(yu)不(bu)至(zhi),即(ji)知九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong)谓(wei)(wei)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)至(zhi)与(yu)(yu)不(bu)至(zhi)也。又(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“正藏(zang)五”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)五藏(zang)肺心肝脾肾。并(bing)气(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所藏(zang),故(gu)得(de)正藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)。不(bu)数(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),上已(yi)有(you)(you)注。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“又(you)有(you)(you)胃、旁胱(guang)、大肠(chang)、小(xiao)肠(chang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此乃六(liu)府(fu)中(zhong)取此四者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以益五藏(zang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)也。六(liu)府(fu),胃、小(xiao)肠(chang)、大肠(chang)、旁胱(guang)、胆(dan)、三焦。以其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)受盛,故(gu)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)府(fu)。亦有(you)(you)藏(zang)称(cheng),故(gu)入九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)。然六(liu)府(fu)取此四者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《黄帝八十一难经(jing)》,说胃为(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),小(xiao)肠(chang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)受盛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),大肠(chang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),旁胱(guang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)津滴(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)。气(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所生,下(xia)气(qi)象天故(gu),故(gu)写而不(bu)实,实不(bu)满。若然,此则(ze)正府(fu)也,故(gu)入九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)馀,胆(dan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)清(qing)净之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),三焦为(wei)(wei)(wei)孤府(fu),非(fei)正府(fu),故(gu)不(bu)入九(jiu)(jiu)藏(zang)也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)候要在(zai)阳(yang)明、寸(cun)口”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但(dan)医(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)诊(zhen)(zhen)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai),诸脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)皆(jie)可据。若脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大候,取其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)於阳(yang)明、寸(cun)口二(er)处而已(yi)。阳(yang)明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)大拇(mu)指本骨(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高处,与(yu)(yu)第二(er)指间。寸(cun)口者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),大拇(mu)指本高骨(gu)後一寸(cun)是也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“能(neng)专是者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)唯秦(qin)和乎”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),秦(qin)和在(zai)中(zhong)世,如前说。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“岐(qi)伯(bo)、榆付则(ze)兼(jian)彼(bi)数(shu)术”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此二(er)人在(zai)大古,如前说。但(dan)上神农、子仪(yi)、扁鹊、仓公、秦(qin)和等,各专一能(neng),此二(er)人兼(jian)上数(shu)术之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳。
凡民之有疾病者,分而治之。死终,则各书其所以,而入于医师。(少者曰死,老者曰终。所以,谓治之不愈之状也。医师得以制其禄,且为後治之戒。
○少(shao),诗照(zhao)反。)
[疏]“凡民”至“医师”
○释曰:以(yi)(yi)疾医(yi)中士二人,医(yi)各有能(neng),故(gu)使分治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。云(yun)“死终(zhong)(zhong)”者,谓(wei)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有病(bing),不问老(lao)少皆治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不愈(yu),少死则曰死,似不得(de)寿终(zhong)(zhong)然(ran)。少曰死,老(lao)者则曰终(zhong)(zhong),谓(wei)虽治(zhi)不愈(yu),似得(de)寿终(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)曰终(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)。云(yun)“则各书其(qi)所以(yi)(yi)”者,谓(wei)书录其(qi)不愈(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)。云(yun)“而入(ru)于医(yi)师”者,医(yi)师得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)制其(qi)禄(lu),则上(shang)(shang)“十全为(wei)上(shang)(shang)”已下是也(ye)。
疡医掌肿疡、溃疡、金疡、折疡之祝药刂杀之齐。(肿疡,痈而上生创者。溃疡,痈而含脓血者。金疡,刃创也。折疡,跌者。祝当为注,读如注病之注,声之误也。注谓附著药。刮,刮去脓血。杀谓以药食其恶肉。
○折,刘本作[A099],同时(shi)设反(fan)(fan)(fan)。祝,之树反(fan)(fan)(fan),出(chu)注。刂,音(yin)刮,徐工滑反(fan)(fan)(fan)。齐,才细反(fan)(fan)(fan)。创,初良反(fan)(fan)(fan)。,於阮(ruan)反(fan)(fan)(fan),徐乌卧反(fan)(fan)(fan)。跌,待结反(fan)(fan)(fan),徐徒纥(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan),刘徒没反(fan)(fan)(fan)。著,音(yin)猪略反(fan)(fan)(fan)。去,羌吕(lv)反(fan)(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“疡医”至“之齐”
○释曰:疡医掌肿疡已下四种之疡疮而含脓血者。祝,注也。注药於疮,乃後刮杀。而言齐者,亦有齐量之宜也。
○注“肿疡”至“恶肉”
○释曰:“肿(zhong)疡(yang)(yang),痈而上(shang)生疮”者,谓痈而有头(tou)未(wei)溃者。溃疡(yang)(yang),而含脓血已溃破者。云(yun)“祝当为注读”者,疾医(yi)非主(zhu)祝说之官,为祝,则义(yi)无所取,故(gu)破从注。注,谓注药於中,食去脓血耳(er)。
凡疗疡,以五毒攻之,(止病曰疗。攻,治也。五毒,五药之有毒者。今医方有五毒之药,作之,合黄[B138],置石胆、丹砂、雄黄、石、慈石其中。烧之三日三夜,其烟上著,以鸡羽扫取之。以注创,恶肉破,骨则尽出。
○,本又(you)作蝥,刘音(yin)(yin)(yin)武,又(you)音(yin)(yin)(yin)无,徐(xu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)毋,又(you)音(yin)(yin)(yin)务(wu),沈武侯反(fan)。,音(yin)(yin)(yin)豫。著,以直略反(fan)。)
[疏]“凡疗”至“攻之”
○释曰:言“凡”,则兼上四疡,故云“凡疗疡以五毒攻治之”也。
○注“止病”至“尽出”
○释(shi)曰(yue):言(yan)“止病曰(yue)疗”者(zhe),治(zhi)病之名(ming),言(yan)治(zhi)之则病止,故云止病曰(yue)疗也。言(yan)“合黄(huang)(huang)[B138]”者(zhe),谓《内则》有“敦[B138]卮”郑注云“敦[B138],黍(shu)稷器(qi)”,不言(yan)黄(huang)(huang)。此言(yan)黄(huang)(huang)者(zhe),见今时合和丹药(yao)者(zhe)皆用黄(huang)(huang)瓦为之,亦名(ming)黄(huang)(huang)[B138],事出於古(gu)也。
以五气养之,以五药疗之,以五味节之。(既刮杀而攻尽其宿肉,乃养之也。五气当为“五”,字之误也。节,节成其药之力。
○五气(qi),气(qi)音,出注。)
[疏]“以五”至“节之”
○释曰:云“以五养之”者,亦当据病所宜,释善而用之,故云以五养之。云“以五药疗之”者,义如前注。“以五味节之”者,五味,亦酸苦辛咸甘,亦当据病所宜食之,以节成药力者也。
○注“既刮”至“之力”
○释曰:郑(zheng)云“既刮杀而攻之(zhi)尽其宿肉,乃养之(zhi)也(ye)”者,以经五(wu)(wu)药(yao)(yao)在五(wu)(wu)之(zhi)下,恐人以五(wu)(wu)养之(zhi),乃用五(wu)(wu)药(yao)(yao)疗(liao)之(zhi),故郑(zheng)解之(zhi)。若然(ran),此(ci)(ci)五(wu)(wu)药(yao)(yao)在五(wu)(wu)下者,以上已(yi)言(yan)(yan)五(wu)(wu)毒攻之(zhi),用此(ci)(ci)五(wu)(wu)养之(zhi),则此(ci)(ci)五(wu)(wu)为前五(wu)(wu)毒攻之(zhi),乃後(hou)用五(wu)(wu)养之(zhi),於(wu)理为顺(shun)。此(ci)(ci)文重言(yan)(yan)五(wu)(wu)药(yao)(yao)者,为下五(wu)(wu)味(wei)节(jie)成此(ci)(ci)药(yao)(yao),故须更言(yan)(yan)五(wu)(wu)也(ye)。云“五(wu)(wu)气当为五(wu)(wu)”者,以其气非养人之(zhi)物(wu),又疾医之(zhi)有五(wu)(wu)味(wei)、五(wu)(wu)药(yao)(yao)、五(wu)(wu)相将之(zhi)物(wu),故破气从也(ye)。云“节(jie),节(jie)成其药(yao)(yao)之(zhi)力”者,即下文“以酸养骨”之(zhi)类(lei)是也(ye)。
凡药,以酸(suan)养(yang)骨(gu),以辛养(yang)筋,以咸(xian)(xian)养(yang)脉,以苦养(yang)气,以甘养(yang)肉(rou),以滑(hua)养(yang)窍。(以类相养(yang)也。酸(suan),木味,木根立(li)地(di)中(zhong),似(si)骨(gu)。辛,金味,金之(zhi)(zhi)缠合异物,似(si)筋。咸(xian)(xian),水(shui)味,水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)流行地(di)中(zhong),似(si)脉。苦,火(huo)(huo)味,火(huo)(huo)出入无(wu)形,似(si)气。甘,土(tu)味,土(tu)含载四(si)者,似(si)肉(rou)。滑(hua),滑(hua)石也。凡诸(zhu)滑(hua)物,通利(li)往来,似(si)窍。)
[疏]“凡药”至“养窍”
○释曰:上云以“五味节之”,此即经酸苦之等是也。今云凡药,以酸养骨,药味合言者,欲见五味节成五药,故上注云节成药力,故合言之。
○注“以类”至“似窍”
○释曰(yue)(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)相养(yang)(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓若酸(suan)与(yu)(yu)骨(gu)(gu)、辛(xin)与(yu)(yu)筋(jin)之(zhi)等(deng)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“酸(suan),木味(wei)(wei)”之(zhi)等(deng),并依《洪(hong)范》及(ji)《月令(ling)》为(wei)说(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“木立地(di)(di)中,似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)骨(gu)(gu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)人之(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)立肉(rou)(rou)中者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)酸(suan)养(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“辛(xin),金味(wei)(wei),金之(zhi)缠(chan)合(he)异物(wu),似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)筋(jin)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),人之(zhi)筋(jin)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)缠(chan)合(he)诸(zhu)骨(gu)(gu),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)筋(jin),而以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辛(xin)养(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“咸,水味(wei)(wei),水之(zhi)流行地(di)(di)中,似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)脉(mai)(mai)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),血脉(mai)(mai)在(zai)人,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)流行不(bu)(bu)定(ding),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)脉(mai)(mai),而以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)咸养(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“苦(ku)(ku),火味(wei)(wei),火出入(ru)无形,似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)气(qi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),火乃人所睹见(jian),似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)若有形,榄之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)得,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)无形,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)气(qi),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苦(ku)(ku)养(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“甘,土味(wei)(wei),土含载(zai)四(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)肉(rou)(rou)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),金木水火,非土不(bu)(bu)载(zai),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)含载(zai)四(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)人之(zhi)肉(rou)(rou),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)含载(zai)筋(jin)骨(gu)(gu)气(qi)脉(mai)(mai),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)肉(rou)(rou)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甘养(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“滑(hua),滑(hua)石”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)味(wei)(wei)酸(suan)苦(ku)(ku)辛(xin)咸甘,养(yang)(yang)(yang)骨(gu)(gu)筋(jin)气(qi)脉(mai)(mai)与(yu)(yu)肉(rou)(rou),相配讫。前《食医》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“调(diao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)滑(hua)甘”。平常调(diao)食,五(wu)(wu)味(wei)(wei)之(zhi)外有滑(hua),彼滑(hua)用堇榆。今此(ci)养(yang)(yang)(yang)病(bing),五(wu)(wu)味(wei)(wei)之(zhi)外亦(yi)(yi)(yi)宜有滑(hua),但(dan)於药分之(zhi)中慎滑(hua),则不(bu)(bu)得如平常用堇等(deng),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)滑(hua)石解之(zhi)。凡诸(zhu)滑(hua)物(wu),通(tong)利往来似(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)窍(qiao),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)滑(hua)养(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若然,此(ci)经五(wu)(wu)味(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)成为(wei)次,而以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)木金与(yu)(yu)火水相对者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)若《洪(hong)范》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)木曰(yue)(yue)曲直、金曰(yue)(yue)从(cong)革、火曰(yue)(yue)炎(yan)上、水曰(yue)(yue)润下,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)相对而言也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
凡(fan)有(you)疡者,受其药焉。
[疏]“凡有”至“药焉”
○释曰:药(yao)(yao)即(ji)上五药(yao)(yao)是也。凡国(guo)中有疡(yang),不须身来者,并於疡(yang)医取药(yao)(yao)焉。
兽医掌疗兽病,疗兽疡。(畜兽之疾病及疡,疗同医。
○畜,许又反,下同。)
[疏]注“畜兽”至“同医”
○释曰:此医唯疗家畜(chu)(chu),不疗野兽(shou),但畜(chu)(chu)兽(shou)义通(tong),今以(yi)畜(chu)(chu)解兽(shou),故畜(chu)(chu)兽(shou)连言之(zhi)也。云(yun)“畜(chu)(chu)兽(shou)之(zhi)疾(ji)病及(ji)疡,疗同(tong)医洪范者(zhe),以(yi)上之(zhi)人,疾(ji)与疡别医;今此畜(chu)(chu),病之(zhi)与疡同(tong)在(zai)一医者(zhe),重人贱畜(chu)(chu),故略同(tong)在(zai)一医也。
凡疗兽病,灌而行之以节之,以动其气,观其所发而养之。(疗畜兽必灌行之者,为其病状难知,灌以缓之,且强其气也。节,趋聚之节也。气谓脉气,既行之,乃以脉视之,以知所病。
○为,于伪反(fan)。聚,本亦(yi)作骤,同仕救反(fan)。)
[疏]“凡疗”至“养之”
○释曰:兽必先灌之(zhi)者,郑云为其病状(zhuang)难知,故(gu)先灌而知缓(huan)之(zhi)。以其瘦(shou)弱,且强其气力也。
凡疗兽疡,灌而刂之,以发其恶,然後药之,养之,食之。(亦先攻之而後养之。
○食,音嗣。)
[疏]注“亦先”至“养之”
○释曰(yue):亦上《疡医》以五(wu)养(yang)之养(yang)。彼注先刮(gua)杀(sha)尽乃(nai)养(yang)之,此亦然,故云“亦先攻而後(hou)养(yang)之”也。
凡兽之(zhi)(zhi)有病者、有疡者,使疗之(zhi)(zhi),死则计其数,以进(jin)退之(zhi)(zhi)。
[疏]“凡兽”至“退之”
○释曰(yue):上《医(yi)师》云(yun)十(shi)全为上者,唯据(ju)疾医(yi)与疡医(yi),不据(ju)兽(shou)医(yi),故(gu)此云(yun)计其数而进(jin)退(tui)之。进(jin)退(tui),亦(yi)谓据(ju)功过(guo)进(jin)退(tui)其禄(lu)也。
酒正掌酒之政令,以式法授酒材。(式法,作酒之法式。作酒既有米麴之数,又有功沽之巧。《月令》曰:“乃命大酋,秫稻必齐,麴蘖必时,湛饣喜必洁,水泉必香,陶器必良,火齐必得。”郑司农云:“授酒人以其材。”
○沽,音古。酋(qiu),将(jiang)由反(fan)(fan),下(xia)同。秫,音述。齐(qi),戚(qi)才细反(fan)(fan),下(xia)皆(jie)同,一(yi)读(du)此,如字。蘖,鱼(yu)列反(fan)(fan)。湛,接廉反(fan)(fan)。饣(shi)喜,音昌志反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“酒正”至“酒材”
○释曰:酒正辨四饮,则浆之政令亦掌之。今直言掌酒之政令,不言浆之政令者,但据酒之尊者而言,其实浆亦掌之。云“以式法授酒材”者,式法谓造酒法式,谓米麴多少及善恶也。酒材即米麴蘖,授与酒人,使酒人造酒。既言兼掌浆人,则浆之法式及浆材亦授之。不言者,亦举尊言也。
○注“式法”至“其材”
