【说明与解析】
什么是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)?《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》认(ren)(ren)为(wei)“天(tian)有(you)(you)日月星辰,地有(you)(you)山陵(ling)河海(hai),岁(sui)有(you)(you)万(wan)物成熟,……咸谓之乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)”。意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),凡自(zi)然界中(zhong)事物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)切差异(yi)与(yu)活谐,通(tong)通(tong)叫做乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。这(zhei)与(yu)前(qian)篇礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定义(yi)一(yi)(yi)样,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)世儒者(zhe)故弄玄虚,非司马(ma)迁书的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本意。司马(ma)迁所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)如今所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)大致是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它包括歌、舞(wu)和(he)有(you)(you)关的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器具(乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器和(he)舞(wu)具)三部分;还认(ren)(ren)为(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)客观事物被人(ren)感知以后(hou)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),这(zhei)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)确的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)也(ye)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)不同,首先,他(ta)把乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)音(yin)、声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)做了严格区(qu)分,认(ren)(ren)为(wei)心感于(yu)物而(er)动(dong),产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相感应,发生(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)规律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变化,叫做音(yin);人(ren)因音(yin)而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)欢(huan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),甚至翩(pian)翩(pian)而(er)舞(wu),都叫做乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)(suo)以他(ta)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè,去(qu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)月)者(zhe),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè,去(qu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)勒(le))也(ye)”。就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),只有(you)(you)使(shi)人(ren)欢(huan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)司马(ma)迁所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)。而(er)且,这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)欢(huan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然流露,而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受着一(yi)(yi)定意识形(xing)态的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制约,符合(he)这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)意识形(xing)态的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),虽(sui)无可乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè),否则(ze),纵能使(shi)内心喜(xi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)。因此又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)者(zhe),所(suo)(suo)以导乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè)也(ye)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指导人(ren)心欢(huan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)规范。在(zai)“魏(wei)文(wen)侯(hou)”章中(zhong),把令(ling)人(ren)昏(hun)昏(hun)欲(yu)睡、毫无乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)趣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)称(cheng)为(wei)德音(yin),认(ren)(ren)为(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),而(er)令(ling)人(ren)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)不知疲(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郑、卫、齐、宋等国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)只说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“溺(ni)音(yin)”,(即今所(suo)(suo)谓靡靡之音(yin)),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)个缘故。
司(si)马迁之前对(dui)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)认(ren)识(shi)并不是(shi)统一的(de)(de)。《吕(lv)乐(le)(le)(le)春秋(qiu)》就(jiu)(jiu)说(shuo),道生万物,万物凡(fan)有形体者满足和、适两个条(tiao)件就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)发声,有声就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)成乐(le)(le)(le),意识(shi)形态的(de)(de)条(tiao)件被完全排(pai)除了,把(ba)乐(le)(le)(le)分成大乐(le)(le)(le)、侈乐(le)(le)(le)、古乐(le)(le)(le)等名目,认(ren)为“亡国戮民非无乐(le)(le)(le)(yuè)也(ye),其乐(le)(le)(le)(yuè)不乐(le)(le)(le)(lè)”。这与乐(le)(le)(le)书说(shuo)的(de)(de)“乐(le)(le)(le)者,乐(le)(le)(le)也(ye)”的(de)(de)定义(yi)截然不同。
《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》分(fen)(fen)(fen)作四个部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),前(qian)七个自(zi)(zi)然段(duan)(duan)(划(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)自(zi)(zi)然段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)标准是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)书(shu)(shu)(shu)局标点(dian)本(ben)《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)凡另起行者为(wei)一(yi)段(duan)(duan),惟回答(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),一(yi)问一(yi)答(da)为(wei)一(yi)段(duan)(duan))是(shi)(shi)司马迁(qian)的(de)(de)总论;8-49段(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)详论,与(yu)(yu)《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)文字(zi)(zi)大体相(xiang)同;50-55段(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)褚先生(sheng)的(de)(de)评论误入正(zheng)文者;56段(duan)(duan)“太(tai)史公曰”以(yi)后的(de)(de)文字(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)结(jie)尾,为(wei)司马迁(qian)的(de)(de)评论。第(di)(di)二部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)全篇(pian)(pian)重点(dian)。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达(da)的(de)(de)序(xu)(xu)文说,古乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)周末时散(san)失了,汉武帝时,河间(jian)献王刘(liu)(liu)(liu)德(de)与(yu)(yu)诸(zhu)儒(ru)生(sheng)采(cai)集(ji)周官及(ji)诸(zhu)子书(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)关乐(le)(le)事者,撰(zhuan)成《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》24卷,到汉成帝时刘(liu)(liu)(liu)向(xiang)校书(shu)(shu)(shu)得23卷,且与(yu)(yu)流传者有(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)同。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》截(jie)取其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)11卷合为(wei)一(yi)篇(pian)(pian),名(ming)(ming)《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》,其余(yu)12卷渐次(ci)失传,只(zhi)有(you)卷名(ming)(ming)保留在(zai)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)向(xiang)《别(bie)录(lu)(lu)》之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄序(xu)(xu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)列(lie)篇(pian)(pian)目与(yu)(yu)《别(bie)录(lu)(lu)》相(xiang)同,显系录(lu)(lu)自(zi)(zi)《别(bie)录(lu)(lu)》,而《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)篇(pian)(pian)目次(ci)第(di)(di)又与(yu)(yu)郑序(xu)(xu)不(bu)同。按(an)《正(zheng)义》所(suo)(suo)(suo)说,《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》是(shi)(shi)公孙(sun)尼子所(suo)(suo)(suo)撰(zhuan),《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》缺(que)《乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》篇(pian)(pian),褚先生(sheng)取公孙(sun)尼子文而升降颠倒(dao)其篇(pian)(pian)次(ci)以(yi)补之(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)《乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》与(yu)(yu)今(jin)传十三经本(ben)《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》比较,除篇(pian)(pian)次(ci)不(bu)同外(wai),相(xiang)异处(chu)尚(shang)有(you)171字(zi)(zi),部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)语(yu)词、虚字(zi)(zi)有(you)繁简(jian),其余(yu)多半是(shi)(shi)古今(jin)字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)同,仅此即(ji)可知《乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)据本(ben)比《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》更为(wei)古远。再以(yi)《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)内容(rong)与(yu)(yu)郑序(xu)(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)篇(pian)(pian)目名(ming)(ming)对照(zhao),推想《别(bie)录(lu)(lu)》见到的(de)(de)《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》,即(ji)刘(liu)(liu)(liu)德(de)及(ji)诸(zhu)儒(ru)生(sheng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)撰(zhuan)的(de)(de)《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)情况,以(yi)与(yu)(yu)《乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》相(xiang)比较,二者的(de)(de)不(bu)同见下(xia)表:
由表(biao)可见(jian),《乐(le)书》与(yu)《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》的(de)不同:一(yi)(yi)是(shi)《乐(le)书》把《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》的(de)第(di)(di)(七)章提到(dao)(五)、(六)章之前,使(shi)与(yu)第(di)(di)(四)章并列;二(er)是(shi)把第(di)(di)(十(shi))章提到(dao)第(di)(di)(八)章之前,使(shi)与(yu)(五)、(六)章合(he)为(wei)一(yi)(yi)段,另使(shi)(八)、(九)、(十(shi)一(yi)(yi))章合(he)为(wei)一(yi)(yi)段;三是(shi)把第(di)(di)(六)章中的(de)第(di)(di)<5>段归入第(di)(di)(四)章;四是(shi)将第(di)(di)(四)章的(de)第(di)(di)<4>段作(zuo)为(wei)过渡语放(fang)在(七)、(五)两(liang)章之间(jian),从表(biao)中“内容”和(he)“备注”两(liang)栏不难(nan)(nan)看出(chu),这样处(chu)理比《别(bie)录(lu)》中的(de)《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》更为(wei)合(he)理,说(shuo)明《乐(le)书》的(de)作(zuo)者(zhe)比编订《礼记(ji)(ji)》的(de)河(he)间(jian)献(xian)王和(he)众(zhong)儒生们高(gao)明得多,更非后世(shi)那些奉儒经为(wei)圭臬的(de)学者(zhe)所(suo)能及。因此(ci),说(shuo)《史记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)书》是(shi)褚先生所(suo)补,难(nan)(nan)以令人(ren)置信(xin)。
说《乐书》的第(di)三(san)部分(fen)是(shi)褚先(xian)生(sheng)所补,是(shi)由(you)于褚先(xian)生(sheng)补书有(you)(you)(you)几个(ge)明鲜(xian)特征。首先(xian)是(shi)见识粗(cu)鄙,与司(si)马迁语(yu)绝(jue)不相类。如(ru)第(di)50自然段(duan)说天人相通、善恶有(you)(you)(you)报等,迂(yu)腐之(zhi)(zhi)极,51段(duan)说舜歌(ge)《南(nan)风》之(zhi)(zhi)诗而天下治(zhi),纣(zhou)为(wei)北(bei)鄙之(zhi)(zhi)音而亡国,是(shi)由(you)于南(nan)方主(zhu)夏,是(shi)“生(sheng)长之(zhi)(zhi)音”;北(bei)是(shi)败北(bei)的意(yi)思等,因文(wen)字(zi)而加敷会,无论《乐书》或《乐记》都(dou)无如(ru)此荒唐之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),第(di)52段(duan)又讲(jiang)了卫灵(ling)公于濮(pu)水之(zhi)(zhi)上得师延(yan)遗作的怪(guai)诞故(gu)事,虽有(you)(you)(you)所本,必非司(si)马迁所屑于言(yan)。其(qi)次是(shi)语(yu)言(yan)粗(cu)鄙,多有(you)(you)(you)词不达意(yi)者(zhe),而且他(ta)有(you)(you)(you)句口头(tou)禅,动辄(zhe)“岂不伟哉”,“何(he)其(qi)弘也”之(zhi)(zhi)类。所以,褚先(xian)生(sheng)的大作,一般是(shi)不难判断的。
【译文】
太史公说:“我(wo)每(mei)读(du)《尚(shang)书(shu)·虞书(shu)》,读(du)到(dao)君臣互(hu)相(xiang)告诫(jie)、劳(lao)勉(mian),天下(xia)由此得到(dao)一些安(an)(an)宁,而(er)股肱之(zhi)(zhi)臣不(bu)(bu)良,就(jiu)万事毁坏,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)功,常常被感动得涕泪交流。周成(cheng)王作《颂》,推(tui)原自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)所(suo)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)惩创(chuang),为(wei)(wei)家中所(suo)遭遇(yu)的(de)(de)(de)祸难(nan)而(er)悲痛(tong),怎可说不(bu)(bu)是(shi)战(zhan)战(zhan)惊惊,善(shan)守善(shan)终呢(ni)?在(zai)(zai)上位的(de)(de)(de)君子若不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)简约的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi),就(jiu)会修(xiu)治(zhi)(zhi)功德,自(zi)(zi)(zi)强不(bu)(bu)息,否则自(zi)(zi)(zi)满自(zi)(zi)(zi)足,就(jiu)会废弃礼仪(yi)。逸能(neng)不(bu)(bu)忘(wang)当初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)劳(lao)苦(ku),安(an)(an)能(neng)想到(dao)创(chuang)始时的(de)(de)(de)艰(jian)难(nan),处(chu)身(shen)于安(an)(an)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)中而(er)歌(ge)(ge)颂勤苦(ku),不(bu)(bu)是(shi)有(you)大道德的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)谁能(neng)够这样!《书(shu)传》说“治(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)功成(cheng),礼乐(le)(le)乃兴(xing)”。天下(xia)治(zhi)(zhi)民的(de)(de)(de)政策推(tui)行得愈是(shi)深入人(ren)(ren)(ren)心,愈接(jie)近于德化的(de)(de)(de)境界,人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)喜乐(le)(le)(lè,去声,勒)就(jiu)愈益(yi)不(bu)(bu)同。满而(er)不(bu)(bu)损(sun)就(jiu)会外(wai)溢,盈不(bu)(bu)扶持就(jiu)会倾倒(dao)。大凡作乐(le)(le)(yuè,月(yue))的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)了(le)节制欢乐(le)(le)。使君子以(yi)(yi)(yi)谦虚退让为(wei)(wei)礼,以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)损(sun)自(zi)(zi)(zi)减为(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(lè,去声,勒),乐(le)(le)(yuè,月(yue))的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)于此啊。由于地域(yu)不(bu)(bu)同,性情习俗也不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)同,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)博采风俗,与声律相(xiang)谐(xie)(xie)调(diao),以(yi)(yi)(yi)此补充治(zhi)(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)缺陷,移易风化,帮(bang)助政教的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)行。天子亲临明(ming)堂观(guan)乐(le)(le)(yuè,月(yue)),而(er)众百(bai)姓能(neng)受(shou)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)感化而(er)洗(xi)荡(dang)、涤(di)除人(ren)(ren)(ren)性中的(de)(de)(de)邪恶和(he)污秽,采取健康、饱满的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)性,以(yi)(yi)(yi)整饬其(qi)性情。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说习正(zheng)派、文雅的(de)(de)(de)诵歌(ge)(ge)则民风正(zheng),激(ji)烈呼号的(de)(de)(de)音声兴(xing)起则士(shi)心振奋,郑(zheng)、卫的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)曲使人(ren)(ren)(ren)心生邪念(nian)。等到(dao)乐(le)(le)(yuè,月(yue))与情性调(diao)谐(xie)(xie)和(he)合,鸟兽尽受(shou)感动,何况怀五常之(zhi)(zhi)性,含好恶(wù,误)之(zhi)(zhi)心的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)?受(shou)乐(le)(le)(yuè,月(yue))的(de)(de)(de)感染更是(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)势了(le)。
治国的(de)(de)方法(fa)有缺陷,而使(shi)郑国的(de)(de)音(yin)乐兴起,分封(feng)和世袭的(de)(de)君(jun)王,显(xian)名望于(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)邻州地,却争以郑音(yin)相(xiang)(xiang)高。自从孔子(zi)不能与齐国的(de)(de)女优人(ren)并(bing)容于(yu)鲁(lu)国,虽然(ran)他退出鲁(lu)国政界,整理雅正(zheng)的(de)(de)音(yin)乐以诱导世人(ren),作《五章》的(de)(de)歌曲以讥刺时事(shi),犹不能感化(hua)世人(ren)。日复(fu)一日,迟迟延续到战国时期,诸(zhu)侯封(feng)君(jun)仍流连沉(chen)湎,遂至往而不能复(fu)返,终至于(yu)身死(si)家亡,国土(tu)被秦兼并(bing)。
秦二(er)世(shi)更加(jia)喜好以(yi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)为娱乐(le)。丞相(xiang)李斯谏说(shuo)道:“放弃(qi)《诗》《书》所(suo)载(zai)道理,极力(li)肆意(yi)于音(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)和女色(se),是引起殷代(dai)贤臣祖伊忧惧的原因(yin);轻视细小过失(shi)的积(ji)累,恣意(yi)于长夜的欢(huan)(huan)乐(le),是殷纣王灭亡的原因(yin)。”赵高(gao)说(shuo):“五(wu)帝(di)、三(san)王的乐(le)曲(qu)各不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong),表明彼此不(bu)相(xiang)沿袭。而上自(zi)朝廷,下百(bai)姓(xing),得以(yi)同(tong)欢(huan)(huan)喜,共勤劳,非音(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)上下的和顺(shun)欢(huan)(huan)悦(yue)不(bu)能相(xiang)通(tong),结节的恩泽不(bu)能流(liu)布,各自(zi)同(tong)样是一世(shi)的教化,超度时俗的音(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)。难道一定要有产(chan)华山的耳骏马,然(ran)后(hou)才能远行(xing)吗?”秦二(er)世(shi)以(yi)为赵高(gao)说(shuo)得对(dui)。
汉(han)高祖讨平淮南(nan)王(wang)黥(qing)布的(de)叛乱(luan),回兵路过(guo)沛郡时,作了《三侯之章》的(de)诗歌(ge),命儿童歌(ge)唱。高祖死(si)后,命沛郡得以四时祭祀(si)宗庙时,以此诗为歌(ge)舞(wu)乐曲(qu)。历孝(xiao)惠(hui)、孝(xiao)文(wen)、孝(xiao)景帝(di)无所变更,乐府中(zhong)不(bu)过(guo)是(shi)演习旧有乐曲(qu)罢了。
今皇帝即位后,作《郊祀(si)歌十九章(zhang)》,命侍中李延年次第配曲,因封(feng)拜李为协律(lv)都尉(wei)官(guan)。当时通(tong)一经(jing)的儒士(shi)们不能单独(du)解释歌辞(ci)含意(yi),必(bi)会集五经(jing)各(ge)名家,共(gong)同讲习(xi)、研(yan)读,才能贯通(tong)、明瞭辞(ci)的内(nei)容,歌辞(ci)中许多(duo)是出(chu)自(zi)《尔雅》的文字。
汉代朝廷常常在(zai)正月的第一(yi)个(ge)辛日祭祀太一(yi)神于甘泉(quan)宫,从黄昏开始夜祀,到黎明(ming)(ming)时结束。时常有(you)(you)流星划过祠坛(tan)上的夜空。使男女儿童共七十人一(yi)起歌(ge)(ge)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)。春季唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《青阳(yang)》歌(ge)(ge),夏(xia)季唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《朱明(ming)(ming)》歌(ge)(ge),秋(qiu)天(tian)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《西(xi)暤》歌(ge)(ge),冬天(tian)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《玄(xuan)冥》歌(ge)(ge)。歌(ge)(ge)辞(ci)世(shi)间多有(you)(you)流传(chuan),所以不再记述。
又曾在渥洼水中得神(shen)马(ma)(ma),复(fu)配(pei)曲(qu)(qu)为《太一(yi)(yi)之(zhi)歌》。歌曲(qu)(qu)说:“太一(yi)(yi)神(shen)的赐(ci)与哟有(you)天马(ma)(ma)降下(xia),汗流如(ru)血哟口吐赭(zhe)色涎沫,从容驰骋哟已过万(wan)里,谁能(neng)匹敌哟惟有(you)与龙为友”。此(ci)后兵伐大宛得到千里马(ma)(ma),名(ming)为蒲梢,次序其(qi)韵作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)成歌曲(qu)(qu);歌词是(shi):“天马(ma)(ma)来哟远自西极,经万(wan)里哟归于有(you)德,承神(shen)灵之(zhi)威(wei)哟收降外国(guo),涉(she)过流沙哟四夷臣服。”中尉汲黯(an)进谏(jian)说:“凡(fan)王(wang)者作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐,上以(yi)继承祖宗(zong)功业,下(xia)以(yi)感化亿万(wan)百姓。如(ru)今陛下(xia)得到一(yi)(yi)匹马(ma)(ma),又是(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)诗又是(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)歌,还要作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为祭祖的郊祀歌,先帝(di)和百姓怎能(neng)知道这乐歌的含意呢?”今皇(huang)帝(di)听(ting)了默默无言,心中不(bu)悦。丞相公(gong)孙弘说:“汲黯(an)诽谤圣朝制(zhi)度,罪(zui)当(dang)灭族”。
大凡音(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起始,是(shi)由(you)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)动(dong)(dong)(dong),是(shi)物(wu)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。心(xin)(xin)有(you)感于物(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)变(bian)(bian)动(dong)(dong)(dong),由(you)声(sheng)表现(xian)出来(lai);声(sheng)与声(sheng)相应和(he),才发(fa)生变(bian)(bian)化(hua);按照(zhao)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法、规律变(bian)(bian)化(hua),就叫(jiao)(jiao)做音(yin);随着音(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)节奏用乐器演奏之,再加(jia)上干戚羽旄以舞之,就叫(jiao)(jiao)做乐(yuè,月)了。所以说(shuo)乐是(shi)由(you)音(yin)产生的(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)根本是(shi)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)有(you)感于物(wu)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci),被(bei)物(wu)所感而(er)(er)(er)(er)生哀痛心(xin)(xin)情(qing)时(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)急(ji)促而(er)(er)(er)(er)且由(you)高而(er)(er)(er)(er)低,由(you)强(qiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)弱(ruo);心(xin)(xin)生欢(huan)乐时(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)舒慢(man)而(er)(er)(er)(er)宽缓(huan);心(xin)(xin)生喜悦时(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)发(fa)扬而(er)(er)(er)(er)且轻散;心(xin)(xin)生愤(fen)怒时(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)粗猛严(yan)厉;心(xin)(xin)生敬(jing)意(yi)时(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)正直清亮;心(xin)(xin)生爱意(yi)时(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)柔和(he)动(dong)(dong)(dong)听。以上六种(zhong)情(qing)况(kuang),不关(guan)性情(qing),任谁都(dou)会如(ru)此(ci),是(shi)感于物(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)发(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)化(hua),所以先王对(dui)外物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影响格(ge)外慎重。因此(ci)说(shuo)礼(li)用以诱导人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志,乐用以调和(he)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)音(yin),政用来(lai)统(tong)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行动(dong)(dong)(dong),刑(xing)用来(lai)防(fang)止奸乱。礼(li)乐刑(xing)政,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)终极(ji)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),都(dou)是(shi)为了齐同(tong)(tong)民心(xin)(xin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)使(shi)出现(xian)天下大治的(de)(de)(de)(de)世道啊。
凡是音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),都(dou)是在人(ren)心中(zhong)生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。感情在心里冲(chong)动,表现为(wei)声(sheng),片片段段的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)组合(he)变化为(wei)有(you)一定结构的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)体(ti)称为(wei)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。所(suo)以世道太平时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)充满安适与(yu)(yu)欢乐,其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)必平和(he)(he);乱(luan)世时(shi)候的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)里充满了怨恨与(yu)(yu)愤(fen)怒,其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)必是倒行(xing)逆施的(de)(de)(de)(de);灭亡(wang)及濒(bin)于灭亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)家其(qi)(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)充满哀和(he)(he)愁(chou)思,百(bai)姓困苦无望。声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道理,是与(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)相通的(de)(de)(de)(de)。五(wu)声(sheng)中(zhong)宫为(wei)君(jun)(jun),商为(wei)臣,角为(wei)民,徵(zhi)(zhī,只)为(wei)事,羽为(wei)物。君(jun)(jun)、臣、民、事、物五(wu)者不乱(luan),就(jiu)不会(hui)有(you)敝败不和(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)。宫声(sheng)乱(luan)则五(wu)声(sheng)废(fei)弃(qi),其(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)必骄(jiao)纵废(fei)政(zheng)(zheng);商声(sheng)乱(luan)则五(wu)声(sheng)跳(tiao)掷(zhi)不谐(xie)调,其(qi)(qi)臣官事不理;角声(sheng)乱(luan)五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)谱成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐曲基(ji)调忧愁(chou),百(bai)姓必多(duo)怨愤(fen);徵(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乱(luan)则曲多(duo)哀伤(shang),其(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)事;羽声(sheng)乱(luan)曲调倾危难唱(chang),其(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)财用匮(kui)乏。五(wu)声(sheng)全部(bu)不准确,就(jiu)是迭相侵陵,称为(wei)慢。这样国(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)灭亡(wang)也就(jiu)没有(you)多(duo)少日子了。郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)、卫国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng),是乱(luan)世之音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),可(ke)与(yu)(yu)慢音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)相比拟;桑(sang)间濮上的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng),是亡(wang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)之音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),其(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)放(fang)散(san),百(bai)姓流荡(dang),臣子诬(wu)其(qi)(qi)君(jun)(jun),在下位者不尊长上,公(gong)法废(fei)弃(qi),私情流行(xing)而不可(ke)纠正(zheng)。
凡音,是(shi)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)心中(zhong)产(chan)生的(de)(de);乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),是(shi)与(yu)伦理(li)相通的(de)(de)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)单(dan)(dan)知声而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知音的(de)(de),是(shi)禽兽;知音而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de),是(shi)普通百(bai)姓。唯有(you)君子才懂得乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)详(xiang)细审(shen)察(cha)声以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)解(jie)音,审(shen)察(cha)音以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)解(jie)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),审(shen)察(cha)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)解(jie)政治(zhi)情况,治(zhi)理(li)天下的(de)(de)方法也就完备(bei)了(le)(le)。因此不(bu)(bu)(bu)懂得声的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)他谈论(lun)音,不(bu)(bu)(bu)懂得音的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)他谈论(lun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),懂得乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)就近(jin)于(yu)明礼了(le)(le)。礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)精(jing)义都能得之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)心,称为(wei)有(you)德,德就是(shi)得的(de)(de)意(yi)思。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)隆盛,不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)极尽音声的(de)(de)规模;宴享礼的(de)(de)隆盛,不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)肴馔的(de)(de)丰盛。周(zhou)庙太乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)用的(de)(de)瑟(se),外(wai)(wai)(wai)表是(shi)朱(zhu)红色弦,下有(you)二个通气孔,毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)眼(yan);演奏时一人(ren)唱三人(ren)和,形式单(dan)(dan)调简单(dan)(dan),然(ran)而(er)(er)于(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)声之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)寓意(yi)无(wu)穷。大(da)飨的(de)(de)礼仪中(zhong)崇尚(shang)玄(xuan)酒,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生鱼(yu)为(wei)俎(zu)实,大(da)羹用味道(dao)单(dan)(dan)一的(de)(de)咸肉汤,不(bu)(bu)(bu)具五味,然(ran)而(er)(er),在(zai)(zai)实际(ji)的(de)(de)滋味之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)另有(you)滋味。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)先王制定(ding)礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)为(wei)了(le)(le)满足(zu)(zu)口腹(fu)耳目的(de)(de)嗜欲(yu),而(er)(er)是(shi)要以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此教训百(bai)姓,使(shi)有(you)正(zheng)确(que)的(de)(de)好恶之(zhi)(zhi)心,从而(er)(er)归于(yu)人(ren)道(dao)的(de)(de)正(zheng)路上来。
