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《孝(xiao)经》者(zhe),百行(xing)之(zhi)宗(zong),五教(jiao)之(zhi)要。自昔(xi)孔(kong)子述(shu)作,垂范将来,奥旨微言,已(yi)备解乎《注(zhu)疏》。尚以辞高旨远(yuan),后(hou)学难尽诗(shi)论。今特翦截元(yuan)疏,旁引(yin)诸书,分义(yi)错经,会合归趣,一依讲说,次(ci)第解释,号之(zhi)为讲义(yi)也。
翰(han)林侍(shi)讲学士朝请大夫守(shou)国子祭酒上柱国赐紫金鱼袋臣邢昺等奉敕(chi)校定(ding)注疏成都(dou)府学主乡贡傅注奉右撰
夫《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》者(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)述(shu)作也(ye)。述(shu)作之(zhi)旨(zhi)者(zhe),昔圣人(ren)蕴大圣德,生(sheng)不偶时,適值周室衰微(wei),王纲失坠,君臣(chen)僣乱(luan),礼乐崩颓。居上位者(zhe)赏罚不行(xing)(xing)(xing),居下(xia)位者(zhe)襃(bao)贬无作。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遂(sui)(sui)乃(nai)定礼、乐,删《诗》、《书(shu)》,赞(zan)《易》道(dao),以(yi)明道(dao)德仁义之(zhi)源;修《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》,以(yi)正君臣(chen)父子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)法(fa)。又(you)虑虽知(zhi)其(qi)法(fa),未知(zhi)其(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),遂(sui)(sui)说《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》一十(shi)八章,以(yi)明君臣(chen)父子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)所(suo)(suo)寄。知(zhi)其(qi)法(fa)者(zhe)修其(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),知(zhi)其(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)谨(jin)其(qi)法(fa)。故《孝(xiao)(xiao)经纬(wei)》曰:“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)云:‘欲观我(wo)襃(bao)贬诸侯(hou)之(zhi)志,在《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》;崇人(ren)伦之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),在《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》。’”是知(zhi)《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》虽居六籍之(zhi)外,乃(nai)与(yu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》为表矣。先(xian)儒或云“夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为曾(ceng)参(can)所(suo)(suo)说”,此(ci)未尽其(qi)指(zhi)归(gui)也(ye)。盖(gai)曾(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在七(qi)十(shi)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong),孝(xiao)(xiao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)最著,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)乃(nai)假(jia)立曾(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为请益问答之(zhi)人(ren),以(yi)广明孝(xiao)(xiao)道(dao)。既说之(zhi)后,乃(nai)属与(yu)曾(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。洎(ji)遭暴秦(qin)焚书(shu),并为煨烬。汉(han)膺天(tian)命,复阐微(wei)言(yan)。《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》河间颜芝所(suo)(suo)藏,因始(shi)传之(zhi)于(yu)世。自(zi)西汉(han)及(ji)魏,历晋、宋、齐、梁,注(zhu)解之(zhi)者(zhe)迨及(ji)百家(jia)。至(zhi)有(you)唐(tang)之(zhi)初,虽备存秘府(fu),而简(jian)编多(duo)有(you)残(can)缺,传行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)唯孔(kong)安国、郑康成两家(jia)之(zhi)注(zhu),并有(you)梁博士皇侃(kan)《义疏》,播於(wu)国序。然辞多(duo)纰缪,理昧精研。至(zhi)唐(tang)玄宗朝,乃(nai)诏(zhao)群儒学官(guan),俾其(qi)集议。是以(yi)刘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玄辨郑注(zhu)有(you)十(shi)谬(miu)七(qi)惑(huo),司马坚斥孔(kong)注(zhu)多(duo)鄙俚不经。其(qi)馀(yu)诸家(jia)注(zhu)解,皆荣华(hua)其(qi)言(yan),妄生(sheng)穿(chuan)凿(zao)。明皇遂(sui)(sui)於(wu)先(xian)儒注(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong),采摭菁英,芟去烦乱(luan),撮(cuo)其(qi)义理允当者(zhe),用(yong)为注(zhu)解。至(zhi)天(tian)宝(bao)二年注(zhu)成,颁(ban)行(xing)(xing)(xing)天(tian)下(xia),仍自(zi)八分御紥,勒于(yu)石碑,即今京(jing)兆(zhao)石台(tai)《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》是也(ye)。
翰林侍讲学士(shi)朝请大夫守国(guo)子(zi)祭(ji)酒上柱(zhu)国(guo)赐(ci)紫金鱼袋(dai)臣邢昺等奉敕校定御(yu)制序并(bing)注
[疏]正义曰:《孝经》者,孔子为曾参陈孝道也。汉初,长孙氏、博士江翁、少府后仓、谏大夫翼奉、安昌侯张禹传之,各自名家。经文皆同,唯孔氏壁中古文为异。至刘炫遂以《古孝经·庶人章》分为二,《曾子敢问章》分为三,又多《闺门》一章,凡二十二章。桓谭《新论》云:“《古孝经》千八百七十二字,今异者四百馀字。孝者,事亲之名;经者,常行之典。”按《汉书·艺文志》云:“夫孝,天之经,地之义,民之行也。举大者言,故曰《孝经》。”又按《礼记·祭统》云:“孝者,畜也,畜养也。”《释名》云:“孝,好也。”《周书》:“谥法至顺曰孝。”总而言之,道常在心,尽其色养,中情悦好,承顺无怠之义也。《尔雅》曰:“善父母为孝。”皇侃曰:“经者,常也,法也。此经为教,任重道远,虽复时移代革,金石可消,而为孝事亲常行,存世不灭,是其常也。为百代规模,人生所资,是其法也。”言孝之为教,使可常而法之。《易》有上经、下经,《老子》有道经、德经。孝为百行之本,故名曰《孝经》。经之创制,孔子所撰也。前贤以为曾参唯有至孝之性,未达孝德之本,偶於间居,因得侍坐,参起问於夫子,夫子随而答,参是以集录,因名为《孝经》。寻绎再三,将未为得也,何者?夫子刊缉前史而修《春秋》。犹云笔则笔,削则削,四科十哲,莫敢措辞。按《钩命决》云:“孔子曰:‘吾志在《春秋》,行在《孝经》。’”斯则修《春秋》、撰《孝经》,孔子之志、行也。何为重其志而自笔削,轻其行而假他人者乎?按刘炫《述义》,其略曰:“炫谓孔子自作《孝经》,本非曾参请业而对也。士有百行,以孝为本。本立而后道行,道行而后业就,故曰:明王之以孝治天下也。然则治世之要,孰能非乎?徒以教化之道,因时立称,经典之目,随事表名,至使威仪礼节之馀盛传当代,孝悌德行之本隐而不彰。夫子运偶陵迟,礼乐崩坏,名教将绝,特感圣心,因弟子有请问之道,师儒有教诲之义,故假曾子之言以为对扬之体,乃非曾子实有问也。若疑而始问,答以申辞,则曾子应每章一问,仲尼应每问一答。按经,夫子先自言之,非参请也;诸章以次演之,非待问也。且辞义血脉文连旨环,而开宗题其端绪,馀音广而成之,非一问一答之势也。理有所极,方始发问,又非请业请答之事。首章言先王有至德要道,则下章云此之谓要道也,非至德,其孰能顺民,皆遥结道本,答曾子也。举此为例,凡有数科,必其主为曾子言,首章答曾子已了,何由不待曾子问,更自述而修之?且三起曾参侍坐与之别,二者是问也,一者叹之也。故假言乘闲曾子坐也,与之论孝。开宗明义上陈天子,下陈庶人,语尽无更端,於曾子未有请,故假参叹孝之大,又说以孝为理之功。说之以终,欲言其圣道莫大於孝,又假参问,乃说圣人之德不加於孝。在前论敬顺之道,未有规谏之事,殷勤在悦色,不可顿说犯颜,故须更借曾子言陈谏诤之义。此皆孔子须参问,非参须问孔子也。庄周之斥鷃笑鹏,罔两问影;屈原之渔父鼓枻,大卜拂龟;马卿之乌有无是;杨雄之翰林子墨,宁非师祖制作以为楷模者乎?若依郑注实居讲堂,则广延生徒,侍坐非一,夫子岂凌人侮众,独与参言邪?且云汝知之乎,何必直汝曾子,而参先避席乎?必其遍告诸生,又有对者,当参不让侪辈而独答乎?假使独与参言,言毕,参自集录,岂宜称师字者乎?由斯言之,经教发极,夫子所撰也。”而《汉书·艺文志》云:“《孝经》者,孔子为曾子陈孝道也。”谓其为曾子特说此经,然则圣人之有述作,岂为一人而已!斯皆误本其文,致兹乖谬也。所以先儒注解,多所未行。唯郑玄之《六艺论》曰:“孔子以六艺题目不同,指意殊别,恐道离散,后世莫知根源,故作《孝经》以总会之。”其言虽则不然,其意颇近之矣。然入室之徒不一,独假曾子为言,以参偏得孝名也。《老子》曰:“六亲不和有孝慈。”然则孝慈之名,因不和而有,若万行俱备,称为人圣,则凡圣无不孝也。而家有三恶,舜称大孝,龙逢比干,忠名独彰,君不明也。孝以伯奇之名偏著,母不慈也。曾子性虽至孝,盖有由而发矣。藜蒸不熟而出其妻,家法严也。耘瓜伤苗几殒其命,明父少恩也。曾子孝名之大,其或由兹,固非参性迟朴,躬行匹夫之孝也。审考经言,详稽炫释,贵藏理於古而独得之於今者与。元氏虽同炫说,恐未尽善,今以《艺文志》及郑氏所说为得。其作经年,先儒以为鲁哀公十四年西狩获麟而作《春秋》,至十六年夏四月己丑孔子卒为证,则作在鲁哀公十四年后、十六年前。案《钩命决》云:“孔子曰:‘吾志在《春秋》,行在《孝经》。’”据先后言之,明《孝经》之文同《春秋》作也。又《钩命决》云:“孔子曰:‘《春秋》属商,《孝经》属参。’”则《孝经》之作在《春秋》后也。
○御者,按《大戴礼·盛德篇》云:“德法者,御民之本也,古之御政以治天下者,冢宰之官以成道,司徒之官以成德,宗伯之官以成仁,司马之官以成圣,司寇之官以成义,司空之官以成礼。故六官以为辔,司会均入以为軜,故曰:御四马者执六辔,御天地与人与事者亦有六政。是故善御者,正身同辔,均马力,齐马心,唯其所引而之,以取长道远行,可以之急疾,可以御天地与人事,此四者,圣人之所乘也。是故天子御者,内史、太史左右手也,六官亦六辔也。天子三公合以执六官,均五政,齐五法,以御四者,故亦为其所引而之。以之道则国治,以之德则国安,以之仁则国和,以之圣则国平,以之义则国成,以之礼则国定,此御政之体也。”然则御者,治天下之名,若柔辔之御刚马也。《家语》亦有此文,是以秦、汉以来,以御为至尊之称。又蔡邕《独断》曰:“御者,进也,凡衣服加於身,饮食入於口,妃妾接於寝,皆曰御。至於器物制作,亦皆以御言之。”故此云御也。
○制者,裁翦述作之谓也。故《左传》曰:“子有美锦,不使人学制焉。”取此美名,故人之文章述作,皆谓之制。以此序唐玄宗所撰,故云御制也。玄宗,唐弟六帝也,讳隆基,睿宗之子,以延和元年即位,时年三十三。在位四十五年,年七十八登遐,谥曰明孝皇帝,庙号玄宗。开元十年,制经序并注。序者,按《诗颂》云:“继序思不忘。”《毛传》云:“序,绪也。”又《释诂》云:“叙,绪也。”是序与叙音义同。郭璞云:“又为端绪。”然则此言绪者,举一经之端绪耳。
○并(bing)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe),并(bing),兼也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),著(zhu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),解(jie)(jie)释经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)指(zhi),使义(yi)理著(zhu)明(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)非(fei)(fei)但制序,兼亦(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)并(bing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)今俗(su)所(suo)(suo)行(xing)(xing)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,题曰(yue)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。近(jin)古(gu)皆谓康成(cheng)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)晋魏(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)说(shuo)。晋穆帝永和十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian),及(ji)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)武太(tai)元元年(nian)(nian),再聚群臣(chen),共论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)义(yi),有(you)荀昶(chang)者(zhe)(zhe),撰集《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》诸(zhu)说(shuo),始(shi)以郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)宗。