○释(shi)曰:云(yun)“作酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)既(ji)有米(mi)麴(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)此为法式也。云(yun)“又有功沽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巧”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),功沽谓(wei)(wei)善(shan)(shan)恶(e),善(shan)(shan)恶(e)亦是法式也。引(yin)《月(yue)令》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),十一月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令。言乃(nai)命(ming)大(da)酋监之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),彼(bi)注(zhu)“酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)孰曰酋。於《周礼》则为酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)”。案下(xia)注(zhu)“昔(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酋久白(bai)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”,则酋者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)久远之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称,则是久熟(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)善(shan)(shan),故(gu)(gu)名酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)官(guan)为大(da)酋。若(ruo)然,彼(bi)注(zhu)为酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人(ren),此《酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正》引(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正以法式及(ji)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)材授与酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人(ren),使造酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),故(gu)(gu)引(yin)《酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)》。云(yun)“秫(shu)稻必(bi)(bi)(bi)齐”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),必(bi)(bi)(bi)使齐孰。“麴(qu)善(shan)(shan)必(bi)(bi)(bi)时(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),造之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)得时(shi)。“湛饣喜必(bi)(bi)(bi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”,湛,渍。饣喜,炊(chui)也。谓(wei)(wei)渍米(mi)炊(chui)酿(niang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),必(bi)(bi)(bi)须净。“水(shui)泉必(bi)(bi)(bi)香”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)渍麴(qu)渍米(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)须香美。“陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)良”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)瓮陶(tao)(tao)中所(suo)烧器(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),必(bi)(bi)(bi)须成熟(shu)不津(jin)。云(yun)“火(huo)齐必(bi)(bi)(bi)得”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)酿(niang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),生熟(shu)必(bi)(bi)(bi)宜得所(suo)也。
凡为公酒者亦如之。(谓乡射饮酒以公事作酒者,亦以式法及酒材授之,使自酿之。
○酿,女亮反(fan)。)
[疏]“凡为”至“如之”
○释曰:言“凡为公酒”者,谓为公事而作酒。言“凡”,非一,谓若乡饮酒、乡射之等。言“亦如之”者,亦以式法授酒材。
○注“谓乡”至“酿之”
○释曰:言乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)者,谓乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)、乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)。乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)中,有党(dang)(dang)正(zheng)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu),宾(bin)贤(xian)(xian)能饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)。乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)中,有州长(zhang)春秋习射(she)(she)(she)於(wu)序,又有乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)大夫三年宾(bin)贤(xian)(xian)能後,以(yi)五物询众庶,用州长(zhang)射(she)(she)(she)礼(li)(li),并是(shi)乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)。若然,州长(zhang)、党(dang)(dang)正(zheng)饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)而谓之(zhi)乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者,或(huo)是(shi)乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)大夫所居州党(dang)(dang),或(huo)是(shi)乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)大夫亲(qin)来临(lin)礼(li)(li),并得(de)乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)名,故(gu)谓之(zhi)乡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。此数(shu)事者,皆为(wei)国行(xing)礼(li)(li),不可横敛於(wu)民,故(gu)得(de)公酒(jiu)(jiu)。其百家为(wei)族(zu),不得(de)公酒(jiu)(jiu),族(zu)祭步(bu)神(shen)之(zhi)时,合钱饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)。
辨五齐之名,一曰泛齐,二曰醴齐,三曰盎齐,四曰缇齐,五曰沈齐。(泛者,成而滓浮泛泛然,如今宜成醪矣。醴犹体也,成而汁滓相将,如今恬酒矣。盎犹翁也,成而翁翁然,葱白色,如今ガ白矣。缇者,成而红赤,如今下酒矣。沈者,成而滓沈,如今造清矣。自醴以上尤浊,缩酌者。盎以下差清。其象类则然,古之法式未可尽闻。杜子春读齐皆为粢。又《礼器》曰:“缇酒之用,玄酒之尚。”玄谓齐者,每有祭祀,以度量节作之。
○泛(fan),芳剑反(fan)(fan)。盎,乌浪反(fan)(fan)。缇,音(yin)体。醪,鲁(lu)刀反(fan)(fan)。翁,呜动反(fan)(fan),下同,一音(yin)於勇反(fan)(fan)。ガ白(bai),即今之白(bai)差(cha)酒也(ye),宜作差(cha),作ガ,假借(jie)也(ye),在何反(fan)(fan)。差(cha),初卖反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“辨五”至“沈齐”
○释曰:言“辨五齐之名”者,酒正不自造酒,使酒人为之,酒正直辨五齐之名,知其清浊而已。云“一曰泛齐”者,泛读如“泛泛扬舟”之泛。言泛者,谓此齐孰时,滓浮在上,泛泛然。“二曰醴齐”者,醴,体也。此齐孰时,上下一体,汁滓相将,故名醴齐。又此醴齐作时,恬於馀齐,与酒味稍殊,故亦入於六饮。“三曰盎齐”已下,其类可知。
○注“泛者”至“作之”
○释曰(yue)(yue)(yue):言(yan)“泛(fan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),成(cheng)而(er)滓浮”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)言(yan)成(cheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)孰曰(yue)(yue)(yue)成(cheng)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“如今宜(yi)成(cheng)醪矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),宜(yi)成(cheng),说以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)地名(ming),故(gu)(gu)(gu)曹(cao)植(zhi)《酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)赋》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“宜(yi)成(cheng)醴(li)醪,苍梧缥清(qing)(qing)。”若(ruo)马融所(suo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)成(cheng),会稽稻米,清(qing)(qing)似宜(yi)成(cheng)”,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)名(ming)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)刘杳《要雅》亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宜(yi)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)名(ming)。二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)未知(zhi)孰是。今郑(zheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)宜(yi)成(cheng)醪矣(yi),亦未知(zhi)郑(zheng)意(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)名(ming)地名(ming)。类(lei)下(xia)ガ白,则(ze)为(wei)(wei)地名(ming)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“如今恬(tian)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但於五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中为(wei)(wei)恬(tian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恬(tian)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)况(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“如今ガ白矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),汉时(shi)萧何所(suo)封南阳地名(ming)ガ。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“如今下(xia)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),下(xia)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)谓(wei)(wei)糟床(chuang)下(xia)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),其(qi)(qi)色(se)红赤,故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)缇(ti)名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。案郑(zheng)下(xia)注(zhu)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)伯缇(ti)衣”,亦赤黑色(se)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“如今造清(qing)(qing)矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),汉时(shi)造清(qing)(qing),孰则(ze)滓沈(shen),故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)况(kuang)沈(shen)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“自醴(li)已(yi)上(shang)(shang)尤浊,缩(suo)酌者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”,言(yan)自醴(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),唯有(you)泛(fan)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。泛(fan)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)滓浮,则(ze)浊于醴(li)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)汁滓相将者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。此二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)茅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)《司(si)尊彝》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“醴(li)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缩(suo)酌”,《郊(jiao)特牲》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“缩(suo)酌用(yong)茅,明酌也(ye)”,谓(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)和(he)醴(li)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)茅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使可(ke)酌。郑(zheng)彼注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)泛(fan)从(cong)(cong)醴(li),是二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)缩(suo)酌,故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)自醴(li)已(yi)上(shang)(shang)尤浊缩(suo)酌也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“盎(ang)(ang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)差清(qing)(qing)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《司(si)尊彝》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“盎(ang)(ang)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氵兑酌”。郑(zheng)注(zhu):“氵兑,清(qing)(qing)也(ye)。”谓(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)茅,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)盎(ang)(ang)已(yi)清(qing)(qing)故(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)。郑(zheng)彼注(zhu)又云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“泛(fan)从(cong)(cong)醴(li),缇(ti)沈(shen)从(cong)(cong)盎(ang)(ang)”,则(ze)亦用(yong)清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“其(qi)(qi)象类(lei)则(ze)然”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)举汉法(fa)况(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是其(qi)(qi)象类(lei)则(ze)然者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)式未可(ke)尽闻(wen)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),虽举汉法(fa),汉承周後,多得古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),只可(ke)略闻(wen),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)未可(ke)尽闻(wen)也(ye)。“杜子(zi)春(chun)(chun)读齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)粢(zi)(zi)”,云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“《礼器(qi)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue)缇(ti)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong),玄(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尚”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)春(chun)(chun)意(yi),见(jian)《礼运》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“粢(zi)(zi)醍(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)堂”,又见(jian)《礼器(qi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“醴(li)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)”,又粢(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)醍(ti)(ti)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),则(ze)其(qi)(qi)馀(yu)四齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)粢(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)读齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)粢(zi)(zi)。“玄(xuan)谓(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),每有(you)祭祀,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)量节作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,谓(wei)(wei)祭有(you)大小,齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)多少,谓(wei)(wei)若(ruo)祭备五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),祭备四齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),时(shi)祭备二齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)量节作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不(bu)(bu)从(cong)(cong)子(zi)春(chun)(chun)为(wei)(wei)粢(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《礼运》唯有(you)醍(ti)(ti)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)称粢(zi)(zi),於此五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)称齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),子(zi)春(chun)(chun)破(po)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)从(cong)(cong)一(yi)(yi)粢(zi)(zi),於义(yi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke),故(gu)(gu)(gu)郑(zheng)於《礼运》注(zhu)“粢(zi)(zi)当为(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,破(po)一(yi)(yi)粢(zi)(zi)从(cong)(cong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),於义(yi)可(ke)也(ye)。此五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)与下(xia)三(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)及春(chun)(chun)官(guan)鬯人所(suo)造鬯酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)异者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)俱用(yong)秫稻麴蘖(nie),又三(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)味(wei)厚,人所(suo)饮者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)味(wei)薄(bo),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祭者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)经郑(zheng)注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“祭祀必(bi)用(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),至敬(jing)不(bu)(bu)尚味(wei)而(er)贵多品(pin)。”五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)对三(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)与齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)异;通而(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦曰(yue)(yue)(yue)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)《礼·坊记(ji)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“醴(li)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)室,醍(ti)(ti)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)堂”是也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)鬯酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),自用(yong)黑黍为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),与此别也(ye)。