人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)来好静,是(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)天(tian)性;感(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)物以后(hou)(hou)发(fa)生(sheng)情感(gan)的(de)变动,是(shi)天(tian)姓(xing)的(de)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)表现(xian)。外(wai)(wai)物来到身边后(hou)(hou)被(bei)心智感(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)(hou)形(xing)成好恶(wù,务)之情。好恶之情不(bu)节(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)内,外(wai)(wai)物感(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)产生(sheng)的(de)诱惑作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)于(yu)外(wai)(wai),天(tian)理就(jiu)要(yao)泯灭了(le)(le)。外(wai)(wai)物给人(ren)(ren)的(de)感(gan)受无穷无尽,而(er)人(ren)(ren)的(de)好恶之情没有节(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)被(bei)身边的(de)事物同(tong)化(hua)了(le)(le)。人(ren)(ren)被(bei)外(wai)(wai)物同(tong)化(hua),就(jiu)会灭绝天(tian)理而(er)穷尽人(ren)(ren)欲。于(yu)是(shi)才有狂(kuang)悖(bei)、逆乱(luan)、欺(qi)(qi)诈、作(zuo)(zuo)假的(de)念头(tou),有荒淫、佚乐(le)(le)、犯上(shang)作(zuo)(zuo)乱(luan)的(de)事。因(yin)此(ci),强(qiang)大者(zhe)胁迫弱小,众多者(zhe)施强(qiang)暴(bao)于(yu)寡(gua)(gua)少,聪慧(hui)多智的(de)欺(qi)(qi)诈愚昧无知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),勇(yong)悍的(de)使(shi)怯懦者(zhe)困苦,疾病者(zhe)不(bu)得养,老人(ren)(ren)、幼童、孤儿、寡(gua)(gua)母不(bu)得安乐(le)(le),这些是(shi)导致天(tian)下大乱(luan)的(de)因(yin)素。所以,先王制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)(le),人(ren)(ren)为的(de)加以节(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):以衰麻(ma)哭泣的(de)礼(li)(li)(li)仪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,节(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang)葬;钟鼓干戚等乐(le)(le)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),调(diao)和安乐(le)(le);婚姻冠笄的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,区别男(nan)女大防;乡射(she)、大射(she)、乡饮酒及其(qi)他宴客享食的(de)礼(li)(li)(li)节(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,端正(zheng)人(ren)(ren)际间的(de)交往(wang)关系。用(yong)礼(li)(li)(li)节(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民心,用(yong)乐(le)(le)调(diao)和民气,以政(zheng)治(zhi)推行之,刑罚防范之。礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)刑政(zheng)四者(zhe)都能发(fa)达而(er)不(bu)相孛乱(luan),帝王之术(shu)也(ye)就(jiu)完(wan)备了(le)(le)。
乐(le)的(de)特(te)性是求同,礼的(de)特(te)征是求异。同使人(ren)(ren)们(men)互(hu)相亲(qin)爱,异则(ze)使人(ren)(ren)互(hu)相尊敬。乐(le)事太过不(bu)(bu)加节制,会(hui)使人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)间的(de)尊卑界(jie)限混淆、流移不(bu)(bu)定(ding);礼事太过不(bu)(bu)加节制,则(ze)使人(ren)(ren)们(men)之(zhi)间离(li)心离(li)德。和合人(ren)(ren)情,使相亲(qin)爱,整饬行为、外貌,使尊卑有序(xu),便是礼乐(le)的(de)功(gong)用了(le)。礼的(de)精义(yi)得(de)(de)以(yi)实现,就(jiu)贵贱有等(deng);乐(le)事得(de)(de)以(yi)统(tong)一,则(ze)上下(xia)和合,无有争斗;人(ren)(ren)们(men)好恶分明(ming),贤与不(bu)(bu)贤自然(ran)区分开来;用刑罚(fa)禁(jin)止强暴,以(yi)爵赏(shang)推举贤能(neng),就(jiu)会(hui)政事均平。以(yi)仁心爱人(ren)(ren),以(yi)义(yi)心纠正他们(men)的(de)过失(shi),这样就(jiu)会(hui)天下(xia)大(da)治了(le)。
乐是(shi)自(zi)人(ren)心(xin)中产生的(de),礼(li)(li)则是(shi)自(zi)外(wai)加于人(ren)的(de)。正因为乐自(zi)心(xin)出(chu),所(suo)以(yi)它有(you)静的(de)特征;礼(li)(li)自(zi)外(wai)加于人(ren)身,其特征则是(shi)注(zhu)重形式、外(wai)表。因而大乐的(de)曲调、器具必甚简(jian)易(yi),大礼(li)(li)必甚俭朴。乐事做(zuo)得好了人(ren)心(xin)无怨(yuan)(yuan),礼(li)(li)事做(zuo)得好了则人(ren)无所(suo)争。所(suo)谓揖让而治天(tian)(tian)下(xia),就是(shi)指的(de)以(yi)礼(li)(li)乐治天(tian)(tian)下(xia)。强暴(bao)之民不起(qi)而作乱,诸候对天(tian)(tian)子(zi)恭敬臣服,甲兵(bing)不起(qi),刑罚不用,百姓(xing)无有(you)忧患,天(tian)(tian)子(zi)没有(you)怨(yuan)(yuan)怒,这样就是(shi)乐事发达了。调合父子(zi)之间(jian)(jian)的(de)亲情,申(shen)明长幼之间(jian)(jian)的(de)次序,使四海(hai)之内互相敬爱。天(tian)(tian)子(zi)做(zuo)到这些,算是(shi)礼(li)(li)事发达了。
大乐(le)(le)与(yu)天(tian)地同(tong)(tong)样(yang)地和合(he)(he)万物(wu),大礼与(yu)天(tian)地同(tong)(tong)样(yang)地节(jie)制万物(wu)。和合(he)(he)才使诸物(wu)生长不失;节(jie)制,才有(you)了(le)祭祀天(tian)地的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)仪式(shi)(shi)。人(ren)间有(you)礼乐(le)(le),阴司有(you)鬼(gui)(gui)神,以此(ci)二者教民,就能(neng)做到(dao)普天(tian)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)互相敬(jing)爱(ai)(ai)了(le)。礼,是(shi)要在各种(zhong)场合(he)(he)下(xia)(xia)都作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)互相尊敬(jing);乐(le)(le),则是(shi)不论(lun)采(cai)用何种(zhong)形式(shi)(shi)都体现同(tong)(tong)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)爱(ai)(ai)心。礼乐(le)(le)这(zhei)种(zhong)合(he)(he)敬(jing)合(he)(he)爱(ai)(ai)之(zhi)情永远(yuan)相同(tong)(tong),是(shi)以古代(dai)(dai)贤明帝王(wang)-代(dai)(dai)代(dai)(dai)因(yin)袭(xi)下(xia)(xia)来。使得礼乐(le)(le)之(zhi)事与(yu)时(shi)代(dai)(dai)相附,盛名与(yu)功德相附。所以钟鼓管磬羽(yu)籥干戚,只(zhi)是(shi)乐(le)(le)所用器具;屈伸俯(fu)仰聚散舒疾(ji),是(shi)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形式(shi)(shi)。而簠(fǔ,府)簋(guǐ,鬼(gui)(gui))俎豆(dou)制度文(wen)章,是(shi)礼所用器具;升(sheng)降(jiang)上下(xia)(xia)周旋袒免,是(shi)礼的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形式(shi)(shi)。知礼乐(le)(le)之(zhi)情的(de)(de)(de)才能(neng)制礼作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)(le),识得礼乐(le)(le)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)能(neng)记述修习(xi)先(xian)王(wang)所作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不能(neng)自制。能(neng)自制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)称为圣(sheng),记述修习(xi)先(xian)王(wang)制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)称为明。谓明谓圣(sheng),就是(shi)能(neng)述能(neng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)意思。
乐(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)模仿(fang)天(tian)地的(de)(de)和谐产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de);礼(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)模仿(fang)天(tian)地的(de)(de)有(you)序(xu)性(xing)产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)。和谐,才(cai)能使百物都(dou)化育(yu)生(sheng)长;有(you)序(xu),才(cai)使群物都(dou)有(you)区别。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)照天(tian)作(zuo)成,礼(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)仿(fang)照地所制(zhi)(zhi)。所制(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)分(fen)(fen)了就会由于(yu)贵贱不分(fen)(fen)而生(sheng)祸乱,所作(zuo)过(guo)分(fen)(fen)则会因上下不和而生(sheng)强暴。明白了天(tian)地的(de)(de)这些性(xing)质(zhi),然后才(cai)能制(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)。言与实和合(he)不悖,是(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)主旨;欣(xin)喜(xi)欢爱,是(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)事迹。而中(zhong)正无邪曲,是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)的(de)(de)实质(zhi),庄严(yan)敬(jing)顺从则是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)的(de)(de)形制(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)于(yu)礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)加(jia)于(yu)金石,度(du)为乐(le)(le)(le)(le)曲,用于(yu)祭祀宗(zong)庙社稷和山川鬼神的(de)(de)形式,天(tian)子与众民都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)样的(de)(de)。
为帝(di)王者(zhe)武(wu)功成就(jiu)了(le)则制(zhi)作乐(le)(yuè,月),文(wen)治成就(jiu)了(le)就(jiu)制(zhi)定礼。武(wu)功大(da)的(de)所(suo)制(zhi)乐(le)更加完备(bei)(bei)(bei),文(wen)治广的(de)所(suo)作礼制(zhi)也(ye)更为具体。像舞动(dong)干戚(qi)那样的(de)武(wu)乐(le),只歌颂武(wu)功,就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)完备(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)乐(le);礼重(zhong)(zhong)文(wen),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)祭重(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)(zhong)味,用烹熟的(de)食物祭祀(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)盛(sheng)大(da)的(de)礼。五帝(di)在位不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)时,所(suo)作乐(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)沿袭;三王不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)世,也(ye)各自有礼,互(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。乐(le)太(tai)过则废事,后(hou)必有忧患,礼太(tai)简则不(bu)(bu)(bu)易周全,往往有偏漏。至于乐(le)敦(dun)厚(hou)而(er)(er)无有忧患,礼完备(bei)(bei)(bei)又(you)没(mei)有偏漏的(de),岂不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)唯有大(da)圣人才能(neng)如此吗?天(tian)空高远,地(di)面低(di)下,万物分散又(you)各不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong),仿(fang)照这(zhei)些实行了(le)礼制(zhi);万物流动(dong),变化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)息(xi),相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)者(zhe)合,不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)者(zhe)化(hua)(hua)(hua),仿(fang)照这(zhei)些兴起(qi)了(le)乐(le)。春天(tian)生,夏天(tian)长(zhang),化(hua)(hua)(hua)育万物,这(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)仁(ren);秋天(tian)收敛,冬(dong)天(tian)贮藏(zang),敛藏(zang)决断,这(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)义(yi)。乐(le)能(neng)陶化(hua)(hua)(hua)万物,与(yu)仁(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)近,礼主决断,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)义(yi)与(yu)礼相(xiang)(xiang)近。乐(le)使(shi)人际关系敦(dun)厚(hou)和睦,尊神而(er)(er)服(fu)从于天(tian);礼能(neng)分别宜(yi)贵宜(yi)贱(jian),敬鬼而(er)(er)服(fu)从于地(di)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)圣人作乐(le)以(yi)(yi)与(yu)天(tian)相(xiang)(xiang)应,制(zhi)礼与(yu)地(di)相(xiang)(xiang)应。礼乐(le)详明而(er)(er)完备(bei)(bei)(bei),天(tian)地(di)也(ye)就(jiu)各得其职了(le)。
天(tian)尊贵(gui)、地(di)卑贱,君臣像天(tian)地(di),其地(di)位高下就(jiu)确定了(le)。山泽(ze)(ze)高卑不同,布列在(zai)那里,公卿像山泽(ze)(ze),其地(di)位就(jiu)有了(le)贵(gui)贱之分。或动(dong)或静,各有常行,大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)静,小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)动(dong),万物的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)区别了(le)。法(fa)术性行等(deng)无形(xing)体者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)类相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)聚,世间(jian)万物有形(xing)体者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)群相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)分,群类有不同,其性命长短也(ye)不相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同。万物在(zai)天(tian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)显光(guang)亮,在(zai)地(di)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)成形(xing)体,如此(ci)(ci)说,礼就(jiu)是(shi)天(tian)地(di)间(jian)万物的(de)(de)界限和区别。地(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)升,天(tian)上(shang)的(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)下降,地(di)气(qi)(qi)(qi)为阴,天(tian)气(qi)(qi)(qi)为阳(yang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)阴阳(yang)之气(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)促(cu)迫,天(tian)地(di)之气(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)激荡,以(yi)(yi)(yi)雷霆相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼓动(dong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)风雨相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)润泽(ze)(ze),于(yu)是(shi)万物奋迅而出,并随(sui)四时而变动(dong),再(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)日月(yue)的(de)(de)光(guang)泽(ze)(ze)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)温暖,就(jiu)变化生(sheng)长起(qi)来了(le)。如此(ci)(ci)说,乐就(jiu)是(shi)天(tian)地(di)万物间(jian)的(de)(de)和合(he)和谐调(diao)。
化育不时万(wan)物(wu)就不能(neng)产生,男女没有(you)分别(bie)就会产生祸(huo)乱,这是天(tian)(tian)地的(de)情趣或(huo)意志(zhi)。并(bing)且礼乐(le)(le)充斥于(yu)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)间(jian),连阴(yin)阳鬼神也(ye)与(yu)礼乐(le)(le)之(zhi)事(shi)相关,高远至于(yu)日月星三辰(chen),深厚如山川,礼乐(le)(le)都能(neng)穷(qiong)尽其情。乐(le)(le)产生于(yu)万(wan)物(wu)始(shi)生的(de)太始(shi)时期(qi),而(er)礼则产生于(yu)万(wan)物(wu)形成以后(hou)。生而(er)不停息者(zhe)是天(tian)(tian),生而(er)不动(dong)者(zhe)是地。有(you)动(dong)有(you)静,是天(tian)(tian)地间(jian)的(de)万(wan)物(wu)。礼乐(le)(le)像天(tian)(tian)地,所以圣人(ren)才有(you)以上关于(yu)礼乐(le)(le)的(de)种种论(lun)述。
舜(shun)曾(ceng)经作(zuo)五(wu)弦(xian)琴,用来歌唱《南风》的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)章;自夔开始(shi)作(zuo)乐(le)以(yi)(yi)赏赐诸(zhu)(zhu)侯。所以(yi)(yi)天子(zi)作(zuo)乐(le),是为(wei)(wei)了赏赐那些有(you)德(de)(de)(de)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)。德(de)(de)(de)行(xing)隆盛而又教(jiao)化尊显(xian),五(wu)谷(gu)丰登,不失季节,然后赏给乐(le)舞(wu)。因此(ci)治(zhi)化使民劳苦(ku)者(zhe),赏给的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)队(dui)人数少,行(xing)(háng,杭)短(duan),相(xiang)互连缀(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)离远;治(zhi)化使民安佚的(de)(de)(de),赏给的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)队(dui)人数多,行(xing)长而缀(zhui)距(ju)短(duan),所以(yi)(yi)只(zhi)要看(kan)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)舞(wu)就能(neng)知道(dao)他(ta)德(de)(de)(de)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小,听他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)谥号就能(neng)知道(dao)他(ta)行(xing)为(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)善恶(e)。乐(le)名《大(da)(da)章》,是表章尧德(de)(de)(de)盛明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)意思;乐(le)名《咸池》,是说黄帝施德(de)(de)(de)咸备,无(wu)有(you)不及(ji);乐(le)名为(wei)(wei)《韶》,表示舜(shun)能(neng)绍继尧的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)德(de)(de)(de);夏就是大(da)(da),所以(yi)(yi)《夏》乐(le)表示禹能(neng)光(guang)大(da)(da)尧舜(shun)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)德(de)(de)(de);殷乐(le)《大(da)(da)濩(huo)》、周乐(le)《大(da)(da)武》,也都是各(ge)自尽述其人事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)。
天地的(de)(de)(de)(de)规(gui)律是,寒(han)暑不(bu)按时而至(zhi)就(jiu)产生(sheng)疾病(bing),风雨(yu)无节(jie)制(zhi)就(jiu)产生(sheng)饥荒。政治、教化(hua),犹(you)如百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)寒(han)暑,教化(hua)不(bu)合(he)时宜就(jiu)会(hui)伤害世道(dao)。劳役(yi)工事,犹(you)如老百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)风雨(yu),不(bu)加(jia)节(jie)制(zhi)就(jiu)劳而无功。这样先(xian)王(wang)(wang)作乐,用(yong)来作为治化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征。好的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐舞,其行(háng,杭)长短就(jiu)象(xiang)征着治化(hua)之(zhi)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。养猪造酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),不(bu)是为了(le)惹事生(sheng)非,但有了(le)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)肉(rou)以后,由于(yu)酗酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)斗殴,刑狱(yu)诉讼的(de)(de)(de)(de)事更加(jia)繁多了(le),所以先(xian)王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)定了(le)饮酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)节(jie)制(zhi)度,有献有酬,一献之(zhi)间,宾主(zhu)互拜不(bu)计其数(shu),以致终日饮酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也不(bu)会(hui)醉倒,以此对付酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)食造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)祸(huo)端。有了(le)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)礼(li)(li)才可以说:酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)食,是用(yong)来合(he)众而欢乐的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
乐(le)是用来象征(zheng)德行(xing)的(de)(de),礼(li)是用来防止行(xing)为过(guo)分的(de)(de)。所以先王有死丧大(da)事,必(bi)有相应(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)礼(li)以表示(shi)哀痛之情;有祭祀等祈福喜庆(qing)大(da)事,必(bi)有相应(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)礼(li)以遂顺其欢乐(le)的(de)(de)心情。哀痛、欢乐(le)的(de)(de)程度,都视礼(li)的(de)(de)规定为准(zhun)。
乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)质是(shi)施予;礼(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)质是(shi)报(bao)(bao)答(da)。乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)为自(zi)己心中所生的(de)(de)(de)情感而表示欢(huan)乐(le);而礼(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)要(yao)追反其始祖的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)绩加(jia)以祭祀(si)。乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)张扬功(gong)德,礼(li)(li)(li)却是(shi)要(yao)反映自(zi)身得民心的(de)(de)(de)情况,并追思其原因。礼(li)(li)(li)主报(bao)(bao),试看诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)那种称为大路的(de)(de)(de)金玉车(che)子,原是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子之车(che);图绘交龙、饰(shi)有(you)九旒(liu)的(de)(de)(de)旗(qi)子,原是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子之旗(qi);青黑(hei)须(xu)髯,用于占卜的(de)(de)(de)宝龟(gui),原是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子之龟(gui);还附(fu)带有(you)成群的(de)(de)(de)牛羊,所有(you)这些都是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子回报(bao)(bao)来朝诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)品。
乐歌颂的(de)是人情(qing)中(zhong)永恒不变的(de)主题;礼(li)表(biao)(biao)现(xian)的(de)则(ze)是世事(shi)中(zhong)不可移易的(de)道理。乐在于表(biao)(biao)现(xian)人情(qing)中(zhong)的(de)共性部分(fen),礼(li)则(ze)是要(yao)区(qu)别人们(men)之间的(de)不同,礼(li)乐相合就贯穿人情(qing)的(de)终始了。深得本源,又能(neng)随时(shi)而(er)变,是乐的(de)内(nei)容(rong)特征;彰(zhang)明诚实(shi),去除诈伪(wei),是礼(li)的(de)精义(yi)所在。礼(li)乐相合就能(neng)顺从天地的(de)诚实(shi)之情(qing),通达神明变化的(de)美德(de),以感召上下神祗,成就一(yi)切事(shi)物,统(tong)领父子君臣的(de)大节(jie)。
所(suo)以,在(zai)上位(wei)的(de)贤君明臣若能按礼乐(le)(le)行事,天(tian)地将(jiang)为此(ci)而变得(de)光明。至(zhi)于使(shi)天(tian)地之气欣(xin)然(ran)和合,阴阳(yang)相从不孛(bei),熏陶(tao)母育(yu)万物,然(ran)后使(shi)草木茂盛,种子萌发,飞鸟奋飞,走兽(shou)生长(zhang),蜇(zhe)虫复苏,披羽的(de)孵化,带毛(mao)的(de)生育(yu),胎生者(zhe)不死胎,卵(luan)生者(zhe)不破(po)卵(luan)。乐(le)(le)的(de)全(quan)部功能就在(zai)于此(ci)了。
乐(le)(le),不是(shi)指的(de)(de)黄钟大(da)吕和(he)弦歌舞(wu)蹈,这只是(shi)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)末节,所以(yi)只命(ming)童子奏舞(wu)也就(jiu)够了;布置筵席,陈列樽俎笾豆(dou),进退(tui)拜揖,这些所谓的(de)(de)礼(li),也只是(shi)礼(li)的(de)(de)末节,命(ming)典礼(li)的(de)(de)职役掌管也就(jiu)够了。乐(le)(le)师熟(shu)(shu)习声诗,只让他在下(xia)首演奏;宗(zong)祝熟(shu)(shu)习宗(zong)庙祭(ji)礼(li),地位(wei)(wei)却在尸(shi)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)面;商祝熟(shu)(shu)习丧礼(li),地位(wei)(wei)也在主人后(hou)(hou)面。所以(yi)说是(shi)道(dao)德成就(jiu)的(de)(de)居(ju)上位(wei)(wei),技艺成就(jiu)的(de)(de)居(ju)下(xia)位(wei)(wei);功行(xing)成就(jiu)的(de)(de)在前,职任(ren)琐事的(de)(de)在后(hou)(hou)。因(yin)此(ci)先王使(shi)有上下(xia)先后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)分别,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)才制礼(li)作乐(le)(le),颁(ban)行(xing)于天下(xia)。
乐(le)是圣人娱乐(le)的一种方式,而它(ta)可以使民心向善(shan)。乐(le)对人感化很深,可以移风易(yi)俗,所以先(xian)王明令乐(le)为教育(yu)的内容之一。
凡人都有血气(qi)心(xin)智等天(tian)性(xing),却(que)没有不变(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)喜怒哀乐(le)(le)等常(chang)情,人心(xin)受外(wai)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)感应(ying)而(er)产(chan)(chan)生波动,然后其(qi)心(xin)术(shu)邪(xie)正才显(xian)现出来(lai)。所(suo)以(yi)人君(jun)心(xin)志细小(xiao)而(er)笃好繁文缛(ru)节的(de)(de)(de)(de),促迫而(er)气(qi)韵微(wei)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)(chan)生,其(qi)民多悲思忧(you)愁(chou);人君(jun)疏缓大度、不拘细行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de),简易而(er)有节制的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)(chan)生,治下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)百姓(xing)也(ye)必享(xiang)安(an)乐(le)(le);人君(jun)粗(cu)疏刚猛的(de)(de)(de)(de),亢(kang)奋急疾而(er)博大的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)(chan)生,其(qi)民气(qi)刚毅;人君(jun)廉(lian)正不阿的(de)(de)(de)(de),庄重(zhong)诚(cheng)挚(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)(chan)生,其(qi)民气(qi)整肃(su),相(xiang)互礼敬;人君(jun)宽裕厚(hou)重(zhong),谐(xie)和顺畅的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)(chan)生,其(qi)治下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)百姓(xing)多慈爱(ai)亲睦;人君(jun)放(fang)纵(zong)淫(yin)邪(xie)不正派的(de)(de)(de)(de),乐(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)必猥(wei)滥琐屑,不能永久,其(qi)国百姓(xing)也(ye)多淫(yin)乱。
因(yin)此先(xian)王以(yi)(yi)人(ren)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)情为本(ben),制(zhi)成(cheng)乐(le)。并以(yi)(yi)日月行度相考察,礼(li)义(yi)制(zhi)度相节制(zhi),使(shi)(shi)与调和的(de)(de)阴阳(yang)(yang)二气(qi)相符合,引导(dao)诱发人(ren)们(men)合于(yu)礼(li)义(yi)仁(ren)智信五常的(de)(de)行为,使(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)刚的(de)(de)人(ren)阳(yang)(yang)刚之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)不(bu)散,性(xing)(xing)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)的(de)(de)人(ren)阴柔(rou)(rou)(rou)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)不(bu)密,刚而不(bu)暴怒,柔(rou)(rou)(rou)而不(bu)胆小畏惧(ju),阴阳(yang)(yang)刚柔(rou)(rou)(rou)四者交融于(yu)心中(zhong)表现于(yu)行动之(zhi)(zhi)外,各自(zi)相安不(bu)相陵(ling)夺。然后把制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)这种乐(le)立于(yu)学(xue)官等机构,使(shi)(shi)相教授(shou),并且扩大它(ta)的(de)(de)节奏,简省它(ta)的(de)(de)文(wen)采,以(yi)(yi)此检验人(ren)君德行的(de)(de)厚薄。以(yi)(yi)小大不(bu)同分类,制(zhi)为乐(le)器,与音(yin)律高(gao)低(di)相称,与五音(yin)终(zhong)始的(de)(de)次序相合,作(zuo)为行事善恶的(de)(de)象征,使(shi)(shi)亲疏贵贱、长(zhang)幼男女的(de)(de)关系都反映在乐(le)声(sheng)音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。所以(yi)(yi)古(gu)语说“乐(le)的(de)(de)道理太(tai)深奥了”。
土壤(rang)瘠(ji)薄(bo)草木就(jiu)不(bu)能生长,水域烦扰鱼鳖(bie)就(jiu)难(nan)以长大,时气衰微有生命之物就(jiu)不(bu)能生长发育,世道(dao)丧乱则会礼制废弃,乐(le)声淫荒。所以,这(zhei)时的乐(le)声悲哀(ai)而(er)不(bu)庄重,虽(sui)以乐(le)(yuè,月)为(wei)乐(le)(lè,去声,勒),实不(bu)能自安,漫(man)涣不(bu)敬(jing)而(er)失于(yu)节奏,流(liu)连沉湎而(er)不(bu)能反朴归真。声太缓是(shi)蕴酿奸情,急则是(shi)思逞其欲,有损善良的气质,灭平和的德行,因此(ci)君子卑视这(zhei)样的乐(le)声。
人的气(qi)质都有(you)顺(shun)、逆(ni)两(liang)个方(fang)面(mian),所感不(bu)同(tong)有(you)不(bu)同(tong)表现。受奸(jian)邪不(bu)正派的乐声所感,逆(ni)气(qi)就(jiu)反映出(chu)来,逆(ni)气(qi)造成恶果(guo),又(you)促(cu)使淫声邪乐产生。受正派的乐声所感,顺(shun)气(qi)就(jiu)反映出(chu)来,顺(shun)气(qi)造成影响,又(you)促(cu)使和(he)顺(shun)的乐声产生出(chu)来。奸(jian)正与逆(ni)顺(shun)相互倡(chang)和(he)呼应(ying),使正邪曲直各得(de)其(qi)所,而世间万(wan)物的道理也都与此一般是同(tong)类互相感应(ying)的。
所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居上位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)子才约(yue)束情性,和顺(shun)心(xin)(xin)(xin)志(zhi),比拟善类以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)造就(jiu)自己美善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)行情操。务使(shi)不(bu)(bu)正当(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声色不(bu)(bu)入心(xin)(xin)(xin)田,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免迷(mi)惑(huo)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耳目(mu)聪明(ming);淫(yin)乐(le)(le)秽礼不(bu)(bu)与心(xin)(xin)(xin)术相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)接触,怠惰(duo)、轻(qing)慢(man)、邪(xie)辟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)质不(bu)(bu)加于身体,使(shi)耳、目(mu)、口、鼻、心(xin)(xin)(xin)知等身体的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有部分都按照“顺(shun)”、“正”二字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原则,执行各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官能(neng)功(gong)用。然(ran)后(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如此(ci)(ci)美善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身体、气(qi)质发(fa)(fa)为声音,再以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)琴瑟之声加以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文饰美化,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚谐(xie)调其(qi)动作,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)羽旄装饰其(qi)仪容,用箫管伴奏,奋发(fa)(fa)神明(ming)至极恩德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光耀,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)推动四时(shi)阴阳和顺(shun)之气(qi),著明(ming)万(wan)物生(sheng)发(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理。因(yin)(yin)而(er)这种(zhong)音乐(le)(le)歌声朗朗,音色像(xiang)天空一样(yang)清明(ming);钟鼓铿锵,气(qi)魄(po)像(xiang)地(di)一样(yang)广大(da);五音终(zhong)始相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)接,如四时(shi)一样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循环不(bu)(bu)止;舞(wu)姿婆娑,进退往复(fu)如风雨一般(ban)地(di)周旋。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致与它相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五色也(ye)错综成文而(er)不(bu)(bu)乱(luan)(luan),八风随月律而(er)至没(mei)有失误,昼(zhou)夜得百刻(ke)之数,没(mei)有或(huo)长或(huo)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)失,大(da)小月相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)间而(er)成岁,万(wan)物变化终(zhong)始相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng),清浊相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)应,迭为主次。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)得以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)施行,就(jiu)能(neng)使(shi)人(ren)沦类分明(ming),不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)混淆(xiao);耳聪目(mu)明(ming),不(bu)(bu)为恶(e)声恶(e)色所乱(luan)(luan);血气(qi)平和,强暴止息(xi);风俗(su)移易,归(gui)于淳朴,天下皆得乐(le)(le)享安宁。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说“乐(le)(le)(yuè,月)就(jiu)是欢乐(le)(le)(lè,去声,勒(le))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思”。居上位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)子为从乐(le)(le)(yuè,月)中(zhong)得到正天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理而(er)欢乐(le)(le),士(shi)庶人(ren)等为从乐(le)(le)中(zhong)满足了(le)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)欲(yu)而(er)欢乐(le)(le)。若以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)德(de)节(jie)制私(si)(si)欲(yu),就(jiu)能(neng)得到真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欢乐(le)(le)而(er)不(bu)(bu)会以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)乱(luan)(luan)性;若因(yin)(yin)私(si)(si)欲(yu)遗忘了(le)道(dao)德(de),就(jiu)会因(yin)(yin)真性惑(huo)乱(luan)(luan)得不(bu)(bu)到真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快乐(le)(le)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)君(jun)(jun)子约(yue)束情性以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)志(zhi)和顺(shun),推广乐(le)(le)治(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)促成其(qi)教(jiao)化。乐(le)(le)得以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)施行而(er)百姓心(xin)(xin)(xin)向道(dao)德(de),就(jiu)可由此(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)观察人(ren)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)了(le)。
道德是端正了(le)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)性,乐是道德发于外产生的(de)(de)光(guang)华,金石丝竹则是奏乐用的(de)(de)器具。诗是表(biao)述(shu)心(xin)志(zhi)的(de)(de),歌是对(dui)诗词声(sheng)(sheng)调的(de)(de)咏唱,舞(wu)(wu)则只(zhi)改变(bian)(bian)歌者的(de)(de)容(rong)色(se)。志(zhi)、声(sheng)(sheng)、容(rong)三(san)者都以(yi)心(xin)为(wei)根本,再由诗、歌、舞(wu)(wu)加以(yi)表(biao)现(xian),所以(yi)情致深远而又(you)文明(ming),气势(shi)充盛而能(neng)变(bian)(bian)化神通,心(xin)志(zhi)的(de)(de)善美(mei)化成的(de)(de)和(he)顺之气积(ji)于心(xin)中,才有(you)言词声(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)等英华发于身外,只(zhi)有(you)乐不可(ke)能(neng)做假骗(pian)人(ren)(ren)。