晋末以来(lai),多有(you)异论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。陆澄以为(wei)非(fei)(fei)玄(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),请不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)藏於(wu)(wu)(wu)秘(mi)省。王(wang)俭(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)依(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)请,遂得(de)见(jian)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。至(zhi)(zhi)魏(wei)、齐则(ze)(ze)立学(xue)官,著(zhu)作(zuo)律令(ling)(ling)。盖由(you)虏俗(su)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)识(shi),故(gu)(gu)致(zhi)(zhi)斯讹舛。然(ran)则(ze)(ze)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)非(fei)(fei)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)焉。据(ju)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)自(zi)序云(yun)(yun)“遭(zao)党(dang)锢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事逃(tao)难(nan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)礼(li)(li)(li),至(zhi)(zhi)党(dang)锢事解(jie)(jie),注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《毛(mao)诗(shi)(shi)》、《论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)》,为(wei)袁谭所(suo)(suo)逼,来(lai)至(zhi)(zhi)元诚(cheng),乃注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《周易(yi)》”,都无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)君卒(zu)后(hou)(hou),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)弟子(zi)(zi)追论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)师(shi)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)述(shu)及(ji)应(ying)(ying)对(dui)时(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)志》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe),唯(wei)(wei)有(you)《毛(mao)诗(shi)(shi)》、三《礼(li)(li)(li)》、《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《周易(yi)》,都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)二(er)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)《郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)志目录(lu)》记(ji)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)五经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,有(you)《中(zhong)(zhong)候》、《书(shu)(shu)(shu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《七(qi)政(zheng)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》、《乾象历》、《六(liu)艺论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》、《毛(mao)诗(shi)(shi)谱》、《答(da)(da)临硕难(nan)礼(li)(li)(li)》、《驳许慎异议(yi)(yi)》、《释废(fei)疾》、《发(fa)墨守》、《箴膏盲》、《答(da)(da)甄守然(ran)》等(deng)(deng)书(shu)(shu)(shu),寸纸片(pian)言(yan)(yan),莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悉(xi)载(zai),若有(you)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)容匿而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)三也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟子(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)授门(men)徒(tu),各述(shu)师(shi)言(yan)(yan),更相(xiang)问答(da)(da),编(bian)录(lu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)语(yu)(yu),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)记(ji)》,唯(wei)(wei)载(zai)《诗(shi)(shi)》、《书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《礼(li)(li)(li)》、《易(yi)》、《论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)四(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。赵商(shang)作(zuo)《郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)碑铭》,具称(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)笺驳论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。晋中(zhong)(zhong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)薄《周易(yi)》、《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)候》、《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)大传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《毛(mao)诗(shi)(shi)》、《周礼(li)(li)(li)》、《仪礼(li)(li)(li)》、《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)》、《论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)》凡(fan)(fan)九书(shu)(shu)(shu),皆云(yun)(yun)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),名玄(xuan)(xuan);至(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,则(ze)(ze)称(cheng)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“名玄(xuan)(xuan)”二(er)字,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)五也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)纬(wei)·演孔(kong)(kong)图(tu)》注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)云(yun)(yun):康成(cheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)三《礼(li)(li)(li)》、《诗(shi)(shi)》、《易(yi)》、《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》则(ze)(ze)有(you)评论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。宋(song)均(jun)《诗(shi)(shi)谱序》云(yun)(yun):我(wo)先(xian)师(shi)北(bei)海郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)司(si)农(nong)(nong)”,则(ze)(ze)均(jun)是(shi)(shi)玄(xuan)(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)业弟子(zi)(zi),师(shi)有(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)述(shu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)容不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知,而(er)(er)(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》、《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》唯(wei)(wei)有(you)评论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),非(fei)(fei)玄(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)时(shi)明(ming),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)六(liu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)宋(song)均(jun)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)纬(wei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)《六(liu)艺论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》叙《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》云(yun)(yun)“玄(xuan)(xuan)又(you)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”,“司(si)农(nong)(nong)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)如(ru)是(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)均(jun)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)闻(wen)焉。有(you)义(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)辞(ci)(ci)(ci),令(ling)(ling)予昏(hun)惑”。举郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)(yu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)闻(wen),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)七(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宋(song)均(jun)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)纬(wei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)》云(yun)(yun)“为(wei)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》、《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》略说(shuo)”,则(ze)(ze)非(fei)(fei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓,所(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)又(you)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe),泛(fan)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)耳(er),非(fei)(fei)事实(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)叙《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》亦(yi)(yi)(yi)云(yun)(yun)“玄(xuan)(xuan)又(you)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”,宁可(ke)(ke)复(fu)责以实(shi)(shi)(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》乎(hu)?