辨三酒之物,一曰事酒,二曰昔酒,三曰清酒。(郑司农云:“事酒,有事而饮也。昔酒,无事而饮也。清酒,祭祀之酒。”玄谓事酒,酌有事者之酒,其酒则今之酒也。昔酒,今之酋久白酒,所谓旧者也。清酒,今中山冬酿,接夏而成。
○,音亦,徐音昔。)
[疏]“辨三酒”至“清酒”
○释曰:辨者,豫先之名。物者,财也。以三酒所成有时,故豫给财,令作之也。言“一曰事酒”者,此三酒并人所饮,故下云共王四饮三酒也。但事酒酌有事人饮之,故以事上名酒也。二曰昔酒者,久酿乃熟,故以昔酒为名。酌无事之人饮之。三曰清酒者,此酒更久於昔,故以清为号。祭祀用之。此昔酒、清酒,皆以酒上为名也。
○注“郑司”至“而成”
○释曰:先(xian)郑(zheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)饮”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)於(wu)(wu)祭(ji)(ji)祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),乃(nai)至卑(bei)贱执事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),祭(ji)(ji)末并(bing)得(de)饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),无(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)饮”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)於(wu)(wu)祭(ji)(ji)末,群臣陪位(wei)不(bu)得(de)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),并(bing)得(de)饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),祭(ji)(ji)祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)於(wu)(wu)祭(ji)(ji)祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),宾(bin)长献尸(shi)(shi),尸(shi)(shi)酢宾(bin)长,不(bu)敢与(yu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神共(gong)器尊,同酌(zhuo)齐,故(gu)(gu)(gu)酌(zhuo)清(qing)(qing)以(yi)自酢,故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)祭(ji)(ji)祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)《司尊彝》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“皆(jie)有(you)(you),诸臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)酢”。此(ci)三酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),皆(jie)盛(sheng)於(wu)(wu)尊在堂下。但此(ci)清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)受尸(shi)(shi)酢,故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)祀言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“玄(xuan)谓(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),酌(zhuo)有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe),先(xian)郑(zheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)饮”,据有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时(shi)饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。後郑(zheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“酌(zhuo)有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”,谓(wei)有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),但是(shi)有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),虽不(bu)当(dang)祭(ji)(ji)时(shi),亦(yi)酌(zhuo)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)就足先(xian)郑(zheng)义也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“其(qi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)则今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),冬酿(niang)春成,以(yi)汉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)况(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酋(qiu)久(jiu)白(bai)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe),言“昔(xi)(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)久(jiu),酋(qiu)亦(yi)远久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)汉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酋(qiu)久(jiu)白(bai)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)况(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。但昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)对事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)清(qing)(qing),若(ruo)对清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)则为(wei)(wei)白(bai),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)酋(qiu)久(jiu)白(bai)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)《晋(jin)语》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“味(wei)厚(hou)实昔(xi)(xi)(xi)毒”,酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)久(jiu)则毒也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“所(suo)谓(wei)旧(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe),案《礼记·郊特牲(sheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“犹明清(qing)(qing)与(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)于旧(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)”。彼上注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“明酌(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上也(ye)”。酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)盎齐,于旧(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。三酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)除事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),则云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)旧(jiu),是(shi)昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可知也(ye)。对事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)新,昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)旧(jiu),清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)得(de)名。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)今(jin)中(zhong)山冬酿(niang),接夏而(er)成”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)为(wei)(wei)久(jiu),冬酿(niang)接春,明此(ci)清(qing)(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)久(jiu)於(wu)(wu)昔(xi)(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),自然接夏也(ye)。中(zhong)山,郡(jun)名,故(gu)(gu)(gu)《魏都赋》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“醇酎(zhou)中(zhong)山,洗(xi)湎(mian)千日。”
辨四饮之物,一曰清,二曰医,三曰浆,四曰酏。(清,谓醴之者。医,《内则》所谓或以酏为醴。凡醴浊,酿酏为之,则少清矣。医之字,从从酉省也。浆,今之浆也。酏,今之粥。《内则》有黍酏。酏饮,粥稀者之清也。郑司农说以《内则》曰“饮重醴,稻醴清{艹酒},黍醴清{艹酒},梁醴清{艹酒},或以酏为醴,浆、水、臆”。后致饮于宾客之礼,有医酏糟。糟音声与{艹酒}相似,医与臆亦相似,文字不同,记之者各异耳,此皆一物。
○医,於已反(fan)(fan)(fan)。徐(xu)(xu)於计(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan),注同。酏,以支反(fan)(fan)(fan)。子(zi)礼反(fan)(fan)(fan),下(xia)同。,乌兮反(fan)(fan)(fan),徐(xu)(xu)为例反(fan)(fan)(fan),本或作{巫(wu)}。省,所景反(fan)(fan)(fan)。,昨(zuo)再反(fan)(fan)(fan)。粥(zhou),之六反(fan)(fan)(fan),刘音(yin)育(yu)。稀,音(yin)希(xi)。{艹酒},音(yin)糟,下(xia)同,沈子(zi)由反(fan)(fan)(fan)。臆,本又作意,於纪反(fan)(fan)(fan),徐(xu)(xu)於力反(fan)(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“辨四”至“曰酏”
○释曰:案《浆人》有六饮,此言四者,以《浆人》注“酒正不辨水凉者,无厚薄之齐”,故此唯辨四饮之物也。云“一曰清”,则《浆人》云“醴,清也”。“二曰医”者,谓酿粥为醴则为医。“三曰浆”者,今之浆。“四曰酏”者,即今薄粥也。
○注“清谓”至“一物”
○释曰:言“清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),谓(wei)醴(li)(li)(li)之”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)郑(zheng)据(ju)《浆(jiang)人》解之.《浆(jiang)人》云(yun)(yun)(yun)醴(li)(li)(li),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)谓(wei)醴(li)(li)(li)之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“医(yi)(yi),《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》所谓(wei)或以(yi)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),按《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》,上(shang)言饮(yin)(yin),下(xia)云(yun)(yun)(yun)重(zhong)醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)糟(zao)(zao)(zao),又云(yun)(yun)(yun)或以(yi)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li),彼(bi)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li),在饮(yin)(yin)中,而在清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)糟(zao)(zao)(zao)下(xia),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)医(yi)(yi)又在清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)下(xia),故(gu)知酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li),当(dang)(dang)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)医(yi)(yi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“凡醴(li)(li)(li)浊,酿(niang)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之,则(ze)(ze)少清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)经中医(yi)(yi)酿(niang)粥为(wei)(wei)(wei)之,与醴(li)(li)(li)少异(yi)也(ye)。又云(yun)(yun)(yun)“医(yi)(yi)之字(zi)(zi),从(cong)从(cong)酉省(sheng)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),从(cong)省(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)去(qu)羽,从(cong)酉省(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)去(qu)水(shui),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)从(cong)从(cong)酉省(sheng)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“浆(jiang),今(jin)(jin)之浆(jiang)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)浆(jiang)亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)酒(jiu)类,故(gu)其(qi)字(zi)(zi)亦(yi)(yi)从(cong)载(zai)从(cong)酉省(sheng)。之言载(zai),米汁相(xiang)(xiang)载(zai),汉时(shi)名为(wei)(wei)(wei)浆(jiang),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)今(jin)(jin)之浆(jiang)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),今(jin)(jin)之粥。《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》有黍(shu)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饮(yin)(yin),粥稀(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》,黍(shu)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在饮(yin)(yin)中,故(gu)知此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)当(dang)(dang)《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》黍(shu)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。以(yi)其(qi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)饮(yin)(yin),故(gu)知粥稀(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)也(ye)。郑(zheng)司农(nong)说以(yi)《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》曰“饮(yin)(yin)重(zhong)醴(li)(li)(li),稻醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”至“或以(yi)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li)”,总当(dang)(dang)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经一(yi)(yi)(yi)曰清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)浆(jiang)当(dang)(dang)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经中浆(jiang),水(shui)於此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经无所当(dang)(dang),连引之耳。意当(dang)(dang)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经中医(yi)(yi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“后致饮(yin)(yin)于宾客之礼,有医(yi)(yi)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)糟(zao)(zao)(zao)”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)引下(xia)文,欲取“糟(zao)(zao)(zao)”与《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》“{艹酒(jiu)}”一(yi)(yi)(yi)物,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)糟(zao)(zao)(zao)音声与{艹酒(jiu)}相(xiang)(xiang)似。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“医(yi)(yi)与意亦(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)似”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),与此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)经医(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)物。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“文字(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),记(ji)之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)各异(yi)耳,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)皆一(yi)(yi)(yi)物”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》彼(bi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“{艹酒(jiu)}”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“糟(zao)(zao)(zao)”,《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“意”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“医(yi)(yi)”,是(shi)其(qi)文字(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),皆一(yi)(yi)(yi)物也(ye)。《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)重(zhong)醴(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)糟(zao)(zao)(zao)并设,则(ze)(ze)稻醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)糟(zao)(zao)(zao)、黍(shu)醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)糟(zao)(zao)(zao)、粱醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)糟(zao)(zao)(zao),是(shi)其(qi)重(zhong)醴(li)(li)(li)也(ye)。向(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)後郑(zheng)解或以(yi)酏(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)医(yi)(yi),今(jin)(jin)先郑(zheng)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li),共重(zhong)醴(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)物。又後郑(zheng)於《内(nei)(nei)(nei)则(ze)(ze)》注意为(wei)(wei)(wei)梅浆(jiang),亦(yi)(yi)与先郑(zheng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),以(yi)无正文,故(gu)引之在下(xia),亦(yi)(yi)得为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)义故(gu)也(ye)。