乐是心(xin)(xin)被(bei)外物感(gan)动(dong)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de);声(sheng)是乐的(de)(de)(de)外部形(xing)象;曲折变化(hua)等文采、强弱(ruo)停顿等节奏,是对声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)文饰。君子之心(xin)(xin)被(bei)作(zuo)为外物的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)这(zhei)个本原所(suo)感(gan)动(dong),又为它的(de)(de)(de)外部形(xing)象声(sheng)而(er)欢乐,然(ran)后(hou)下功夫对声(sheng)加以文饰,这(zhei)就产生(sheng)了乐。所(suo)以《武(wu)(wu)》乐先(xian)击(ji)鼓(gu)以警众(zhong),然(ran)后(hou)三(san)举步(bu)表示伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)开(kai)始、军至孟津而(er)归,复(fu)又开(kai)始,表明第二次伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou),舞(wu)毕整饬队(dui)形(xing),鸣铙而(er)退。舞(wu)姿(zi)奋(fen)疾而(er)不(bu)(bu)失节,气势坚(jian)毅而(er)不(bu)(bu)可拔,含(han)意(yi)幽深而(er)不(bu)(bu)隐晦(hui)。可见《武(wu)(wu)》乐作(zuo)者(武(wu)(wu)王(wang))对伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)志意(yi)独乐于心(xin)(xin),而(er)又不(bu)(bu)厌弃(qi)实现此志意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)方(fang)法(fa);他将这(zhei)些道德(de)方(fang)法(fa)全(quan)都作(zuo)到了,并不(bu)(bu)为私欲所(suo)动(dong)。因而(er)乐中不(bu)(bu)但伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)历历可见,其以有道伐(fa)无道的(de)(de)(de)义旨也表现出来(lai),乐毕,武(wu)(wu)王(wang)之德(de)更(geng)加尊(zun)显(xian)了;在上位的(de)(de)(de)君子观后(hou)心(xin)(xin)慕武(wu)(wu)王(wang)更(geng)加好善,士庶人(ren)观后(hou)痛惩纣(zhou)(zhou)恶而(er)改正(zheng)自己的(de)(de)(de)过失。所(suo)以说“治理百姓的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa),乐是最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)”。
大人(ren)君子(zi)说(shuo):礼乐(le)片刻(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)离身。追求用(yong)(yong)乐(le)治(zhi)理(li)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),和易、正(zheng)(zheng)直、亲爱、诚(cheng)信(xin)(xin)的(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)地就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)油然而生。和易、正(zheng)(zheng)直、亲爱、诚(cheng)信(xin)(xin)的(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)地产(chan)生就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)感到快乐(le),心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)快乐(le)身体就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)安宁,安宁则(ze)乐(le)寿,长寿就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)使(shi)人(ren)像(xiang)对(dui)天(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)样的(de)信(xin)(xin)从(cong)(cong),信(xin)(xin)极生畏,就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)如(ru)奉(feng)神灵。以(yi)乐(le)治(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),就(jiu)(jiu)能如(ru)天(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)样不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)语(yu),民自信(xin)(xin)从(cong)(cong);如(ru)神一(yi)(yi)(yi)样从(cong)(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)发怒,民自敬(jing)畏,制乐(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)来治(zhi)理(li)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de);治(zhi)礼,则(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)来治(zhi)身的(de)。治(zhi)身则(ze)容貌庄(zhuang)重(zhong)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing),庄(zhuang)重(zhong)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)则(ze)生威严。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)片刻(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)乐(le),卑鄙欺诈之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)乘虚而入;外貌片刻(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)庄(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敬(jing),轻慢简易之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)乘虚而入。所(suo)以(yi)乐(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)内(nei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)起(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de);礼是(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)外貌起(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)。乐(le)极平和,礼极恭(gong)(gong)顺。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)平和而又(you)外貌恭(gong)(gong)顺,百姓(xing)瞻(zhan)见(jian)其容颜面(mian)色就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)与他争竞,望见(jian)他的(de)容貌就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)生简易怠(dai)慢之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。乐(le)产(chan)生的(de)道德(de)的(de)光耀在(zai)(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)起(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),百姓(xing)无不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承奉(feng)听从(cong)(cong);礼产(chan)生的(de)容貌举止(zhi)的(de)从(cong)(cong)容入理(li)在(zai)(zai)外表起(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),百姓(xing)无不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承奉(feng)顺从(cong)(cong),所(suo)以(yi)说(shuo)“懂得礼乐(le)的(de)道理(li),把它举而用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)下,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)遇到难事”。
乐(le)(le)(le)是(shi)在(zai)心(xin)(xin)中(zhong)起(qi)作用的(de),礼则是(shi)对人的(de)容貌举(ju)止起(qi)作用。所(suo)以说礼主谦抑,乐(le)(le)(le)主盈满。礼主谦抑而(er)须自勉力进(jin)(jin)取,以进(jin)(jin)取为(wei)美德(de);乐(le)(le)(le)主盈满须自加抑制,以抑制为(wei)美德(de)。礼若一(yi)昧谦抑,不自勉力进(jin)(jin)取,礼就(jiu)会(hui)消亡,难以实行下(xia)去;乐(le)(le)(le)只(zhi)一(yi)昧盈满,不知自加抑制,就(jiu)会(hui)流于(yu)放纵(zong)。所(suo)以礼尚往来,讲究报(bao)答(da);乐(le)(le)(le)有反(fan)复(fu)(fu),曲终而(er)复(fu)(fu)奏。行礼得(de)到(dao)报(bao)答(da)心(xin)(xin)里才有快乐(le)(le)(le),奏乐(le)(le)(le)有反(fan)复(fu)(fu),心(xin)(xin)中(zhong)才得(de)安宁。礼的(de)报(bao)答(da),乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)反(fan)复(fu)(fu),意(yi)义是(shi)相同(tong)的(de)。
乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè,月)就是快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè,去(qu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),勒)的(de)意(yi)思(si),是人(ren)(ren)(ren)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)可缺少(shao)的(de)。心中快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)就会发出声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin),在行(xing)(xing)动(dong)中表现出来,这是人(ren)(ren)(ren)之必然。人(ren)(ren)(ren)性情心术的(de)变化全(quan)都表现在声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)与(yu)行(xing)(xing)动(dong)之中。所以(yi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能没有(you)快乐(le)(le)(le)(le),快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能没有(you)形迹(ji),有(you)形迹(ji)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)为它确(que)定某(mou)种规(gui)范,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)出乱(luan)(luan)子。先(xian)王(wang)讨厌出乱(luan)(luan)子,才制(zhi)定了雅正、颂扬之类的(de)音(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)作为诱导,使一(yi)般(ban)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)音(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)足(zu)(zu)以(yi)做到欢(huan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)漫(man)放纵,使乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)美(mei)善(shan)足(zu)(zu)以(yi)维系不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝,使它的(de)曲(qu)直(zhi)繁(fan)简(jian)、表里(li)节奏,足(zu)(zu)以(yi)感发人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)善(shan)心而已。不(bu)(bu)(bu)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)放纵之心,淫邪之气与(yu)音(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)接触,是先(xian)王(wang)立乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)基本方(fang)法。所以(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)在宗庙中施行(xing)(xing),君(jun)臣上下一(yi)同听了,则无不(bu)(bu)(bu)和顺(shun)恭敬;在族长乡里(li)之中施行(xing)(xing),
长(zhang)幼一起听(ting)了(le),无不和睦顺从;在(zai)家中(zhong)(zhong)演奏,父子兄(xiong)弟听(ting)了(le),无不和睦亲(qin)爱。所以乐(le)就是(shi)(shi)详审人声(sheng),以确定调和之音(yin),并与金(jin)石匏(pao)木等乐(le)器相比(bi)类(lei),以装饰音(yin)声(sheng)的(de)(de)节(jie)奏,使节(jie)奏调合(he),成为优美的(de)(de)乐(le)章,以此和合(he)父子君臣(chen),使万(wan)民亲(qin)附,这是(shi)(shi)先王制乐(le)的(de)(de)基本道理(li)和手法(fa)。所以听(ting)了(le)雅正(zheng)、颂扬(yang)之类(lei)的(de)(de)音(yin)声(sheng),志向、意气变(bian)得宽广了(le);手持(chi)干戚,演习俯仰屈伸等舞(wu)姿,容(rong)貌变(bian)得庄严(yan)了(le);若标明(ming)行(xing)列位置,求得舞(wu)步与音(yin)声(sheng)的(de)(de)节(jie)奏相合(he),则(ze)舞(wu)者行(xing)列方正(zheng),进(jin)退整齐(qi)。因此说乐(le)就是(shi)(shi)天地的(de)(de)齐(qi)同,是(shi)(shi)求得心中(zhong)(zhong)和美的(de)(de)纪纲,是(shi)(shi)人情(qing)断不可缺少的(de)(de)。
乐(le)是先(xian)王用来文饰喜乐(le)的(de),军队武器则(ze)是先(xian)王用来文饰愤怒的(de)。所(suo)以(yi)先(xian)王喜怒不妄发(fa),整(zheng)齐有规。喜则(ze)天(tian)下和乐(le),怒则(ze)暴乱者(zhe)生畏,先(xian)王可说是把(ba)礼乐(le)发(fa)展到了极盛(sheng)的(de)地步。
魏(wei)文侯问子夏说:“我身(shen)服兖(yan)冕,恭恭敬敬地听(ting)古(gu)乐(le)(le),却唯恐(kong)睡着了觉,听(ting)郑(zheng)卫之音(yin)就不知道疲倦。请问古(gu)乐(le)(le)那样令人(ren)昏(hun)(hun)昏(hun)(hun)欲睡,原(yuan)因何(he)在?新乐(le)(le)这样令人(ren)乐(le)(le)不知疲,又(you)是(shi)为何(he)?”
子夏(xia)回答(da)说(shuo):“如(ru)今(jin)的(de)(de)古(gu)乐(le),齐(qi)进(jin)齐(qi)退(tui),整齐(qi)划一,乐(le)声(sheng)谐和、雅(ya)正,而且气势宽广,弦匏笙簧(huang)一应管弦乐(le)器(qi)都听拊(fu)鼓节制,以(yi)擂鼓开始,以(yi)鸣(ming)金铙结束,将终以(yi)相(xiang)理其(qi)节奏,舞姿迅捷且又雅(ya)而不(bu)(bu)俗。君(jun)子由这些(xie)特征称说(shuo)古(gu)乐(le),谈论制乐(le)时(shi)所(suo)含深(shen)意,近与自己修身(shen)、理家、平治天下的(de)(de)事(shi)相(xiang)联系(xi)。这是古(gu)乐(le)所(suo)起作用。如(ru)今(jin)的(de)(de)新乐(le),进(jin)退(tui)曲(qu)折,或俯或偻,但求(qiu)变幻,不(bu)(bu)求(qiu)整齐(qi),乐(le)声(sheng)淫邪,沉溺不(bu)(bu)反,并有俳优侏儒,侧身(shen)其(qi)间(jian),男女无(wu)别(bie),不(bu)(bu)知有父子尊卑,如(ru)弥猴麕(qún,群)聚(ju)。乐(le)终之(zhi)后无(wu)余味可寻,又不(bu)(bu)与古(gu)事(shi)相(xiang)连,这是新乐(le)的(de)(de)作用。现在您(nin)所(suo)问(wen)的(de)(de)是乐(le),所(suo)喜好的(de)(de)却是音。乐(le)与音虽然(ran)相(xiang)近,其(qi)实不(bu)(bu)同”。
文(wen)侯说道(dao):“请问(wen)音与乐(le)有何不(bu)同?”
子夏答(da)道:“古时候天(tian)地顺行(xing),四(si)时有序,民有道德(de),五谷丰(feng)盛(sheng),疾病不(bu)(bu)生(sheng),又(you)无凶兆(zhao),一(yi)切都(dou)适当(dang)其时,恰(qia)到(dao)好处,这(zhei)就称为(wei)大当(dang)。然(ran)后圣人(ren)制作了(le)父子君臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)的(de)礼仪作为(wei)纪纲(gang)法度,纪纲(gang)既立,天(tian)下真正(zheng)安定(ding)(ding)了(le),天(tian)下安定(ding)(ding),然(ran)后端正(zheng)六(liu)律,调和(he)五声,将雅(ya)正(zheng)的(de)诗篇和(he)颂扬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声谱入管弦,这(zhei)就是(shi)德(de)音,德(de)音才叫做(zuo)乐。《诗经·大雅(ya)·皇矣(yi)》说:‘肃静宁(ning)定(ding)(ding)的(de)德(de)音啊,其德(de)行(xing)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)照(zhao)四(si)方(fang)(fang),既能(neng)(neng)光(guang)照(zhao)四(si)方(fang)(fang)又(you)能(neng)(neng)施(shi)惠同类(lei),能(neng)(neng)为(wei)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长又(you)能(neng)(neng)为(wei)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君。如今(jin)做(zuo)了(le)大邦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王,能(neng)(neng)慈和(he)服众能(neng)(neng)择(ze)善而从,与文王相比,德(de)行(xing)毫不(bu)(bu)逊色。既受了(le)上帝的(de)赐福,又(you)施(shi)于其子子孙(sun)孙(sun)’。就是(shi)这(zhei)个意思。如今(jin)您所喜好的(de)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)这(zhei)种属(shu)于德(de)音的(de)乐,岂不(bu)(bu)是(shi)那种沉(chen)溺难反的(de)溺音吗(ma)?”
文侯说(shuo):“请(qing)问溺音是(shi)怎样产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)?”
子(zi)夏说(shuo):“溺音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)几种:郑音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)好违(wei)礼法而浸淫(yin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),宋音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)耽于(yu)(yu)女色而志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气丧失产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),卫音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)促速劳顿(dun)而使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烦劳产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),齐音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)傲(ao)慢邪(xie)僻(pi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骄纵(zong)产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),这(zhei)四(si)者都沉(chen)溺于(yu)(yu)女色而损害德行(xing),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)祭祀时不(bu)(bu)(bu)使(shi)用(yong)它(ta)们。《诗经·周颂(song)·有(you)瞽(gu)》说(shuo):‘肃雍相(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)而鸣的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),才是(shi)(shi)先祖之(zhi)所听(ting)(ting)’。肃肃,是(shi)(shi)尊敬的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si);雍雍,是(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)谐的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。尊敬而又(you)和(he)(he)谐,何事不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)功?作为百(bai)姓(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)过是(shi)(shi)要对自己好恶之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流露谨(jin)慎一些(xie)罢了(le)(le)(le)。君(jun)主(zhu)喜好,臣(chen)子(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)去实行(xing),上行(xing)则(ze)下效(xiao)。古《诗》说(shuo):‘诱导百(bai)姓(xing),十人(ren)(ren)(ren)容易’,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)个意(yi)思(si)。既能(neng)(neng)谨(jin)其好恶,然(ran)后圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)制作了(le)(le)(le)鞉鼓(gu)柷敔埙箎,这(zhei)六种乐器(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色质素无华(hua),是(shi)(shi)属(shu)于(yu)(yu)德音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)一类(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。然(ran)后又(you)制成(cheng)钟(zhong)磬(qing)(qing)竽(yu)瑟等华(hua)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)它(ta)们相(xiang)(xiang)赞和(he)(he)就(jiu)(jiu)文(wen)质兼备了(le)(le)(le),再以(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚旄(mao)羽等舞(wu)动(dong)(dong)之(zhi)。这(zhei)种乐被用(yong)来(lai)祭祀先王宗庙,用(yong)于(yu)(yu)主(zhu)客之(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)献酳酬酢(zuo),用(yong)于(yu)(yu)序明官职(zhi)大(da)小、身份贵贱,使(shi)各(ge)得其宜,不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)孛乱,用(yong)来(lai)向后世表示有(you)尊卑长幼的(de)(de)(de)(de)次序。钟(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)铿然(ran),以(yi)(yi)(yi)此立(li)为号(hao)令以(yi)(yi)(yi)警众,以(yi)(yi)(yi)号(hao)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)威严树立(li)军士勇敢横(heng)充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)气慨,有(you)此横(heng)充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)气慨则(ze)武事可(ke)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)钟(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)思(si)念(nian)武臣(chen)。石类(lei)乐器(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)硁直有(you)力,硁直的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)来(lai)辨别万物,万物有(you)别,心(xin)(xin)怀节义者就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)效(xiao)死(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾了(le)(le)(le)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)磬(qing)(qing)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)思(si)念(nian)死(si)守封(feng)疆(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。丝弦乐的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)悲哀,悲哀可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)树立(li)廉直的(de)(de)(de)(de)作风,廉直可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)树立(li)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)向。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)听(ting)(ting)琴瑟的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)思(si)念(nian)有(you)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重义的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。竹(zhu)类(lei)乐器(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)滥(lan)杂,滥(lan)杂使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)产(chan)生(sheng)会(hui)(hui)(hui)聚的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)向,有(you)会(hui)(hui)(hui)聚之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)把众多的(de)(de)(de)(de)事物聚集起(qi)来(lai)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)竽(yu)笙箫管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)思(si)念(nian)善于(yu)(yu)畜聚的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。鼓(gu)鼙(pi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)喧(xuan)嚣,听(ting)(ting)了(le)(le)(le)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)意(yi)气感(gan)动(dong)(dong),感(gan)动(dong)(dong)则(ze)使(shi)众人(ren)(ren)(ren)奋进。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)了(le)(le)(le)鼓(gu)鼙(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)思(si)念(nian)将帅之(zhi)臣(chen)。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),并不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)徒然(ran)听(ting)(ting)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)铿铿锵(qiang)锵(qiang)而已(yi),必与(yu)自己心(xin)(xin)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)所合,并促成(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)应心(xin)(xin)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)产(chan)生(sheng)”。
宾牟贾(jia)陪孔(kong)子坐,孔(kong)子与(yu)他闲聊,说到乐,孔(kong)子问道:“《武(wu)》乐开始时(shi)(shi)击鼓(gu)警众,与(yu)别的乐相比,持续时(shi)(shi)间忒长(zhang),这有什么含意?”
宾牟贾答(da)道(dao):“表示武(wu)王伐(fa)纣之初,耽心(xin)得不到众诸侯的(de)拥护(hu),迟迟不肯(ken)发动。”
“其歌声反复咏叹,漫声长吟(yin),是什么(me)意思?”
答道:“那(nei)是心有疑虑(lv),生恐事不成功的缘故。”
“《武》舞一开始便发(fa)扬(yang)蹈厉(li),气势威猛,是什么意思?”
答说:“表示时(shi)至(zhi)则动(dong),当(dang)机立断,不要错过了事机。”
“《武(wu)》舞坐(zuo)的动(dong)作与(yu)他舞不同,是右腿(tui)单膝着(zhe)地(di),那是什么意(yi)思(si)?”
答道(dao):“这不是(shi)《武》舞原有(you)的动作(zuo)。”
“歌声淫靡,表现出(chu)有贪图商王政权的不正(zheng)当目的,这是什(shen)么(me)原因?”
答道:“这不是(shi)《武》舞原有的曲调。”
孔子(zi)说:“不是《武》舞原有的曲调,那(nei)是什么曲调?”
答道:“掌管《武》乐(le)(le)的机(ji)构(gou)已失其传说了(le)。若非如此,就(jiu)表示武王作乐(le)(le)时(shi),心志(zhi)已经荒耄昏愦了(le)。”
孔子道:“对,对。我曾(ceng)听(ting)苌弘说过,他的话(hua)与(yu)您所说一(yi)般(ban)无(wu)二。”
宾牟(mou)贾起(qi)身,立于(yu)坐席(xi)之(zhi)下,请问道(dao):“《武(wu)》乐击鼓警众,迟迟不(bu)肯(ken)开(kai)始,我(wo)所知仅(jin)限于(yu)此,承蒙您(nin)所说,苌弘也这样解释,知道(dao)的(de)确是那(nei)(nei)样了。但我(wo)不(bu)明白的(de)是,稍迟些就是了,为(wei)何竟拖(tuo)得(de)那(nei)(nei)样久?”
孔子(zi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao):“您先(xian)请(qing)坐,我慢慢告(gao)诉你(ni)。乐(le)(le)(le)是(shi)对已(yi)发(fa)(fa)生过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)化(hua)再(zai)(zai)(zai)现,如《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)开(kai)始(shi)时,舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)手持盾牌(pai),山(shan)(shan)立(li)不(bu)动(dong),象(xiang)征(zheng)当时武(wu)(wu)(wu)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)事:命部下(xia)全(quan)副武(wu)(wu)(wu)装,只待(dai)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)响应(ying),就要出击(ji)(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le);《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)一(yi)开(kai)始(shi)就发(fa)(fa)扬蹈(dao)(dao)厉(li),威猛异(yi)常,象(xiang)征(zheng)太公吕望指挥战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗,欲一(yi)举而灭商的(de)(de)(de)(de)决心;结(jie)束时,武(wu)(wu)(wu)事已(yi)毕,舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)单膝(xi)跪地(di),象(xiang)征(zheng)周(zhou)(zhou)公、召公战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后治(zhi)理(li)国(guo)家归于(yu)安定。再(zai)(zai)(zai)者(zhe)(zhe),《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)开(kai)始(shi)时,舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)自南(nan)(nan)而北(bei),象(xiang)征(zheng)北(bei)出朝歌(ge),曲奏第(di)二(er)遍(bian),舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)动(dong)作象(xiang)征(zheng)灭商时的(de)(de)(de)(de)殊死决斗,第(di)三(san)遍(bian)象(xiang)征(zheng)凯旋南(nan)(nan)归,第(di)四(si)遍(bian)象(xiang)征(zheng)南(nan)(nan)方诸(zhu)国(guo)归入(ru)版图,第(di)五遍(bian)象(xiang)征(zheng)分(fen)陕(shan)而治(zhi),周(zhou)(zhou)、召二(er)公为(wei)左右二(er)伯,周(zhou)(zhou)公居(ju)左,治(zhi)陕(shan)以(yi)(yi)东,召公居(ju)右,治(zhi)陕(shan)以(yi)(yi)西(xi),第(di)六(liu)遍(bian)舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)重又相(xiang)缀成行(xing)(xing)(háng,航(hang)),表(biao)示对天(tian)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)敬(jing),天(tian)子(zi)与(yu)大将夹(jia)舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)而立(li),振动(dong)铎铃(ling),以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)士(shi)气,出兵四(si)面(mian)讨伐,威势盛于(yu)中国(guo)。夹(jia)舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)进(jin)出击(ji)(ji),是(shi)为(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)事早(zao)些(xie)成功(gong)。成行(xing)(xing)(háng,航(hang))以(yi)(yi)后久立(li)不(bu)动(dong),是(shi)为(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)等待(dai)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)到来。你(ni)难道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)没有(you)听说过(guo)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王在牧野(ye)誓师时说过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)话吗?武(wu)(wu)(wu)王克殷以(yi)(yi)后,恢(hui)复商初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi),不(bu)及下(xia)车,就封(feng)黄(huang)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)蓟(ji),封(feng)帝尧的(de)(de)(de)(de)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)祝(zhu),封(feng)帝舜的(de)(de)(de)(de)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)陈(chen);下(xia)车后封(feng)夏禹的(de)(de)(de)(de)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)杞,封(feng)殷汤的(de)(de)(de)(de)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)宋,给(ji)殷代贤(xian)(xian)臣(chen)比干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)坟(fen)墓(mu)添土(tu),释放被纣王囚(qiu)禁的(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)(xian)臣(chen)箕子(zi),使(shi)(shi)他检视商朝掌管礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)员,有(you)贤(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)就恢(hui)复原来的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)位。废除殷纣王的(de)(de)(de)(de)苛政,增(zeng)加(jia)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)俸禄。渡过(guo)黄(huang)河,西(xi)行(xing)(xing)入(ru)陕(shan),把战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)马散(san)于(yu)华山(shan)(shan)南(nan)(nan)坡,不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)乘骑(qi);把役牛(niu)分(fen)散(san)于(yu)华山(shan)(shan)以(yi)(yi)东桃(tao)林地(di)区的(de)(de)(de)(de)荒野(ye)之(zhi)中,不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)驼载战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)具军(jun)须;战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)车、衣甲收藏于(yu)府库,不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong);倒载干(gan)戈等兵器,使(shi)(shi)刃向里,外(wai)(wai)面(mian)裹上虎皮,表(biao)示定能(neng)以(yi)(yi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)力(li)止(zhi)息兵事;有(you)功(gong)将帅,建(jian)立(li)为(wei)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou),使(shi)(shi)他们(men)(men)象(xiang)櫜弓一(yi)样(yang),把天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)乱(luan)也从此櫜藏起来,不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)发(fa)(fa)生,因称(cheng)建(jian)立(li)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)为(wei)‘建(jian)櫜’。然(ran)后,天(tian)下(xia)知武(wu)(wu)(wu)王不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)兵了(le)(le)(le)(le)。遣(qian)散(san)军(jun)队而行(xing)(xing)郊射(she)求(qiu)贤(xian)(xian)之(zhi)礼(li),东郊射(she)礼(li)歌(ge)唱《狸(li)首》的(de)(de)(de)(de)曲子(zi),西(xi)郊射(she)礼(li)唱《驺虞》的(de)(de)(de)(de)曲子(zi),军(jun)中那(nei)种旨在角力(li)比武(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)贯穿(chuan)革甲的(de)(de)(de)(de)射(she)击(ji)(ji)停止(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)(le);使(shi)(shi)天(tian)下(xia)贤(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)穿(chuan)着(zhe)裨(bi)(bi)衣冕冠(guan)等礼(li)服(fu),衣带上插着(zhe)笏板,勇武(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)就会解下(xia)长(zhang)剑,弃武(wu)(wu)(wu)从文;天(tian)子(zi)于(yu)明(ming)堂(tang)(tang)中祭(ji)祀先(xian)祖,百姓就由此懂得了(le)(le)(le)(le)为(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)子(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)应(ying)该(gai)行(xing)(xing)孝;朝廷行(xing)(xing)朝觐之(zhi)礼(li),使(shi)(shi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)知道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)怎(zen)样(yang)做个贤(xian)(xian)臣(chen);天(tian)子(zi)亲(qin)耕藉(jie)田(tian),然(ran)后诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)知道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)怎(zen)样(yang)敬(jing)奉(feng)先(xian)祖。以(yi)(yi)上五项(郊射(she)、裨(bi)(bi)冕、祀明(ming)堂(tang)(tang)、朝觐、耕藉(jie)田(tian))是(shi)教(jiao)化(hua)天(tian)下(xia)最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。此外(wai)(wai)在太学奉(feng)养三(san)老五更,天(tian)子(zi)亲(qin)自袒衣,切割牲肉,执(zhi)酱(jiang)请(qing)三(san)老五更食肉,执(zhi)爵(jue)请(qing)三(san)老五更饮酒(jiu)洗嗽,头(tou)戴(dai)冠(guan)冕、手执(zhi)干(gan)盾,亲(qin)自舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao),使(shi)(shi)他们(men)(men)能(neng)欢乐(le)(le)(le)快活,以(yi)(yi)此教(jiao)化(hua)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou),尊(zun)长(zhang)敬(jing)老,懂得悌道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。这(zhei)样(yang),周(zhou)(zhou)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)化(hua)达(da)于(yu)四(si)方,礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)补相(xiang)成,为(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)这(zhei)些(xie),《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迟久,不(bu)是(shi)应(ying)该(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吗?”