其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)八也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。后(hou)(hou)汉史书(shu)(shu)(shu)存於(wu)(wu)(wu)代(dai)者(zhe)(zhe),有(you)谢承、薛(xue)莹、司(si)马(ma)(ma)彪(biao)、袁山(shan)松(song)等(deng)(deng),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)皆无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》;唯(wei)(wei)范氏(shi)(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)九也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。王(wang)肃(su)(su)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》首(shou)有(you)司(si)马(ma)(ma)宣王(wang)奉诏令(ling)(ling)诸(zhu)儒(ru)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)述(shu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,以肃(su)(su)说(shuo)为(wei)长。若先(xian)有(you)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)应(ying)(ying)言(yan)(yan)及(ji),而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。王(wang)肃(su)(su)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)书(shu)(shu)(shu),好发(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)短,凡(fan)(fan)有(you)小失,皆在《圣证》,若《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)出郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),被肃(su)(su)攻击(ji),最应(ying)(ying)烦多,而(er)(er)(er)(er)肃(su)(su)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)言(yan)(yan),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。魏(wei)晋朝(chao)贤辩论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)时(shi)事,郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)诸(zhu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)撮引(yin),未(wei)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)》者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)证验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),易(yi)为(wei)讨核(he),而(er)(er)(er)(er)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)觉其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)非(fei)(fei),乘(cheng)后(hou)(hou)谬说(shuo),竞(jing)相(xiang)推举,诸(zhu)解(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立学(xue)官,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)独行(xing)(xing)於(wu)(wu)(wu)世。观言(yan)(yan)语(yu)(yu)鄙陋,义(yi)理乖(guai)谬,固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)示彼后(hou)(hou)来(lai),传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)诸(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朽。至(zhi)(zhi)《古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》孔(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本出孔(kong)(kong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong),语(yu)(yu)甚详正,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)俟商(shang)榷,而(er)(er)(er)(er)旷代(dai)亡(wang)逸,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)被流(liu)行(xing)(xing)。隋开(kai)(kai)皇十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian),秘(mi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)学(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)王(wang)逸於(wu)(wu)(wu)京市陈人(ren)(ren)(ren)处买得(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本,送与著(zhu)作(zuo)王(wang)劭,以示河间刘炫,仍令(ling)(ling)校定(ding)(ding)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)书(shu)(shu)(shu)更无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)兼本,难(nan)可(ke)(ke)依(yi)(yi)凭,炫辄(zhe)以所(suo)(suo)见(jian)率意刊改(gai),因著(zhu)《古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)稽疑(yi)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇。故(gu)(gu)开(kai)(kai)元七(qi)年(nian)(nian)敕议(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,刘子(zi)(zi)玄(xuan)(xuan)等(deng)(deng)议(yi)(yi),以为(wei)孔(kong)(kong)、郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)二(er)家云(yun)(yun)泥(ni)致(zhi)(zhi)隔(ge),今纶(lun)旨焕发(fa),校其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)短长,必谓行(xing)(xing)孔(kong)(kong)废(fei)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),於(wu)(wu)(wu)义(yi)为(wei)允(yun)。国子(zi)(zi)博士司(si)马(ma)(ma)贞(zhen)议(yi)(yi)曰(yue):“《今文(wen)(wen)(wen)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》是(shi)(shi)汉河间王(wang)所(suo)(suo)得(de)颜芝本,至(zhi)(zhi)刘向以此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)参校古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),省除繁(fan)惑,定(ding)(ding)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八章。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),相(xiang)承云(yun)(yun)是(shi)(shi)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)《郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)志》及(ji)《目录(lu)》等(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)载(zai),故(gu)(gu)往贤共疑(yi)焉。唯(wei)(wei)荀昶(chang)、范晔以为(wei)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),故(gu)(gu)昶(chang)集解(jie)(jie)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,具载(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)为(wei)优(you)。且其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)纵(zong)非(fei)(fei)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan),而(er)(er)(er)(er)义(yi)旨敷畅,将为(wei)得(de)所(suo)(suo),虽数(shu)(shu)处小有(you)非(fei)(fei)稳(wen),实(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)未(wei)爽经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)言(yan)(yan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)章,元出孔(kong)(kong)壁(bi)。先(xian)是(shi)(shi)安(an)国作(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),缘(yuan)遭(zao)巫蛊,未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。昶(chang)集注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),有(you)见(jian)孔(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),中(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)遂亡(wang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本。近(jin)儒(ru)欲(yu)崇古(gu)学(xue),妄作(zuo)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),假(jia)称(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),辄(zhe)穿凿改(gai)更,又(you)伪(wei)作(zuo)闺门(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章,刘炫诡随,妄称(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)善。且闺门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),近(jin)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)(yu),必非(fei)(fei)宣尼正说(shuo)。案(an)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)云(yun)(yun):闺门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)具礼(li)(li)(li)矣,严(yan)亲严(yan)兄妻子(zi)(zi)臣(chen)妾繇百(bai)姓(xing)徒(tu)役(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)比妻子(zi)(zi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)徒(tu)役(yi),文(wen)(wen)(wen)句凡(fan)(fan)鄙,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)。又(you)分(fen)(fen)庶人(ren)(ren)(ren)章,从‘故(gu)(gu)自(zi)天子(zi)(zi)已(yi)下(xia)(xia)’别为(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章,仍加‘子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’二(er)字。