掌其厚薄之(zhi)齐,以共王(wang)之(zhi)四饮(yin)(yin)三酒(jiu)之(zhi)馔,及后(hou)、世子(zi)之(zhi)饮(yin)(yin)与其酒(jiu)。(后(hou)、世子(zi)不言馔,其馈食不必(bi)具设之(zhi)。五齐正(zheng)用醴为(wei)饮(yin)(yin)者,取醴恬与酒(jiu)味异也。其馀四齐,味皆似(si)酒(jiu)。)
[疏]“掌其”至“其酒”
○释曰:言“掌其厚薄之齐”者,从五齐已下,非酒正所造,并是酒人、浆人所作,故云直辨其厚薄之齐。云“以供王之四饮、三酒之馔”者,谓馔陈具设之也。云“及后、世子之饮与其酒”者,不言四饮、三酒,直言饮与酒,复不言馔,郑云“不必具设之”,是以不言馔与数也。
○注“后世”至“似酒”
○释曰:云“五(wu)齐正用醴(li)(li)(li)为饮者,取(qu)醴(li)(li)(li)恬(tian)与酒(jiu)味(wei)异也(ye)”者,郑意(yi)五(wu)齐之中不用馀四(si)齐,以其醴(li)(li)(li)恬(tian),故取(qu)入六饮。“其馀四(si)齐味(wei)皆似酒(jiu)”者,三酒(jiu)味(wei)厚,五(wu)齐味(wei)薄,故言似酒(jiu)。醴(li)(li)(li)恬(tian),全与酒(jiu)味(wei)别也(ye)。
凡祭祀,以法共五齐三酒,以实八尊。大祭三贰,中祭再贰,小祭壹贰,皆有酌数。唯齐酒不贰,皆有器量。(酌器,所用注尊中者,数量之多少未闻。郑司农云:“三贰,三益副之也。大祭天地,中祭宗庙,小祭五祀。齐酒不贰,为尊者质,不敢副益也。”杜子春云:“齐酒不贰,谓五齐以祭不益也。其三酒,人所饮者,益也。《弟子职》曰:‘周旋而贰,唯兼之视。’”玄谓大祭者,王服大裘、衮冕所祭也。中祭者,王服冕、毳冕所祭也。小祭者,王服希冕、玄冕所祭也。三贰、再贰、一贰者,谓就三酒之尊而益之也。《礼运》曰:“玄酒在室,醴在户,粢醍在堂,澄酒在下。”澄酒是三酒也。益之者,以饮诸臣,若今常满尊也。祭祀必用五齐者,至敬不尚味,而贵多品。
○贰(er),徐音二,下同。为,于伪反(fan)(fan)(fan)。兼,苦(ku)簟反(fan)(fan)(fan)。衮,古本反(fan)(fan)(fan)。,必列(lie)反(fan)(fan)(fan),徐、刘方利反(fan)(fan)(fan)。毳,充芮反(fan)(fan)(fan)。希(xi),本又作,同张里(li)反(fan)(fan)(fan)。,侧产反(fan)(fan)(fan)。粢,才许反(fan)(fan)(fan)。醍,音体,本亦作缇。饮,於鸩反(fan)(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“凡祭”至“器量”
○释曰:言“凡祭祀”者,谓天地及宗庙祭,总目之言。云“以法共五齐三酒”者,但祭有小大,齐有多少,各有常法,故云以法共五齐三酒。云“以实八尊”者,五齐五尊,三酒三尊,故云以实八尊。此除明水、玄酒,若五齐加明水,三酒加玄酒,此八尊为十六尊。不言之者,举其正尊而言也。云“大祭三贰”者,大祭谓王服大裘、衮冕所祭者也。三贰者,贰,副也。就三酒人所饮者,三度副益之。云“中祭再贰”者,中祭谓王服冕、毳冕所祭者也。再贰亦谓就三酒之中再度益之。云“小祭壹贰”者,小祭谓王服希冕、玄冕所祭者也。云“皆有酌数”者,谓三酒之祭,副益等尊,皆有酌器,盛酒益尊,故言皆酌。云数者,谓多少之数。有“□齐酒不贰”者,齐酒,所祭祀,非人所饮,故不副益。云“皆有器量”者,器谓酌齐酒注於尊中,量谓皆有多少之量。
○注“酌器”至“多品”
○释(shi)曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“酌(zhuo)器(qi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),释(shi)经皆有(you)酌(zhuo)器(qi)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所用(yong)注五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)於(wu)尊(zun)中(zhong)(zhong)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“数量(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)少未闻”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与量(liang),皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)少之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),但未闻升数耳。郑(zheng)(zheng)司(si)(si)农云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“三(san)(san)(san)贰(er)三(san)(san)(san)益(yi)(yi)副(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,皆先(xian)郑(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,注酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)於(wu)尊(zun)中(zhong)(zhong)为副(fu),子(zi)春(chun)、後郑(zheng)(zheng)亦与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“大(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)天(tian)地(di)”等者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),先(xian)郑(zheng)(zheng)意,天(tian)地(di)为大(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),宗(zong)庙(miao)为中(zhong)(zhong)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)祀(si)(si)为小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。其实天(tian)地(di)自(zi)有(you)大(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),宗(zong)庙(miao)亦有(you)次小。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“齐(qi)(qi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)贰(er),为尊(zun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)质,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢副(fu)益(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)其主(zhu)献(xian)(xian)尸,所用(yong)少,故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)副(fu)益(yi)(yi)。杜子(zi)春(chun)引(yin)《弟(di)子(zi)职》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)《管子(zi)》书《弟(di)子(zi)职》篇(pian),谓(wei)(wei)弟(di)子(zi)□□□饮酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)(shi),弟(di)子(zi)用(yong)注周旋而(er)(er)(er)贰(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),欲副(fu)益(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)(shi),兼(jian)(jian)谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)满,唯(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)尊(zun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)满者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)益(yi)(yi)。“玄谓(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),王(wang)(wang)(wang)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)大(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu)(qiu)衮(gun)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)所祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”已下(xia)至“玄冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)所祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”,并据(ju)《司(si)(si)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)》六冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)差之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)有(you)六,天(tian)地(di)宗(zong)庙(miao)各有(you)三(san)(san)(san)等,故(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)六冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)配(pei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按(an)《司(si)(si)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)》,王(wang)(wang)(wang)祀(si)(si)昊天(tian)上(shang)帝,则(ze)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)大(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu)(qiu)而(er)(er)(er)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),祀(si)(si)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝亦如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),祀(si)(si)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)则(ze)衮(gun)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)亦用(yong)大(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu)(qiu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)地(di)宗(zong)庙(miao)皆有(you)大(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“中(zhong)(zhong)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),王(wang)(wang)(wang)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)毳(cui)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)所祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)《司(si)(si)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)》先(xian)公则(ze)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),四(si)(si)望(wang)山川(chuan)(chuan)则(ze)毳(cui)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)与宗(zong)庙(miao)次祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),二(er)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。但天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次祀(si)(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)衣服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),日月(yue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次祀(si)(si),以(yi)(yi)其大(da)(da)(da)报天(tian),主(zhu)日,配(pei)以(yi)(yi)月(yue),服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)大(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu)(qiu),故(gu)(gu)春(chun)分朝(chao)(chao)日,秋(qiu)分夕(xi)月(yue),兼(jian)(jian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)玄冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),故(gu)(gu)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次祀(si)(si)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)衣服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),王(wang)(wang)(wang)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)希(xi)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)玄冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)所祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),按(an)《司(si)(si)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)》“社稷五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)祀(si)(si)则(ze)希(xi)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),群小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)则(ze)玄冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)彼注“山林川(chuan)(chuan)泽(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)虽(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)风师、雨师等,“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)”中(zhong)(zhong)兼(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。惟(wei)见(jian)天(tian)地(di)小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),不(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)宗(zong)庙(miao)小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),马融以(yi)(yi)为宗(zong)庙(miao)小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)谓(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)殇是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)殇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)(shi),或可亦用(yong)玄冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。若(ruo)然,则(ze)《礼(li)器(qi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“一(yi)献(xian)(xian)质”,谓(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)群小祀(si)(si),当玄冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。“三(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian)文(wen)”,谓(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社稷五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)祀(si)(si),当希(xi)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)献(xian)(xian)察(cha)”,谓(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)四(si)(si)望(wang)山川(chuan)(chuan),当毳(cui)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。“七献(xian)(xian)神”,谓(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)先(xian)公,当冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。虽(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)九(jiu)献(xian)(xian),下(xia)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“大(da)(da)(da)飨,其王(wang)(wang)(wang)事与”,大(da)(da)(da)飨谓(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang),为九(jiu)献(xian)(xian),当衮(gun)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。《礼(li)器(qi)》下(xia)文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“大(da)(da)(da)飨不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)旅”。大(da)(da)(da)旅当大(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu)(qiu)。据(ju)此(ci)一(yi)献(xian)(xian)至九(jiu)献(xian)(xian),以(yi)(yi)此(ci)献(xian)(xian)数约之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)六服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差为三(san)(san)(san)。按(an)《司(si)(si)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)》,山川(chuan)(chuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)毳(cui)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)献(xian)(xian),社稷服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)希(xi)冕(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),三(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian),社稷在(zai)(zai)(zai)山川(chuan)(chuan)下(xia)。按(an)《大(da)(da)(da)宗(zong)伯》“以(yi)(yi)血祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社稷、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)祀(si)(si)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)岳(yue)”,而(er)(er)(er)社稷在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)岳(yue)上(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)岳(yue)与土地(di)异形(xing),若(ruo)畿(ji)外(wai)诸(zhu)侯,服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)献(xian)(xian)则(ze)尊(zun)於(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣;社稷号曰(yue)土神,似(si)若(ruo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣,服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)献(xian)(xian)则(ze)卑於(wu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)岳(yue),而(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)岳(yue)上(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),似(si)若(ruo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)人虽(sui)(sui)微(wei),犹叙诸(zhu)侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。按(an)《王(wang)(wang)(wang)制》“宗(zong)庙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛(niu)角握”,《国(guo)语》“山川(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛(niu)角尺(chi)”。社稷尊(zun)於(wu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)岳(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),彼自(zi)从国(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神莫(mo)贵(gui)(gui)於(wu)社,故(gu)(gu)与宗(zong)庙(miao)同用(yong)握。