子(zi)贡见乐师(shi)乙问道:“我(wo)听说不同的(de)声(sheng)歌适(shi)合于不同禀赋(fu)的(de)人,象我(wo)这样的(de)人适(shi)合唱什么歌呢?”
师乙说(shuo)(shuo):“我不(bu)(bu)过是(shi)个低贱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐工,不(bu)(bu)配说(shuo)(shuo)谁适(shi)宜(yi)(yi)唱(chang)什么歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。请(qing)允许我把我所(suo)(suo)知(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)出(chu)来(lai)(lai)(lai),先生(sheng)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)决定适(shi)合(he)唱(chang)什么歌(ge)(ge)(ge)吧。为(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)宽大(da)好(hao)静,柔顺而(er)(er)(er)又(you)正派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)适(shi)合(he)唱(chang)《颂》歌(ge)(ge)(ge);心(xin)胸宽广而(er)(er)(er)好(hao)静,疏脱、豁达(da)而(er)(er)(er)守信用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)适(shi)合(he)唱(chang)《大(da)雅》;恭敬、俭朴而(er)(er)(er)又(you)好(hao)礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),适(shi)宜(yi)(yi)唱(chang)《小雅》;为(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)正直、清正廉洁而(er)(er)(er)又(you)谦虚(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),适(shi)于(yu)唱(chang)《风(feng)》;恣肆爽直又(you)心(xin)慈友爱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),适(shi)宜(yi)(yi)唱(chang)《商》;温顺良善(shan)而(er)(er)(er)能(neng)决断的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),适(shi)合(he)唱(chang)《齐(qi)》。歌(ge)(ge)(ge),是(shi)披露自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)胸,陈述(shu)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)品(pin)(pin)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);自(zi)(zi)己(ji)动于(yu)情(qing)感,真(zhen)情(qing)流(liu)露,那么天地(di)就会(hui)受感应,四时来(lai)(lai)(lai)相和(he),星辰不(bu)(bu)逆行,万物得以(yi)繁育生(sheng)长。因此《商》这首歌(ge)(ge)(ge),虽是(shi)五(wu)帝留传(chuan)下(xia)来(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但商人(ren)(ren)记(ji)述(shu)下(xia)来(lai)(lai)(lai),用以(yi)摅己(ji)心(xin)胸,陈己(ji)品(pin)(pin)德,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)叫做《商》歌(ge)(ge)(ge);《齐(qi)》这首歌(ge)(ge)(ge),是(shi)三代留传(chuan)下(xia)来(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)记(ji)述(shu)下(xia)来(lai)(lai)(lai),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)称为(wei)(wei)《齐(qi)》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。真(zhen)正懂得《商》这首诗歌(ge)(ge)(ge)含意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),临事(shi)屡(lv)(lv)屡(lv)(lv)决断;懂得《齐(qi)》这首诗歌(ge)(ge)(ge)含意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),见(jian)利能(neng)够让人(ren)(ren)。临事(shi)屡(lv)(lv)断的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),表(biao)现(xian)(xian)出(chu)了勇(yong)气;见(jian)利能(neng)让人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),表(biao)现(xian)(xian)了义气。有(you)勇(yong)有(you)义,除了歌(ge)(ge)(ge)还有(you)什么能(neng)使人(ren)(ren)保持这样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)格?所(suo)(suo)以(yi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)声高(gao)亢处(chu)(chu),如(ru)人(ren)(ren)扛(kang)举而(er)(er)(er)上,音低处(chu)(chu)如(ru)直坠而(er)(er)(er)下(xia),曲屈处(chu)(chu)如(ru)被弯(wan)折,静止处(chu)(chu)如(ru)同槁木,小曲如(ru)矩(ju),大(da)曲如(ru)钩(gou),殷殷然如(ru)累珠落(luo)盘。歌(ge)(ge)(ge)也是(shi)一种语(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan),是(shi)种长声调的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)语(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)。有(you)可说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西了,才言(yan)说(shuo)(shuo)出(chu)来(lai)(lai)(lai);言(yan)语(yu)(yu)(yu)表(biao)达(da)得不(bu)(bu)充分,才用长声的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)语(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)表(biao)达(da);仍不(bu)(bu)充分,才相续(xu)相和(he),反复吟唱(chang);还不(bu)(bu)充分,就不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)觉(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手舞足蹈起来(lai)(lai)(lai)了。”以(yi)上是(shi)子贡(gong)问乐。
凡音都是(shi)由于(yu)人心(xin)产生的(de),天(tian)与人是(shi)有某(mou)种(zhong)关联的(de),两者就象镜中的(de)影子与物形那样(yang)相像,响与应(ying)声那样(yang)相应(ying)和。所以(yi)行(xing)善的(de)人天(tian)就以(yi)福回报他,作恶(e)的(de)人天(tian)就使他遭(zao)祸(huo)殃,这(zhei)是(shi)很自然的(de)事(shi)。
所以(yi)舜(shun)弹奏五弦琴,歌(ge)(ge)唱《南风(feng)》的(de)(de)(de)诗篇而天(tian)下得(de)到治(zhi)理;纣王(wang)歌(ge)(ge)唱朝歌(ge)(ge)地(di)区(qu)北部边鄙(bi)的(de)(de)(de)乐曲(qu),落得(de)个身死国亡。舜(shun)的(de)(de)(de)作为有(you)什么(me)弘大(da)?纣王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)作为有(you)什么(me)狭隘之处呢?原来《南风(feng)》的(de)(de)(de)诗篇是(shi)生长性质的(de)(de)(de)音乐,而舜(shun)喜乐爱好它,这种(zhong)喜乐爱好与天(tian)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)旨相同,得(de)天(tian)下人的(de)(de)(de)欢心(xin),所以(yi)天(tian)下能治(zhi)理得(de)很好。而朝歌(ge)(ge)就(jiu)是(shi)早(zao)晨的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge),是(shi)不时之歌(ge)(ge),北就(jiu)是(shi)败北,鄙(bi)就(jiu)是(shi)鄙(bi)陋(lou)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si),纣王(wang)喜爱这样的(de)(de)(de)音乐,与天(tian)下人的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)意(yi)(yi)不同,诸(zhu)侯(hou)不肯顺附于他,老百(bai)姓(xing)不与他亲近(jin),天(tian)下人都背叛他,所以(yi)才身死国亡。
而卫灵(ling)(ling)公在位的(de)(de)(de)时候(hou),有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次他(ta)(ta)将要(yao)去(qu)晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo),走(zou)到(dao)(dao)濮水流(liu)域,住在一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)上(shang)等馆舍中。半夜里(li)突然听(ting)(ting)到(dao)(dao)抚琴的(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin),问(wen)左右跟随(sui)的(de)(de)(de)人,都(dou)回答说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“没(mei)有(you)听(ting)(ting)到(dao)(dao)”。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)召(zhao)见乐师名叫涓(juan)的(de)(de)(de)人,对(dui)他(ta)(ta)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)道:“我(wo)听(ting)(ting)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)抚琴的(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin),问(wen)身边(bian)的(de)(de)(de)从人,都(dou)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)没(mei)有(you)听(ting)(ting)到(dao)(dao)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样子(zi)(zi)(zi)好(hao)像(xiang)有(you)了(le)(le)鬼(gui)神,你为我(wo)仔细(xi)听(ting)(ting)一(yi)(yi)(yi)听(ting)(ting),把(ba)琴曲记(ji)(ji)下(xia)(xia)(xia)来(lai)。”师涓(juan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“好(hao)吧。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)端(duan)坐(zuo)下(xia)(xia)(xia)来(lai),取出琴,一(yi)(yi)(yi)边(bian)听(ting)(ting)卫灵(ling)(ling)公叙述一(yi)(yi)(yi)边(bian)拨(bo)弄(nong),随(sui)手记(ji)(ji)录下(xia)(xia)(xia)来(lai)。第二(er)天,说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)道:“臣已每句都(dou)记(ji)(ji)下(xia)(xia)(xia)了(le)(le),但还没(mei)有(you)串(chuan)习(xi),难以成曲,请允许再住一(yi)(yi)(yi)宿(su),熟(shu)习(xi)几(ji)遍。”灵(ling)(ling)公说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“可(ke)以。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)又住一(yi)(yi)(yi)宿(su)。第二(er)天说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“练习(xi)好(hao)了(le)(le)。”这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)才动身到(dao)(dao)晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo),见了(le)(le)晋(jin)平公。平公在施(shi)惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台摆酒(jiu)(jiu)筵招待他(ta)(ta)们。饮(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)饮(yin)到(dao)(dao)酣畅痛(tong)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)时候(hou),卫灵(ling)(ling)公道:“我(wo)们这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)次来(lai)时,得了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)首(shou)新曲子(zi)(zi)(zi),请为您演(yan)奏以助酒(jiu)(jiu)兴(xing)。”平公道:“好(hao)极(ji)了(le)(le)。”即命师涓(juan)在晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)乐师旷的(de)(de)(de)身边(bian)坐(zuo)下(xia)(xia)(xia)来(lai),取琴弹奏。一(yi)(yi)(yi)曲没(mei)完(wan),师旷甩袖制止说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)亡国(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin),不要(yao)再奏了(le)(le)。”平公说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“为什么说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)出这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)种话来(lai)?”师旷道:“这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)师延作的(de)(de)(de)曲子(zi)(zi)(zi),他(ta)(ta)为纣王作了(le)(le)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)种靡靡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin),武王伐纣后,师延向东(dong)逃走(zou),投(tou)濮水自杀(sha),所以这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)首(shou)曲子(zi)(zi)(zi)必是(shi)(shi)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)濮水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),先听(ting)(ting)到(dao)(dao)此曲的(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)就(jiu)要(yao)削弱了(le)(le)。”平公说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“寡人所喜好(hao)的(de)(de)(de),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)听(ting)(ting)曲子(zi)(zi)(zi)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)件事,但愿(yuan)能(neng)够(gou)听(ting)(ting)完(wan)它。”这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样师涓(juan)才把(ba)它演(yan)奏完(wan)毕(bi)。
平公道(dao):“这是我听到过的(de)最动(dong)(dong)人的(de)曲子了,还有(you)比(bi)这更动(dong)(dong)人的(de)吗(ma)?”师(shi)旷(kuang)说(shuo)(shuo):“有(you)。”平公说(shuo)(shuo):“能(neng)让我们听一(yi)听吗(ma)?”师(shi)旷(kuang)说(shuo)(shuo):“必须修德行(xing)义深(shen)厚(hou)的(de)才能(neng)听此曲,您还不能(neng)听。”平公说(shuo)(shuo):“寡人所(suo)喜(xi)好(hao)的(de),只有(you)听曲子一(yi)件事,但愿能(neng)听到它。”师(shi)旷(kuang)不得已(yi),取琴(qin)弹(dan)奏起(qi)来(lai),奏第一(yi)遍(bian),有(you)千载玄鹤十数只飞集堂下廊门之(zhi)前;第二遍(bian),这些(xie)玄鹤伸(shen)长脖子,呦呦鸣叫起(qi)来(lai),还舒展翅膀,随琴(qin)声跳起(qi)舞(wu)来(lai)。
平公(gong)大(da)喜(xi),起(qi)(qi)身为师旷(kuang)祝酒。回身落(luo)坐,问道:“再没有(you)(you)比这(zhei)更(geng)动(dong)人的曲子了(le)吗(ma)(ma)?”师旷(kuang)道:“有(you)(you)。过去黄帝合祭鬼神时(shi)奏(zou)的曲子比这(zhei)更(geng)动(dong)人,只是(shi)您(nin)德义太(tai)薄,不配听(ting)罢了(le),听(ting)了(le)将有(you)(you)败(bai)亡之祸。”平公(gong)说:“寡人这(zhei)一(yi)大(da)把年(nian)纪了(le),还在乎败(bai)亡吗(ma)(ma)?我(wo)喜(xi)好的只有(you)(you)听(ting)曲,但愿能够听(ting)到它(ta)。”师旷(kuang)没有(you)(you)办法,取(qu)琴弹奏(zou)起(qi)(qi)来。奏(zou)了(le)一(yi)遍(bian),有(you)(you)白云从西(xi)北(bei)天(tian)际出(chu)现(xian);又奏(zou)一(yi)遍(bian),大(da)风(feng)夹着暴雨,扑天(tian)盖地而(er)至,直刮得廊(lang)瓦横飞,左右人都惊慌(huang)奔(ben)走。平公(gong)害怕起(qi)(qi)来,伏身躲(duo)在廊(lang)屋之间。晋国于是(shi)大(da)旱三年(nian),寸草不生。
听乐曲或遇吉或遇凶。乐曲是(shi)不能随意演奏的。
太(tai)史(shi)公说(shuo):上古时(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤明帝王(wang)奏乐(le)(le)(le)(le),不(bu)是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)了自(zi)己心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)快(kuai)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)欢娱,恣情肆欲,快(kuai)意于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)。端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)都是(shi)(shi)从音(yin)(yin)做起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),音(yin)(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)为(wei)(wei)自(zi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)音(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le),是(shi)(shi)用来(lai)(lai)激动(dong)(dong)血脉,交流精神、调和(he)(he)(he)、端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。宫声(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)激动(dong)(dong)脾脏(zang)并(bing)调和(he)(he)(he)、端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)圣(sheng)字,商声(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)激动(dong)(dong)肺脏(zang)并(bing)调和(he)(he)(he)、端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)义字,角声(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)激动(dong)(dong)肝脏(zang)并(bing)调和(he)(he)(he)、端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)仁(ren)(ren)字,徵(zhi)声(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)激动(dong)(dong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)脏(zang)并(bing)调和(he)(he)(he)、端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)礼(li)(li)字,羽声(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)激动(dong)(dong)肾脏(zang)并(bing)调和(he)(he)(he)、端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)智字。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)对(dui)内用来(lai)(lai)辅助正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing),而对(dui)外用来(lai)(lai)区分贵贱;对(dui)上用来(lai)(lai)奉事宗庙,对(dui)下用来(lai)(lai)改(gai)变黎民百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品性(xing)风貌(mao)。琴身长八尺一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸,这(zhei)个(ge)数字是(shi)(shi)度数中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元数。琴弦(xian)中(zhong)最(zui)粗(cu)(cu)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)根是(shi)(shi)宫弦(xian),位居所(suo)有弦(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央(yang),是(shi)(shi)弦(xian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主。商弦(xian)布置在它右(you)侧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旁边,其他各弦(xian)也都按(an)粗(cu)(cu)细长短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次序(xu)排列,不(bu)相杂乱,这(zhei)样君臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位也就端(duan)(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)了。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)听(ting)(ting)宫声(sheng),使人(ren)(ren)(ren)品性(xing)温和(he)(he)(he)宽(kuan)舒而且(qie)(qie)广大(da)(da)(da);听(ting)(ting)商声(sheng),使人(ren)(ren)(ren)品性(xing)端(duan)(duan)(duan)方正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)直而且(qie)(qie)好义;听(ting)(ting)角声(sheng),使人(ren)(ren)(ren)有恻(ce)隐之心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)并(bing)且(qie)(qie)能够爱人(ren)(ren)(ren);听(ting)(ting)徵(zhi)音(yin)(yin),使人(ren)(ren)(ren)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)于(yu)行(xing)善并(bing)且(qie)(qie)爱好施舍(she);听(ting)(ting)羽声(sheng),使人(ren)(ren)(ren)讲究整洁规矩并(bing)且(qie)(qie)爱好礼(li)(li)节(jie)。礼(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)过一(yi)(yi)(yi)些规定(ding)从外部对(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)起作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)却是(shi)(shi)从人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)产(chan)生(sheng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)君子(zi)(zi)片(pian)(pian)刻(ke)也不(bu)能离(li)开礼(li)(li),片(pian)(pian)刻(ke)离(li)开礼(li)(li)就会有暴(bao)横轻(qing)漫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)为(wei)(wei)充分表现(xian)于(yu)外;也不(bu)可(ke)片(pian)(pian)刻(ke)离(li)开乐(le)(le)(le)(le),片(pian)(pian)刻(ke)离(li)开乐(le)(le)(le)(le)就会有奸邪(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)为(wei)(wei)从心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)量产(chan)生(sheng)出来(lai)(lai)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)和(he)(he)(he)音(yin)(yin),是(shi)(shi)君子(zi)(zi)用来(lai)(lai)修养义心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。古时(shi)(shi)(shi)候,天(tian)子(zi)(zi)诸侯听(ting)(ting)钟磬乐(le)(le)(le)(le)声(sheng)而钟磬从不(bu)离(li)开庭院,卿大(da)(da)(da)夫听(ting)(ting)琴瑟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)声(sheng)而琴瑟从不(bu)离(li)开身边,这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)了修养行(xing)义的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品格(ge),防止淫佚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。淫佚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产(chan)生(sheng)是(shi)(shi)从无礼(li)(li)开始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)贤圣(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帝王(wang)务使人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耳(er)朵(duo)只(zhi)听(ting)(ting)雅颂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)声(sheng),眼睛只(zhi)看表现(xian)威仪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)节(jie),脚步行(xing)止只(zhi)表现(xian)出恭(gong)敬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容貌(mao),口(kou)中(zhong)只(zhi)谈(tan)仁(ren)(ren)义的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道理。这(zhei)样君子(zi)(zi)终日言谈(tan),不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)当的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西也没有机会侵(qin)入。
【原文及注释】
太史公曰:“余每读《虞书》<1>,至(zhi)于君臣相敕(chi)<2>,维是几(ji)安<3>,而(er)(er)股肱不(bu)良<4>,万事(shi)堕坏<5>,未尝不(bu)流(liu)涕也。成(cheng)王(wang)作(zuo)《颂(song)(song)(song)》<6>,推己惩艾(ai)<7>,悲彼(bi)家(jia)难<8>,可不(bu)谓(wei)战(zhan)战(zhan)恐惧,善守善终哉?君子不(bu)为约则修德<9>,满则弃礼(li)<10>。佚能(neng)思(si)初<11>,安能(neng)惟始<12>,沐浴膏泽而(er)(er)歌颂(song)(song)(song)勤苦<13>,非大(da)德谁(shei)能(neng)如(ru)斯<14>!《传》<15>曰:“治(zhi)定功成(cheng),礼(li)乐(le)乃兴(xing)。”<16>海内人道益(yi)深<17>,其(qi)德益(yi)至(zhi),所乐(le)者(zhe)益(yi)异。满而(er)(er)不(bu)损则溢,盈而(er)(er)不(bu)持则倾。凡(fan)作(zuo)乐(le)者(zhe),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节乐(le)。君子以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)谦退为礼(li),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)损减为乐(le),乐(le)其(qi)如(ru)此也。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为州异国(guo)殊<18>,情习(xi)不(bu)同,故(gu)博采风(feng)俗,协比声律<19>,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)补(bu)短(duan)移化(hua)<20>,助流(liu)政教。天子躬于明堂临观<21>,而(er)(er)万民(min)咸(xian)荡涤(di)邪秽,斟酌饱(bao)满<22>,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饰厥性(xing)<23>。故(gu)云雅颂(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)音理而(er)(er)民(min)正<24>,嘄噭之(zhi)声兴(xing)而(er)(er)士奋<25>,郑卫之(zhi)曲动而(er)(er)心淫(yin)<26>。及其(qi)调(diao)和谐合,鸟兽尽(jin)感,而(er)(er)况(kuang)怀(huai)五(wu)常<27>,含好(hao)恶?自然(ran)之(zhi)势也<28>。
〔注释〕
<1>《虞(yu)(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》:《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一章(zhang)(zhang),据考是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)档案(an)。今存三(san)卷,包括《尧典(dian)(dian)》、《舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)谟》、《皋(gao)陶(tao)谟》、《益(yi)稷》等(deng)(deng)(deng)五(wu)篇(pian)。记(ji)(ji)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尧、舜(shun)、禹(yu)时(shi)期君(jun)臣(chen)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对(dui)(dui)话和事(shi)(shi)迹(ji)《禹(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)事(shi)(shi)迹(ji)收(shou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《夏(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·禹(yu)贡》中(zhong)(zhong))。 <2>敕:告诫(jie)、劳勉(mian)。《尔雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》:“敕,劳也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)(you)(you)刘(liu)熙《释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)》:“敕,饬(chi)(chi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,自(zi)警饬(chi)(chi)不(bu)敢废慢,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)谨慎自(zi)勉(mian)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 <3>维(wei)(wei):原意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)维(wei)(wei)系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)维(wei)(wei),引(yin)(yin)申为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)系、由(you)、连(lian)结(jie)、因(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。几(ji)(ji),微(wei)(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》:“几(ji)(ji),微(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。“殆也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,“危也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),“维(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)几(ji)(ji)安(an)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)这种(zhong)原因(yin)(yin)(yin),才(cai)获得了小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不(bu)太(tai)(tai)牢固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。 <4>股(gu)肱:腿骨(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)股(gu),臂骨(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)肱。股(gu)肱合(he)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手足四(si)(si)(si)肢,喻良(liang)臣(chen)辅弼(bi)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·益(yi)稷》:“帝曰(yue)(yue):臣(chen)作(zuo)朕股(gu)肱耳目(mu)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达疏引(yin)(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“君(jun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)首,臣(chen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)股(gu)肱耳目(mu),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)体(ti)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)一身(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye):足行、手取、耳听、目(mu)视。身(shen)虽(sui)百体(ti),四(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)”。 <5>堕(duo)(huī,阴(yin)平(ping)(ping)(ping),“毁”):毁坏(huai)。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》写作(zuo)隓(duò,惰),解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“败(bai)城(cheng)阜曰(yue)(yue)隓”。《左传(chuan)(chuan)·定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)12年(nian)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“堕(duo)郈(hòu,后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou))、“堕(duo)费(音(yin)(yin)(yin)秘)”、“堕(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,即(ji)(ji)“堕(duo)三(san)都(dou)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记(ji)(ji)载(《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》记(ji)(ji)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)13年(nian)),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毁坏(huai)城(cheng)阜。但(dan)(dan)宋·徐(xu)铉(xuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》注中(zhong)(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):堕(duo)“俗作(zuo)隳,非(fei)(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”。说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了简(jian)便,那时(shi)世(shi)俗人(ren)(ren)(ren)已(yi)(yi)经以(yi)(yi)(yi)堕(duo)代(dai)替隳。久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堕(duo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了隳字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)义(yi),即(ji)(ji)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)huī,意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)毁坏(huai)。《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)·高祖(zu)本记(ji)(ji)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“士卒堕(duo)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)什(shen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)三(san)”。说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)至迟(chi)汉(han)(han)时(shi)已(yi)(yi)经如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。 <6>成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang):周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)。《颂(song)(song)》:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《诗(shi)(shi)经·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)》。按(an)(an)(an)《谱》所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)室(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)致太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)(shi),作(zuo)于(yu)(yu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)即(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)。包括《清庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》、《臣(chen)工(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》、《闵予小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》三(san)篇(pian)共31首诗(shi)(shi)。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)太(tai)(tai)史(shi)公(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)几(ji)(ji)句(ju)话,重点似指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《闵予小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《访落》、《小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毖》等(deng)(deng)(deng)几(ji)(ji)首。中(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)局(ju)标点本《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)》,颂(song)(song)字(zi)没书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)名(ming)号(hao)(hao),今改。 <7>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):推求(qiu)自(zi)己所受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)创(chuang)伤、痛(tong)苦(ku)(ku)。惩艾(ai)(ai)(ai)(yì,艺,通“刈(yi)”),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)创(chuang)伤、苦(ku)(ku)痛(tong)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《诗(shi)(shi)经·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)·小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毖》:“予其惩而(er),毖后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)患”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):惩,艾(ai)(ai)(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)(you)(you)引(yin)(yin)《韩诗(shi)(shi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):惩,苦(ku)(ku)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);艾(ai)(ai)(ai),音(yin)(yin)(yin)刈(yi)。并(bing)将(jiang)全(quan)句(ju)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“我其创(chuang)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)于(yu)(yu)往(wang)时(shi)矣,畏慎后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)复(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)祸难。”成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)所受(shou)创(chuang)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu),管叔、蔡叔及(ji)其群弟(di)流言(yan)(yan)于(yu)(yu)国(guo),说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)将(jiang)不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)怀(huai)疑周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。接(jie)着三(san)监(jian)(武(wu)王(wang)(wang)灭纣以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),命其弟(di)管叔、蔡叔及(ji)纣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)武(wu)庚(geng)(geng)三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren),监(jian)理殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遗(yi)民(min),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)监(jian))与(yu)(yu)(yu)淮夷(yi)(东(dong)(dong)南淮水(shui)(shui)一带的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)徐(xu)、奄等(deng)(deng)(deng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)国(guo))相(xiang)(xiang)继叛乱(luan),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)提兵(bing)东(dong)(dong)征(zheng),杀武(wu)庚(geng)(geng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)殷朝(chao)(chao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)启代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);诛(zhu)管、蔡,以(yi)(yi)(yi)康叔代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)出兵(bing)灭淮夷(yi),作(zuo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官(guan),才(cai)全(quan)部平(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了这场祸难。 <8>家(jia)(jia)难(nàn,读(du)去声(sheng)(sheng)):国(guo)家(jia)(jia)难以(yi)(yi)(yi)处(chu)理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)。《诗(shi)(shi)经·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)·访落》:“未(wei)(wei)堪家(jia)(jia)多(duo)难。”郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“未(wei)(wei)任统(tong)理国(guo)家(jia)(jia)众多(duo)难成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)。”《诗(shi)(shi)经·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)·小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毖》亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)语(yu)(yu),解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。 <9>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)若(ruo)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)家(jia)(jia)所倡导的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那种(zhong)简(jian)约之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),则必然(ran)要(yao)修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)行,制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)。君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居高位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)不(bu)过分(fen)(fen)昏庸,故称(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi);为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),做、干;约,简(jian)约政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)汉(han)(han)初(chu)所行“萧规(gui)曹随”式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那种(zhong)无(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)约政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng);修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de),修(xiu)(xiu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)行。对(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)德(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)字(zi),各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),安(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),化天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)德(de)(de)(de)。树(shu)立(li)起一定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)规(gui)范,使(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)百姓从风向(xiang)化,称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)。这里(li)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)。 <10>满:自(zi)满,无(wu)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心。弃(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),违弃(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)。全(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)若(ruo)无(wu)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,自(zi)满自(zi)足,则很(hen)(hen)容易抛弃(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa),不(bu)遵(zun)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宪。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)(dui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)句(ju)“不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)约则修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)而(er)言(yan)(yan),故礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)字(zi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)应(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)号(hao)(hao)。中(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)局(ju)本原为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)逗(dou)号(hao)(hao),今改。 <11>佚(yi):通“逸”。初(chu):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劳苦(ku)(ku)。 <12>安(an):安(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)无(wu)事(shi)(shi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)(dui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)乱(luan)而(er)言(yan)(yan)。惟(wei)(wei):按(an)(an)(an)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》惟(wei)(wei)、维(wei)(wei)、唯(wei)三(san)字(zi)同(tong)(tong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)。惟(wei)(wei)字(zi)从心,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)思(si)(si)(si)、谋意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)(ji)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“惟(wei)(wei),凡(fan)思(si)(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”;维(wei)(wei)字(zi)从,凡(fan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)丝(si)缕(lv)牵缠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“车盖维(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。又(you)(you)(you)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)常言(yan)(yan)维(wei)(wei)系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)维(wei)(wei),纲维(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)维(wei)(wei)等(deng)(deng)(deng),皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi);从口(kou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)唯(wei),凡(fan)涉唇舌口(kou)辨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)用(yong)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)字(zi),《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“唯(wei),诺(nuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,应(ying)答(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)唯(wei)或(huo)(huo)诺(nuo)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“父召(zhao)(zhao)无(wu)诺(nuo),先生召(zhao)(zhao)无(wu)诺(nuo),唯(wei)而(er)起”。故惟(wei)(wei)始(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)思(si)(si)(si)初(chu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。 <13>沐浴(yu):按(an)(an)(an)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“濯发(fa)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沐,“洒(sa)身(shen)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浴(yu)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)沐浴(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)连(lian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比喻全(quan)身(shen)受(shou)其滋润的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。膏(gao)泽(ze)(ze):肉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肥者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)膏(gao);泽(ze)(ze)亦(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膏(gao)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《易经·屯卦》:“九(jiu)(jiu)五(wu)屯其膏(gao)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“膏(gao),谓(wei)膏(gao)泽(ze)(ze)恩(en)惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类”。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)膏(gao)泽(ze)(ze)比喻肥美(mei)、恩(en)惠及(ji)一切(qie)优越待遇。全(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)处(chu)身(shen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)极其优越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和条件(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),而(er)能歌颂(song)(song)勤苦(ku)(ku),不(bu)甘于(yu)(yu)佚(yi)乐(le)(le),时(shi)刻向(xiang)往(wang)建(jian)(jian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)业。 <14>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)德(de)(de)(de):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。斯(si),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),这样。 <15>《传(chuan)(chuan)》:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)”,即(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。司(si)马(ma)迁(qian)所引(yin)(yin)“治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)乃兴”,今传(chuan)(chuan)本《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)无(wu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)语(yu)(yu),惟(wei)(wei)《诗(shi)(shi)经·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)谱》中(zhong)(zhong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)引(yin)(yin)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)传(chuan)(chuan)语(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”,“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)将(jiang)作(zuo)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)语(yu)(yu),然(ran)而(er)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)连(lian)贯,且(qie)与(yu)(yu)(yu)司(si)马(ma)迁(qian)所引(yin)(yin)不(bu)尽(jin)合(he)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi),司(si)马(ma)迁(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)似根据己佚(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)”提炼而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),非(fei)(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原文(wen)(wen)(wen)。 <16>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)统(tong)一天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia))成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding))以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),才(cai)可制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、乐(le)(le)等(deng)(deng)(deng)制(zhi)度。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、武(wu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)王(wang)(wang)推翻殷纣王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)统(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)并(bing)未(wei)(wei)安(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。直到(dao)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)死后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)即(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),管、蔡与(yu)(yu)(yu)武(wu)庚(geng)(geng)三(san)监(jian)及(ji)淮夷(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叛乱(luan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)还政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang),从此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)无(wu)事(shi)(shi)。这时(shi)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)“功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)期。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)时(shi)开(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(《诗(shi)(shi)经·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)谱》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自(zi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第六(liu)年(nian)开(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)乐(le)(le),第七(qi)(qi)年(nian),还政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang))。 <17>海内(nei):四(si)(si)(si)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)普天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao):治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)或(huo)(huo)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)传(chuan)(chuan)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)必自(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)始(shi)(shi)(shi)”,人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)包括五(wu)事(shi)(shi):“一曰(yue)(yue)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲,二(er)(er)(er)(er)曰(yue)(yue)报(bao)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(报(bao)答(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)臣(chen)),三(san)曰(yue)(yue)举贤,四(si)(si)(si)曰(yue)(yue)使(shi)(shi)能,五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)存爱”。 <18>国(guo):有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo),诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa),《虞(yu)(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·皋(gao)陶(tao)谟》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“五(wu)服五(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa),五(wu)服指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)统(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)总分(fen)(fen)五(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng):天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)、卿、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)、士。