然(ran)故(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)连上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci),既(ji)是(shi)(shi)章首(shou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)言(yan)(yan)故(gu)(gu),是(shi)(shi)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)既(ji)没(mei),后(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)妄开(kai)(kai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)等(deng)(deng)数(shu)(shu)章,以应(ying)(ying)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)。非(fei)(fei)但经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)久不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)真,抑(yi)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)浅伪(wei)。又(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)用天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道、分(fen)(fen)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)略曰(yue):‘脱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)(ying)功(gong),暴其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)肌体,朝(chao)暮从事,露发(fa)徒(tu)足,少而(er)(er)(er)(er)习之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)心安(an)焉。’此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)语(yu)(yu)虽旁出诸(zhu)子(zi)(zi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)引(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),何言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄙俚(li)乎(hu)?与郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)云(yun)(yun)分(fen)(fen)别五土,视其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)高(gao)下(xia)(xia),高(gao)田(tian)宜黍稷,下(xia)(xia)田(tian)宜稻麦,优(you)劣悬殊,曾(ceng)何等(deng)(deng)级!今议(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)欲(yu)取近(jin)儒(ru)诡说(shuo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)废(fei)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),理实(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)可(ke)(ke),请准令(ling)(ling)式《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),与孔(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)依(yi)(yi)旧(jiu)俱行(xing)(xing)。”诏郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)仍旧(jiu)行(xing)(xing)用,孔(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)存。是(shi)(shi)时(shi)苏(su)宋(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)吏拘於(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)俗(su),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能发(fa)明(ming)古(gu)义(yi),奏议(yi)(yi)排(pai)子(zi)(zi)玄(xuan)(xuan),令(ling)(ling)诸(zhu)儒(ru)对(dui)定(ding)(ding),司(si)马(ma)(ma)贞(zhen)与学(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)郗常等(deng)(deng)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)尽非(fei)(fei)子(zi)(zi)玄(xuan)(xuan),卒(zu)从诸(zhu)儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)。至(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)上自(zi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,颁于天下(xia)(xia),卒(zu)以十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)章为(wei)定(ding)(ding)。
◎序
朕闻(wen)上古,其风朴略(lve),
[疏]朕闻上古至德之本欤。
○正义曰:自此以下至於序末,凡有五段明义,当段自解其指,於此不复繁文。今此初段,序孝之所起,及可以教人而为德本也。
○朕者(zhe)(zhe),我也。古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)尊卑皆称(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi),故(gu)(gu)帝舜命禹(yu)(yu)曰:“朕志先定。”禹(yu)(yu)曰:“朕德罔克。”皋陶曰:“朕言惠(hui)可底行(xing)。”又屈(qu)原亦(yi)云:“朕皇(huang)考曰伯庸。”是由古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人质(zhi),故(gu)(gu)君臣共称(cheng)(cheng)。至秦始皇(huang)二十六年,始定为(wei)天子之(zhi)称(cheng)(cheng)。闻者(zhe)(zhe),目之(zhi)不(bu)睹,耳之(zhi)所传(chuan)。曰“闻上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”者(zhe)(zhe),经典所说不(bu)同(tong),案《礼运》郑玄注云“中古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)未有釜(fu)甑”,则(ze)谓神(shen)农为(wei)中古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu);若《易》历三古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),则(ze)伏羲为(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),文王(wang)为(wei)中古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),孔子为(wei)下(xia)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu);若三王(wang)对五(wu)帝,则(ze)五(wu)帝亦(yi)为(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),故(gu)(gu)《士冠记》云“大(da)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠布(bu)”,下(xia)云“三王(wang)共皮(pi)弁”,则(ze)大(da)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)五(wu)帝时也,大(da)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)亦(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也。以其(qi)文各(ge)有所对,故(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、中古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)同(tong)也。此云上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)谓五(wu)帝以上(shang)(shang)(shang)也。知者(zhe)(zhe),以下(xia)云“及乎仁(ren)义(yi)既有”以《礼运》及《老(lao)子》言之(zhi),仁(ren)义(yi)之(zhi)盛在三王(wang)之(zhi)世,则(ze)此上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)自(zi)然当五(wu)帝以上(shang)(shang)(shang)也。云“其(qi)风(feng)(feng)朴略”者(zhe)(zhe),风(feng)(feng),教(jiao)也;朴,质(zhi)也;略,疏也。言上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)君,贵尚道德,其(qi)於教(jiao)化,则(ze)质(zhi)朴疏略也。
虽因心之孝(xiao)已(yi)萌,而资敬之礼犹简。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“因犹(you)亲(qin)也(ye),资犹(you)取也(ye)。言上古之(zhi)人,有自然(ran)亲(qin)爱父母之(zhi)心。如此之(zhi)孝,虽(sui)已萌(meng)兆,而(er)取其恭敬(jing)之(zhi)礼(li)节(jie),犹(you)尚简少也(ye)。《周礼(li)》“大(da)司徒教六行,云(yun)孝、友(you)、睦、姻、任、恤”,注云(yun)“因亲(qin)於外(wai)亲(qin),”是因得为(wei)亲(qin)也(ye)。《诗·大(da)雅·皇矣》云(yun):“惟此王季,因心则友(you)。”《士章》云(yun):“资於事(shi)父以事(shi)君,而(er)敬(jing)同。”此其所出之(zhi)文也(ye),故引(yin)以为(wei)序(xu)耳(er)。
及乎(hu)仁义既(ji)有,亲誉益著(zhu)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“及(ji)乎”者(zhe),语(yu)之发端,连上(shang)逮下之辞也(ye)(ye)。“仁”者(zhe)兼爱(ai)之名,“义(yi)”者(zhe)裁非(fei)之谓。“仁义(yi)既(ji)有”,谓三(san)王时(shi)也(ye)(ye)。案(an)《曲(qu)礼》云(yun):“太(tai)上(shang)贵(gui)德(de)(de)。”郑注云(yun):“大古帝(di)皇(huang)之世。”又《礼运》云(yun):“大道(dao)之行也(ye)(ye)。”郑注云(yun):“大道(dao)谓五帝(di)时(shi)。”老(lao)子(zi)(zi)《德(de)(de)经(jing)》云(yun):“失道(dao)而(er)后(hou)德(de)(de),失德(de)(de)而(er)后(hou)仁,失仁而(er)后(hou)义(yi)。”是道(dao)德(de)(de)当三(san)皇(huang)五帝(di)时(shi),则(ze)仁义(yi)当三(san)王之时(shi)可知也(ye)(ye)。慈爱(ai)之心曰亲(qin),声美之称曰誉(yu)。谓三(san)王之世,天下为家,各(ge)(ge)亲(qin)其亲(qin),各(ge)(ge)子(zi)(zi)其子(zi)(zi),亲(qin)誉(yu)之道(dao),日益著见(jian),故曰“亲(qin)誉(yu)益著”也(ye)(ye)。
圣人知孝之可以教人也,
[疏(shu)]正义曰:圣(sheng)人谓以(yi)孝(xiao)治(zhi)天下之(zhi)明(ming)王也(ye)。孝(xiao)为百行之(zhi)本,至道之(zhi)极,故经文云:“圣(sheng)人之(zhi)德,又(you)何以(yi)加於孝(xiao)乎?”
故“因(yin)严以(yi)教(jiao)敬,因(yin)亲以(yi)教(jiao)爱”。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:引下经文以证(zheng)义(yi)也。
於是(shi)以顺移忠之(zhi)道昭(zhao)矣,立身扬名之(zhi)义彰矣。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:经云(yun):“君(jun)(jun)子之事(shi)(shi)(shi)亲孝,故忠(zhong)可(ke)移(yi)於君(jun)(jun)。”又曰:“立身(shen)行道(dao),扬名於后世(shi)。”言人事(shi)(shi)(shi)兄(xiong)能悌,以之事(shi)(shi)(shi)长则为(wei)顺;事(shi)(shi)(shi)亲能孝,移(yi)之事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)则为(wei)忠(zhong)。然后立身(shen)扬名,传於后世(shi)也。昭、彰皆明(ming)也。
子曰:“吾志在《春(chun)秋》,行在《孝经》。”
[疏(shu)]正义曰:此(ci)《钩命决》文也。言(yan)褒贬诸侯(hou)善恶,志在於《春(chun)秋》,人伦尊卑(bei)之行,在於《孝经》也。
是知孝者德之本欤!