引(yin)“《礼(li)运(yun)》曰(yue)玄酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)室”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)郁鬯(chang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)室中(zhong)(zhong)。而(er)(er)(er)玄酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)即明(ming)水也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),配(pei)郁鬯(chang),故(gu)(gu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)室。“醴在(zai)(zai)(zai)户”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),醴谓(wei)(wei)醴齐(qi)(qi),谓(wei)(wei)盎齐(qi)(qi),并在(zai)(zai)(zai)户也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“粢醍在(zai)(zai)(zai)堂”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),粢当为齐(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)醍在(zai)(zai)(zai)堂也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“澄(cheng)(cheng)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),澄(cheng)(cheng)谓(wei)(wei)沈(shen)齐(qi)(qi),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)谓(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)并在(zai)(zai)(zai)堂下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“澄(cheng)(cheng)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《郑(zheng)(zheng)志》赵商问:《礼(li)运(yun)》注澄(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沈(shen)齐(qi)(qi),今此(ci)注澄(cheng)(cheng)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)何?郑(zheng)(zheng)答:“今解(jie)可去澄(cheng)(cheng)字。”若(ruo)然,郑(zheng)(zheng)本於(wu)此(ci)注时(shi)(shi)(shi),直云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),无澄(cheng)(cheng)字,有(you)澄(cheng)(cheng)字者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)误,当云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“益(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)饮诸(zhu)臣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)益(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),解(jie)经中(zhong)(zhong)贰(er)。案《司(si)(si)尊(zun)彝(yi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“皆有(you),诸(zhu)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所酢”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)饮诸(zhu)臣也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“若(ruo)今常(chang)(chang)满尊(zun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)益(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)常(chang)(chang)满,故(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)汉法况(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)必用(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),至敬不(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)味(wei),而(er)(er)(er)贵(gui)(gui)多(duo)(duo)品”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),郑(zheng)(zheng)意五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)齐(qi)(qi)味(wei)薄於(wu)三(san)(san)(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)数多(duo)(duo),但鬼神享德不(bu)(bu)(bu)享味(wei),故(gu)(gu)须至极敬而(er)(er)(er)已。是(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)引(yin)《郊特(te)牲》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)至敬不(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)味(wei)而(er)(er)(er)贵(gui)(gui)多(duo)(duo)品也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
共宾(bin)客之礼酒(jiu),共后(hou)之致饮(yin)于宾(bin)客之礼医(yi)酏糟(zao),皆使其士(shi)奉之。(礼酒(jiu),王所致酒(jiu)也。王致酒(jiu),后(hou)致饮(yin),夫妇(fu)之义(yi)。糟(zao),医(yi)酏不(bu)者(zhe)。曰清,不(bu)曰糟(zao)。后(hou)致饮(yin),无醴医(yi)酏不(bu)清者(zhe),与王同体,屈(qu)也,亦因以少为贵。士(shi)谓(wei)酒(jiu)人、浆人、奄(yan)士(shi)。)
[疏]“共宾”至“奉之”
○释曰:云“共宾客之礼酒”者,谓王有故,不亲飨燕,传人致酒於客馆。云“共后之致饮于宾客之礼医酏糟”者,言致饮之中取二饮以致之。云医酏糟者,谓医酏不者也。云“皆使其士奉之”者,酒使酒人,浆使浆人,皆奄士,故云使其士奉之。
○注“礼酒”至“奄士”
○释(shi)曰(yue):言(yan)(yan)“礼酒(jiu),王(wang)(wang)(wang)所致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),下《酒(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)》云(yun)“宾(bin)客(ke)之(zhi)陈酒(jiu)”。彼言(yan)(yan)陈,谓若(ruo)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飨饩(xi),列陈於客(ke)馆(guan)中。言(yan)(yan)礼酒(jiu)不言(yan)(yan)陈,谓飨燕(yan)之(zhi)酒(jiu),王(wang)(wang)(wang)当亲(qin)飨燕(yan),王(wang)(wang)(wang)有故,则使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)馆(guan),以(yi)酬币致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)。云(yun)“王(wang)(wang)(wang)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu),后致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饮(yin)(yin)(yin),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妇之(zhi)义”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),酒(jiu)是(shi)(shi)阳(yang),故王(wang)(wang)(wang)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)。饮(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)阴,故后致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)。是(shi)(shi)阴阳(yang)相成,故云(yun)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妇之(zhi)义。云(yun)“后致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饮(yin)(yin)(yin),无醴(li)(li)(li)医酏(yi)(yi)不清(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),与(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)同(tong)体(ti),屈也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)后致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饮(yin)(yin)(yin)无醴(li)(li)(li)医酏(yi)(yi)不清(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),对下《浆(jiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)》“共夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饮(yin)(yin)(yin)於宾(bin)客(ke)之(zhi)礼,清(qing)醴(li)(li)(li)医酏(yi)(yi)糟,而(er)奉之(zhi)”,谓夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卑於后,致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三饮(yin)(yin)(yin)医酏(yi)(yi)糟上,加之(zhi)以(yi)清(qing)醴(li)(li)(li)。今后尊,唯有医酏(yi)(yi)二(er)饮(yin)(yin)(yin),无清(qing)醴(li)(li)(li)。既无清(qing)醴(li)(li)(li),医酏(yi)(yi)当清(qing),今皆不清(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)其后尊,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻片合,与(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)同(tong)体(ti),故屈。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卑,与(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)不同(tong)体(ti),得申,故加之(zhi)以(yi)清(qing)醴(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“亦(yi)因以(yi)少(shao)(shao)为(wei)贵”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案(an)《礼器》云(yun)“有以(yi)少(shao)(shao)为(wei)贵者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天子无介(jie),祭天特牲(sheng)”。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)少(shao)(shao)为(wei)贵。则夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)三饮(yin)(yin)(yin),后二(er)饮(yin)(yin)(yin),是(shi)(shi)因以(yi)少(shao)(shao)为(wei)贵。云(yun)“士(shi)谓酒(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、浆(jiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、奄(yan)士(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案(an)《序官(guan)》,酒(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)奄(yan)十人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),浆(jiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)奄(yan)五人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),皆不言(yan)(yan)士(shi)。此经注皆士(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),为(wei)官(guan)首当是(shi)(shi)士(shi)。但非贤(xian),故不言(yan)(yan)士(shi)。内小臣(chen)是(shi)(shi)奄(yan)而(er)称士(shi),郑(zheng)云(yun)异其贤(xian)。
凡王之燕饮酒,共其计,酒正奉之。(共其计者,献酬多少,度当足也。故书“酒正”无酒字。郑司农云:“正奉之,酒正奉之也。”
○度,徒洛反(fan)。)
[疏]“凡王”至“奉之”
○释(shi)曰:谓王与群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)燕饮之酒。共其计(ji)(ji)者,谓计(ji)(ji)群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)多(duo)少(shao),以足为度(du)。酒正奉之者,以其共王,故酒正自奉之。
凡飨士庶子,飨耆老(lao)孤子,皆共(gong)其酒,无酌(zhuo)数。(要以醉为度。)
[疏]“凡飨”至“酌数”
○释曰:言“飨士庶(shu)子”,谓若《宫(gong)伯》宿(su)卫(wei)王(wang)宫(gong)者,士,子;庶(shu)子,其(qi)支庶(shu)。云“飨耆老孤子”者,谓《外(wai)饔》注:耆老谓国老,孤子者,谓死(si)王(wang)事之子。王(wang)皆飨养之,则共其(qi)酒。
掌酒之赐颁(ban),皆(jie)有法(fa)以行(xing)之。(法(fa),尊卑(bei)之差。)
[疏]“掌酒”至“行之”
○释曰:云“赐颁(ban)皆有(you)法以(yi)行(xing)之(zhi)”者(zhe),谓以(yi)酒(jiu)颁(ban)群臣也(ye)。皆有(you)法以(yi)行(xing)之(zhi)者(zhe),尊者(zhe)得(de)多(duo),卑者(zhe)得(de)少,多(duo)少皆有(you)常法。言以(yi)行(xing)之(zhi)者(zhe),谓依法给之(zhi)。
凡有秩酒者,以书契授之。(郑司农云:“有秩酒者,给事中予之酒。秩,常也。常受酒者,《国语》曰:至于今秩之。”玄谓所秩者,谓老臣。《王制》曰:“七十不俟朝,八十月告存,九十日有秩。”
○朝(chao),直遥反。)
[疏]“凡有”至“授之”
○释曰:秩,常也。谓若老臣年九十已上,常与之酒。云“以书契授之已上者,谓酒正授使者酒,书之多少,以为契要而与之,故云以书契授之。
○注“郑司”至“有秩”
○释曰:郑司农云“有秩酒(jiu)者,给事中予之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)。秩,常也。常受酒(jiu)者”,司农之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,谓在朝(chao)群臣(chen),亲(qin)近於(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang),总(zong)名给事中,王(wang)(wang)(wang)常以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)云常受酒(jiu)者。又引(yin)(yin)《国语》者,案《楚语》云:“斗且廷见(jian)令(ling)(ling)尹子(zi)常,闻子(zi)常畜货(huo)聚马,斗且廷以(yi)(yi)为非,遂(sui)陈令(ling)(ling)尹子(zi)文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,云“昔斗子(zi)文三(san)舍令(ling)(ling)尹,无(wu)一日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积。成王(wang)(wang)(wang)闻子(zi)文行,於(wu)是每朝(chao)设脯一束、糗一篚,以(yi)(yi)羞子(zi)文。至於(wu)今秩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”後郑皆不(bu)从(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,给事中与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu),不(bu)言秩,因(yin)朝(chao)而羞子(zi)文,又非酒(jiu),故(gu)(gu)不(bu)从(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。引(yin)(yin)《王(wang)(wang)(wang)制(zhi)》曰“七十不(bu)俟朝(chao)”者,谓不(bu)待朝(chao)事毕即(ji)去(qu)。“八十月(yue)告有”者,谓月(yue)月(yue)使报告老(lao)人有否。“九十日有秩”者,谓日日有秩膳,即(ji)此经(jing)秩酒(jiu)是也,故(gu)(gu)引(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)为证。
酒(jiu)(jiu)正之(zhi)出(chu),日(ri)入(ru)(ru)其成,月入(ru)(ru)其要,小(xiao)(xiao)宰(zai)听之(zhi)。(出(chu)谓(wei)授酒(jiu)(jiu)材及用酒(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)多少(shao)也。受用酒(jiu)(jiu)者,日(ri)言(yan)其计(ji)於(wu)酒(jiu)(jiu)正,酒(jiu)(jiu)正月尽言(yan)於(wu)小(xiao)(xiao)宰(zai)。)
[疏]“酒正”至“听之”
○释曰:言“酒正之出”者,谓授酒材与酒人,及出酒与人。云“日入其成”者,谓酒人用多少,日计所用酒,以此成入於酒正。云“月入其要”者,谓酒正得酒人日计文书,日计其月要,至月尽,以月计文书入於小宰,故云月入其要。“小宰听之”者,小宰得酒正文书,听断之,知其得失。
○注“出谓”至“小宰”
○释曰(yue):言“出谓(wei)(wei)授酒(jiu)(jiu)材”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)授酒(jiu)(jiu)人以其(qi)材,《酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)职》首所言者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。“及用(yong)(yong)酒(jiu)(jiu)之多(duo)少(shao)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)若共五齐三(san)酒(jiu)(jiu)以下(xia)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。云“受用(yong)(yong)酒(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe),日(ri)言其(qi)计於酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),受用(yong)(yong)酒(jiu)(jiu)谓(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)酒(jiu)(jiu)多(duo)少(shao),是(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)人也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)曰(yue)言其(qi)计於酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。云“酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)月(yue)尽言於小宰”者(zhe)(zhe),释经月(yue)入其(qi)要。
岁终(zhong)则会(hui),唯王及后之饮酒(jiu)(jiu)不会(hui)。以(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)式(shi)诛赏(shang)。(诛赏(shang)作(zuo)酒(jiu)(jiu)之善恶者。)
[疏]“岁终”至“诛赏”
○释曰:直言“唯王及(ji)后不会(hui)”,不云世(shi)子(zi),以其酒(jiu)(jiu)与(yu)膳(shan)异。膳(shan)羞(xiu)食之(zhi)(zhi)正,则(ze)世(shi)子(zi)亦(yi)不会(hui)。膳(shan)禽(qin)食之(zhi)(zhi)加,世(shi)子(zi)会(hui)之(zhi)(zhi),酒(jiu)(jiu)亦(yi)为加,故(gu)亦(yi)会(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)。“以酒(jiu)(jiu)式诛赏”者,作酒(jiu)(jiu)有旧法式,依法善者则(ze)赏之(zhi)(zhi),恶者则(ze)诛责之(zhi)(zhi)。
酒人掌为五齐三酒,祭祀则共奉之,以役世妇。(世妇谓宫卿之官,掌女宫之宿戒,及祭祀,比其具。酒人共酒,因留与其奚为世妇役,亦官联。
○比(bi),戚必履(lv)反,又毗(pi)志反,徐扶利反。)
[疏]“酒人”至“世妇”
○释曰:言“为五齐三酒”者,为犹作也。云“祭祀则共奉之”者,谓酒人共而奉之。云“以役世妇”者,属《春官》宫卿官也。酒人以奚送酒至世妇,因为世妇所役使。
○注“世妇”至“官联”
○释曰:云(yun)(yun)“世(shi)妇谓宫(gong)卿之官”者(zhe),所谓《春官》云(yun)(yun)“每宫(gong)卿一人”,故云(yun)(yun)世(shi)妇谓宫(gong)卿之官也。云(yun)(yun)“掌女(nv)宫(gong)之宿戒”者(zhe),此(ci)亦《世(shi)妇职》文。引此(ci)者(zhe),其职云(yun)(yun)“及祭,比其具”,则此(ci)酒等是(shi),故送酒以(yi)往(wang),为世(shi)妇所役。言“亦官联”者(zhe),即《小宰》云(yun)(yun)“祭祀之联事”是(shi)也。
共宾客之礼酒、饮酒而奉之。(酒正使之也。礼酒,飨燕之酒。饮酒,食之酒。此谓给宾客之稍,王不亲飨燕,不亲食,而使人各以其爵,以酬币侑币致之,则从而以酒往。
○亲食,音嗣。侑,音又。)
[疏]“共宾”至“奉之”
○释曰:云“共宾客之礼酒饮酒”者,此二者酒正使酒人奉授宾客。
○注“酒正”至“酒往”