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)国(guo);卿、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)名(ming)采邑(yi),只(zhi)食租税,不(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百姓;士无(wu)所封(feng)(feng)(feng)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai),《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·武(wu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》篇(pian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“列爵(jue)(jue)惟(wei)(wei)五(wu),分(fen)(fen)土惟(wei)(wei)三(san)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记(ji)(ji)载,五(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)爵(jue)(jue)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di),而(er)且(qie)与(yu)(yu)(yu)卿、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(采邑(yi))不(bu)同(tong)(tong),不(bu)但(dan)(dan)食其土地(di)(di)(di),而(er)且(qie)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi),通常所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)国(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)爵(jue)(jue)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)总称(cheng)(cheng),既(ji)不(bu)包括卿、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食邑(yi),也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)单指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)爵(jue)(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)侯(hou)(hou)爵(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)由(you)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),三(san)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)数目(mu)很(hen)(hen)多(duo),《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·夏(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·五(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“万邦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)典(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)则”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa);周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)灭商,八(ba)(ba)(ba)百诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)会于(yu)(yu)孟津。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)国(guo)一般不(bu)及(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所辖一州境地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。自(zi)春秋起,主(zhu)(zhu)弱臣(chen)强(qiang),弱肉强(qiang)食,诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)国(guo)互相(xiang)(xiang)兼(jian)并(bing),才(cai)发(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)若(ruo)干大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)国(guo)。司(si)马(ma)迁(qian)《乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“州异国(guo)殊”,将(jiang)州与(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)并(bing)列就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这种(zhong)缘(yuan)故。 <19>声(sheng)(sheng)律(lv)(lv):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)和六(liu)律(lv)(lv)六(liu)吕。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)》:“律(lv)(lv)和声(sheng)(sheng)”,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“声(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)五(wu)声(sheng)(sheng):宫、商、角、徵(zhǐ,只(zhi))、羽(yu)。律(lv)(lv)谓(wei)六(liu)律(lv)(lv)、六(liu)吕”,《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·律(lv)(lv)历(li)志》又(you)(you)(you)将(jiang)六(liu)律(lv)(lv)六(liu)吕合(he)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)。六(liu)律(lv)(lv)名(ming):黄钟(zhong)(zhong)、太(tai)(tai)簇、姑洗、蕤宾、夷(yi)则、无(wu)射;六(liu)吕名(ming):大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)吕、应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)、南吕、林钟(zhong)(zhong)、仲吕、夹钟(zhong)(zhong)。司(si)马(ma)迁(qian)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)音(yin)(yin)(yin)程与(yu)(yu)(yu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)今音(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纯律(lv)(lv)或(huo)(huo)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)音(yin)(yin)(yin)程均不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。 <20>补(bu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)短,移易风化。 <21>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲临明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)观乐(le)(le)。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang),古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑。作(zuo)用(yong)和形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)种(zhong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)作(zuo)用(yong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)(si)(si)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):一,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)(chao)见(jian)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)》:“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)朝(chao)(chao)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)”,《大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)戴礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》亦(yi)(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。二(er)(er)(er)(er),“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)布(bu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫”,即(ji)(ji)宣布(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)。三(san),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)庙,祭先祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·考工(gong)记(ji)(ji)》所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夏(xia)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)氏世(shi)室(shi)(shi)”、“殷人(ren)(ren)(ren)重屋”、“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)”,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭先祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)。四(si)(si)(si),蔡邕(yong)《月令章(zhang)(zhang)句(ju)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)既(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)庙,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)祭祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai),养老、飨功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、教(jiao)学、选士也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)皆在(zai)(zai)(zai)其中(zhong)(zhong)。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi),一认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“在(zai)(zai)(zai)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)(建(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)都(dou)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南面(mian)),轮廓(kuo)尺(chi)寸是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“东(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)九(jiu)(jiu)筵(yan)(yan)(yán,读(du)延(yan)。坐地(di)(di)(di)所用(yong)竹席),南北七(qi)(qi)筵(yan)(yan),堂(tang)崇(按(an)(an)(an),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台基(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高)一筵(yan)(yan)”。由(you)五(wu)室(shi)(shi)组成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),“室(shi)(shi)凡(fan)二(er)(er)(er)(er)筵(yan)(yan)”。二(er)(er)(er)(er)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)室(shi)(shi)组成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),每(mei)室(shi)(shi)“四(si)(si)(si)户八(ba)(ba)(ba)牖(you)(you)(yǒu,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you))”,即(ji)(ji)四(si)(si)(si)门(men)八(ba)(ba)(ba)窗,共有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)36个(ge)门(men),72个(ge)窗。总体(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)状是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)圆(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang),茅草盖顶,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)围(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)环(huan)绕,名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)璧(bi)雍。三(san)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)高三(san)丈(zhang),东(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)九(jiu)(jiu)仞(ren)(rèn,读(du)任,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)制(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)尺(chi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仞(ren),汉(han)(han)制(zhi)七(qi)(qi)尺(chi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)执),南北七(qi)(qi)筵(yan)(yan)。总体(ti)轮廓(kuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)三(san)百步,上(shang)(shang)(shang)建(jian)(jian)四(si)(si)(si)堂(tang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi),每(mei)室(shi)(shi)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)户八(ba)(ba)(ba)牖(you)(you),整体(ti)外(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“上(shang)(shang)(shang)圆(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang)”,位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“近郊三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)”处(chu)。四(si)(si)(si)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“在(zai)(zai)(zai)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang),三(san)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),七(qi)(qi)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei),丙巳(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)分(fen)(fen)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)围(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)向(xiang),分(fen)(fen)别以(yi)(yi)(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)干、十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)支、四(si)(si)(si)卦定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming),自(zi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)东(dong)(dong)卯位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)到(dao)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)南午位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依次名(ming)乙(yi)、辰(chen)、巽、巳(si)、丙。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)丙巳(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)东(dong)(dong)南巽位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)与(yu)(yu)(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)南午位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间约30°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范围(wei)内(nei))”,也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“上(shang)(shang)(shang)圆(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang),八(ba)(ba)(ba)窗四(si)(si)(si)闼(ta)(即(ji)(ji)四(si)(si)(si)门(men)八(ba)(ba)(ba)窗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))”等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。1960年(nian)第6期、9期《考古(gu)(gu)(gu)》学报(bao)都(dou)记(ji)(ji)载有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)汉(han)(han)代(dai)长安(an)南郊礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑遗(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)发(fa)掘和复(fu)原情况。其中(zhong)(zhong)一处(chu)外(wai)绕圆(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu),渠(qu)内(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)围(wei)墙,四(si)(si)(si)面(mian)开(kai)门(men),四(si)(si)(si)角有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)曲(qu)尺(chi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)配房,中(zhong)(zhong)心圆(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)夯土基(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一座规(gui)制(zhi)严整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型建(jian)(jian)筑。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)关学者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)估计是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)汉(han)(han)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)璧(bi)雍。 <22>饱满:德(de)(de)(de)性无(wu)亏缺。 <23>饰:通饬(chi)(chi)(chì,斥(chi)),整顿、修(xiu)(xiu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。厥:其。 <24>雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)颂(song)(song):《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官(guan)·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)师(shi)》“六(liu)诗(shi)(shi)”注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”;“颂(song)(song),诵(song)(song)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)颂(song)(song)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派、文(wen)(wen)(wen)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诵(song)(song)歌。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)卫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)相(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)(dui)而(er)言(yan)(yan)。 <25>嘄(jiao)(jiao)噭(jiao)(jiao)(jiao):《索(suo)隐》读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“叫、击”。激烈地(di)(di)(di)高声(sheng)(sheng)呼(hu)叫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)声(sheng)(sheng)词。嘄(jiao)(jiao),《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“声(sheng)(sheng)嘄(jiao)(jiao)嘄(jiao)(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”;又(you)(you)(you)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噭(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“吼也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,“一曰(yue)(yue)噭(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)呼(hu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)》“毋曰(yue)(yue)应(ying)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“噭(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),号(hao)(hao)呼(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“噭(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)谓(wei)声(sheng)(sheng)响高急,如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)叫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)号(hao)(hao)呼(hu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <26>郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)卫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu):郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)、卫国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)曲(qu)。春秋时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)今河南新郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)县北;卫国(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)今河南汲县一带。《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)好(hao)滥(lan)淫(yin)(yin)志”,“卫音(yin)(yin)(yin)趣数烦(fan)志”(参见(jian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)面(mian)注释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))。淫(yin)(yin):过分(fen)(fen)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)谟》:“罔淫(yin)(yin)于(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)”,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“淫(yin)(yin),过也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)传(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)淫(yin)(yin)又(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)贪、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、久等(deng)(deng)(deng)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),男女非(fei)(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)而(er)交(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫(yin)(yin)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)“心淫(yin)(yin)“指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心生邪念,不(bu)能守礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 <27>五(wu)常:人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)种(zhong)常行,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父义(yi)、母慈、兄友、弟(di)恭、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孝。见(jian)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·泰誓下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》“狎侮五(wu)常”疏。又(you)(you)(you)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)品(pin)(《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)》:“五(wu)品(pin)不(bu)逊”传(chuan)(chuan))。认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)种(zhong)品(pin)性。以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)常教(jiao)化百姓,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)典(dian)(dian),则称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)典(dian)(dian)(《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)》:“慎徽(hui)五(wu)典(dian)(dian)”传(chuan)(chuan):“五(wu)典(dian)(dian),五(wu)常之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)”)。 <28>中(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)局(ju)标点本《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)》“好(hao)恶(e)”后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)逗(dou)号(hao)(hao),“势也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)问号(hao)(hao)。误。若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)问号(hao)(hao),“也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”当(dang)作(zuo)“耶(ye)”(或(huo)(huo)邪)。从文(wen)(wen)(wen)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan),末(mo)句(ju)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)结(jie)语(yu)(yu),非(fei)(fei)问话,故改之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
治道亏缺而郑音兴(xing)起,封(feng)君世辟<1>,名显邻州,争以相高。自仲尼不(bu)能(neng)与(yu)齐(qi)优(you)遂容于鲁<2>,虽退正乐以诱世,作五章以刺时<3>,犹莫之化。陵迟以至六国(guo)<4>,流(liu)沔沈佚<5>,遂往不(bu)返,卒于丧身灭宗<6>,并国(guo)于秦。
秦二(er)(er)世尤以为(wei)娱(yu)<7>。丞相李斯进谏(jian)曰(yue):“放弃《诗》《书》,极意(yi)声色,祖伊所以惧(ju)也<8>;轻积细过,恣心长夜,纣所以亡也<9>。”赵高曰(yue):“五(wu)帝、三(san)王乐(le)各(ge)殊名<10>,示不相袭。上自朝(chao)廷,下至人(ren)民,得以接欢喜(xi),合殷勤,非(fei)此和说不通(tong),解泽不流<12>,亦各(ge)一(yi)世之(zhi)化,度时之(zhi)乐(le)<13>。何必华(hua)山(shan)之(zhi)耳(er)而(er)后行远乎(hu)<14>?”二(er)(er)世然之(zhi)。
〔注释〕
<1>辟(pi):君(jun)(jun)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)诂》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“皇、王(wang)(wang)(wang)、后、辟(pi)、公(gong)、侯(hou):君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)”。邢(xing)昺解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“辟(pi)者(zhe)(zhe),法(fa)(fa)也(ye)(ye),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下所(suo)法(fa)(fa)则也(ye)(ye)。”辟(pi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa),出(chu)自(zi)(zi)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》,是(shi)(shi)辟(pi)原(yuan)(yuan)意(yi),君(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)引(yin)(yin)申(shen)意(yi)。诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)辟(pi)字(zi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)君(jun)(jun)字(zi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)。 <2>《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》、《论语(yu)(yu)(yu)·微子(zi)(zi)(zi)》及(ji)《孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)语(yu)(yu)(yu)》等(deng)皆载(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)事(shi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)意(yi)是(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)定公(gong)14年,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)56岁时(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)司(si)冦摄相(xiang)(xiang)事(shi),把(ba)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)得(de)(de)道不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拾遗,有(you)(you)(you)(you)兴旺气(qi)象。齐人(ren)(ren)(ren)因(yin)(yin)与鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)接境(jing),心怀诫惧,定计于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)选美(mei)女八(ba)十人(ren)(ren)(ren),教以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)舞,另(ling)加(jia)上(shang)(shang)文(wen)马(ma)(ma)(经过(guo)装饰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)马(ma)(ma),做仪仗用)三(san)十驷(si)(120匹),赠给鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)定公(gong)。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)权(quan)臣(chen)季桓子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)经孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)同(tong)(tong)意(yi),请鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun)往观。从此(ci)怠于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政事(shi),三(san)日不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao),连郊祭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)数也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾了(le)(le)(le)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)知(zhi)(zhi)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)政已不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)离开(kai)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)。齐优:齐国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)优人(ren)(ren)(ren),指(zhi)(zhi)齐国(guo)(guo)赠给鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)80人(ren)(ren)(ren)。古(gu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)称(cheng)歌(ge)(ge)舞艺(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)优人(ren)(ren)(ren)。 <3>《索引(yin)(yin)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)离开(kai)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi),引(yin)(yin)《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)歌(ge)(ge),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耻(chi)笑季桓子(zi)(zi)(zi),歌(ge)(ge)辞共五(wu)(wu)(wu)句(ju),因(yin)(yin)称(cheng)五(wu)(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)此(ci)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“彼妇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)走;彼妇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谒,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)死败。盖优哉(zai)(zai)(zai)游(you)哉(zai)(zai)(zai),维(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卒(zu)岁!”清·梁玉(yu)绳《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)志(zhi)疑》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):《索引(yin)(yin)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)”即《彼妇人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)(ge)》,“殊未确。便如(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),此(ci)歌(ge)(ge)只可(ke)(ke)(ke)五(wu)(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)遂该五(wu)(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)也(ye)(ye)。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)实(shi),古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)论诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),“章(zhang)(zhang)法(fa)(fa)”乱(luan)得(de)(de)很。若以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang),《彼妇人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口》歌(ge)(ge)除了(le)(le)(le)“盖优哉(zai)(zai)(zai)游(you)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)感叹语(yu)(yu)(yu),适(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)句(ju),谓为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),未尝不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。 <4>陵(ling)迟(chi)(chi)(chi);迟(chi)(chi)(chi)迟(chi)(chi)(chi)貌。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇本(ben)(ben)纪》琅(lang)邪(xie)石刻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“陵(ling)水经地(di)”语(yu)(yu)(yu),《正义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“陵(ling)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)凌,犹历(li)也(ye)(ye)。”陵(ling)迟(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“迟(chi)(chi)(chi)迟(chi)(chi)(chi)经历(li)了(le)(le)(le)。”故释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)迟(chi)(chi)(chi)迟(chi)(chi)(chi)貌。又(you)《汉(han)书杨(yang)雄(xiong)传(chuan)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)“虎(hu)豹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凌剧”语(yu)(yu)(yu),陵(ling)剧与陵(ling)迟(chi)(chi)(chi)适(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)反,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急剧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌。六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo):战(zhan)国(guo)(guo)七雄(xiong),除秦(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),称(cheng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)。原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)统一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后,焚烧诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书,诸侯(hou)各(ge)(ge)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)毁最甚(shen),汉(han)初独存《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》,《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》所(suo)载(zai)(zai)(zai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)事(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经,其(qi)(qi)(qi)余称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo),太史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)因(yin)(yin)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》修史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),相(xiang)(xiang)沿不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改。如(ru)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》卷15有(you)(you)(you)(you)“六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)年表”,实(shi)载(zai)(zai)(zai)七国(guo)(guo)事(shi)。 <5>流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)沔沈佚(yi):沔通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“湎”,溺而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湎;流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)沔即流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)连忘(wang)返的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)。沈通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“沉(chen)(chen)”,沉(chen)(chen)湎。如(ru)《尚书·征》:“沈乱(luan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)酒(jiu)”,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达疏解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沉(chen)(chen)没昏乱(luan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)酒(jiu);佚(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)逸,安(an)闲(xian)。沈佚(yi)合(he)是(shi)(shi)耽(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)逸乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)自(zi)(zi)拔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)沔沈佚(yi)合(he),可(ke)(ke)(ke)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)连沉(chen)(chen)湎,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)自(zi)(zi)拔。 <6>灭(mie)(mie)宗(zong):就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)宗(zong)庙(miao)被(bei)毁,失去了(le)(le)(le)尊(zun)(zun)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)庙(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)权(quan)力,象征同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灭(mie)(mie)亡散(san)(san)乱(luan)。余参见(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)书》“常宗(zong)“注。 <7>尤以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)娱:脱(tuo)“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)”字(zi),当为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),“尤以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)娱”。即更加(jia)沉(chen)(chen)湎于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)。 <8>祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi):《正义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)谏殷(yin)纣,纣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)听。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)(guo)云祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己(ji)后贤臣(chen)也(ye)(ye)。”按(an)(an)(an):祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)事(shi)见(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·殷(yin)本(ben)(ben)纪》。祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)宗(zong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)丁(ding)。武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)丁(ding)死后,八(ba)传(chuan)至(zhi)帝(di)(di)(di)辛,即纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)。祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)贤臣(chen),距(ju)(ju)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己(ji)年代甚(shen)远(yuan),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安(an)国(guo)(guo)谓祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己(ji)后贤臣(chen),并(bing)非说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己(ji)与祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)血缘关系(xi),只是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)贤臣(chen),祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)代在祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后。 <9>以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)李(li)(li)斯(si)谏秦(qin)(qin)(qin)二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)语(yu)(yu)(yu)。梁玉(yu)绳《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)志(zhi)疑》认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“夫(fu)(李(li)(li))斯(si)议焚书,安(an)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)谏。纵有(you)(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)谏,亦(yi)决非李(li)(li)斯(si)也(ye)(ye)。”这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)涉及(ji)二(er)个问题:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)对李(li)(li)斯(si)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)识(shi)(shi),二(er)是(shi)(shi)对秦(qin)(qin)(qin)焚诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)识(shi)(shi)。李(li)(li)斯(si)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men),所(suo)行(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)申(shen)、韩学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实(shi)。既出(chu)荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men),对儒(ru)学(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)排斥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·李(li)(li)斯(si)列传(chuan)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)“知(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)艺(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)归”,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)证(zheng)(zheng)。他(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生做了(le)(le)(le)许(xu)(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)事(shi),但(dan)由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)贪于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)爵(jue)禄,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇死后成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个充满矛(mao)盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)“听赵(zhao)(zhao)高(gao)邪(xie)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),废嫡立(li)庶(shu)”,对秦(qin)(qin)(qin)二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“阿容苟合(he)”,劝(quan)(quan)他(ta)“严威酷刑”;另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)对于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)赵(zhao)(zhao)高(gao)擅权(quan),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)极(ji)意(yi)声色又(you)颇(po)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)满。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》本(ben)(ben)传(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)数处(chu)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)述(shu)他(ta)劝(quan)(quan)谏秦(qin)(qin)(qin)二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)李(li)(li)斯(si)与秦(qin)(qin)(qin)二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)过(guo)正面(mian)接触(chu)。直到李(li)(li)斯(si)身处(chu)囹圄,仍(reng)然上(shang)(shang)书言二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缺(que)政。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)连串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)进谏,其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)涉及(ji)告诫二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“极(ji)意(yi)声色”,“恣心长夜(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)害这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内容是(shi)(shi)完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci),李(li)(li)斯(si)曾建议秦(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇焚“诸有(you)(you)(you)(you)文(wen)学(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书百(bai)家(jia)语(yu)(yu)(yu)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)愚百(bai)姓,但(dan)并(bing)非秦(qin)(qin)(qin)朝(chao)时(shi)(shi)(shi)将(jiang)文(wen)学(xue)(xue)、诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书、百(bai)家(jia)语(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)全(quan)部禁止,朝(chao)廷绝(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再按(an)(an)(an)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)些(xie)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)种行(xing)(xing)事(shi),完(wan)全(quan)另(ling)搞一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套。李(li)(li)斯(si)建议的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只是(shi)(shi)烧掉(diao)民(min)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)类藏(zang)书,而这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)些(xie)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)禁止,规定“有(you)(you)(you)(you)欲学(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)吏(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)师”。即由(you)(you)(you)官方(fang)(fang)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)控制。史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai)(zai)始(shi)皇二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)期,大(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)引(yin)(yin)述(shu)诸子(zi)(zi)(zi)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例证(zheng)(zheng)很多(duo)(duo)(duo),《李(li)(li)斯(si)列传(chuan)》就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)李(li)(li)斯(si)引(yin)(yin)述(shu)《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)》“物禁大(da)(da)(da)(da)盛”语(yu)(yu)(yu),赵(zhao)(zhao)高(gao)引(yin)(yin)述(shu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)内容,还称(cheng)赞“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、墨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智”等(deng)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)见(jian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)时(shi)(shi)(shi)儒(ru)学(xue)(xue)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)“违(wei)法(fa)(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),在统治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)上(shang)(shang)层仍(reng)是(shi)(shi)受(shou)尊(zun)(zun)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)问。焚书的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、要害,是(shi)(shi)搞愚民(min)政策,危(wei)(wei)害是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)此(ci)造成(cheng)(cheng)或(huo)增加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)某些(xie)学(xue)(xue)术间断的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)机(ji)会(hui),把(ba)学(xue)(xue)术变(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)政治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)隶。由(you)(you)(you)此(ci)否认(ren)李(li)(li)斯(si)会(hui)批评(ping)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)二(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“放弃(qi)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)书”是(shi)(shi)没有(you)(you)(you)(you)理(li)由(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <10>五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le):古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)对五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi):其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)、颛顼(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)(di)喾、尧(yao)、舜(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di),夏(xia)禹(yu)(yu)、商汤(tang)、周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang);其(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),伏(fu)牺(xi)(xi)、神农、黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)皇,少(shao)昊(hao),颛顼(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)(di)喾、尧(yao)、舜(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(参见(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)本(ben)(ben)纪》序《正义(yi)(yi)》)。此(ci)外(wai)儒(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)还由(you)(you)(you)《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·月令》把(ba)太昊(hao)(伏(fu)牺(xi)(xi))、炎帝(di)(di)(di)(神农)、黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)、少(shao)昊(hao)、颛顼(xu)(xu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(五(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)帝(di)(di)(di),各(ge)(ge)主一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)),夏(xia)禹(yu)(yu)、商汤(tang)、周文(wen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(《孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)·告子(zi)(zi)(zi)下》)等(deng)。又(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)把(ba)周文(wen)、武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)王(wang)(wang)(wang)合(he)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)。由(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)诸说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)应(ying)(ying)指(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)伏(fu)牺(xi)(xi)氏(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)来(lai)至(zhi)周初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。《吕氏(shi)(shi)春秋(qiu)·古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai)(zai):伏(fu)牺(xi)(xi)氏(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)详,朱(zhu)襄(xiang)氏(shi)(shi)(神农别号)时(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)五(wu)(wu)(wu)弦琴,葛天氏(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)八(ba)阙,阴(yin)康氏(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)舞,黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《咸(xian)池(chi)》,颛顼(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《承云》,帝(di)(di)(di)喾作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)唐(tang)歌(ge)(ge),尧(yao)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)章(zhang)(zhang)》,舜(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《九招(zhao)(zhao)》、《六(liu)(liu)(liu)列》、《六(liu)(liu)(liu)英(ying)》,禹(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《夏(xia)籥(yue)(yuè,跃)》(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)籥(yue)伴奏)、《九成(cheng)(cheng)》,汤(tang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)护》,周武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》。《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)·周穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)》篇(pian)晋·张湛注文(wen)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“《乘(cheng)云》,黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le);《六(liu)(liu)(liu)莹(ying)》,帝(di)(di)(di)喾乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le);《九韶(shao)》,舜(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le);《晨(chen)露》,汤(tang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。”《汉(han)书·礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“昔黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《咸(xian)池(chi)》,颛顼(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)茎》,帝(di)(di)(di)喾作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《五(wu)(wu)(wu)英(ying)》,尧(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)章(zhang)(zhang)》,舜(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《招(zhao)(zhao)》,禹(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《夏(xia)》,汤(tang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《濩(huo)》,武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》。”