[疏]正义曰:《论语(yu)》云:“孝弟也(ye)者,其为(wei)仁之(zhi)本欤?”今言(yan)(yan)“孝者德之(zhi)本欤”,欤者,叹(tan)美之(zhi)辞(ci),举(ju)其大者而(er)言(yan)(yan),故但云孝;德则行之(zhi)总名,故变仁言(yan)(yan)德也(ye)。
经曰:“昔者明王(wang)之以孝(xiao)理天下(xia)也,不敢(gan)遗小(xiao)国(guo)之臣,而况於(wu)公、侯、伯(bo)、子、男(nan)乎。”
[疏]经曰至形於四海。
○正义曰:此第二段,序已仰慕先世明王,欲以博爱广敬之道被四海也。
○经曰至男乎。
○此《孝治章》文也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故言“经曰”。言小国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣尚不敢遗弃,何(he)况於五等列爵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君乎。公(gong)、侯(hou)、伯(bo)、子、男(nan)(nan)(nan),五等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爵也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《白虎通》曰:“公(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)通也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),公(gong)正无私之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《春秋传(chuan)》曰:王者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)称公(gong)。侯(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)候(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),候(hou)顺逆(ni)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。伯(bo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)长也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),为一国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)字也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),常行字爱(ai)於人也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。男(nan)(nan)(nan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)任也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),常任王事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《王制》云(yun):“公(gong)、侯(hou)地方(fang)百里(li),伯(bo)七十里(li),子、男(nan)(nan)(nan)五十里(li)。”至(zhi)於周公(gong)时(shi),增地益广,加赐(ci)诸侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,公(gong)五百里(li),侯(hou)四百里(li),伯(bo)三百里(li),子二百里(li),男(nan)(nan)(nan)一百里(li)。公(gong)为上(shang)等,侯(hou)、伯(bo)为中等,子、男(nan)(nan)(nan)为下(xia)等。言小国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣,谓(wei)子、男(nan)(nan)(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
朕(zhen)尝(chang)三复斯言,景行先哲。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:复(fu)犹覆(fu)也(ye),斯,此也(ye);景,明也(ye);哲,智(zhi)也(ye)。言每读(du)(du)经至此科,三度(du)反覆(fu)重读(du)(du),庶几法则。此有(you)明行者(zhe),先世圣智(zhi)之(zhi)明王也(ye)。《论(lun)语》云(yun)“南(nan)容三复(fu)白圭”,《诗》云(yun)“高山仰止,景行行止”,是其类也(ye)。
虽无德教加於百姓(xing),
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):上逊辞也。
庶几广爱形于四海。
[疏]正义曰:此上意思行教也。“庶几(ji)”犹幸(xing)望。既谦言无(wu)德教加於百姓(xing),唯幸(xing)望以广(guang)敬博爱之道著见(jian)於四夷也。案经(jing)作“刑”,刑,法也。今此作“形”,则形犹见(jian)也。义得(de)两(liang)通,无(wu)繁(fan)改字。“四海(hai)”即(ji)四夷也,又经(jing)别释。
嗟乎!夫(fu)子没而微言绝,异端起(qi)而大义乖。
[疏]嗟乎至枢要也。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)第三段,叹(tan)夫子(zi)(zi)没后(hou),遭世陵迟,典籍散(san)亡,传注(zhu)踳(chun)驳,所(suo)以撮其(qi)枢要(yao),而自(zi)作注(zhu)也(ye)(ye)。“嗟乎”,上(shang)叹(tan)辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)。“夫子(zi)(zi)”孔子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。以尝(chang)为鲁(lu)(lu)大夫,故云(yun)夫子(zi)(zi)。案《史记(ji)》云(yun):孔子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)鲁(lu)(lu)国昌平(ping)陬邑,鲁(lu)(lu)襄(xiang)公(gong)二十(shi)二年(nian)生(sheng),年(nian)七十(shi)三,以鲁(lu)(lu)哀公(gong)十(shi)六年(nian)四(si)月(yue)己(ji)丑卒,葬鲁(lu)(lu)城北(bei)泗上(shang)。“而微(wei)言绝”者,《艺文志》文。李奇曰(yue):“隐(yin)微(wei)不显之言也(ye)(ye)。”颜师(shi)古曰(yue):“精微(wei)要(yao)妙之言耳(er)。”言夫子(zi)(zi)没后(hou),妙言咸绝,七十(shi)子(zi)(zi)既丧,而异端(duan)并起,大义悉乖(guai)。
况泯绝於秦(qin),得之者(zhe)皆煨烬之末。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“泯”,灭(mie)也(ye)(ye)。“秦”者(zhe),陇西谷名也(ye)(ye),在雍州鸟鼠山之(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)北(bei)。昔皋陶之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)伯(bo)翳,佐禹治水有功,舜命作(zuo)虞,赐姓曰(yue)嬴。其(qi)末孙(sun)非(fei)子(zi)(zi)为周(zhou)孝王养(yang)马於(wu)汧(qian)、渭之(zhi)(zhi)间,封为附庸,邑于秦谷。及(ji)非(fei)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)曾(ceng)孙(sun)秦仲,周(zhou)宣王又命为大夫(fu),仲之(zhi)(zhi)孙(sun)襄(xiang)公(gong)讨西戎,救周(zhou)。周(zhou)室(shi)东(dong)迁(qian),以岐丰之(zhi)(zhi)地赐之(zhi)(zhi),始(shi)列(lie)为诸侯。春秋时称秦伯(bo),至(zhi)孝公(gong)子(zi)(zi)惠(hui)文君立(li),是(shi)为惠(hui)王。及(ji)庄襄(xiang)王为秦质子(zi)(zi)於(wu)赵(zhao),见(jian)吕(lv)不(bu)韦姬,说(shuo)而取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi),生(sheng)(sheng)始(shi)皇。按秦昭(zhao)王四(si)十(shi)八年正月生(sheng)(sheng)於(wu)邯郸,及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),名为政(zheng),姓赵(zhao)氏。年十(shi)三(san),庄襄(xiang)王死,政(zheng)代立(li)为秦王。至(zhi)二十(shi)六(liu)年,平定天下(xia),号(hao)曰(yue)始(shi)皇帝。三(san)十(shi)四(si)年置酒(jiu)咸阳(yang)宫,博士(shi)齐(qi)人淳于越进(jin)曰(yue):“臣闻殷周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)王千馀(yu)岁,封子(zi)(zi)弟,立(li)功臣,自(zi)为枝辅(fu)。今陛(bi)下(xia)有海内,而子(zi)(zi)弟为匹夫(fu)。卒有田常六(liu)卿之(zhi)(zhi)臣,无辅(fu)拂,何以辅(fu)政(zheng)哉!”丞相李斯曰(yue):“五帝不(bu)相复,三(san)代不(bu)相袭(xi)。非(fei)其(qi)相反,时变异也(ye)(ye)。今陛(bi)下(xia)创(chuang)大业,建万世之(zhi)(zhi)功,固非(fei)愚儒之(zhi)(zhi)所知。臣请(qing)史官非(fei)秦记皆(jie)烧之(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)博士(shi)官所职,天下(xia)敢有藏(zang)《诗(shi)》、《书》百家语者(zhe),悉诣守尉杂烧之(zhi)(zhi)。”制曰(yue):“可。”三(san)十(shi)五年以为诸生(sheng)(sheng)诽谤,乃(nai)自(zi)除犯禁者(zhe)四(si)百六(liu)十(shi)馀(yu)人,皆(jie)坑之(zhi)(zhi)咸阳(yang)。是(shi)经籍之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)灭(mie)绝(jue)於(wu)秦。《说(shuo)文》云:“煨,盆火也(ye)(ye)。烬,火余也(ye)(ye)。”言(yan)遭秦焚坑之(zhi)(zhi)后,典籍灭(mie)亡,虽(sui)仅(jin)有存者(zhe),皆(jie)火余之(zhi)(zhi)微末耳。若(ruo)伏胜《尚(shang)书》、颜贞《孝经》之(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。