○释曰:知酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“共宾(bin)客(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)酒(jiu)(jiu),使(shi)其士(shi)奉(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)。”士(shi)即(ji)此酒(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)(ren)也。彼(bi)不(bu)(bu)言饮(yin)(yin)(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),礼(li)(li)酒(jiu)(jiu)中可以(yi)(yi)兼之(zhi)(zhi)矣。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li)酒(jiu)(jiu),飨燕(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)飨燕(yan)(yan)食宾(bin)之(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“饮(yin)(yin)(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu),食之(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)食时有酒(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。《曲礼(li)(li)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“酒(jiu)(jiu)浆处右”,则(ze)此非献酬(chou)(chou)酒(jiu)(jiu),是(shi)口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)酒(jiu)(jiu)也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“此谓(wei)(wei)(wei)给宾(bin)之(zhi)(zhi)稍(shao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此礼(li)(li)酒(jiu)(jiu)、饮(yin)(yin)(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu),总言王(wang)若不(bu)(bu)亲燕(yan)(yan)饮(yin)(yin)(yin)食,则(ze)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)致之(zhi)(zhi)於客(ke)馆(guan),任宾(bin)客(ke)稍(shao)稍(shao)用之(zhi)(zhi),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)给宾(bin)客(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)稍(shao)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“王(wang)不(bu)(bu)亲飨燕(yan)(yan),不(bu)(bu)亲食”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)有故,不(bu)(bu)得速宾(bin),亲行此三者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“使(shi)人(ren)(ren)各以(yi)(yi)其爵,以(yi)(yi)酬(chou)(chou)币(bi)(bi)侑币(bi)(bi)致之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此并《聘礼(li)(li)》文。案彼(bi)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“若不(bu)(bu)亲食,使(shi)大(da)夫(fu)各以(yi)(yi)其爵朝服,致之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)侑币(bi)(bi),致飨以(yi)(yi)酬(chou)(chou)币(bi)(bi)亦(yi)(yi)如之(zhi)(zhi)。”彼(bi)虽无(wu)致燕(yan)(yan)法(fa),案《鹿(lu)鸣》燕(yan)(yan)群臣嘉宾(bin),有实币(bi)(bi)帛,则(ze)致燕(yan)(yan)亦(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)酬(chou)(chou)币(bi)(bi)致之(zhi)(zhi),与飨同。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“各以(yi)(yi)其爵”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)诸侯来(lai)朝,遣三公致飨;卿来(lai)聘,遣卿大(da)夫(fu)致飨。燕(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)酬(chou)(chou)币(bi)(bi),致食以(yi)(yi)侑币(bi)(bi),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)“酬(chou)(chou)币(bi)(bi)侑币(bi)(bi)致之(zhi)(zhi)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“则(ze)从(cong)而以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)往(wang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)从(cong)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)欲(yu)往(wang)客(ke)馆(guan),授(shou)与宾(bin)客(ke)。
凡(fan)事,共酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)而入于酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)府。(入于酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)之府者(zhe),是王燕饮之酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)当奉之。)
[疏]“凡事”至“酒府”
○释(shi)曰:此(ci)谓酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正所奉者,则《酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正》云“凡王(wang)之(zhi)燕饮酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正奉之(zhi)”。并共王(wang)之(zhi)四饮三酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)馔(zhuan),亦是酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正奉之(zhi)。以其事非一,故(gu)言凡事共酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)入於(wu)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)正之(zhi)府。
凡祭祀,共酒以往。(不言奉,小祭祀。)
[疏]“凡祭”至“以往”
○释曰:上云祭(ji)(ji)祀共(gong)奉之,谓大祭(ji)(ji)、次祭(ji)(ji)。此不言奉,谓小祭(ji)(ji)祀,王玄冕所(suo)祭(ji)(ji)者,故云“共(gong)酒以往”。
宾(bin)客之陈酒(jiu)亦如(ru)之。(谓(wei)若归饔饩之酒(jiu),亦自有奉之者,以酒(jiu)从往(wang)。)
[疏]“宾客”至“如之”
○释曰:谓上公饔饩九牢之等。案《聘礼》云,卿韦弁归饔饩牲牢及刍薪米禾等,并归於客馆。彼入壶设於西序,北上。天子致礼於诸侯,亦当陈於西序,故云宾客之陈酒。亦如之者,亦以酒从使人往。
○注“谓若”至“从往”
○释曰:经(jing)直云宾客陈酒,不指(zhi)斥言饔饩,郑(zheng)不敢正言,故言若饔饩之(zhi)酒。云“亦自(zi)有奉之(zhi)者”,谓使(shi)卿(qing)(qing)韦弁归之(zhi)者是也。云“以酒从(cong)往”者,谓卿(qing)(qing)韦弁归饔饩等之(zhi)时,亦使(shi)人(ren)以此酒从(cong)往致之(zhi)。
浆人掌共王之六饮,水、浆、醴、凉、医、酏,入于酒府。(王之六饮,亦酒正当奉之。醴,醴清也。郑司农云:“凉,以水和酒也。”玄谓凉,今寒粥,若糗饭杂水也。酒正不辨水凉者,无厚薄之齐。
○糗,丘(qiu)酉(you)反,又昌绍反。)
[疏]“浆人”至“酒府”
○释曰:言“入於酒府”者,亦入於酒正之府,与三酒同,以其酒正奉之故也。
○注“王之”至“之齐”
○释(shi)曰:云(yun)(yun)“王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)饮,亦(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)正当奉(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)如(ru)酒(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)共酒(jiu)(jiu)入於酒(jiu)(jiu)府,酒(jiu)(jiu)正奉(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故此云(yun)(yun)亦(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)正当奉(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)“当”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《酒(jiu)(jiu)正》所云(yun)(yun)有不自(zi)奉(feng)(feng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),唯(wei)共王乃(nai)奉(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故云(yun)(yun)当。云(yun)(yun)“醴(li)(li)(li),醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),酒(jiu)(jiu)正辨(bian)四饮,言(yan)(yan)(yan)清(qing)不言(yan)(yan)(yan)醴(li)(li)(li),彼郑(zheng)(zheng)云(yun)(yun)清(qing),醴(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。此浆人(ren)言(yan)(yan)(yan)醴(li)(li)(li)不言(yan)(yan)(yan)清(qing),谓(wei)(wei)醴(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不,清(qing)浊虽殊,本是一物,故云(yun)(yun)醴(li)(li)(li)清(qing)也(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)司农云(yun)(yun)“凉(liang)以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)和(he)酒(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),和(he)水(shui)(shui)非人(ren)所饮。又(you)且若(ruo)(ruo)以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)和(he)水(shui)(shui),即是厚(hou)薄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齐(qi)(qi),酒(jiu)(jiu)正何因不辨(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu),故後(hou)郑(zheng)(zheng)不从。“玄谓(wei)(wei)凉(liang),今(jin)寒粥(zhou),若(ruo)(ruo)糗(qiu)饭杂(za)水(shui)(shui)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《内则》,饮内有滥无凉(liang),彼郑(zheng)(zheng)云(yun)(yun),以(yi)(yi)《周礼》六(liu)(liu)饮校(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则滥,凉(liang)也(ye)。纪、莒(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间名(ming)诸(zhu)为滥,言(yan)(yan)(yan)诸(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),非一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义。《内则》名(ming)凉(liang)为滥,参验(yan)相(xiang)当,故郑(zheng)(zheng)云(yun)(yun)“凉(liang),今(jin)寒粥(zhou),若(ruo)(ruo)糗(qiu)饭杂(za)水(shui)(shui)也(ye)”。云(yun)(yun)“酒(jiu)(jiu)正不辨(bian)水(shui)(shui)凉(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),无厚(hou)薄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齐(qi)(qi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此文六(liu)(liu)饮,并有水(shui)(shui)凉(liang)。酒(jiu)(jiu)正辨(bian)四饮,无水(shui)(shui)凉(liang),以(yi)(yi)其水(shui)(shui)则临时取(qu)用,凉(liang)则至(zhi)用乃(nai)和(he),二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)并不须(xu)豫辨(bian),故言(yan)(yan)(yan)无厚(hou)薄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齐(qi)(qi)。
共宾客之稍礼。(稍礼,非飧饔之礼,留间,王稍所给宾客者。浆人所给亦六饮而已。
○间,如字,馀(yu)音间。)
[疏]注“稍礼”至“而已”
○释(shi)曰:云“稍(shao)(shao)礼(li)(li),非(fei)飧饔之(zhi)礼(li)(li),留间,王(wang)稍(shao)(shao)所(suo)给宾(bin)客(ke)者”,谓宾(bin)未去,留间,王(wang)稍(shao)(shao)稍(shao)(shao)所(suo)给宾(bin)者也,故以(yi)稍(shao)(shao)言之(zhi)。云“浆人(ren)所(suo)给亦六饮(yin)(yin)而已(yi)”者,浆人(ren)不主(zhu)酒(jiu)齐,唯主(zhu)饮(yin)(yin),故知此(ci)稍(shao)(shao)礼(li)(li)所(suo)给,六饮(yin)(yin)而已(yi)。
共夫人致饮于宾客之礼,清醴医酏糟,而奉之。(亦酒正使之。三物有清有糟。夫人不体王,得备之。礼,饮醴用四者糟也,不用四者清也。
○四(si),音四(si)。)
[疏]“共夫”至“奉之”
○释曰:夫人,谓三夫人。致饮於宾客之礼,助王养宾,亦致於客馆。“清醴医酏糟”者,清醴之者,即《酒正》所云“一曰清”是也。“医酏糟”者,谓医酏不者。此二饮与后同。“而奉之”者,亦使浆人、奄士奉之。
○注“亦酒”至“清也”
○释曰(yue):云(yun)“亦酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)使(shi)(shi)之”者,亦谓酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)使(shi)(shi)酒(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)、浆人(ren)、奄士(shi)(shi)也。故《酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)》云(yun)“医酏,使(shi)(shi)其士(shi)(shi)奉之”。彼(bi)注:“士(shi)(shi),酒(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)、浆人(ren),奄士(shi)(shi)。”故知亦酒(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)使(shi)(shi)之。云(yun)“三物(wu)有清(qing)(qing)有糟。夫(fu)人(ren)不(bu)体(ti)王,得(de)备之”者,对后(hou)体(ti)王,屈,故医酏糟而无清(qing)(qing)醴(li)也。云(yun)“礼(li)(li),饮醴(li)用(yong)四(si)(si)(si)者槽也”者,案《士(shi)(shi)冠礼(li)(li)》“礼(li)(li),子(zi)用(yong)醴(li)有四(si)(si)(si)”,是用(yong)四(si)(si)(si)者糟也。但四(si)(si)(si)只为糟设,醴(li)既而清(qing)(qing),则不(bu)假四(si)(si)(si),则此经清(qing)(qing)醴(li)是也,故云(yun)“不(bu)用(yong)四(si)(si)(si)者清(qing)(qing)”也。
凡饮共之。(谓(wei)非(fei)食(shi)时(shi)。)
[疏]“凡饮共之”
○释曰:上共(gong)王六饮,食时以共(gong)讫(qi),此又云“凡饮共(gong)之”,故云“谓非食时”。
凌(ling)人掌(zhang)(zhang)冰(bing),正(zheng)岁(sui)十(shi)有二月,令斩(zhan)冰(bing),三(san)(san)其凌(ling)。(正(zheng)岁(sui)季(ji)冬,火星中,大(da)寒(han),冰(bing)方盛之时。《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)传(chuan)》曰:“火星中而寒(han)暑退。”凌(ling),冰(bing)室(shi)也。三(san)(san)之者(zhe),为(wei)消释度也。故书(shu)“正(zheng)”为(wei)“政(zheng)”。郑司农云:“掌(zhang)(zhang)冰(bing)政(zheng),主(zhu)藏冰(bing)之政(zheng)也。”杜子(zi)春(chun)(chun)读掌(zhang)(zhang)冰(bing)为(wei)主(zhu)冰(bing)也。政(zheng)当为(wei)正(zheng)。正(zheng)谓夏正(zheng)。三(san)(san)其凌(ling),三(san)(san)倍其冰(bing)。)
[疏]“凌人”至“其凌”
○释曰:言“掌冰”者,谓凌人总掌藏冰出冰之事,故云掌冰也。云“正岁十有二月令斩冰”者,正岁谓夏之建寅为正,十有二月谓建丑之月。冰坚腹厚之时,令入山斩冰。三其凌者,凌谓冰室之中三倍纳冰,备消释度故也。
○注“正岁”至“其冰”
○释曰:云(yun)“正(zheng)岁(sui)(sui)季(ji)冬”者(zhe),周虽以(yi)建子(zi)(zi)为正(zheng),行事(shi)皆用(yong)夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)岁(sui)(sui)。若(ruo)据(ju)殷周,则(ze)十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)冰(bing)未(wei)坚(jian)(jian)。若(ruo)据(ju)夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue),冰(bing)则(ze)坚(jian)(jian)厚(hou)(hou),故(gu)正(zheng)岁(sui)(sui)据(ju)夏(xia)也(ye)。云(yun)“火(huo)(huo)星(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong),大(da)寒(han)(han),冰(bing)方(fang)盛之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)”者(zhe),火(huo)(huo)星(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong),谓(wei)十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)旦火(huo)(huo)星(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong),於十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)小寒(han)(han)节(jie)。大(da)寒(han)(han)中(zhong)(zhong),是冰(bing)方(fang)盛之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)也(ye)。引(yin)“《春秋传》曰火(huo)(huo)星(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)寒(han)(han)暑(shu)退”者(zhe),此(ci)《左氏》昭公(gong)三年,郑(zheng)游吉如晋(jin),送少姜(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)葬,张见之(zhi)(zhi),云(yun)“自今(jin),子(zi)(zi)其(qi)无(wu)事(shi)矣,譬如火(huo)(huo)焉(yan),火(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)寒(han)(han)暑(shu)乃(nai)退”。注云(yun):“火(huo)(huo)星(xing)(xing),季(ji)冬十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)旦,正(zheng)在南(nan),大(da)寒(han)(han)退。季(ji)夏(xia)六月(yue)(yue)黄昏,火(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong),暑(shu)退。此(ci)其(qi)极也(ye),能无(wu)退乎?”引(yin)此(ci)者(zhe),证十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)寒(han)(han)退之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)冰(bing)最盛,故(gu)取之(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)“故(gu)书(shu)正(zheng)为政(zheng)(zheng)”者(zhe),政(zheng)(zheng)是政(zheng)(zheng)教字(zi),故(gu)先郑(zheng)从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi),云(yun)“掌(zhang)冰(bing)政(zheng)(zheng),主藏冰(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)”。後郑(zheng)不从(cong)先郑(zheng),故(gu)引(yin)子(zi)(zi)春读掌(zhang)冰(bing)为主冰(bing),言(yan)正(zheng)谓(wei)夏(xia)正(zheng),於下(xia)还从(cong)经正(zheng)岁(sui)(sui)向下(xia)为义。後郑(zheng)依子(zi)(zi)春改者(zhe),若(ruo)岁(sui)(sui)字(zi)向下(xia),即是周之(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)冰(bing)未(wei)厚(hou)(hou),故(gu)从(cong)子(zi)(zi)春也(ye)。又(you)云(yun)“三其(qi)凌,三倍(bei)其(qi)冰(bing)”者(zhe),谓(wei)应十(shi)石,加(jia)至(zhi)四(si)十(shi)石,即是三倍(bei)其(qi)冰(bing)也(ye)。
春始治鉴。(鉴,如<垂瓦>,大口,以盛冰,置食物于中,以御温气。春而始治之,为二月将献羔而启冰。
○鉴,胡暂(zan)反(fan),本或作(zuo)监,音(yin)同。<垂瓦>,直伪(wei)反(fan),与缒(zhui)音(yin)同。盛,音(yin)成。为,于伪(wei)反(fan)。)
[疏]“春始治鉴”
○释曰:春,谓正月。“始治鉴”者,鉴是盛冰之器,春豫治之,为二月将出冰。
○注“鉴如”至“启冰”
○释曰:“鉴(jian),如<垂(chui)瓦(wa)>”者,汉时名(ming)为<垂(chui)瓦(wa)>,即今之瓮(weng)是(shi)(shi)也(ye),故云(yun)“如<垂(chui)瓦(wa)>,大(da)口(kou),以盛冰(bing)”。云(yun)“春而始治之,为二月(yue)(yue)将献(xian)羔而启冰(bing)”者,案《月(yue)(yue)令·仲春》云(yun):“献(xian)羔而开冰(bing),先荐寝庙。”《七月(yue)(yue)》诗亦云(yun):“四之日其蚤,献(xian)羔祭(ji)韭。”是(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue)出冰(bing)者,公始用(yong)之。
凡外内饔之(zhi)膳(shan)羞,鉴焉(yan)。凡酒(jiu)浆(jiang)之(zhi)酒(jiu)醴亦如之(zhi)。(酒(jiu)醴见温气亦失味。酒(jiu)浆(jiang),酒(jiu)人、浆(jiang)人也。)
[疏]“凡外”至“如之”