《周礼(li)·春官·大(da)(da)(da)(da)司(si)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》郑玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《云门(men)(men)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)卷》,尧(yao)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《咸(xian)池(chi)》,舜(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)》,禹(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)》,汤(tang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)濩(huo)》,周武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》(以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“招(zhao)(zhao)”、“韶(shao)”、“”三(san)字(zi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),“护”、“濩(huo)”二(er)字(zi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))。同(tong)(tong)书贾公(gong)彦(yan)(yan)疏引(yin)(yin)《孝经纬(wei)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“伏(fu)牺(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曰(yue)《立(li)基》,神农之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曰(yue)《夏(xia)谋》”;又(you)引(yin)(yin)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)纬(wei)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):颛顼(xu)(xu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《五(wu)(wu)(wu)茎》,帝(di)(di)(di)喾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)英(ying)》;引(yin)(yin)皇甫谧语(yu)(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“少(shao)昊(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曰(yue)《九渊》。”这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)些(xie)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)名(ming)(ming)(ming),如(ru)贾公(gong)彦(yan)(yan)考(kao)证(zheng)(zheng)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)卷》就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)《大(da)(da)(da)(da)章(zhang)(zhang)》等(deng),再者(zhe)(zhe)古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)失传(chuan),学(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)各(ge)(ge)承师说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),难免以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)讹传(chuan)讹(《周礼(li)》虽载(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)六(liu)(liu)(liu)代乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming),战(zhan)国(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)已有(you)(you)(you)(you)许(xu)(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)失传(chuan),故孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)闻《韶(shao)》乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),三(san)月不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)肉味,此(ci)时(shi)(shi)(shi)惟存《韶(shao)》、《武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》两(liang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)而已。 <11>说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)悦。 <12>解(jie)(jie)(jie)泽(ze):《正义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):解(jie)(jie)(jie)音(yin)蟹,义(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)(san),解(jie)(jie)(jie)泽(ze)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)(san)恩(en)泽(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。按(an)(an)(an)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen):和说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),解(jie)(jie)(jie)泽(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。和说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)与解(jie)(jie)(jie)泽(ze)相(xiang)(xiang)对,构辞法(fa)(fa)亦(yi)应(ying)(ying)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong),和义(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)顺(shun)、谐,是(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)词(ci);解(jie)(jie)(jie)也(ye)(ye)应(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)词(ci);再者(zhe)(zhe),既说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)散(san)(san)泽(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)径说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)泽(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)散(san)(san)呢?译(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)解(jie)(jie)(jie)当释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)结、节(jie)等(deng)。如(ru)《周礼(li)·考(kao)工记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·弓人(ren)(ren)(ren)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“今(jin)夫(fu)茭(jī,音(yin)激。指(zhi)(zhi)弓檠(qing))解(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)变(bian)(bian)焉,故校(xiao)(jiǎo,音(yin)绞(jiao),郑注其(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)‘疾也(ye)(ye)’)。”郑玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)茭解(jie)(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“接中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)”。贾公(gong)彦(yan)(yan)进一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“茭解(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)谓弓隈(按(an)(an)(an)弓弝(ba)变(bian)(bian)曲处(chu))与弓箫(按(an)(an)(an):指(zhi)(zhi)弓两(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓梢(shao))角接之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)”,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)两(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)节(jie)点(dian)处(chu)。另(ling)如(ru)《汉(han)书·贾谊传(chuan)》载(zai)(zai)(zai)贾谊《治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安(an)策》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)语(yu)(yu)(yu):“所(suo)排击剥割,皆众理(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)也(ye)(ye)”,师古(gu)注“解(jie)(jie)(jie),支节(jie)也(ye)(ye)。”故解(jie)(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)(ke)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)结点(dian)、节(jie)点(dian),即作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)结、节(jie)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)。所(suo)谓“和说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),解(jie)(jie)(jie)泽(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)”译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和顺(shun)欢悦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),结节(jie)恩(en)泽(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。 <13>度时(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le):超度时(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。 <14>耳:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)绿(lv)耳,古(gu)代骏马(ma)(ma)名(ming)(ming)(ming),周穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)八(ba)骏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)·周穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)》载(zai)(zai)(zai)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)八(ba)骏名(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):骅(hua)骝(liu)、绿(lv)耳、赤骥、白牺(xi)(xi),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)车驷(si)马(ma)(ma);渠(qu)黄(huang)、逾轮、盗骊(li)、山子(zi)(zi)(zi)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)车驷(si)马(ma)(ma)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·赵(zhao)(zhao)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):造父取“桃(tao)林盗骊(li)、骅(hua)骝(liu)、绿(lv)耳献(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)缪(读穆)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。”《正义(yi)(yi)》引(yin)(yin)《括地(di)志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),桃(tao)林在陕州桃(tao)林县,西至(zhi)潼(tong)关,皆为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桃(tao)林塞地(di)。《山海经》云……造父于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)得(de)(de)骅(hua)骝(liu)、绿(lv)耳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘(cheng)献(xian)周穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)。”《左传(chuan)·文(wen)化(hua)13年》杜预注桃(tao)林塞,径说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)在“华(hua)阴(yin)县与潼(tong)关”。华(hua)山距(ju)(ju)潼(tong)关很近,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)书》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“华(hua)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳”与《赵(zhao)(zhao)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)似异实(shi)同(tong)(tong)。
高祖过沛(pei)诗《三(san)侯之(zhi)章》<1>,令小(xiao)儿歌之(zhi)。高祖崩<2>,令沛(pei)得以四时歌儛宗庙(miao)<3>。孝惠、孝文、孝景无所增更,于乐府习(xi)常肄旧而(er)已<4>。
至今上即位,作十九章<5>,令侍(shi)中李延年次(ci)序其(qi)声,拜为(wei)协律都尉。通一经之(zhi)士不能(neng)独知其(qi)辞,皆集(ji)会五经家<6>,相(xiang)与共讲(jiang)习读之(zhi),乃(nai)能(neng)通知其(qi)意,多《尔(er)雅(ya)》之(zhi)文<7>。
〔注释〕
<1>高(gao)祖(zu)过沛:指(zhi)汉(han)高(gao)祖(zu)刘(liu)邦讨平淮南王(wang)黥布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叛(pan)乱(luan),回兵(bing)过沛。(事详《高(gao)祖(zu)本(ben)纪》)。《三侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)》:《索隐(yin)(yin)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)就(jiu)是(shi)《大(da)风(feng)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》,“其辞(ci)(ci)曰(yue):‘大(da)风(feng)起(qi)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)云飞扬,威加海内兮(xi)(xi)(xi)归故(gu)乡,安得猛士(shi)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)守四方(fang)(fang)’是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),语(yu)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)。……兮(xi)(xi)(xi)亦语(yu)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)。沛诗(shi)有(you)(you)(you)三‘兮(xi)(xi)(xi)’,故(gu)云三侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)也(ye)(ye)。”明·方(fang)(fang)以智《通(tong)(tong)(tong)雅》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“兮(xi)(xi)(xi)与(yu)(yu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)古(gu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用,但(dan)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)乃(nai)发(fa)语(yu)辞(ci)(ci),与(yu)(yu)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)字(zi)(zi)不(bu)同也(ye)(ye)。”意思是(shi)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)可(ke)(ke)读(du)(du)为(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),做发(fa)语(yu)辞(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)则不(bu)可(ke)(ke)改用兮(xi)(xi)(xi)字(zi)(zi)。由此知《大(da)风(feng)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三“兮(xi)(xi)(xi)”字(zi)(zi),皆读(du)(du)为(wei)(wei)“侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)”,故(gu)称为(wei)(wei)《三侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)》。 <2>崩:《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)死曰(yue)崩”,又(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“崩,曰(yue)天(tian)王(wang)崩”。孔颖达疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“崩者,自上(shang)坠下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)曰(yue)崩。王(wang)者死,如从天(tian)坠下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),故(gu)曰(yue)崩。” <3>儛(wu):同舞。宗(zong)庙(miao):古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)士(shi)祭(ji)祀祖(zu)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处所(suo)。《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)·祭(ji)法》:“天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)王(wang),……设庙(miao)祧(tiao)坛墠而祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)。”郑玄注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“庙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)言貌(mao)也(ye)(ye)。宗(zong)庙(miao)者,先(xian)祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)尊(zun)貌(mao)也(ye)(ye)。”上(shang)古(gu)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)皆有(you)(you)(you)宗(zong)庙(miao),后世(shi)大(da)夫以下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)称家(jia)(jia)(jia)庙(miao)。 <4>乐(le)(le)府(fu):古(gu)代(dai)管理(li)音乐(le)(le)事宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)署(shu)。《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·礼(li)乐(le)(le)志》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)……乃(nai)立乐(le)(le)府(fu)”。颜师(shi)古(gu)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“始(shi)置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),乐(le)(le)府(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)名盖起(qi)于(yu)此,哀帝(di)时罢之(zhi)(zhi)”。管音乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)署(shu)产生很早,《尚书(shu)(shu)·舜典(dian)》载(zai)(zai):“帝(di)(按(an)(an):指(zhi)舜)曰(yue):夔(kui),命(ming)汝典(dian)乐(le)(le),教胄子(zi)(zi)。”《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·礼(li)乐(le)(le)志》已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)“孝惠二(er)年(nian)(nian),使乐(le)(le)府(fu)令”等语(yu)。所(suo)以一(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)乐(le)(le)府(fu)始(shi)设于(yu)秦始(shi)皇。肄(yì,异(yi)):研习。 <5>《索隐(yin)(yin)》谓:“《礼(li)乐(le)(le)志》‘安世(shi)房中乐(le)(le)’有(you)(you)(you)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)章(zhang)”。误。这里是(shi)指(zhi)《礼(li)乐(le)(le)志》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《郊(jiao)祀歌(ge)(ge)(ge)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)章(zhang)》。梁玉绳对此曾有(you)(you)(you)疑问,说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)“以为(wei)(wei)郊(jiao)祀歌(ge)(ge)(ge)欤?则十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)章(zhang)并太(tai)(tai)始(shi)三年(nian)(nian)《赤(chi)蛟(jiao)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》数(shu)之(zhi)(zhi),又(you)非史(shi)公(gong)所(suo)及睹。”按(an)(an)《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·礼(li)乐(le)(le)志》,《赤(chi)蛟(jiao)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》不(bu)载(zai)(zai)著作年(nian)(nian)代(dai),太(tai)(tai)始(shi)三年(nian)(nian)所(suo)撰为(wei)(wei)《象载(zai)(zai)瑜》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。且(qie)《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)》所(suo)记(ji)(ji)不(bu)似(si)班固所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“迄(qi)于(yu)天(tian)汉(han)。”征和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian),任安少(shao)卿以戾(li)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)案下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)狱,司马(ma)迁写了(le)《报任安书(shu)(shu)》,其中说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百三十(shi)篇《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)》“上(shang)计轩辕(yuan),下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)兹(zi)”。“兹(zi)”者,征和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)以,乐(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)章(zhang)中即便有(you)(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)94年(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)词也(ye)(ye)无足多怪。 <6>胡三省(sheng)(sheng)《通(tong)(tong)(tong)注(zhu)(zhu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“汉(han)时五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)学(xue)各专门名家(jia)(jia)(jia),故(gu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)者不(bu)能尽通(tong)(tong)(tong)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)诗(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)词意,必集(ji)五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)家(jia)(jia)(jia)相与(yu)(yu)讲(jiang)读(du)(du)乃(nai)得通(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)。”按(an)(an):史(shi)载(zai)(zai)汉(han)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)建元五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)136年(nian)(nian)),初“置(zhi)五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)博(bo)(bo)士(shi)”,元朔(shuo)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)124年(nian)(nian))为(wei)(wei)博(bo)(bo)士(shi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)置(zhi)弟子(zi)(zi)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)人(ren)”,是(shi)指(zhi)五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)各置(zhi)博(bo)(bo)士(shi),博(bo)(bo)士(shi)弟子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)各习一(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing),共五(wu)(wu)十(shi)人(ren)。汉(han)代(dai)这种制度产生了(le)只“通(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)”这类知识狭(xia)隘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),于(yu)是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)司马(ma)迁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以上(shang)论述(shu)。其实,汉(han)代(dai)多大(da)儒,武(wu)(wu)帝(di)时如孔安国之(zhi)(zhi)辈也(ye)(ye)不(bu)止(zhi)一(yi)(yi)人(ren),既有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)能做贯穿五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)知识的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诗(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge),必不(bu)乏解诗(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),无须“集(ji)会五(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)家(jia)(jia)(jia),相与(yu)(yu)共讲(jiang)习读(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)”,这是(shi)司马(ma)迁对武(wu)(wu)帝(di)所(suo)行博(bo)(bo)士(shi)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嘲笑。不(bu)可(ke)(ke)作信史(shi)读(du)(du)。 <7>《尔(er)雅》,书(shu)(shu)名。十(shi)三经(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。有(you)(you)(you)三省(sheng)(sheng)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“《尔(er)雅》三卷二(er)十(shi)篇,文帝(di)时列于(yu)学(xue)官(guan)(guan)(guan)。”今传(chuan)为(wei)(wei)晋·郭璞注(zhu)(zhu),宋(song)·邢昺疏(shu)本(ben),共10卷19目(mu),又(you)离析第一(yi)(yi)目(mu)《释诂》为(wei)(wei)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)两篇,合为(wei)(wei)20篇。中华书(shu)(shu)局标点本(ben)《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)》于(yu)尔(er)雅二(er)字(zi)(zi)不(bu)加书(shu)(shu)名号,误。
汉家(jia)常以(yi)正月上(shang)辛祠(ci)太一(yi)甘(gan)泉<1>,以(yi)昏时夜祠(ci),到明而终(zhong)。常有流星经于祠(ci)坛上(shang)。使僮(tong)男僮(tong)女七十人俱歌(ge)<2>。春(chun)歌(ge)《青阳》<3>,夏歌(ge)《朱明》<4>,秋歌(ge)《西(xi)暤》<5>,冬歌(ge)《玄冥》<6>。世(shi)多有,故不论。
又尝得神马(ma)渥洼水中(zhong)<7>,复次以(yi)为(wei)《太一之歌(ge)》。歌(ge)曲(qu)曰:“太一贡兮(xi)天(tian)马(ma)下<8>,沾赤汗兮(xi)沬流赭<9>。骋容与兮(xi)跇万里<10>,今(jin)安匹兮(xi)龙为(wei)友(you)。”后伐大(da)宛得千里马(ma),马(ma)名(ming)蒲梢,次作以(yi)为(wei)歌(ge)。歌(ge)诗(shi)曰:“天(tian)马(ma)来(lai)兮(xi)从西极<11>,经万里兮(xi)归有德。承灵威兮(xi)降外国<12>,涉流沙(sha)兮(xi)四夷服<13>。”中(zhong)尉汲黯进曰:“凡(fan)王者作乐,上以(yi)承祖宗,下以(yi)化(hua)兆(zhao)民。今(jin)陛(bi)下得马(ma),诗(shi)以(yi)为(wei)歌(ge),协于宗庙,先帝百姓岂能知其音邪?”上默(mo)然(ran)不说(shuo)<14>。丞相公孙弘曰<15>:“黯诽谤圣制,当族<16>。”
〔注释〕
<1>汉(han)家:汉(han)代朝廷。上(shang)辛(xin):每(mei)(mei)月(yue)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个辛(xin)日(ri)。古(gu)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)干(gan)支计日(ri),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)自(zi)(zi)甲至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癸(gui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)凡十(shi)(shi)日(ri),每(mei)(mei)月(yue)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)日(ri),十(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)各(ge)出现(xian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)次,第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个日(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)带辛(xin)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)(zi),就称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)辛(xin)。太(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi):北(bei)(bei)极(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。《通(tong)(tong)》胡三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)省注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“太(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。”又(you)引《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“中(zhong)宫(gong)(gong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)极(ji)星(xing),其一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明者(zhe)(zhe),太(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)常居(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”,《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)极(ji)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)极(ji)星(xing)。北(bei)(bei)极(ji)星(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)九颗(ke),最(zui)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)颗(ke)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)星(xing),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)星(xing)。甘(gan)(gan)泉:甘(gan)(gan)泉宫(gong)(gong)。汉(han)代离宫(gong)(gong)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),秦为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)林宫(gong)(gong),汉(han)武(wu)帝(di)增(zeng)筑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),址在(zai)今陕西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)淳化西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)(gan)泉山(shan)上(shang),因名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)甘(gan)(gan)泉宫(gong)(gong)。甘(gan)(gan)泉山(shan)居(ju)汉(han)长(zhang)(zhang)安城西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“祠太(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)甘(gan)(gan)泉,就乾位也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <2>僮男僮女(nv):即童男童女(nv)。 <3>《青阳(yang)(yang)》:歌(ge)(ge)(ge)曲(qu)(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“春为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青阳(yang)(yang)。”邢昺疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“春为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青阳(yang)(yang)者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)春之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气和则(ze)青而(er)(er)温阳(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”由此(ci)(ci)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)想见此(ci)(ci)曲(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内容(rong)(rong),大(da)抵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)颂(song)太(tai)(tai)平(ping)盛世(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)明媚春光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <4>《朱明》:歌(ge)(ge)(ge)曲(qu)(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。内容(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)颂(song)太(tai)(tai)平(ping)盛世(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)季(ji)风光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <5>《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)暤(hao)(hao)》:歌(ge)(ge)(ge)曲(qu)(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。《集解(jie)(jie)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)少暤(hao)(hao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”此(ci)(ci)言(yan)出于(yu)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·月(yue)令》,其中(zhong)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai):五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祗(zhi)(zhi),各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)主(zhu),秋(qiu)(qiu)季(ji)于(yu)五(wu)行属金,配五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang),“其帝(di)少暤(hao)(hao),其神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)蓐收”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“秋(qiu)(qiu)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)暤(hao)(hao)”就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)秋(qiu)(qiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)曲(qu)(qu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)颂(song),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主(zhu)秋(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祗(zhi)(zhi)少暤(hao)(hao)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思。 <6>《玄(xuan)冥》:歌(ge)(ge)(ge)曲(qu)(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·月(yue)令》云玄(xuan)冥,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)官(guan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《月(yue)令》原文是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):主(zhu)冬季(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祗(zhi)(zhi)“其帝(di)颛顼,其神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)玄(xuan)冥。”郑玄(xuan)注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“此(ci)(ci)黑(hei)精(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣,”“玄(xuan)冥,少暤(hao)(hao)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)修、曰(yue)熙,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)官(guan)。”《月(yue)令》论(lun)每(mei)(mei)季(ji)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)主(zhu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祗(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),每(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun);一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)臣。即每(mei)(mei)季(ji)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)君(jun)(jun)臣二(er)人(ren)合主(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,如(ru)(ru)前(qian)(qian)述,属秋(qiu)(qiu)季(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祗(zhi)(zhi)“其帝(di)少暤(hao)(hao),其神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)蓐收”;冬季(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祗(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“其帝(di)颛顼,其神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)玄(xuan)冥”等(deng)。《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》还(hai)载(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)颢(按(an)(an)(an):同暤(hao)(hao))》、《玄(xuan)冥》二(er)首歌(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)词。 <7>事在(zai)武(wu)帝(di)元狩三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)120年(nian)(nian)),胡三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)省引李斐(fei)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“南洋新野有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)暴利长(zhang)(zhang),当(dang)武(wu)帝(di)时(shi)(shi)(shi)遭(zao)刑(xing),屯田敦煌界,数于(yu)此(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)旁见群野马(ma)(ma),中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)奇马(ma)(ma)与(yu)(yu)(yu)凡马(ma)(ma)异,来饮(yin)此(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。利长(zhang)(zhang)先(xian)作(zuo)(zuo)土(tu)人(ren)持勒(le)绊于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)旁,后马(ma)(ma)玩习。久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),代土(tu)人(ren)持勒(le)绊,收得其马(ma)(ma),献之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),欲神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)异此(ci)(ci)马(ma)(ma),云从水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)出”。 <8>贡(gong):《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》作(zuo)(zuo)况(kuang)。《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“况(kuang)与(yu)(yu)(yu)贡(gong)意亦(yi)通(tong)(tong)”。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)况(kuang)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)贶通(tong)(tong)用,《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“贡(gong)、贶,赐(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”,郭璞注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“皆赐(ci)与(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”今人(ren)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi):上(shang)与(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)赐(ci),下(xia)与(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贡(gong),秦汉(han)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)上(shang)下(xia)界限(xian)不(bu)这(zhei)样(yang)清楚。 <9>沬(huì,会):洗面为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沬,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)动词,与(yu)(yu)(yu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)词沫(mo)(mo)(mò)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本不(bu)相同,颜师(shi)古(gu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“然(ran)(ran)今书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)多(把(ba)沫(mo)(mo)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))作(zuo)(zuo)沬面之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沬也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi),“沬,沫(mo)(mo)两(liang)通(tong)(tong)”。沬(huì)流(liu)(liu)赭(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)来的(de)(de)(de)(de)赭(zhe)(zhe)色汗(han)液洗面(极(ji)言(yan)其汗(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多);读沫(mo)(mo)时(shi)(shi)(shi),则(ze)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“流(liu)(liu)沫(mo)(mo)如(ru)(ru)赭(zhe)(zhe)”。 <10>《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》载(zai)(zai)“太(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)”,此(ci)(ci)句前(qian)(qian)还(hai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俶(tì,剃)傥(tǎng,躺(tang)),精(jing)权奇,(niè,聂)浮云,腌(a)(yàn,暗)上(shang)驰(chi)“四(si)句十(shi)(shi)二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),按(an)(an)(an)《乐书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)格式(shi)于(yu)傥、云二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)后各(ge)加兮字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两(liang)句十(shi)(shi)四(si)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。骋(cheng),《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》作(zuo)(zuo)体;容(rong)(rong)与(yu)(yu)(yu),从容(rong)(rong)自(zi)(zi)得貌。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小船;跇(yi)(yi),《集解(jie)(jie)》引孟康语(yu):“音逝”。又(you)引如(ru)(ru)淳语(yu):“跇(yi)(yi)谓超渝也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按(an)(an)(an):跇(yi)(yi)又(you)读如(ru)(ru)艺,与(yu)(yu)(yu)跩字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)(tong)。《集解(jie)(jie)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引又(you)见《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》颜师(shi)古(gu)注(《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》原文跇(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)迣(zhi)),并说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“孟音非也(ye)(ye)(ye),迣(zhi)读与(yu)(yu)(yu)厉同,言(yan)能厉渡万(wan)(wan)里(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”不(bu)知孟康原注中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)跇(yi)(yi)还(hai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迣(zhi)?迣(zhi)读如(ru)(ru)厉,另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)音义(yi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)跇(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)(tong)。既(ji)然(ran)(ran)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)或作(zuo)(zuo)跇(yi)(yi)、或作(zuo)(zuo)迣(zhi),应该按(an)(an)(an)二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音义(yi)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)孟康注是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)确的(de)(de)(de)(de),颜师(shi)古(gu)误(wu)。 <11>西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)极(ji):古(gu)人(ren)把(ba)四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)极(ji)远(yuan)处(chu)(chu)(chu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)极(ji),因而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)东(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、南、北(bei)(bei)极(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法。《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“东(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)泰(tai)远(yuan),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)邠国(guo)(guo),南至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)濮鈆(同沿字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)),北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)祝(zhu)栗,谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)极(ji)。”郭璞注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“皆四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)极(ji)远(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)。”按(an)(an)(an)古(gu)邠国(guo)(guo)在(zai)今陕西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)旬邑(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),彬县一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)带。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)古(gu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)域观念(nian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)马(ma)(ma)出处(chu)(chu)(chu)远(yuan)在(zai)邠国(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。汉(han)人(ren)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),陆地(di)(di)(di)四(si)周(zhou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)海环绕,海外(wai)(wai)四(si)周(zhou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宇(yu)宙的(de)(de)(de)(de)尽(jin)头,称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)东(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、南、北(bei)(bei)极(ji)。《淮南子(zi)(zi)·地(di)(di)(di)形训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),四(si)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内的(de)(de)(de)(de)陆地(di)(di)(di)东(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)长(zhang)(zhang)二(er)万(wan)(wan)八(ba)千里(li)(li)(li),南北(bei)(bei)二(er)万(wan)(wan)六千里(li)(li)(li)。四(si)海外(wai)(wai)东(dong)极(ji)到(dao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)极(ji)二(er)亿三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)万(wan)(wan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)千五(wu)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)七十(shi)(shi)五(wu)步,南、北(bei)(bei)极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)长(zhang)(zhang)相等(deng)。此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)(chu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)极(ji)泛指西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)极(ji)远(yuan)处(chu)(chu)(chu)。 <12>灵威(wei):神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)灵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威(wei)。按(an)(an)(an)《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·封禅书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》载(zai)(zai),汉(han)高(gao)(gao)祖曾命邵国(guo)(guo)县立灵星(xing)祠。灵星(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)龙星(xing),即二(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)宿(su)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)角宿(su)。《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“灵者(zhe)(zhe),神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”降(jiang)(jiang):降(jiang)(jiang)伏。 <13>流(liu)(liu)沙:中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)沙漠。详细地(di)(di)(di)域说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。从《禹贡(gong)》、《楚辞》、《山(shan)海经(jing)》等(deng)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)叙,只能得出流(liu)(liu)沙是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)沙漠的(de)(de)(de)(de)结论(lun)。四(si)夷(yi)(yi):中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)四(si)周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)少数民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)。按(an)(an)(an)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·禹贡(gong)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)辖地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)心为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王城,四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)五(wu)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)内为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甸(dian)服,以(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)各(ge)五(wu)百(bai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侯服,再外(wai)(wai)五(wu)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绥服。绥服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)各(ge)五(wu)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要(yao)(yao)服,其中(zhong)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)夷(yi)(yi),二(er)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)蔡。”甸(dian)服为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)直接辖地(di)(di)(di),侯服是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诸侯封地(di)(di)(di)与(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)夫士的(de)(de)(de)(de)采地(di)(di)(di);绥服是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)文教所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)及(ji)与(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)武(wu)力(li)护卫天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)区。再向外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)服地(di)(di)(di)区,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)力(li)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)及(ji),仅稍加要(yao)(yao)(约)束而(er)(er)己。其中(zhong)四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夷(yi)(yi),可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)夷(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)由来。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·大(da)禹谟》中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“无(wu)怠(dai)无(wu)荒,四(si)夷(yi)(yi)来王”语(yu)。后世(shi)(shi)四(si)夷(yi)(yi)又(you)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)专名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),即《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)下(xia)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“东(dong)夷(yi)(yi),北(bei)(bei)狄(di)(di),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)戎,南蛮。”各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)许多种族(zu)(zu)(zu)部(bu)(bu)落,《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)》称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“九夷(yi)(yi)、八(ba)狄(di)(di)、七戎、六蛮”。按(an)(an)(an):以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)马(ma)(ma)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》与(yu)(yu)(yu)《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)载(zai)(zai)差别较大(da),可(ke)(ke)能由于(yu)长(zhang)(zhang)期歌(ge)(ge)(ge)唱,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)修改(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故。 <14>说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):通(tong)(tong)悦。 <15>梁玉绳《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疑》考证说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):公孙(sun)弘死于(yu)元狩二(er)年(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)121年(nian)(nian)),《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)马(ma)(ma)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》作(zuo)(zuo)于(yu)太(tai)(tai)初四(si)年(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)101年(nian)(nian))和元狩三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian),公孙(sun)弘不(bu)可(ke)(ke)能有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)言(yan)。又(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)汲(ji)黯未尝为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)尉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan),得渥洼马(ma)(ma)时(shi)(shi)(shi),黯在(zai)淮阳(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)守(shou),得宛马(ma)(ma)时(shi)(shi)(shi)已死十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(汲(ji)黯死于(yu)元鼎五(wu)年(nian)(nian),即公元前(qian)(qian)112年(nian)(nian)),也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)能“诽(fei)谤圣制”。由此(ci)(ci)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《乐书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后人(ren)假冒。司马(ma)(ma)光(guang)《通(tong)(tong)考异》则(ze)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“马(ma)(ma)生渥洼水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(元狩三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian))时(shi)(shi)(shi),汲(ji)黯为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)右内史而(er)(er)讥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)当(dang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)者(zhe)(zhe)非公孙(sun)弘也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”古(gu)人(ren)著(zhu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)重年(nian)(nian)代,记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)述常有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)舛误(wu)。司马(ma)(ma)光(guang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 <16>族(zu)(zu)(zu):刑(xing)罚名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),即灭族(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·泰(tai)誓》:“罪人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)。”孔安国(guo)(guo)传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)罪,刑(xing)及(ji)父(fu)(fu)母、兄弟、妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)。”按(an)(an)(an):刑(xing)及(ji)父(fu)(fu)母、兄弟、妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灭其三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(父(fu)(fu)、身、子(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)代称(cheng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)族(zu)(zu)(zu)),后世(shi)(shi)又(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)灭九族(zu)(zu)(zu)(自(zi)(zi)高(gao)(gao)祖至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)玄(xuan)孙(sun),九代人(ren))等(deng)族(zu)(zu)(zu)刑(xing)。