滥觞於汉(han),传(chuan)之者皆糟粕之馀
[疏]正义曰:案(an)《家语》:“孔子(zi)谓(wei)(wei)子(zi)路曰:夫(fu)江始(shi)(shi)於岷山(shan)(shan),其(qi)(qi)源(yuan)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)滥(lan)觞(shang)(shang)(shang),及(ji)其(qi)(qi)至(zhi)江津也,不(bu)(bu)舫舟,不(bu)(bu)避(bi)风雨,不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)涉。”王(wang)肃(su)曰:“觞(shang)(shang)(shang)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)盛酒(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe),言(yan)其(qi)(qi)微也。”又(you)《文(wen)选》郭景纯《江赋》曰:“惟岷山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)导江,初(chu)发源(yuan)乎滥(lan)觞(shang)(shang)(shang)。”臣翰注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“滥(lan)谓(wei)(wei)泛滥(lan),小(xiao)流貌。觞(shang)(shang)(shang),酒(jiu)(jiu)醆也。谓(wei)(wei)发源(yuan)小(xiao)如一盏。”“汉(han)”者(zhe),巴(ba)蜀之(zhi)间(jian)地名(ming)(ming)也。二(er)(er)世元(yuan)年(nian),诸侯(hou)叛秦,沛(pei)(pei)人共立(li)(li)刘(liu)季以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)。二(er)(er)年(nian)八(ba)月入秦,秦相赵高杀二(er)(er)世,立(li)(li)二(er)(er)世兄子(zi)子(zi)婴(ying),冬十(shi)月,为(wei)(wei)汉(han)元(yuan)年(nian)。子(zi)婴(ying)二(er)(er)年(nian)春正月,项羽尊(zun)楚怀王(wang)为(wei)(wei)义帝,羽自立(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)西楚霸王(wang),更立(li)(li)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)为(wei)(wei)汉(han)王(wang),王(wang)巴(ba)、蜀、汉(han)中四十(shi)一县,都南(nan)郑。五年(nian),破项羽,斩之(zhi)。六年(nian)二(er)(er)月,即皇帝位于汜(si)水(shui)之(zhi)阳,遂取汉(han)为(wei)(wei)天下号(hao),若商、周(zhou)然也。汉(han)兴,改秦之(zhi)政(zheng),大收(shou)篇藉(jie)。言(yan)从始(shi)(shi)皇焚烧之(zhi)后(hou),至(zhi)汉(han)氏尊(zun)学(xue),初(chu)除挟(xie)书(shu)之(zhi)律(lv),有河间(jian)人颜贞出其(qi)(qi)父芝所藏,凡(fan)一十(shi)八(ba)章,以(yi)(yi)(yi)相传(chuan)授。言(yan)其(qi)(qi)至(zhi)少(shao)(shao),故云(yun)(yun)滥(lan)觞(shang)(shang)(shang)於汉(han)也。其(qi)(qi)后(hou)复盛,则如江矣。《释名(ming)(ming)》云(yun)(yun):“酒(jiu)(jiu)滓曰糟(zao),浮米曰粕(po)。”既(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)滥(lan)觞(shang)(shang)(shang)况其(qi)(qi)少(shao)(shao),因取糟(zao)粕(po)比(bi)其(qi)(qi)微。言(yan)醇粹既(ji)丧(sang),但余此糟(zao)粕(po)耳(er)。
故鲁史《春秋》,学开五传。
[疏]正义曰:“故”者(zhe)因上起下之语。夫子(zi)(zi)约鲁(lu)史《春秋》,学(xue)开五(wu)传者(zhe),谓名(ming)专己学(xue),以相教授,分经(jing)(jing)作(zuo)传,凡有五(wu)家。开则(ze)分也(ye)。五(wu)传者(zhe),案(an)《汉书(shu)(shu)(shu)·艺文志》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):《左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)传》三十(shi)卷,左(zuo)丘明,鲁(lu)太史也(ye)。《公(gong)羊(yang)传》十(shi)一卷,公(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi),齐人,名(ming)高,受(shou)经(jing)(jing)於子(zi)(zi)夏。《穀(gu)梁传》十(shi)一卷,穀(gu)梁子(zi)(zi),鲁(lu)人,名(ming)赤,糜信云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):与秦孝公(gong)同(tong)时;《七录(lu)(lu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):名(ming)俶,字元始;《风俗通》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):子(zi)(zi)夏门人。《邹(zou)(zou)氏(shi)(shi)传》十(shi)一卷,《汉书(shu)(shu)(shu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):王吉善《邹(zou)(zou)氏(shi)(shi)春秋》。《夹(jia)氏(shi)(shi)传》十(shi)一卷,有录(lu)(lu)无书(shu)(shu)(shu)。其(qi)邹(zou)(zou)、夹(jia)二义,邹(zou)(zou)氏(shi)(shi)无师,夹(jia)氏(shi)(shi)未有书(shu)(shu)(shu),故不显于世,盖(gai)王莽时亡失耳。
《国风》、《雅(ya)》、《颂》,分为四诗,
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》有(you)《国风(feng)》、《小雅》、《大(da)雅》、《周颂(song)(song)(song)》、《鲁颂(song)(song)(song)》、《商颂(song)(song)(song)》,故曰(yue)《国风(feng)》、《雅》、《颂(song)(song)(song)》。四(si)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),《毛诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、《韩(han)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、《齐(qi)(qi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、《鲁诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》也。《毛诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》自夫(fu)子(zi)授(shou)(shou)卜商,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)至大(da)毛公名亨,大(da)毛公授(shou)(shou)毛苌(chang),赵人(ren),为(wei)河间献王博(bo)(bo)士。先有(you)子(zi)夏(xia)《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》一卷,苌(chang)各置其(qi)篇端,存其(qi)作者(zhe)(zhe)。至后(hou)汉(han)(han)大(da)司农(nong)郑玄(xuan)为(wei)之笺,是曰(yue)《毛诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》。《韩(han)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》者(zhe)(zhe),汉(han)(han)文帝时博(bo)(bo)士燕人(ren)韩(han)婴所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),武帝时与董(dong)仲(zhong)舒论於上前,仲(zhong)舒不能难。至晋无人(ren)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)习,是曰(yue)《韩(han)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》。《齐(qi)(qi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》者(zhe)(zhe),汉(han)(han)景帝时博(bo)(bo)士清河太傅辕固(gu)生(sheng)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),号(hao)《齐(qi)(qi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)夏(xia)侯始昌,昌授(shou)(shou)后(hou)苍(cang)辈,门人(ren)尤盛。后(hou)汉(han)(han)陈元(yuan)方亦传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之,至西晋亡,是曰(yue)《齐(qi)(qi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》。《鲁诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》者(zhe)(zhe),汉(han)(han)武帝时鲁人(ren)申公所(suo)(suo)述,以经为(wei)训(xun)诂教之,无传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),疑者(zhe)(zhe)则阙,号(hao)为(wei)《鲁诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》。