○释曰:言“凡外内饔(yong)之膳羞鉴(jian)(jian)焉(yan)”者(zhe),谓(wei)王(wang)后及世子,并飨耆老孤(gu)子之等。以(yi)(yi)下(xia)文(wen)云祭(ji)祀(si)(si),此经直云膳羞,明非祭(ji)祀(si)(si)也。二月之後,皆须鉴(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)盛(sheng)冰(bing),故云鉴(jian)(jian)焉(yan)。云“凡酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)浆之酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)醴”者(zhe),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)谓(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人之酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),谓(wei)三酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)五齐,举(ju)(ju)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)而(er)言。浆人之醴谓(wei)六饮(yin),举(ju)(ju)醴而(er)言。云“亦如之”者(zhe),亦以(yi)(yi)鉴(jian)(jian)盛(sheng)冰(bing)。
祭祀(si),共(gong)冰鉴;宾(bin)客,共(gong)冰。(不以(yi)鉴往,嫌使停膳(shan)羞。)
[疏]“祭祀”至“共冰”
○释曰:此云“祭祀”者,谓天地、社稷及宗庙之等,皆共鉴。云“宾客,共冰”者,谓诸侯来朝,王礼之以飧及饔饩,直共冰以往,无鉴也。
○注“不以”至“膳羞”
○释曰:冰若有鉴(jian),则冰不(bu)销释,食得停久(jiu),故(gu)郑云(yun)不(bu)以鉴(jian)往,嫌使停膳(shan)羞。
大丧,共夷冰。(夷之言尸也。实冰于夷中,置之尸床之下,所以寒尸。尸之曰夷,床曰夷床,衾曰夷衾,移尸曰夷于堂,皆依尸而为言也。《汉礼器制度》大广八尺,长丈二尺,深三尺,漆赤中。
○释云:广(guang)(guang)八尺,长(zhang)丈二(er),深三尺:凡度长(zhang)短曰(yue)长(zhang),直亮反(fan)。度浅(qian)深曰(yue)深,尸鸩反(fan)。度广(guang)(guang)狭(xia)曰(yue)广(guang)(guang),光旷反(fan)。度高(gao)下曰(yue)高(gao),古到反(fan)。相承用此,音或皆(jie)依字读,後放此。漆赤中,用朱漆其中。)
[疏]“大丧共夷冰”
○释曰:亦谓三月已後遭大丧,则共夷及冰,举王丧共,后、世子及三夫人已下小丧亦共之。但王及后有夷,自外当与诸侯已下同大等。其世妇已上有冰,则与大夫同。女御与士同,无冰,见赐乃有也。
○注“夷之”至“赤中”
○释曰(yue):《丧(sang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)记》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“君设(she)大(da)(da)(da)(da)造冰(bing)焉,大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫设(she)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)造冰(bing)焉,士并(bing)瓦盘(pan),无冰(bing)。”下又云(yun)(yun)(yun)“设(she)床(chuang)衤笫,有(you)枕。含(han)一(yi)(yi)床(chuang),袭一(yi)(yi)床(chuang)”。是(shi)(shi)实冰(bing)置尸(shi)(shi)床(chuang)之(zhi)下,以寒(han)尸(shi)(shi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“床(chuang)曰(yue)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)床(chuang)”者(zhe),《仪礼(li)·既夕礼(li)》文(wen)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“夷(yi)(yi)(yi)衾(qin)”者(zhe),《丧(sang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)记》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“自小(xiao)敛已(yi)後用(yong)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)衾(qin)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“移尸(shi)(shi)曰(yue)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)於(wu)堂(tang)”者(zhe),亦《丧(sang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)记》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“既小(xiao)敛,男女奉尸(shi)(shi)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)于堂(tang)”。是(shi)(shi)皆依尸(shi)(shi)而为言(yan)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“汉礼(li)器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)”云(yun)(yun)(yun)云(yun)(yun)(yun)者(zhe),叔孙通前汉时(shi)作汉礼(li)器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du),多得古之(zhi)周制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)郑君依而用(yong)之(zhi)也(ye)。依《制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“天(tian)子大(da)(da)(da)(da),广八(ba)尺,长丈二尺,深(shen)三尺,漆赤(chi)中(zhong)”,此经虽云(yun)(yun)(yun)夷(yi)(yi)(yi),无形制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)依焉。若然(ran),此周谓之(zhi)夷(yi)(yi)(yi),汉谓之(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da),是(shi)(shi)别大(da)(da)(da)(da)异名。案(an)《丧(sang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)记》君设(she)大(da)(da)(da)(da)盘(pan)者(zhe),彼(bi)诸侯,不(bu)敢与天(tian)子同名夷(yi)(yi)(yi)盘(pan),故(gu)名大(da)(da)(da)(da)盘(pan)。彼(bi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫云(yun)(yun)(yun)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)盘(pan)者(zhe),卑不(bu)嫌得与天(tian)子同名,其制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则小(xiao)也(ye)。
夏颁冰,掌事。(暑气盛,王以冰颁赐,则主为之。《春秋传》曰:“古者日在北陆而藏冰,西陆朝觌而出之。”
○觌,直历反。)
[疏]“夏颁冰掌事”
○释曰:“夏颁冰”者,据颁赐群臣言。“掌事”者,谓主此赐冰多少,合得不合得之事。
○注“暑气盛,王以冰颁赐,则主为之。《春秋传》曰:‘古者日在北陆而藏冰,西陆朝觌而出之。’”
○释曰(yue):谓二月(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),蝇(ying)虫(chong)已生,公始(shi)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。四月(yue)(yue)已後,暑气渐盛,则赐(ci)及(ji)群(qun)下。云(yun)“《春(chun)秋传》曰(yue)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《左氏(shi)(shi)》昭四年正月(yue)(yue),大雨雹,季武子问于申丰曰(yue):“雹可御(yu)乎?”对(dui)曰(yue):“圣人在(zai)(zai)上,无雹。虽(sui)有,不为(wei)灾。古者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)日在(zai)(zai)北(bei)陆而(er)藏冰(bing),西陆朝(chao)觌而(er)出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),深山(shan)穷谷,固阴Ё寒,於(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)乎取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),朝(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禄位,宾、食(shi)、丧(sang)、祭,於(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)乎用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),黑牡(mu)、黍,以享司(si)寒。其出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),桃弧、棘矢,以除其灾。其出(chu)(chu)入也(ye)(ye)时(shi)。食(shi)肉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禄,冰(bing)皆与焉。大夫命妇(fu)丧(sang)浴用(yong)(yong)冰(bing)。祭寒而(er)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),献羔(gao)而(er)启之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),公始(shi)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),火出(chu)(chu)而(er)毕赋。”服氏(shi)(shi)云(yun):“火出(chu)(chu),於(wu)(wu)(wu)夏(xia)为(wei)三(san)月(yue)(yue),於(wu)(wu)(wu)商为(wei)四月(yue)(yue),於(wu)(wu)(wu)周(zhou)为(wei)五月(yue)(yue)。”“自命夫命妇(fu),至於(wu)(wu)(wu)老疾,无不受(shou)冰(bing)。”《尔雅(ya)》云(yun):“北(bei)陆,虚也(ye)(ye)。”服氏(shi)(shi)云(yun):“陆,道也(ye)(ye)。北(bei)陆言(yan)在(zai)(zai),谓十二月(yue)(yue)日在(zai)(zai)危一度。西陆朝(chao)觌不言(yan)在(zai)(zai),则不在(zai)(zai)昴,谓二月(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)娄四度,谓春(chun)分时(shi),奎(kui)娄晨见(jian)东(dong)方而(er)出(chu)(chu)冰(bing),是(shi)公始(shi)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”今此郑(zheng)注引朝(chao)觌而(er)出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓经夏(xia)颁冰(bing),则西陆,《尔雅(ya)》曰(yue):“西陆,昴也(ye)(ye)。”朝(chao)觌而(er)出(chu)(chu)冰(bing),群(qun)臣用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若然,日体在(zai)(zai)昴在(zai)(zai)三(san)月(yue)(yue)内,得(de)为(wei)夏(xia)颁冰(bing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),据三(san)月(yue)(yue)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)气,故(gu)证夏(xia)颁冰(bing)。此言(yan)夏(xia),据得(de)夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)气。《春(chun)秋》言(yan)火出(chu)(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),据周(zhou)。至於(wu)(wu)(wu)《七(qi)月(yue)(yue)》诗“二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日凿冰(bing),三(san)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日纳於(wu)(wu)(wu)凌室,四之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日其蚤(zao),献羔(gao)祭韭”,孙皓(hao)问:“藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)既晚,出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又(you)早(zao)何?”郑(zheng)答:“豳士(shi)晚寒,故(gu)夏(xia)正月(yue)(yue)纳冰(bing)。夏(xia)二月(yue)(yue)仲春(chun),大蔟(cu)用(yong)(yong)事,阳气出(chu)(chu)地,始(shi)温,故(gu)礼应开冰(bing),先荐寝庙,是(shi)公始(shi)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”
秋,刷。(刷,清也。郑司农云:“刷除冰室,当更内新冰。”玄谓秋凉,冰不用,可以清除其室。
○刷,所劣反。清,如字又,才政反,下(xia)同(tong)。)
[疏]注“刷清”至“其室”
○释曰:先郑(zheng)(zheng)云(yun)(yun)“刷(shua)除(chu)(chu)凌室,当更(geng)纳(na)新(xin)冰”者,先郑(zheng)(zheng)直云(yun)(yun)除(chu)(chu)旧纳(na)新(xin),不言秋(qiu)(qiu)凉而冰不用,於理(li)未当经旨,故後(hou)郑(zheng)(zheng)云(yun)(yun)“秋(qiu)(qiu)凉,冰不用,可以(yi)清除(chu)(chu)其室”。至(zhi)十(shi)二(er)月(yue),自然更(geng)纳(na)新(xin)冰也。
笾人掌四笾之(zhi)实。(笾,竹器如豆者,其容(rong)实皆四升。)
[疏]“笾人”至“之实”
○释曰:言“四笾”,谓下经朝事、馈食、加笾、羞笾是也。云“之实”者,谓掌此四种笾中所实之物,、ナ、白、黑之等是也。
○注“笾竹”至“四升”
○释(shi)曰:郑知笾(bian)是竹器者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)其字竹下为之,亦(yi)依(yi)《汉(han)(han)礼器制度》而知也(ye)。云“如豆”者(zhe)(zhe),皆面径尺,柄尺,亦(yi)依(yi)《汉(han)(han)礼》知之也(ye)。云“其容(rong)实(shi)(shi)皆四(si)升(sheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),据其笾(bian)之所(suo)受则曰容(rong),据其所(suo)实(shi)(shi)ナ等(deng)则曰实(shi)(shi)。故(gu)云“容(rong)实(shi)(shi)皆四(si)升(sheng)”,亦(yi)约与豆四(si)升(sheng)同也(ye)。
朝事之笾,其实、ナ、白、黑、形盐、无、鲍鱼、肃。(ナ,实也。郑司农云:“朝事谓清朝未食,先进寒具口实之笾。故麦曰,麻曰ナ,稻曰白,黍曰黑。筑盐以为虎形,谓之形盐,故《春秋传》曰:盐虎形。”玄谓以《司尊彝》之职参之,朝事谓祭宗庙荐血腥之事。形盐,盐之似虎者。无,生鱼为大脔。鲍者,於室中糗乾之,出於江淮也。肃者,析乾之,出东海。王者备物,近者腥之,远者乾之,因其宜也。今河间以北,煮童麦卖之,名曰逢。燕人脍鱼方寸,切其腴以所贵。
○<麦丰>,芳(fang)弓反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),徐又(you)(you)芳(fang)勇反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),或郎(lang)第反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。ナ,符文反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),徐蒲闷反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。无,火吴反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。肃(su),所求反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。,思(si)里反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。,戚章涉反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),又(you)(you)直(zhi)(zhi)辄反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。,皮逼反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),本又(you)(you)作,同。糗,音乾(qian),又(you)(you)作乾(qian),“析”同。童(tong),直(zhi)(zhi)龙反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),又(you)(you)音童(tong)。腴,音臾。,刘徒(tu)览反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),徐徒(tu)暂反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“朝事”至“鱼肃”
○释曰:此言朝事,谓祭宗庙,二灌之後,祝延尸於户外,后荐此八笾。八笾者,则为熬麦,一也;ナ为麻子,二也;白为熬稻米,三也;黑为熬黍米,四也;形盐,盐似虎形,五也;无,以鱼肉为大脔,六也;鲍,以鱼於室糗乾之,七也;肃为乾鱼,八也。
○注“ナ”至“所贵”
○释(shi)曰(yue)(yue):云(yun)“ナ,实(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),案(an)《丧服》云(yun)“苴”,子夏(xia)(xia)传(chuan)云(yun):“苴,麻(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有ナ。”ナ是(shi)(shi)麻(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子实(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又案(an)“疏衰裳齐牡麻(ma)(ma)”,子夏(xia)(xia)传(chuan)云(yun):“牡麻(ma)(ma)者(zhe)(zhe),麻(ma)(ma)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”则(ze)麻(ma)(ma)谓(wei)雄麻(ma)(ma)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)然,麻(ma)(ma)无(wu)(wu)实(shi),而解(jie)ナ为(wei)(wei)(wei)实(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),举其类耳,谓(wei)若(ruo)(ruo)圆(yuan)曰(yue)(yue)箪(dan),方曰(yue)(yue)笥,不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。郑注《论语》云(yun):“箪(dan)笥举类,义(yi)同(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郑司农云(yun)“朝事(shi),谓(wei)清朝未食,先进寒(han)具(ju)口实(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)笾”者(zhe)(zhe),此先郑不(bu)(bu)推上(shang)(shang)下文势祭(ji)祀为(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi),直(zhi)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)生人所食解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)後(hou)郑不(bu)(bu)从(cong)(cong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“熬麦(mai)曰(yue)(yue)”,字从(cong)(cong)麦(mai),知(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)熬麦(mai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“麻(ma)(ma)曰(yue)(yue)ナ”者(zhe)(zhe),已(yi)释(shi)讫。云(yun)“稻曰(yue)(yue)白”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)其稻米见(jian)白。云(yun)“黍(shu)曰(yue)(yue)黑(hei)”者(zhe)(zhe),《尔雅》有黑(hei)黍(shu),故(gu)(gu)知(zhi)黑(hei)是(shi)(shi)黍(shu),二者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)(yi)皆(jie)熬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乃可也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。已(yi)上(shang)(shang)後(hou)郑从(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)“筑(zhu)盐以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)”,又引(yin)《春秋(qiu)传(chuan)》曰(yue)(yue)者(zhe)(zhe),《左氏》僖三十年冬,王使周公(gong)阅来聘(pin),飨(xiang)有昌蜀、白黑(hei)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)。服氏云(yun):“昌蜀,昌本之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)菹。”辞曰(yue)(yue):“国(guo)君(jun)文足昭也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),武可畏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),则(ze)有备物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飨(xiang),以(yi)(yi)象其德,荐五味,羞嘉,盐虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。”服云(yun)“克形(xing)(xing)(xing)”。非是(shi)(shi)筑(zhu)克为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)後(hou)郑不(bu)(bu)从(cong)(cong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“玄谓(wei)以(yi)(yi)《司尊彝》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职参之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),朝事(shi)谓(wei)祭(ji)宗庙荐血(xue)腥(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),案(an)《司尊彝职》,除二灌有朝践(jian)(jian)馈献,为(wei)(wei)(wei)食前二节,彼又有朝献再献,食後(hou)尸为(wei)(wei)(wei)一节。