凡音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)起<1>,由人(ren)心(xin)(xin)生也(ye)(ye)(ye)。人(ren)心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)动,物(wu)使之(zhi)(zhi)然也(ye)(ye)(ye)。感(gan)(gan)于物(wu)而动,故(gu)形于声(sheng);声(sheng)相应,故(gu)生变(bian);变(bian)成(cheng)方,谓之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin);比音(yin)而乐之(zhi)(zhi)<2>,及(ji)干戚羽旄<3>,谓之(zhi)(zhi)乐也(ye)(ye)(ye)。乐者(zhe)(zhe),音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)所由生也(ye)(ye)(ye)<4>,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本在人(ren)心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)于物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。是故(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)哀(ai)心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)噍以(yi)杀(sha)<5>;其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)乐心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)啴以(yi)缓(huan)<6>;其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喜心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)发(fa)以(yi)散;其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)怒心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)粗以(yi)厉;其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)敬心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)直以(yi)廉<7>;其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爱(ai)心(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)和(he)以(yi)柔。六者(zhe)(zhe)非性也(ye)(ye)(ye),感(gan)(gan)于物(wu)而后动,是故(gu)先王慎(shen)所以(yi)感(gan)(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)。故(gu)礼以(yi)导其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)志,乐以(yi)和(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng),政(zheng)以(yi)壹其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行,刑以(yi)防其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)奸。礼乐刑政(zheng),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)极一也(ye)(ye)(ye),所以(yi)同民心(xin)(xin)而出治道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>以(yi)(yi)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》文。《正义》引皇甫侃的(de)(de)(de)话(hua)说(shuo)(shuo):此(ci)章“备(bei)言音(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)起,故(gu)名《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)本》。夫乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起,其(qi)事有二(er):一是人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)声(sheng)(sheng)从心(xin)(xin)(xin)而(er)(er)(er)生;一是乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)感(gan)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin),心(xin)(xin)(xin)随乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)声(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)变也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <2>比(bi):随着、顺(shun)着。《易(yi)经·比(bi)卦(gua)》彖辞说(shuo)(shuo):“比(bi),辅也(ye)(ye)(ye)。下(xia)顺(shun)从也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)读如(ru)(ru)(ru)yuè,做动词用(yong),全句的(de)(de)(de)意思是,顺(shun)着音(yin)(yin)(yin)调的(de)(de)(de)变化,而(er)(er)(er)将它音(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)化,或说(shuo)(shuo)是将它变成为(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。怎样变?《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)是“言以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)次比(bi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌曲(qu)而(er)(er)(er)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)播(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”用(yong)白话(hua)说(shuo)(shuo)就(jiu)是随音(yin)(yin)(yin)调的(de)(de)(de)变化,用(yong)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)演(yan)奏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 <3>干(gan)戚羽(yu)(yu)旄:按《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄的(de)(de)(de)解释,干(gan)就(jiu)是盾牌,戚指斧(兵器(qi))。这两种是周武(wu)王所(suo)制《武(wu)》舞中,舞人(ren)手(shou)执(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)具(ju)(ju);羽(yu)(yu)指雄性山(shan)鸡尾,旄指旄牛(niu)尾。这两种是文舞中舞人(ren)手(shou)执(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)具(ju)(ju)。 <4>由:因(yin)缘、缘故(gu)。此(ci)句硬译(yi)应是:由于乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)缘故(gu),音(yin)(yin)(yin)才(cai)发生变化,产生新的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)西。或者说(shuo)(shuo),以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)(de),音(yin)(yin)(yin)产生了新的(de)(de)(de)东西。意译(yi)就(jiu)是:乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是音(yin)(yin)(yin)产生的(de)(de)(de)。 <5>噍(jiāo,焦):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄释为(wei)(wei)急。杀(shài,晒):衰(shuai)减。《仪礼(li)·士冠》:“以(yi)(yi)官爵人(ren),德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杀也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郑(zheng)玄注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo):“杀,犹衰(shuai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”噍而(er)(er)(er)杀:孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)释为(wei)(wei)“踧(cu)(cù,同蹙。意为(wei)(wei)迫促)急而(er)(er)(er)速杀也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”就(jiu)是促急而(er)(er)(er)迅速减弱谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)噍杀。 <6>啴(chǎn,产):宽舒(shu)。又(you)读如(ru)(ru)(ru)单(dān)、滩(tān)等,都有宽舒(shu)意。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《诗·大(da)雅·崧高》:“徒御啴啴(读tān)”毛注(zhu):“啴啴安(an)舒(shu),言得(de)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”故(gu)啴以(yi)(yi)缓就(jiu)是宽缓的(de)(de)(de)意思。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo):“啴,宽也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若外境(jing)所(suo)善,心(xin)(xin)(xin)必欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)在心(xin)(xin)(xin),故(gu)声(sheng)(sheng)必随而(er)(er)(er)宽缓也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <7>廉(lian)(lian):不苟(gou)微(wei)细(xi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廉(lian)(lian)。廉(lian)(lian)原是古代数(shu)学名词,如(ru)(ru)(ru)左图,将225开方(fang)(fang):先破十为(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang),其(qi)积100,所(suo)余(yu)小(xiao)方(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)隅(yu),长(zhang)方(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)廉(lian)(lian)。方(fang)(fang)、廉(lian)(lian)、隅(yu)相加(jia)为(wei)(wei)积225。方(fang)(fang)是开方(fang)(fang)所(suo)得(de)大(da)数(shu),廉(lian)(lian)隅(yu)是剩余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)数(shu),或说(shuo)(shuo)是边、角(jiao)微(wei)细(xi)的(de)(de)(de)部分。故(gu)古人(ren)又(you)以(yi)(yi)廉(lian)(lian)为(wei)(wei)棱,隅(yu)为(wei)(wei)角(jiao)(《广雅》)。此(ci)处所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直以(yi)(yi)廉(lian)(lian)是边、角(jiao)分明,绝无邪曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)意思。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo):“直谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不邪也(ye)(ye)(ye);廉(lian)(lian),廉(lian)(lian)隅(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。“严(yan)敬在心(xin)(xin)(xin),则其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)正直而(er)(er)(er)有廉(lian)(lian)隅(yu)不邪曲(qu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
凡(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe),生人心者(zhe)也。情动于中(zhong),故(gu)形于声,声成文谓之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)<1>。是故(gu)治世之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)安以乐,其(qi)(qi)(qi)正(zheng)和<2>;乱(luan)(luan)(luan)世之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)怨以怒,其(qi)(qi)(qi)正(zheng)乖<3>;亡国之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)哀以思,其(qi)(qi)(qi)民困。声音(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)道,与(yu)正(zheng)通矣。宫为(wei)君<4>,商(shang)为(wei)臣<5>,角为(wei)民<6>,徵为(wei)事(shi)<7>,羽(yu)为(wei)物<8>。五(wu)者(zhe)不乱(luan)(luan)(luan),则(ze)无(wu)惉懘之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)矣<9>。宫乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)荒<10>,共君骄;商(shang)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)捶<11>,其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣坏(huai);角乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)忧(you)<12>,其(qi)(qi)(qi)民怨;徵乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)哀<13>,其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)勤;羽(yu)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)危<14>,其(qi)(qi)(qi)财(cai)匮。五(wu)者(zhe)皆乱(luan)(luan)(luan),迭(die)相陵<15>,谓之(zhi)(zhi)慢(man)。如(ru)此则(ze)国之(zhi)(zhi)灭亡无(wu)日矣。郑卫(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)<16>,乱(luan)(luan)(luan)世之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)也。比于慢(man)矣。桑(sang)间濮上之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)<17>,亡国之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)也,其(qi)(qi)(qi)政散,其(qi)(qi)(qi)民流,诬上行(xing)私而不可止<18>。
〔注释〕
<1>声(sheng)成(cheng)文(wen):《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》解(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)虽(sui)异,各(ge)见于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外,成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)彩(cai)。”“文(wen)”释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“文(wen)彩(cai)”,义(yi)(yi)(yi)仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明。文(wen)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen),声(sheng)能(neng)成(cheng)文(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)变化有(you)(you)规律(lv),形成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结构(gou)和(he)组织,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再是(shi)(shi)(shi)简单的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)了(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)如同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)章不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再是(shi)(shi)(shi)单个(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)字(zi)母一(yi)(yi)样。 <2>正:《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作政(zheng)。正同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政(zheng)。以(yi)(yi)下(xia)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。 <3>乖:背戾,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)谐(xie)。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》:“乖,戾也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <4>宫(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)重(zhong)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe),《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)弦最(zui)大(da)(da),用(yong)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)丝(si)(si),声(sheng)重(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)尊,故(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君”。《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》又以(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行理论(lun)解(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)属(shu)(shu)土,居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang),总四(si)方(fang),君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君”。 <5>《索隐》解(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“商(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)金(jin)(按:即(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行理论(lun),商(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)),金(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)决断(按:即(ji)(ji)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)决断),臣(chen)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。弦用(yong)七十(shi)(shi)二(er)丝(si)(si),次(ci)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),如臣(chen)次(ci)君也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <6>以(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行理论(lun)解(jie)释(shi),角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)属(shu)(shu)木,属(shu)(shu)春(chun)。《集(ji)解(jie)》引王(wang)(wang)肃(su)语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“春(chun)物(wu)(wu)(wu)并生,各(ge)以(yi)(yi)区别,民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又从声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)高低(di)解(jie)释(shi),《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“弦用(yong)六十(shi)(shi)四(si)丝(si)(si),声(sheng)居宫(gong)(gong)(gong)羽(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),比君为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劣,比物(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)优(you),故(gu)(gu)云清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),人(ren)(按:即(ji)(ji)民(min)(min)(min)字(zi)。唐太(tai)宗李世民(min)(min)(min),唐人(ren)避(bi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming),书(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)字(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)弦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗细(xi)(xi)在(zai)最(zui)粗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)弦和(he)最(zui)细(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羽(yu)弦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian),声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian),宫(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君,羽(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu),地(di)位(wei)处于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征。 <7>徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhǐ,只)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)两种理论(lun)解(jie)释(shi):徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夏为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火。《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夏时生长,万物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆成(cheng)形体,事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦有(you)(you)体,故(gu)(gu)配(pei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);《集(ji)解(jie)》引王(wang)(wang)肃(su)语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夏物(wu)(wu)(wu)盛(sheng),故(gu)(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多。”《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)火,以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弦由五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)四(si)根(gen)丝(si)(si)组成(cheng),粗细(xi)(xi)在(zai)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、羽(yu)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian),《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“(羽(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)),夫(fu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)造(zao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),造(zao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由民(min)(min)(min),故(gu)(gu)先事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)乃(nai)(nai)有(you)(you)物(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)胜于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)劣于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min),故(gu)(gu)次(ci)民(min)(min)(min),居物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <8>羽(yu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行属(shu)(shu)水,属(shu)(shu)冬(dong);弦为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)根(gen)丝(si)(si),最(zui)细(xi)(xi),声(sheng)最(zui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(高而(er)(er)(er)细(xi)(xi))。故(gu)(gu)由以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)两种理论(lun)解(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复赘(zhui)。 <9>惉(chan)(zhān,沾)懘(chì,翅):《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄注:“惉(chan)懘,敝败(bai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)貌。”孔颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“惉(chan),敝也(ye)(ye)(ye);懘,败(bai)也(ye)(ye)(ye),敝败(bai)谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若君、臣(chen)、民(min)(min)(min)、事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)各(ge)得(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)用(yong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)坏(huai)乱(luan)(luan)(luan),则(ze)(ze)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)响(xiang)无(wu)(wu)敝败(bai)矣。” <10>荒:《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“荒,犹散也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan),则(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)放散”。荒释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)文(wen)没义(yi)(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)训(xun)。荒原(yuan)有(you)(you)废(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si),如《尚书(shu)(shu)·周(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)·蔡仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“无(wu)(wu)荒弃朕命(ming)(ming)”,孔安国(guo)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“元废(fei)弃我命(ming)(ming)”。十(shi)(shi)二(er)律(lv)黄钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),以(yi)(yi)三(san)分(fen)损益(yi)(yi)法(fa)(参见《律(lv)书(shu)(shu)》注)生成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)余诸律(lv),即(ji)(ji)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)余四(si)声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基准(zhun),宫(gong)(gong)(gong)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)(jiu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声(sheng)尽废(fei),没个(ge)准(zhun)头了(le)(le)。 <11>捶(chui):《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作陂,释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)倾斜、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平正。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作捶(chui)。《集(ji)解(jie)》、《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》均不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)另(ling)立新解(jie),仍以(yi)(yi)《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》释(shi)敷(fu)会之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),甚无(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)谓。《广韵》释(shi)捶(chui)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)擿(zhi)(zhì)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)掷,投掷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si),如《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·剌客列传》:“乃(nai)(nai)引其(qi)(qi)(qi)匕首以(yi)(yi)擿(zhi)秦王(wang)(wang)。”《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“擿(zhi)与掷同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),古字(zi)耳(er)”。按出律(lv)法(fa)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),三(san)分(fen)去(qu)一(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)分(fen)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang),生律(lv)次(ci)序中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)居五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三(san)位(wei),商(shang)音(yin)乱(luan)(luan)(luan),宫(gong)(gong)(gong)、徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)影响(xiang),角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、羽(yu)二(er)音(yin)必受(shou)影响(xiang),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)半存(cun)半废(fei),故(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)曲(qu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)跳(tiao)掷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)捶(chui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)。 <12>五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由宫(gong)(gong)(gong)至(zhi)羽(yu)弦渐(jian)(jian)(jian)细(xi)(xi)、渐(jian)(jian)(jian)短(duan),其(qi)(qi)(qi)音(yin)由低(di)渐(jian)(jian)(jian)高,由浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)渐(jian)(jian)(jian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)音(yin)最(zui)低(di)、最(zui)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo),羽(yu)音(yin)最(zui)高、最(zui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)音(yin)居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)。角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)音(yin)高低(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)准(zhun),偏低(di)则(ze)(ze)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)多于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),偏高则(ze)(ze)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)多于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)。整个(ge)乐(le)(le)曲(qu)显得(de)(de)忽(hu)(hu)而(er)(er)(er)亢奋,忽(hu)(hu)而(er)(er)(er)低(di)沉(chen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忧思(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定貌,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)忧。 <13>徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)音(yin),乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)音(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足,浊(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),整个(ge)曲(qu)调则(ze)(ze)显得(de)(de)低(di)沉(chen)哀(ai)婉(wan)。就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)哀(ai)。 <14>羽(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最(zui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)音(yin),乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)正,或高或低(di),忽(hu)(hu)高忽(hu)(hu)低(di)。低(di)无(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)影响(xiang),高(是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)种不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谐(xie)调的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高)则(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)唱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)。因(yin)太(tai)高,唱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出,乐(le)(le)曲(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)断,这种现(xian)(xian)象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)谓“危”。危为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)忌,偶一(yi)(yi)出现(xian)(xian)演奏即(ji)(ji)谓失败(bai)。 <15>迭(die)(die)(die)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling):《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)》:“迭(die)(die)(die),互也(ye)(ye)(ye)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),越也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”迭(die)(die)(die)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声(sheng)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he),君臣(chen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)越,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慢也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”迭(die)(die)(die)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)互,也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)文(wen)设义(yi)(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)够贴(tie)切。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》:“迭(die)(die)(die),更迭(die)(die)(die)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)甲处宫(gong)(gong)(gong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)商(shang),乙处商(shang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),丙处宫(gong)(gong)(gong)又陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)商(shang)叫做(zuo)迭(die)(die)(die)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)叫做(zuo)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling);于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)处宫(gong)(gong)(gong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)商(shang),商(shang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宫(gong)(gong)(gong),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)叫做(zuo)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)叫做(zuo)迭(die)(die)(die)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。时空相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)互,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)迭(die)(die)(die)。即(ji)(ji)互无(wu)(wu)更意(yi)(yi),迭(die)(die)(die)有(you)(you)更意(yi)(yi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。 <16>春(chun)秋时期郑(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)、卫(wei)(wei)国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)。今《诗(shi)经(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《邶风(feng)(feng)(feng)》、《鄘(yong)风(feng)(feng)(feng)》、《卫(wei)(wei)风(feng)(feng)(feng)》、《郑(zheng)(zheng)风(feng)(feng)(feng)》保留了(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)歌词(邶、鄘(yong)春(chun)秋时被卫(wei)(wei)国(guo)兼并)。《诗(shi)谱序》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“孔子(zi)录(周(zhou)(zhou))懿王(wang)(wang)、夷(yi)王(wang)(wang)时诗(shi)迄于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陈(chen)灵(ling)公淫乱(luan)(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变风(feng)(feng)(feng)变雅(ya)。”《诗(shi)经(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)《邶风(feng)(feng)(feng)》以(yi)(yi)下(xia)十(shi)(shi)二(er)国(guo)风(feng)(feng)(feng)都(dou)属(shu)(shu)变风(feng)(feng)(feng)变雅(ya),郑(zheng)(zheng)、卫(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。又《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·周(zhou)(zhou)本纪》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“懿王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,王(wang)(wang)室遂衰”,周(zhou)(zhou)衰自懿王(wang)(wang)始(shi),郑(zheng)(zheng)、卫(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),并在(zai)此(ci)后(hou),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)。 <17>《集(ji)解(jie)》引郑(zheng)(zheng)玄语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“濮(pu)(pu)水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),地(di)有(you)(you)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian),在(zai)濮(pu)(pu)阳南”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)名(ming),误。桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian)濮(pu)(pu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)实指濮(pu)(pu)水一(yi)(yi)带的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian),泛指卫(wei)(wei)国(guo)境。《禹贡》以(yi)(yi)兖州(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)土,濮(pu)(pu)水流域古属(shu)(shu)兖州(zhou),其(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)宜桑(sang)(sang)(sang)蚕,故(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。并非某一(yi)(yi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian)。《诗(shi)经(jing)·鄘(yong)风(feng)(feng)(feng)》有(you)(you)《桑(sang)(sang)(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》一(yi)(yi)篇(pian),《序》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“《桑(sang)(sang)(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》剌奔也(ye)(ye)(ye)。卫(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公室淫乱(luan)(luan)(luan),男女相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)奔,至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世族在(zai)位(wei),相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)窃妻妾,期于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽远,政(zheng)散民(min)(min)(min)流而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)止。”桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)可(ke)能(neng)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指《桑(sang)(sang)(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》篇(pian)。濮(pu)(pu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)《桑(sang)(sang)(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》最(zui)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫乱(luan)(luan)(luan),故(gu)(gu)首揭其(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)间(jian)(jian)濮(pu)(pu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)。 <18>诬上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)行私(si)(si):臣(chen)诬君为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诬上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);废(fei)公法(fa),徇私(si)(si)情为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行私(si)(si)。
凡音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe),生于(yu)人心者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe),通(tong)于(yu)伦理(li)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)<1>。是故(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe),禽兽是也(ye)(ye);知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe),众(zhong)庶(shu)是也(ye)(ye)<2>。唯君(jun)子为(wei)能知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)<3>。是故(gu)审声以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin),审音(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le),审乐(le)(le)(le)以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,而(er)(er)治(zhi)道备矣<4>。是故(gu)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)与言音(yin)(yin)(yin),不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)与言乐(le)(le)(le),知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)则几于(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)矣<5>。礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)皆得,谓之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)德(de)。德(de)者(zhe)(zhe)得也(ye)(ye)。是故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)隆,非(fei)极音(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye);食飨之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)<6>,非(fei)极味也(ye)(ye)。清庙之(zhi)(zhi)瑟(se)<7>,朱弦而(er)(er)疏越<8>,一(yi)倡而(er)(er)三叹,有(you)遗(yi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)矣。大(da)(da)飨之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)<9>,尚玄酒而(er)(er)俎(zu)腥鱼<10>,大(da)(da)羹不(bu)(bu)和<11>,有(you)遗(yi)味者(zhe)(zhe)矣。是故(gu)先王之(zhi)(zhi)制礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye),非(fei)以(yi)极口腹耳目之(zhi)(zhi)欲也(ye)(ye),将以(yi)教民平好恶而(er)(er)反(fan)人道之(zhi)(zhi)正也(ye)(ye)<12>。
〔注释〕
<1>伦理:关于(yu)人(ren)(ren)与人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间道(dao)(dao)德关系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)准则(ze)。又称伦常、人(ren)(ren)伦、纲(gang)常等。 <2>众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)(shu):此(ci)(ci)处(chu)指(zhi)普通(tong)(tong)(tong)百(bai)姓,或(huo)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)。众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)犹言(yan)众(zhong)(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)。按(an)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》及《尔雅》等,庶(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本意(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)众(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)可作民(min)(min)(min)字解(jie)。六经中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)、庶(shu)(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)、民(min)(min)(min)、百(bai)姓等语,用法是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)区别(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de):庶(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)与民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区别(bie)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)官为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren),在(zai)(zai)野为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)。百(bai)姓范(fan)围更广,可以(yi)(yi)包(bao)括士甚至(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu),只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)把(ba)众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)字当(dang)作是(shi)(shi)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)二字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)称时(shi),众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)才(cai)能(neng)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)众(zhong)(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)。 <3>君(jun)子(zi):有(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)德、有(you)(you)(you)(you)知识的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)德圣人(ren)(ren)”,即(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圣人(ren)(ren)。六经中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)君(jun)子(zi)一(yi)词的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)意(yi)(yi)(yi)很混乱,有(you)(you)(you)(you)时(shi)泛指(zhi)统治(zhi)阶级,不(bu)包(bao)括在(zai)(zai)下位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)(tong)(tong)民(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)(you)时(shi)又与地位(wei)(wei)无(wu)关,循礼(li)(li)行事(shi),仆隶(li)可称君(jun)子(zi),如《礼(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·檀(tan)弓》记(ji)(ji)载的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“曾子(zi)易箦”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事(shi),曾子(zi)把(ba)执烛童子(zi)(幼仆)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)子(zi)等。具(ju)体(ti)含(han)(han)意(yi)(yi)(yi)当(dang)视文义(yi)(yi)而(er)定。《乐(le)书(shu)》这(zhei)句(ju)话中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)子(zi)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)知识深明乐(le)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。 <4>治(zhi)道(dao)(dao):治(zhi)理国家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法。备:完(wan)备。 <5>几(ji)(ji):近。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)诂》:“几(ji)(ji),近也(ye)。”如《礼(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·聘(pin)义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“日几(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而(er)后礼(li)(li)成(cheng)”。 <6>食(shi)(shi)(sì,寺)飨(xiang)(xiǎng,享(xiang)):食(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)饲(si),飨(xiang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)享(xiang)。《正义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)谓(wei)宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)”。误。宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),小祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只(zhi)飨(xiang)神,无(wu)食(shi)(shi)义(yi)(yi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)毕还要(yao)把(ba)飨(xiang)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(牲肉(rou)(rou)(rou)酒(jiu)(jiu)醴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类)飨(xiang)宾客(ke),合(he)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)飨(xiang)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。单言(yan)后者(zhe)则(ze)称大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang),才(cai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)食(shi)(shi)义(yi)(yi)。而(er)“食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)二字含(han)(han)意(yi)(yi)(yi)广泛得(de)多,凡以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)(shi)待客(ke)均称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang),规模小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)飨(xiang)。包(bao)括丧(sang)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飨(xiang)食(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)及其(qi)他吉礼(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飨(xiang)客(ke)如乡饮酒(jiu)(jiu)、射、加冠、婚、朝聘(pin)等礼(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分,都称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)。 <7>《集(ji)解(jie)》引王肃语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“于(yu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所鼓(按(an):同奏)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑟(se)(se)”。清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao),周天(tian)子(zi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀七(qi)庙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。《诗·周颂·清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)序》:“清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao),祀文王也(ye)。”这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)种说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法。另《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao),谓(wei)作乐(le)歌《清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)》也(ye),孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)(shu)也(ye)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑟(se)(se),谓(wei)歌《清(qing)(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗所弹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑟(se)(se)。以(yi)(yi)前说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长。 <8>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“朱(zhu)弦(xian),练(lian)(lian)弦(xian),练(lian)(lian)则(ze)声浊;越(yue),瑟(se)(se)底(di)孔(kong)也(ye),画疏(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使声迟(chi)(chi)也(ye)。”按(an):练(lian)(lian)就是(shi)(shi)捣(dao)练(lian)(lian),丝(si)(si)(si)经捣(dao)练(lian)(lian),除去(qu)丝(si)(si)(si)胶,生丝(si)(si)(si)变(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熟(shu)(shu)(shu)丝(si)(si)(si),柔(rou)韧(ren)性更强,同时(shi),固有(you)(you)(you)(you)频率变(bian)小(音低而(er)浊)。所以(yi)(yi)朱(zhu)弦(xian)就是(shi)(shi)红色熟(shu)(shu)(shu)丝(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。画疏(shu)(shu)二字不(bu)可解(jie),孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)。瑟(se)(se)底(di)加孔(kong),疏(shu)(shu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)瑟(se)(se)底(di)气流使与弦(xian)共振(zhen),声音变(bian)得(de)迟(chi)(chi)缓,与义(yi)(yi)可通(tong)(tong)(tong),然(ran)而(er)画疏(shu)(shu)何以(yi)(yi)能(neng)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)疏(shu)(shu)通(tong)(tong)(tong),终不(bu)可解(jie)。因此(ci)(ci),不(bu)必(bi)理会郑(zheng)注(zhu),可直接以(yi)(yi)孔(kong)疏(shu)(shu)解(jie)释(shi)(shi):疏(shu)(shu)越(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)疏(shu)(shu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)气流之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孔(kong),或(huo)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)气孔(kong)。 <9>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang):《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祫(xia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)先王,误。比(bi)如五年一(yi)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禘(di)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),与祫(xia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)同称殷(盛(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si))祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)。又《正义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)享(xiang)(按(an)同飨(xiang))即(ji)食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)也(ye)。变(bian)‘食(shi)(shi)’言(yan)‘大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)’,崇其(qi)名故也(ye)”。这(zhei)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)错误的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。食(shi)(shi)享(xiang)不(bu)极(ji)味(wei),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)享(xiang)尚(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu),这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)二码事(shi),不(bu)可混淆。若食(shi)(shi)享(xiang)就是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)享(xiang),二句(ju)话完(wan)全(quan)合(he)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两层了(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)指(zhi)郊(jiao)天(tian)与宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飨(xiang)食(shi)(shi)宾客(ke),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)设,而(er)一(yi)般食(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)是(shi)(shi)重礼(li)(li)不(bu)极(ji)味(wei),但(dan)不(bu)一(yi)定设玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu),所以(yi)(yi)于(yu)食(shi)(shi)享(xiang)只(zhi)言(yan)其(qi)不(bu)极(ji)味(wei),于(yu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)才(cai)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)尚(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)。 <10>俎(zu):盛(sheng)(sheng)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木盘(切肉(rou)(rou)(rou)木板亦(yi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俎(zu),此(ci)(ci)文指(zhi)盛(sheng)(sheng)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)具(ju))。腥:肉(rou)(rou)(rou)未熟(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腥。如《论(lun)语·乡党》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“君(jun)赐腥,必(bi)熟(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)荐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”全(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi):大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)盛(sheng)(sheng)生鱼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)俎(zu)。 <11>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹:肉(rou)(rou)(rou)汁羹。参见《礼(li)(li)书(shu)》注(zhu)。不(bu)和:不(bu)调(diao)合(he)五味(wei)。 <12>好恶:喜好与厌恶。人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao):《正义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正道(dao)(dao),《礼(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·丧(sang)服小记(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“亲(qin)亲(qin)、尊(zun)尊(zun)、长长、男女(nv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)别(bie),人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)也(ye)。”。