去(qu)圣逾远(yuan),源流益别。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):逾,越(yue)也(ye)。百川之木曰(yue)(yue)源,水(shui)行曰(yue)(yue)流(liu),增多曰(yue)(yue)益(yi)。言秦汉(han)而(er)下,上去孔子(zi)圣越(yue)远。《孝经》本是一源,诸家增益(yi),别(bie)为众流(liu),谓(wei)其文不同也(ye)。
近观《孝经(jing)》旧注(zhu),踳驳尤(you)甚。
[疏]正义曰:《孝经(jing)》今(jin)文称郑玄注,古文称孔安(an)国注。先儒详之(zhi),皆非(fei)真实,而学者互相宗(zong)尚。踳,乖(guai)也。驳,错也。尤,过(guo)也。今(jin)言观(guan)此二注,乖(guai)错过(guo)甚,故言踳驳尤甚也。
至(zhi)於(wu)迹(ji)相(xiang)祖(zu)述,殆且百家。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)(yi)曰(yue):至(zhi)於者(zhe)(zhe),语更端(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)。迹,踪迹也(ye)。祖,始(shi)也(ye)。因而明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)述(shu),言(yan)学者(zhe)(zhe)踪迹相寻,以在前者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)始(shi),后(hou)人从而述(shu)脩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若(ruo)仲尼祖述(shu)尧舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)也(ye)。殆,近(jin)也(ye)。言(yan)近(jin)且百家(jia),目其(qi)多也(ye)。案其(qi)人,今文则有(you)魏(wei)王(wang)肃、苏林、何晏(yan)、刘(liu)(liu)邵,吴韦昭(zhao)、谢(xie)万、徐整,晋(jin)(jin)袁宏、虞(yu)槃佑(you),东晋(jin)(jin)杨泓(hong)、殷仲文、车胤(yin)、孙氏(shi)、庾氏(shi)、荀昶(chang)、孔(kong)光、何承天、释慧琳、齐(qi)王(wang)玄载(zai)、明僧绍,及汉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长孙氏(shi)、江翁、翼(yi)奉(feng)、后(hou)苍、张禹、郑(zheng)众、郑(zheng)玄所说,各擅为(wei)一家(jia)也(ye)。其(qi)梁(liang)皇侃撰《义(yi)(yi)疏(shu)》三卷(juan),梁(liang)武(wu)帝作(zuo)《讲疏(shu)》,贺玚、严植之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、刘(liu)(liu)贞、简、明山宾咸有(you)说,隋有(you)钜鹿魏(wei)真克者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)训注。其(qi)古文出自孔(kong)氏(shi)坏壁,本(ben)是孔(kong)安国作(zuo),传(chuan)会巫(wu)蛊事(shi),其(qi)本(ben)亡失;至(zhi)隋王(wang)邵所得,以送刘(liu)(liu)炫(xuan);炫(xuan)叙其(qi)得丧,述(shu)其(qi)义(yi)(yi)疏(shu)议之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。刘(liu)(liu)绰亦(yi)作(zuo)《疏(shu)》,与郑(zheng)《义(yi)(yi)》俱行。又马融亦(yi)作(zuo)《古文孝经传(chuan)》,而世不传(chuan)。此皆祖述(shu)名家(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。
业(ye)擅专门,犹(you)将十室(shi)。
[疏]正义曰:上言“百家”者(zhe),大(da)略皆(jie)祖述而己(ji)。其於传守己(ji)业、专门命氏者(zhe),尚自将近十(shi)室(shi)(shi)。室(shi)(shi)则(ze)家也。《尔雅(ya)·释宫(gong)》云:“宫(gong)谓之(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)(shi),室(shi)(shi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)宫(gong),其内(nei)谓之(zhi)(zhi)家。”但与上“百家”变文耳,故言“十(shi)室(shi)(shi)”。其十(shi)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)名,序不指摘(zhai),不可强言,盖(gai)后苍、张禹、郑玄、王(wang)肃之(zhi)(zhi)徒也。
希(xi)升堂者,必自开户牖(you)。
[疏]正义曰:希,望也。《论语(yu)》云:“子曰:‘由也升堂矣,未入於室(shi)’。”夫(fu)子言仲由升我堂矣,未入於室(shi)耳。今祖(zu)述《孝经》之人(ren),望升夫(fu)子之堂者,既不(bu)得其门(men)而入,必自擅开门(men)户窗牖矣。言其妄为穿(chuan)凿也。
攀逸(yi)驾(jia)者(zhe),必骋殊(shu)轨辙。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):攀(pan),引也(ye)(ye)。逸(yi)驾(jia),谓奔逸(yi)之车(che)驾(jia)也(ye)(ye)。案《庄子》:颜渊问於(wu)仲尼(ni)曰(yue):“夫(fu)(fu)子步亦(yi)步,夫(fu)(fu)子趋亦(yi)趋,夫(fu)(fu)子驰亦(yi)驰,夫(fu)(fu)子奔逸(yi)绝尘(chen),而(er)(er)回瞠若乎后耳。”言(yan)夫(fu)(fu)子之道(dao),神速不可(ke)及也(ye)(ye)。今祖述《孝经》之人,欲仰慕攀(pan)引夫(fu)(fu)子奔逸(yi)之驾(jia)者,既不得直道(dao)而(er)(er)行,必驰骋於(wu)殊异(yi)之轨辙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣。言(yan)不知道(dao)之无从也(ye)(ye)。两辙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之间曰(yue)轨,车(che)轮所轹曰(yue)辙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。
是以道隐小成,言隐浮伪(wei)。
[疏]正义曰:道(dao)(dao)者(zhe),圣人之(zhi)大道(dao)(dao)也。隐(yin)(yin),蔽(bi)也。小(xiao)成(cheng),谓小(xiao)道(dao)(dao)而有成(cheng)德者(zhe)也。言(yan)(yan)者(zhe),夫子之(zhi)至(zhi)言(yan)(yan)也。浮(fu)伪,谓浮(fu)华诡(gui)辨(bian)也。言(yan)(yan)此穿凿驰骋(cheng)之(zhi)徒,唯(wei)行小(xiao)道(dao)(dao)华辩,致使(shi)大道(dao)(dao)至(zhi)言(yan)(yan)皆(jie)为隐(yin)(yin)蔽(bi),其(qi)实则不(bu)可隐(yin)(yin)。故《庄子内篇·齐物(wu)论》云(yun):“道(dao)(dao)恶乎隐(yin)(yin)而有真伪,言(yan)(yan)恶乎隐(yin)(yin)而有是非。道(dao)(dao)恶乎往而不(bu)存,言(yan)(yan)恶乎存而不(bu)可。道(dao)(dao)隐(yin)(yin)於小(xiao)成(cheng),言(yan)(yan)隐(yin)(yin)於荣华。”此文与彼同(tong),唯(wei)“荣华”作“浮(fu)伪”耳,大意不(bu)异(yi)也。
且传以(yi)通经为(wei)义(yi);义(yi)以(yi)必(bi)当为(wei)主。
[疏]正义曰(yue):且者,语(yu)辞。传(chuan)(chuan)者,注(zhu)解之别名(ming)(ming)。博释经(jing)意,传(chuan)(chuan)示后(hou)人,则(ze)谓(wei)之传(chuan)(chuan)。注(zhu)者,著(zhu)也。约文敷畅,使经(jing)义著(zhu)明,则(ze)谓(wei)之注(zhu)。作得自(zi)题,不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)义例(li)。或(huo)曰(yue):前汉以前名(ming)(ming)传(chuan)(chuan),后(hou)汉以来名(ming)(ming)注(zhu)。盖(gai)亦不(bu)(bu)然(ran),何则(ze)?马融亦谓(wei)之传(chuan)(chuan),知或(huo)说非也。此言传(chuan)(chuan)注(zhu)解释,则(ze)以通畅经(jing)指为(wei)(wei)义;义之裁断(duan),则(ze)以必然(ran)当理为(wei)(wei)主也。
至当归一,精义无二。
[疏]正义曰:至(zhi)极之(zhi)当,必归於一。精(jing)妙之(zhi)义,焉。有(you)二三?将言诸(zhu)家不同,宜会合之(zhi)也。
安得不翦其繁芜,而撮(cuo)其枢(shu)要也?
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰:安,何也(ye)。诸家(jia)之说,既互有得失(shi),何得不翦截(jie)繁多(duo)芜秽,而撮(cuo)取(qu)其枢机要道(dao)也(ye)?