又参《少牢》,主(zhu)人酬尸,宰(zai)夫(fu)羞房中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羞,复(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一,总四节。亦(yi)(yi)据祭(ji)宗庙,故(gu)(gu)郑云(yun)然也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。祭(ji)宗庙无(wu)(wu)血(xue),郑云(yun)荐血(xue)腥(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),郑注《论语》亦(yi)(yi)云(yun):“祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,自(zi)血(xue)腥(xing)(xing)始”,皆(jie)谓(wei)毛以(yi)(yi)告(gao)纯,血(xue)以(yi)(yi)告(gao)杀(sha)(sha)。是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)告(gao)杀(sha)(sha)时(shi)有血(xue),与朝践(jian)(jian)荐腥(xing)(xing)同(tong)节,故(gu)(gu)连言(yan)血(xue)耳,非谓(wei)祭(ji)血(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“形(xing)(xing)(xing)盐,盐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)似虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)然似虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),此破先郑筑(zhu)盐为(wei)(wei)(wei)虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“无(wu)(wu),生鱼为(wei)(wei)(wei)大脔(luan)”者(zhe)(zhe),已(yi)释(shi)讫。云(yun)“鲍者(zhe)(zhe),於(wu)(wu)室(shi)中(zhong)糗乾(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),出於(wu)(wu)江淮也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),郑以(yi)(yi)目验(yan)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。言(yan)室(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)土为(wei)(wei)(wei)室(shi)。云(yun)“肃(su)者(zhe)(zhe),析乾(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),出东海”者(zhe)(zhe),上(shang)(shang)云(yun)“夏(xia)(xia)行居肃(su)”,肃(su)已(yi)释(shi)讫。言(yan)出东海者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)目验(yan)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)“王者(zhe)(zhe)备物,近者(zhe)(zhe)腥(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,无(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。远者(zhe)(zhe)乾(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),鲍及(ji)肃(su)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。因其宜(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),近宜(yi)湿(shi),远宜(yi)乾(qian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)然,经鲍肃(su)二者(zhe)(zhe),鱼在於(wu)(wu)中(zhong),明二物皆(jie)鱼。云(yun)“今河间(jian)以(yi)(yi)北,灸(jiu)童(tong)麦(mai)卖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),名曰(yue)(yue)逢”,引(yin)汉法证(zheng)亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)熬煮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麦(mai)。云(yun)“燕人脍鱼方寸,切其腴以(yi)(yi)所贵(gui)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)引(yin)时(shi)事(shi)证(zheng)无(wu)(wu)。无(wu)(wu)亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)腹腴,以(yi)(yi)拟(ni)祭(ji)与贵(gui)者(zhe)(zhe)同(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
馈食之笾,其实枣、、桃、乾{艹}、榛实。(馈食,荐孰也。今吉礼存者,《特牲》、《少牢》,诸侯之大夫士祭礼也。不、不荐血腥,而自荐孰始,是以皆云馈食之礼。乾{艹},乾梅也。有桃诸、梅诸,是其乾者。榛,似栗而小。
○{艹},音(yin)老,徐力到反(fan)(fan)。榛,则巾反(fan)(fan),刘士(shi)邻反(fan)(fan)。少牢,诗诏反(fan)(fan),凡言(yan)“少牢”皆放此(ci)。,古乱反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“馈食”至“榛实”
○释曰:此谓朝践荐腥後,堂上更体其犬豕牛羊烹孰之时,后先谓之馈食之笾也。其八笾者,其实枣一也,栗二也,桃三也,乾{艹}谓乾梅,四也,榛实五也。其於八笾,仍少三。案:乾{艹}既为乾梅,经中桃是湿桃,既有湿桃、乾梅,明别有乾桃,则注引《内则》桃诸,郑云是其乾者。既有湿桃,明有湿梅可知。以乾梅湿梅二者,添五者为七笾。案:桃梅既并有乾湿,则枣中亦宜有乾湿,复取一,添前为八也。必知此五者之中有八者,案:《仪礼·特牲》、《少牢》,士二笾二豆,大夫四笾四豆,诸侯宜六,天子宜八。《醢人》馈食之豆有八,此馈食之笾言六,不类。又上文朝事之笾言八,下加笾亦八,岂此馈食在其中六乎?数事不可,故以义参之为八。若不如此,任贤者裁之也。
○注“馈食”至“而小”
○释曰:云(yun):“馈(kui)食,荐孰也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓於堂上(shang)馈(kui)熟之(zhi)时(shi)后荐之(zhi)。云(yun)“今吉(ji)礼(li)存(cun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”,吉(ji)礼(li)谓祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si),以(yi)(yi)其天子(zi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)之(zhi)礼(li)亡,故(gu)云(yun)存(cun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。云(yun)“《特牲》、《少(shao)(shao)牢》诸(zhu)(zhu)侯之(zhi)大夫(fu)士祭(ji)(ji)礼(li)也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)天子(zi)大夫(fu)大牢祭(ji)(ji),今用《特牲》、《少(shao)(shao)牢》,故(gu)知(zhi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯大夫(fu)士祭(ji)(ji)礼(li)也。云(yun)“不(bu)、不(bu)荐血(xue)腥(xing)(xing)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),若(ruo)天子(zi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯,则有(you)(you)室(shi)中(zhong)二(er)、堂上(shang)朝践荐血(xue)腥(xing)(xing)之(zhi)礼(li),大夫(fu)则无(wu)此二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也。云(yun)“而自荐孰始,是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)皆(jie)云(yun)馈(kui)食之(zhi)礼(li)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天子(zi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯大夫(fu)士虽同名馈(kui)食,仍有(you)(you)少(shao)(shao)别。何者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)?天子(zi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯尸食前仍有(you)(you)馈(kui)献二(er),是(shi)(shi)馈(kui)孰阴厌,阴厌後,尸入室(shi)食,乃(nai)献;大夫(fu)士则馈(kui)孰与黍稷(ji)为阴厌,阴厌前无(wu)馈(kui)献,以(yi)(yi)此为异耳。云(yun)“乾(qian)(qian){艹(cao)},乾(qian)(qian)梅(mei)(mei)也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)经乾(qian)(qian){艹(cao)}上(shang)有(you)(you)桃,故(gu)知(zhi)乾(qian)(qian){艹(cao)}乾(qian)(qian)梅(mei)(mei)也。云(yun)“有(you)(you)桃诸(zhu)(zhu)、梅(mei)(mei)诸(zhu)(zhu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《内则》文。而郑引之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),证乾(qian)(qian){艹(cao)}中(zhong)有(you)(you)乾(qian)(qian)桃、乾(qian)(qian)梅(mei)(mei),故(gu)云(yun)“是(shi)(shi)其乾(qian)(qian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),云(yun)“榛似栗而小”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),今居山者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)见(jian)食之(zhi),似栗而小,亦目验(yan)知(zhi)之(zhi)。
加笾之实,{艹凌}芡、、脯、{艹凌}、芡、、脯。(加笾,谓尸既食,后亚献尸所加之笾。重言之者,以四物为八笾。{艹凌},芰也。芡,鸡头也。栗与馈食同。郑司农云:“{艹凌}芡脯。”
○{艹凌},音陵。芡,音俭。,古栗字。重(zhong),直用反(fan)(fan)。芰,其寄反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“加笾”至“脯”
○释曰:此加笾,当尸食後。王尸,后亚王尸,於时荐之。四物重言之则八笾。
○注“加笾”至“脯”
○释曰:知笾(bian)是“尸既食(shi),后(hou)亚献(xian)尸所加(jia)之(zhi)笾(bian)”者,案《春官·内(nei)宗》云:“掌宗庙之(zhi)祭祀(si),荐(jian)(jian)加(jia)豆笾(bian)。”以(yi)其(qi)内(nei)宗所荐(jian)(jian),明(ming)主於(wu)后(hou)。又见(jian)《特(te)牲》主妇(fu)献(xian)尸云:“宗妇(fu)执两笾(bian)於(wu)户(hu)外,主妇(fu)受,设(she)於(wu)敦南。”主人献(xian)尸之(zhi)时(shi),不(bu)见(jian)有(you)(you)设(she)笾(bian)之(zhi)事,故(gu)知唯主於(wu)后(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《少牢》主妇(fu)不(bu)设(she)笾(bian)者,以(yi)其(qi)当日宾(bin)尸故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)下大夫不(bu)宾(bin)尸者,亦与士同也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云“菱芰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,屈到嗜芰,即{艹凌(ling)}角者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云“芡,鸡头也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,俗有(you)(you)二(er)名,今人或谓之(zhi)雁头也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)郑(zheng)云“{艹凌(ling)}芡,脯”者,先(xian)郑(zheng)意怪(guai)馈食(shi)重言,故(gu)为替栗,得为一义,故(gu)引之(zhi)在(zai)下也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
羞笾之实,糗饵、粉。(羞笾,谓若《少牢》主人酬尸,宰夫羞房中之羞于尸、侑、主人、主妇,皆右之者。故书作茨。郑司农云:“糗,熬大豆与米也。粉,豆屑也。茨字或作,谓乾饵饼之也。”玄谓此二物皆粉稻米黍米所为也。合蒸曰饵,饼之曰。糗者,捣粉熬大豆,为饵之黏著,以粉之耳。饵言糗,言粉,互相足。
○饵,而志(zhi)反(fan)(fan)。,昨资反(fan)(fan)。饼,必(bi)领反(fan)(fan)。为饵,于伪反(fan)(fan),下文同(tong)。黏,女廉反(fan)(fan)。著,直略反(fan)(fan)。)
[疏]“羞笾”至“粉”
○释曰:此当王酬尸,内饔进之於尸侑等者也。云“糗饵粉”者,此为二笾,糗与粉为一物。恐饵黏著笾,故分于二笾之下。
○注“羞笾”至“相足”
○释(shi)曰(yue):言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)“羞(xiu)笾,谓(wei)若《少(shao)牢(lao)》主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)酬尸,宰(zai)夫(fu)(fu)羞(xiu)房中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羞(xiu)于(yu)(yu)尸、侑、主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)、主(zhu)(zhu)妇,皆右之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),天子(zi)祭祀(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)亡,故(gu)(gu)(gu)取(qu)《少(shao)牢(lao)》大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)礼(li)解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。案(an)(an)《有(you)司(si)(si)彻》,上大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)当(dang)日宾(bin)尸,正祭不(bu)设(she)内(nei)(nei)羞(xiu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)於(wu)宾(bin)尸设(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)天子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li),宾(bin)尸在(zai)(zai)(zai)明日,则祭祀(si)日当(dang)设(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。案(an)(an)《少(shao)牢(lao)》,下大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)不(bu)宾(bin)尸者(zhe),宾(bin)长(zhang)致爵受酢,云(yun)(yun)宰(zai)夫(fu)(fu)羞(xiu)房中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羞(xiu),司(si)(si)士羞(xiu)庶羞(xiu)于(yu)(yu)尸祝主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)妇,内(nei)(nei)羞(xiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)右,庶羞(xiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)左。天子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li),宾(bin)长(zhang)受酢後(hou),亦当(dang)设(she)此(ci)(ci)(ci)内(nei)(nei)羞(xiu)、庶羞(xiu)于(yu)(yu)尸祝及(ji)王与后。然郑不(bu)引不(bu)宾(bin)尸而(er)引宾(bin)尸者(zhe),以其设(she)内(nei)(nei)羞(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)同,故(gu)(gu)(gu)只引其一(yi)。但(dan)正祭设(she)於(wu)祝,宾(bin)尸故(gu)(gu)(gu)於(wu)侑,又宾(bin)尸主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)酬尸後(hou),正祭宾(bin)长(zhang)受酢後(hou)为(wei)异耳。云(yun)(yun)“故(gu)(gu)(gu)书作茨(ci)(ci)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)宜(yi)从(cong)食不(bu)得(de)从(cong)草,故(gu)(gu)(gu)先郑破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),从(cong)经为(wei)正。郑司(si)(si)农云(yun)(yun):“糗(qiu),熬大(da)(da)豆(dou)与米(mi)也(ye)。粉(fen)(fen)(fen),豆(dou)屑也(ye)”,并於(wu)义是(shi)(shi),但(dan)於(wu)义不(bu)足,故(gu)(gu)(gu)後(hou)郑增成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)“茨(ci)(ci)字或作”者(zhe),谓(wei)故(gu)(gu)(gu)书亦有(you)作次(ci)下食者(zhe)。云(yun)(yun)“谓(wei)乾(qian)饵(er)饼(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)”者(zhe),饼(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue),未正乾(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),故(gu)(gu)(gu)後(hou)郑不(bu)从(cong)。“玄谓(wei)此(ci)(ci)(ci)二物(wu)皆粉(fen)(fen)(fen)稻米(mi)黍米(mi)所为(wei)”者(zhe),据当(dang)时目验(yan)而(er)知。云(yun)(yun)“合(he)蒸曰(yue)饵(er),饼(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)“者(zhe),谓(wei)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)稻米(mi)黍米(mi)合(he)以为(wei)饵(er),饵(er)既不(bu)饼(bing),明饼(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)。今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)糕(gao)皆解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),名(ming)出於(wu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。云(yun)(yun)“糗(qiu)者(zhe),捣粉(fen)(fen)(fen)熬大(da)(da)豆(dou)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)与司(si)(si)农义同。司(si)(si)农不(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)捣,故(gu)(gu)(gu)後(hou)郑增成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)“饵(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)糗(qiu),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)粉(fen)(fen)(fen),互(hu)相(xiang)足”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)本一(yi)物(wu),饵(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)糗(qiu),谓(wei)熬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦粉(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)粉(fen)(fen)(fen),捣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦糗(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。凡言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)互(hu)者(zhe),据两物(wu)相(xiang)互(hu)。今(jin)一(yi)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上自(zi)相(xiang)互(hu),直是(shi)(shi)理不(bu)足明,故(gu)(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)互(hu)相(xiang)足。《内(nei)(nei)则》注(zhu):“捣,熬。”则大(da)(da)豆(dou)也(ye)。,总名(ming)也(ye)。
凡祭祀,共其笾荐(jian)羞(xiu)之实。(荐(jian)羞(xiu),皆(jie)进也(ye)。未食未饮(yin)曰荐(jian),既食既饮(yin)曰羞(xiu)。)
[疏]“凡祭”至“之实”
○释曰:祭祀言“凡”者,谓四时袷等,皆共其笾。笾则荐羞之实是也。
○注“荐羞”至“曰羞”
○释曰(yue):云(yun)“未(wei)食未(wei)饮曰(yue)荐(jian)”者(zhe),先荐(jian)後献(xian),祭祀也(ye)(ye)。据朝(chao)践馈献(xian)时,未(wei)献(xian)前所荐(jian)笾豆,朝(chao)事馈食之笾是也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“既食既饮曰(yue)羞(xiu)”者(zhe),谓尸食後,尸讫所进羞(xiu),即加笾之实是也(ye)(ye)。
丧事(shi)(shi)及宾客(ke)之(zhi)事(shi)(shi),共(gong)其(qi)荐笾(bian)羞(xiu)笾(bian)。(丧事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)笾(bian),谓殷奠时。)
[疏]“丧事”至“羞笾”
○释曰:丧事谓大奠时,宾客之事谓享燕时,亦共其荐笾羞笾。
○注“丧事”至“奠时”
○释曰:殷犹(you)大也。大奠,朔月、月半、荐新、祖奠、遣(qian)奠之类也。
为王及后、世子共(gong)其内羞。(於其饮食以共(gong)房中(zhong)之羞。)
[疏]注“於其”至“之羞”
○释曰:言(yan)凡共后、世子(zi)饮食之时,用房(fang)中之羞(xiu)。凡笾事,掌之。