韦(wei)昭、王肃,先(xian)儒之领袖;虞翻、刘邵(shao),抑(yi)又(you)次焉。
[疏]正义曰:自此(ci)至(zhi)“有(you)(you)补(bu)将(jiang)来”为第(di)四段,序作注之意。举六家异同,会五经旨趣。敷畅经义,望益(yi)将(jiang)来也。《吴志(zhi)》曰:“韦曜字(zi)弘嗣,吴郡(jun)云阳人,本名(ming)昭,避晋文帝讳,改名(ming)曜。仕吴至(zhi)中(zhong)书仆射侍(shi)中(zhong),领左(zuo)国史,封高陵亭(ting)侯(hou)。”《魏(wei)志(zhi)》曰:“王(wang)肃字(zi)子(zi)雍,王(wang)朗之子(zi)。仕魏(wei),历(li)散骑(qi)黄门侍(shi)郎(lang)、散骑(qi)常侍(shi)兼太常。”《吴志(zhi)》:“虞翻字(zi)仲(zhong)翔,会稽馀(yu)姚(yao)人。汉(han)末举茂才,曹公(gong)辟不就(jiu),仕吴,以儒学闻。《为老》、《论语》、《国语》训注,传於世。”《魏(wei)志(zhi)》:“刘绍字(zi)孔才,广平邯郸人。仕魏(wei),历(li)散骑(qi)常侍(shi),赐爵关内(nei)侯(hou),著《人物志(zhi)》百篇。”此(ci)指言韦、王(wang)所学,在(zai)先儒之中(zhong),如衣之有(you)(you)领袖也。虞、刘二家亚次之。抑,语辞也。
刘炫(xuan)明安国之本,陆澄讥康成之注(zhu)。
[疏]正义曰:《隋书(shu)》云:“刘(liu)炫(xuan)(xuan)字光(guang)伯(bo),河间景城人。炫(xuan)(xuan)左(zuo)画方,右画圆,口诵目数(shu),耳(er)听五事,并举无所遗(yi)失(shi)。仕(shi)(shi)后周,直(zhi)门下省(sheng),竟(jing)不得(de)官。县司责其(qi)赋役,炫(xuan)(xuan)自陈於内(nei)史,乞送吏(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)。吏(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)尚书(shu)韦世康问(wen)其(qi)所能(neng),炫(xuan)(xuan)自为状曰:‘《周礼》、《礼记》、《毛(mao)诗》、《尚书(shu)》、《公(gong)羊》、《左(zuo)传》、《孝经》、《论(lun)语》,孔(kong)(kong)、郑(zheng)、王(wang)、何(he)、服、杜等注,凡三十家(jia),虽义有精粗,并堪(kan)讲授(shou)。《周易》、《仪礼》、《穀(gu)梁》,用(yong)功颇少(shao);子史文集,嘉言美(mei)事,咸诵於心(xin);天文律历,穷覈微妙(miao);公(gong)私(si)文翰,未尝(chang)举手。’吏(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)竟(jing)不详(xiang)试,除殿(dian)内(nei)将军(jun)。仕(shi)(shi)隋,历太学(xue)(xue)博士,罢归河间,贼中饿死,谥宣德先生。初(chu),炫(xuan)(xuan)既(ji)得(de)王(wang)邵所送古(gu)(gu)文孔(kong)(kong)安国(guo)注本,遂(sui)著《古(gu)(gu)文稽疑》以(yi)明之。”萧子显(xian)《齐书(shu)》曰:“陆澄字彦渊,吴郡吴人也(ye)。少(shao)学(xue)(xue)博览,无不知。起(qi)家(jia)仕(shi)(shi)宋(song),至齐,历国(guo)子祭酒、光(guang)禄大夫。初(chu),澄以(yi)晋荀昶所学(xue)(xue)为非郑(zheng)玄所注,请(qing)文藏(zang)秘省(sheng)。王(wang)俭违(wei)其(qi)议。”
在理或当,何必求人?
[疏]正义曰(yue):言但(dan)在注释之理允当,不(bu)必(bi)讥非其人也。求犹责(ze)也。
今故特举(ju)六家(jia)之异(yi)同,会五经之旨趣。
[疏]正义曰:六(liu)家即韦昭、王肃、虞翻、刘(liu)邵、刘(liu)炫、陆(lu)澄也(ye),言举此六(liu)家,而又会合诸经(jing)之旨趣耳。
约文敷畅,义(yi)则昭然。
[疏]正义曰:约,省(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)。敷,布也(ye)。畅,通也(ye)。言作注(zhu)之体(ti),直约省(sheng)(sheng)其文,不(bu)假繁多(duo),能遍布通畅经义,使(shi)之昭明也(ye)。然,辞也(ye)。
分(fen)注错经,理亦条贯。
[疏]正义曰(yue):谓(wei)分其(qi)注(zhu)解,间错(cuo)经文也。经注(zhu)虽然分错(cuo),其(qi)理(li)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)相乱,而有(you)条有(you)贯也。《书》云:“若网在(zai)纲,有(you)条而不(bu)(bu)紊。”《论语》:“子曰(yue):‘参乎!吾(wu)道一以贯之。’”是(shi)条之理(li)也。
写之琬琰,庶有补於将(jiang)来。
[疏]正义曰:案《考工(gong)记(ji)·玉(yu)人职》云(yun)(yun):“琬(wan)(wan)圭(gui)九寸,而缫以(yi)象德。”注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“琬(wan)(wan)犹圜也(ye)(ye),王(wang)(wang)使(shi)之(zhi)瑞节也(ye)(ye)。诸侯(hou)有德,王(wang)(wang)命(ming)赐之(zhi),使(shi)者执(zhi)琬(wan)(wan)圭(gui)以(yi)致命(ming)焉。缫,藉(jie)也(ye)(ye)。”又(you)云(yun)(yun):“琰(yan)(yan)圭(gui)九寸,判规以(yi)除(chu)慝,以(yi)易行。”注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“凡圭(gui)琰(yan)(yan)上寸半(ban)琰(yan)(yan),圭(gui)琰(yan)(yan)半(ban)以(yi)上又(you)半(ban)为瑑(zhuan)饰(shi)。诸侯(hou)有为不义,使(shi)者征之(zhi),执(zhi)以(yi)为瑞节也(ye)(ye)。除(chu)慝,诛恶(e)逆也(ye)(ye)。易行,止繁苛。”今言以(yi)此所注(zhu)《孝经》写之(zhi)琬(wan)(wan)圭(gui)、琰(yan)(yan)圭(gui)之(zhi)上,若(ruo)简(jian)策之(zhi)为,庶(shu)几(ji)有所裨补(bu)於将来学者。或曰:谓(wei)刊石也(ye)(ye),而言写之(zhi)琬(wan)(wan)琰(yan)(yan)者,取其(qi)美名耳。
且夫子谈经,志取垂训。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:自此(ci)至序末为第(di)五(wu)段,言夫子之(zhi)(zhi)经,言约(yue)意深,注繁文不能具载,仍作《疏(shu)义》以广其(qi)旨(zhi)也。且夫子所谈之(zhi)(zhi)经,其(qi)志但取垂(chui)训后代而已。
虽五孝之用(yong)则(ze)别(bie),而百行之源不殊。
[疏]正义曰(yue):五(wu)孝者,天子、诸侯、卿大夫(fu)、士、庶人(ren)五(wu)等所行之孝也(ye)。言此(ci)五(wu)孝之用,虽尊(zun)卑不同,而孝为百行之源,则其致一(yi)也(ye)。
是以一章之中,凡有数(shu)句;一句之内,意有兼(jian)明。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:积句(ju)以(yi)成章(zhang)(zhang),章(zhang)(zhang)者(zhe)(zhe)明也(ye)(ye)。总义(yi)包体,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)明情者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。句(ju)必(bi)联(lian)字而言(yan)(yan),句(ju)者(zhe)(zhe)局(ju)也(ye)(ye)。联(lian)字分强,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)局(ju)言(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)夫子所(suo)(suo)修(xiu)之(zhi)经,志在(zai)殷勤(qin)垂(chui)训,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)一章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)中,凡有(you)数(shu)句(ju);一句(ju)之(zhi)内,意有(you)兼明者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。若移(yi)忠(zhong)移(yi)顺、博爱广(guang)敬(jing)之(zhi)类皆是。
具载则文繁,略之又义(yi)阙。
[疏]正义曰:言作注之体,意在约文敷畅,复恐太略,则(ze)大(da)义或(huo)阙。
今存於(wu)疏,用广发挥。
[疏]正义曰:此言必顺作疏之义也。发(fa),谓发(fa)越。挥,谓挥散。若其注文未备者,则具存於疏,用此义疏,以(yi)广大、发(fa)越、挥散夫子之经旨也。