人生而(er)静,天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性也(ye)(ye);感于物(wu)(wu)而(er)动,性之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)颂也(ye)(ye)<1>。物(wu)(wu)至知(zhi)知(zhi)<2>,然后好(hao)恶形焉。好(hao)恶无(wu)节(jie)(jie)于内,知(zhi)诱于外(wai)<3>,不(bu)能(neng)反己(ji)<4>,天理(li)灭矣<5>。夫物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感人无(wu)穷(qiong),而(er)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)恶无(wu)节(jie)(jie),则是(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)至而(er)人化(hua)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)<6>。人化(hua)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)者,灭天理(li)而(er)穷(qiong)人欲者也(ye)(ye)<7>。于是(shi)(shi)有悖逆诈伪(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心<8>,有淫佚作乱(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。是(shi)(shi)故(gu)强者胁弱,众者暴寡,知(zhi)者诈愚<9>,勇者若怯,疾病(bing)不(bu)养,老幼(you)孤寡不(bu)得其所<10>,此大(da)乱(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)故(gu)先王制礼(li)乐(le),人为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)(jie):衰(shuai)麻哭(ku)泣<11>,所以(yi)节(jie)(jie)丧纪也(ye)(ye)<12>;钟鼓干(gan)戚(qi)<13>,所以(yi)和(he)安乐(le)也(ye)(ye);婚姻冠笄<14>,所以(yi)别(bie)男女也(ye)(ye);射乡食(shi)飨<15>,所以(yi)正交接也(ye)(ye)。礼(li)节(jie)(jie)民心,乐(le)和(he)民声,政(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),刑(xing)以(yi)防之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。礼(li)乐(le)刑(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)四(si)达(da)而(er)不(bu)悖,则王道(dao)备矣<16>。
〔注释〕
<1>颂(song):容貌(mao)、外表。《集(ji)解》引徐广(guang)语解释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“颂(song)音容,今《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》(按(an):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)‘欲’。”其实(shi)颂(song)与容字(zi)(zi)音(róng)义皆通,《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“颂(song),貌(mao)也(ye)”。在本句中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi):人的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)静(jing),静(jing)则无所(suo)(suo)表现,难以(yi)(yi)觉察。只(zhi)有感(gan)(gan)于(yu)(yu)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)动,不(bu)感(gan)(gan)于(yu)(yu)外物(wu)(wu)则不(bu)动,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)静(jing)的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性(xing)由感(gan)(gan)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)动被反衬出来,感(gan)(gan)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)动就成了天(tian)(tian)性(xing)静(jing)的(de)(de)外部表现(容貌(mao))。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》“颂(song)”作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)欲。 <2>知知:前知与智(zhi)同(tong)(tong)。全(quan)句的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)如《集(ji)解》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“事至,能以(yi)(yi)智(zhi)知之(zhi)(zhi)。” <3>知:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由于(yu)(yu)外物(wu)(wu)至而(er)(er)(er)产生的(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)觉。己(ji):自(zi)(zi)己(ji)、自(zi)(zi)身。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“躬”。躬,《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》在“吕”部,释(shi)(shi)曰:“身也(ye)”。与己(ji)通。《乐(le)(le)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)此(ci)句的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能归(gui)于(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)身原有的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性(xing)。即“己(ji)”释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)身的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性(xing)。 <5>天(tian)(tian)理:《集(ji)解》和《正义》都(dou)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)性(xing),即“人生而(er)(er)(er)静(jing)”的(de)(de)秉赋,与《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)相同(tong)(tong)。 <6>人化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu):即人化(hua)(hua)于(yu)(yu)物(wu)(wu),为(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)化(hua)(hua),随物(wu)(wu)变(bian)易其善恶(e)。 <7>人欲:人心(xin)所(suo)(suo)欲。即好恶(e)无节产生的(de)(de)贪欲。 <8>悖逆(ni):不(bu)顺(shun)天(tian)(tian)理,恣意(yi)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)。《玉篇》:“悖,逆(ni)也(ye)。”悖逆(ni)二字(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)逆(ni)字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)重(zhong)复(fu)。不(bu)顺(shun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)逆(ni),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)凡(fan)与天(tian)(tian)理人情不(bu)顺(shun)者(zhe)(zhe)都(dou)可说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)悖逆(ni)。 <9>知:同(tong)(tong)智(zhi)。 <10>孤寡(gua):《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》“寡(gua)”作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“独”。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“少而(er)(er)(er)无父者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)孤,老而(er)(er)(er)无子(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)独,老而(er)(er)(er)无妻者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)矜,老而(er)(er)(er)无失者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)寡(gua)。此(ci)四者(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)民之(zhi)(zhi)穷而(er)(er)(er)无告者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。”所(suo)(suo):处所(suo)(suo)。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生存必(bi)要的(de)(de)环(huan)境、条件等。 <11>衰(shuai)(cuī,崔)麻(ma)(ma):丧服(fu)(fu)。此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有关(guan)(guan)衰(shuai)麻(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仪(yi)制(zhi)度(du)。按(an)亲疏关(guan)(guan)系不(bu)同(tong)(tong),丧服(fu)(fu)分五(wu)等,最(zui)重(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)斩(zhan)衰(shuai),最(zui)轻者(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)缌(si)麻(ma)(ma),兼五(wu)等而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)衰(shuai)麻(ma)(ma)。哭(ku)(ku)泣(qi):此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居丧期间有关(guan)(guan)哭(ku)(ku)泣(qi)的(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仪(yi)制(zhi)度(du)。如始死(si)未殡之(zhi)(zhi)间哭(ku)(ku)不(bu)绝声;既(ji)殡之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)到虞祭之(zhi)(zhi)间,朝(chao)一(yi)哭(ku)(ku),夕一(yi)哭(ku)(ku);既(ji)虞之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),思(si)忆则哭(ku)(ku),不(bu)思(si)不(bu)哭(ku)(ku)(死(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou)七(qi)日大(da)殓为(wei)(wei)(wei)殡,三(san)月而(er)(er)(er)葬(zang),葬(zang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)当(dang)日虞祭),以(yi)(yi)及哭(ku)(ku)有踊、不(bu)踊,稽颡不(bu)稽颡,对君使不(bu)哭(ku)(ku)等许(xu)多规定(ding)。 <12>丧纪(ji):丧葬(zang)制(zhi)度(du)。纪(ji)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)纲纪(ji)、制(zhi)度(du)。 <13>钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu):乐(le)(le)器。干戚:舞具。己(ji)见前释(shi)(shi)。钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)干戚合(he)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)代(dai)称。《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官·乐(le)(le)师(shi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):乐(le)(le)仪(yi)“以(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)节”,在《鼓(gu)(gu)师(shi)》一(yi)节中(zhong)(zhong)又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“凡(fan)乐(le)(le)事,以(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)奏《九(jiu)夏》”郑玄(xuan)解释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“以(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe),先击钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),次击鼓(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)奏九(jiu)夏。夏,大(da)也(ye),乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)歌(ge)有九(jiu)”。可见,钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)器。又舞有文武二类,文舞持(chi)羽、旄(mao),武舞执干戚。又有人舞(见《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官·乐(le)(le)师(shi)》),徒手而(er)(er)(er)舞。这些舞具中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)干戚最(zui)具威仪(yi),故以(yi)(yi)干戚总其余。 <14>婚(hun)姻:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)婚(hun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。冠笄:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冠礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“男子(zi)二十冠而(er)(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)”,“女子(zi)许(xu)嫁,笄而(er)(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)”。 <15>射:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乡(xiang)射、大(da)射礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),于(yu)(yu)五(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)属嘉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。乡(xiang):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乡(xiang)饮酒礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。参(can)见《仪(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·乡(xiang)饮酒》。 <16>王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao):王(wang)(wang)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),或曰帝王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao),与霸(ba)道(dao)(dao)相对。《尚(shang)书(shu)·洪范》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“无偏无党,王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)荡(dang)荡(dang)”。孔(kong)颖达疏解释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao),“王(wang)(wang)家所(suo)(suo)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”。战国(guo)时期流行(xing)治(zhi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)方法,有三(san)种:王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)、霸(ba)道(dao)(dao)、强国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)。参(can)见《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)·商君列传(chuan)》公孙鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)孝公事。
乐者为同(tong)<1>,礼者为异。同(tong)则(ze)相亲,异则(ze)相敬(jing)。乐胜则(ze)流<2>,礼胜则(ze)离<3>。合情(qing)饰貌(mao)者<4>,礼乐之事也(ye)。礼义立,则(ze)贵贱等(deng)矣;乐文(wen)同(tong)<5>,则(ze)上(shang)下和矣;好恶著,则(ze)贤(xian)不肖别矣<6>;刑禁暴,爵举贤(xian),则(ze)政均矣。仁以爱之<7>,义以正之<8>,如此(ci)则(ze)民治行矣<9>。
乐(le)由中出,礼(li)(li)自外作。乐(le)由中出,故(gu)静(jing);礼(li)(li)自外作,故(gu)文<10>。大乐(le)必(bi)(bi)易<11>,大礼(li)(li)必(bi)(bi)简<12>。乐(le)至(zhi)则(ze)无(wu)(wu)怨(yuan),礼(li)(li)至(zhi)则(ze)不争。揖(yi)让而治(zhi)天下者<13>,礼(li)(li)乐(le)之(zhi)谓也。暴民不作<14>,诸侯宾服<15>,兵(bing)革不试<16>,五刑(xing)不用<17>,百姓无(wu)(wu)患,天子不怒,如此(ci)则(ze)乐(le)达矣<18>。合父子之(zhi)亲,明(ming)长幼(you)之(zhi)序(xu),以敬四海之(zhi)内。天子如此(ci),则(ze)礼(li)(li)行矣。
〔注释〕
<1>以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)四段(duan)为(wei)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)论》章,论礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)同(tong)(tong)异(yi)。《正义》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)头两句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夫乐(le)(le)(le)(le)使率土合(he)和(he)(he),是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)同(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye);礼(li)(li)(li)(li)使父子(zi)(zi)殊(shu)别,是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)异(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <2>流(liu):流(liu)移不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定,这里是(shi)(shi)(shi)庄重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反意(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)。全句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)胜(sheng)则和(he)(he)合(he)太过(guo)(guo),使各(ge)阶(jie)层之间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊卑界限混(hun)(hun)淆、流(liu)移不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定了(le)(le)。 <3>离:《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)“离析而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亲”。 <4>合(he)情:和(he)(he)合(he)人(ren)(ren)情。饰貌(mao)(mao):整饰(饬)行为(wei)、外貌(mao)(mao),使保持等级界限,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相混(hun)(hun)淆。 <5>《正义》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)谓声成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)采谐同(tong)(tong),则上(shang)(shang)下(xia)并(bing)和(he)(he),是(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)声也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”乐(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)采,同(tong)(tong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)谐同(tong)(tong),误。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)与(yu)上(shang)(shang)句(ju)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)义对言:礼(li)(li)(li)(li)义指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精义,乐(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部形式(shi)(shi)(shi)。“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)义立”、“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)同(tong)(tong)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)统(tong)一礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。同(tong)(tong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)相同(tong)(tong)。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相同(tong)(tong),则人(ren)(ren)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)。 <6>不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖:《正义》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)愚,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妥。肖,似(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)似(si)。贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖谓贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)与(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),即(ji)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)与(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖即(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。如《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记·中(zhong)庸(yong)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)过(guo)(guo)之,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“变知(智)称贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),变愚称不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖,是(shi)(shi)(shi)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)胜(sheng)于(yu)(yu)知(智),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖胜(sheng)于(yu)(yu)愚也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <7>仁(ren)(ren):儒学倡导(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)优秀(xiu)品质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之一,含意(yi)(yi)(yi)很庞杂,故(gu)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)论仁(ren)(ren),常因人(ren)(ren)因事(shi)而(er)异(yi),包(bao)括了(le)(le)智、勇(yong)、恕、忠(zhong)、孝、恭、信、宽等各(ge)种内容,但最(zui)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)爱(ai)(ai)(ai),《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“仁(ren)(ren),亲也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。徐(xu)铉解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“仁(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兼爱(ai)(ai)(ai)”。《墨(mo)(mo)子(zi)(zi)·经(jing)上(shang)(shang)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“仁(ren)(ren),体爱(ai)(ai)(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《国语·周语》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“博爱(ai)(ai)(ai)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)仁(ren)(ren)”。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“仁(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)人(ren)(ren)”等。 <8>义:《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》中(zhong)徐(xu)铉说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),义“与(yu)善(shan)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)”。《墨(mo)(mo)子(zi)(zi)·经(jing)上(shang)(shang)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“义,利也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孙诒让引《孝经(jing)》唐明皇注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“利物为(wei)义”。 <9>民(min)(min)治(zhi):就是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之治(zhi),民(min)(min)治(zhi)行矣;意(yi)(yi)(yi)译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi):达(da)到(dao)(实(shi)(shi)现)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)大治(zhi)了(le)(le)。 <10>文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen):《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)书》、《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书》中(zhong)经(jing)常出现这个字,含意(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽相同(tong)(tong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)本意(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)引伸(shen)意(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区别。本意(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)与(yu)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相对,质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)内在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、本质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西(xi),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、形式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西(xi)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)本质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、实(shi)(shi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、物质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)理(li)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩、形式(shi)(shi)(shi)等。引伸(shen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分别表示它们的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性朴,译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朴;文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性华(hua),译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)华(hua)美等。还可以(yi)(yi)(yi)引伸(shen)为(wei)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动(dong)作(zuo):文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)为(wei)使之文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)使之质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。前者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)动(dong),后者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)译(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)静。本句(ju)中(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)做动(dong)作(zuo)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 <11>易:简易。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)简单,曲调变化(hua)少。 <12>简:通俭(jian)(jian)。《论语·八佾》:林放问礼(li)(li)(li)(li)之本,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)答说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)其奢也(ye)(ye)(ye)宁俭(jian)(jian)。”大礼(li)(li)(li)(li)保留着原始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朴性,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)尚(shang)俭(jian)(jian)。 <13>揖让治(zhi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia):言其无所(suo)(suo)(suo)事(shi)事(shi)而(er)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)得到(dao)治(zhi)理(li)。君(jun)主(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)施刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罚、威仪,无所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)而(er)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)治(zhi)。终日但作(zuo)揖、礼(li)(li)(li)(li)让而(er)己。 <14>暴(bao)(bao)民(min)(min):强暴(bao)(bao)之民(min)(min),即(ji)富于(yu)(yu)反抗精神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老百性。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作(zuo):不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能发作(zuo),无以(yi)(yi)(yi)施其强暴(bao)(bao)。 <15>宾服:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“宾”为(wei)“协”,《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“协,众之同(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《尚(shang)书·尧典》有(you)“协和(he)(he)万邦”是(shi)(shi)(shi)其典型用法,宾服释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)协和(he)(he)而(er)且服从,《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂》:“宾,服也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”宾、服都是(shi)(shi)(shi)服从的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。 <16>兵(bing)(bing)(bing)革(ge):兵(bing)(bing)(bing)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi),戈矛之属(shu);革(ge)为(wei)甲胄之属(shu)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)革(ge)泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)军用器(qi)械或兵(bing)(bing)(bing)事(shi)。试(shi):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“试(shi),用也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <17>五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):墨(mo)(mo)、劓、宫(gong)、刖、杀。按照《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·秋官·司刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):墨(mo)(mo)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)黥面,“先(xian)刻其面,以(yi)(yi)(yi)墨(mo)(mo)窒之”;劓刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“截(jie)其鼻也(ye)(ye)(ye);”“宫(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),丈夫则割其势,女子(zi)(zi)闭(bi)于(yu)(yu)宫(gong)中(zhong)”;刖刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“断足(zu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”;杀就是(shi)(shi)(shi)死刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。又《尚(shang)书·吕(lv)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)》记载(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)、劓、剕(feì,去声,非(fei))、宫(gong)、大辟。剕就是(shi)(shi)(shi)刖,大辟即(ji)杀刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。郑玄(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周朝时,刖刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)改为(wei)膑(bi,去膝盖骨(gu)),司马迁(qian)《报任安书》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“孙子(zi)(zi)膑脚,兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法修列(lie)”,可知战国仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)这种刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)法。由于(yu)(yu)《吕(lv)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)》中(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)三千,包(bao)括了(le)(le)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)条目,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书》中(zhong)五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)法。 <18>乐(le)(le)(le)(le)达(da):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)读如月,达(da)谓发达(da),完美、隆(long)盛(sheng)貌(mao)(mao)。前段(duan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政四达(da)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悖”,以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)数款为(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)达(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表现。
大乐(le)与(yu)天地同(tong)(tong)和<1>,大礼(li)与(yu)天地同(tong)(tong)节<2>。和,故(gu)百物不失<3>;节,故(gu)祀天祭地<4>。明则有礼(li)乐(le)<5>,幽则有鬼神<6>,如(ru)此则四海之(zhi)(zhi)内合(he)(he)敬(jing)同(tong)(tong)爱(ai)矣。礼(li)者(zhe),殊事(shi)合(he)(he)敬(jing)者(zhe)也(ye)<7>;乐(le)者(zhe),异文(wen)合(he)(he)爱(ai)者(zhe)也(ye)<8>。礼(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)同(tong)(tong),故(gu)明王(wang)以相沿也(ye)<9>。故(gu)事(shi)与(yu)时(shi)并,名与(yu)功偕。故(gu)钟(zhong)鼓管磬羽籥干戚<10>,乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye);诎信俯仰(yang)级兆舒疾<11>,乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)也(ye)。簠簋俎(zu)豆制(zhi)度文(wen)章<12>,礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye);升降上下周旋裼袭<13>,礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)也(ye)。故(gu)知(zhi)礼(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)者(zhe)能(neng)(neng)作(zuo),识礼(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)者(zhe)能(neng)(neng)术<14>。作(zuo)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng),术者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)明。明圣(sheng)者(zhe),术作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)也(ye)。
乐(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe),天地(di)之和(he)也(ye)(ye);礼(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe),天地(di)之序也(ye)(ye)。和(he),故百物皆化;序,故群物皆别。乐(le)(le)由天作<15>,礼(li)(li)以地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)<16>。过制(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)乱(luan)<17>,过作则(ze)(ze)暴<18>。明于(yu)天地(di),然后能兴(xing)礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)。论伦(lun)无患<19>,乐(le)(le)之情也(ye)(ye);欣喜(xi)欢爱,乐(le)(le)之(容(rong))〔官(guan)〕也(ye)(ye)<20>。中正无邪<21>,礼(li)(li)之质也(ye)(ye);庄敬恭(gong)顺(shun),礼(li)(li)之制(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)<22>。若夫礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)之施于(yu)金(jin)石<23>,越(yue)于(yu)声(sheng)音<24>,用于(yu)宗庙社稷,事于(yu)山(shan)川鬼神,则(ze)(ze)此所以与(yu)民同也(ye)(ye)<25>。
〔注释〕
<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):这(zhei)(zhei)句(ju)(ju)(ju)话是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“言天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)气氤氲,合生(sheng)(sheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,顺阴(yin)阳(yang)(yang)律吕生(sheng)(sheng)养万物(wu)(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)养万物(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)过牵强,此句(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)”,如(ru)(ru)(ru)此而(er)(er)已。天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)阴(yin)阳(yang)(yang)调(diao)和(he)(he)(he)(he),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu);大(da)(da)(da)(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)阴(yin)阳(yang)(yang)调(diao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(六律为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)(yang),六吕为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)调(diao),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)。 <2>节(jie)(jie)(jie):就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)贱,使贵(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)贱高下(xia)有(you)(you)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。因而(er)(er)《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)此句(ju)(ju)(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“言天(tian)(tian)有(you)(you)日月,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)山(shan)川,高卑(bei)(bei)殊(shu)形(xing),生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)各别(bie)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辩尊卑(bei)(bei)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)贱等(deng)(deng)差异别(bie),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)。” <3>失(shi)(shi)(shi):《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)”。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》则(ze)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)“生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)”而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)种(zhong)(zhong)类(lei)(lei)。两(liang)(liang)(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)意(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)则(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)种(zhong)(zhong);失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)种(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)存了。 <4>《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)功(gong)报也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》进(jin)一(yi)步解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)祭天(tian)(tian)祀地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“报生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)”。由(you)(you)(you)(you)前文(wen)(wen)(wen)所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效,节(jie)(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)区别(bie)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)贱等(deng)(deng)级。此句(ju)(ju)(ju)讲(jiang)节(jie)(jie)(jie),当(dang)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)无(wu)关。可解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)节(jie)(jie)(jie),天(tian)(tian)尊地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)卑(bei)(bei),贵(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)贱有(you)(you)等(deng)(deng),才有(you)(you)了如(ru)(ru)(ru)今这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)祭祀天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仪式(shi)。原因是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭祀天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仪式(shi)突出(chu)了天(tian)(tian)尊地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)卑(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想。 <5>明(ming)(ming):指(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)(yang)世,即(ji)人(ren)(ren)世间。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“明(ming)(ming)犹(you)外(wai)(wai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。言圣(sheng)(sheng)王(wang)能(neng)(neng)使乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)节(jie)(jie)(jie),又能(neng)(neng)显明(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)教人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”如(ru)(ru)(ru)此下(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“幽”字(zi)便不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),故不(bu)(bu)(bu)取(qu)。 <6>幽:指(zhi)(zhi)阴(yin)间。鬼(gui)(gui)神(shen)(shen):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)气谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen),贤(xian)知(智)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)气谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鬼(gui)(gui)。”按(an)(an)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)所(suo)归为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鬼(gui)(gui)。”凡人(ren)(ren)死(si),精(jing)气所(suo)归通(tong)通(tong)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鬼(gui)(gui);又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“引(yin)出(chu)万物(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·祭法(fa)(fa)(fa)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)死(si)曰(yue)鬼(gui)(gui)”;“出(chu)林(lin)、川谷、丘(qiu)陵,能(neng)(neng)出(chu)云,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)风雨,见怪物(wu)(wu)(wu),皆曰(yue)神(shen)(shen)”。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)曰(yue)圣(sheng)(sheng)曰(yue)贤(xian)。 <7>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“尊卑(bei)(bei)有(you)(you)别(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殊(shu)事(shi)(shi),俱(ju)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合敬也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”殊(shu)事(shi)(shi),谡事(shi)(shi)体(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);合敬,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)都敬。在(zai)(zai)各种(zhong)(zhong)场合、事(shi)(shi)体(ti)(ti)下(xia),都能(neng)(neng)体(ti)(ti)现一(yi)个敬字(zi),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殊(shu)事(shi)(shi)合敬。 <8>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“宫商错(cuo)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen),随事(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)异文(wen)(wen)(wen);同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劝爱(ai)(ai),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合爱(ai)(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(形(xing)式(shi)、曲(qu)调(diao))虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),体(ti)(ti)现的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爱(ai)(ai)心是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),叫(jiao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)异文(wen)(wen)(wen)合爱(ai)(ai)。 <9>明(ming)(ming)王(wang):贤(xian)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)王(wang)。指(zhi)(zhi)三皇(huang)五帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)。沿:沿袭。 <10>钟(zhong)鼓管(guan)磬:为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器:钟(zhong)属(shu)(shu)金;鼓属(shu)(shu)革;管(guan)指(zhi)(zhi)笙、箫等(deng)(deng)管(guan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器,属(shu)(shu)竹(zhu);磬属(shu)(shu)石(shi)。羽籥(yue)(yue)(yue)(yuè,月)干(gan)戚:为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)具。羽籥(yue)(yue)(yue),文(wen)(wen)(wen)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)执;干(gan)戚,武舞(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)持(chi)。羽为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雉尾(wei);籥(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)短笛。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官(guan)·籥(yue)(yue)(yue)师》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“籥(yue)(yue)(yue)师,掌教国子(zi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)羽吹籥(yue)(yue)(yue)。”郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“文(wen)(wen)(wen)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)持(chi)羽吹籥(yue)(yue)(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)籥(yue)(yue)(yue)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”干(gan)戚见前注(zhu)。 <11>诎(qū,屈(qu)):同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)屈(qu)。信(xin)(shēn,申):同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伸。级兆(zhao)(zhao):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)兆(zhao)(zhao)。《索(suo)隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“盖是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)残缺讹变(bian)耳,……然并以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)读(du),义(yi)(yi)亦俱(ju)通(tong)。”但他(ta)(ta)没有(you)(you)讲(jiang)出(chu)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)级时词(ci)(ci)义(yi)(yi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)何能(neng)(neng)通(tong)。应(ying)(ying)该(gai)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)级是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)误文(wen)(wen)(wen)。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)兆(zhao)(zhao)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)酂(cuo)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);兆(zhao)(zhao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)(wai)营域也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”酂(cuo)读(du)如(ru)(ru)(ru)纂(zuǎn),《集(ji)(ji)韵》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“聚也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。聚如(ru)(ru)(ru)纂组的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。纂为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五色彩(cai)带,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)酂(cuo)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(háng,行(xing)(xing)列之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing))舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)行(xing)(xing)时的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。那么兆(zhao)(zhao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)诎信(xin)俯仰(yang)诸词(ci)(ci)语(yu)(yu)(yu)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)描写动作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)状态的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)兆(zhao)(zhao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)应(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名词(ci)(ci)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)兆(zhao)(zhao)可引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):或连(lian)(lian)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(聚)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)行(xing)(xing),或散处于(yu)兆(zhao)(zhao),即(ji)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)兆(zhao)(zhao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)缀(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)聚、分散解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。舒:舒缓。疾:急速。 <12>簠(fu)(fu)簋(gui)俎(zu)豆(dou)(dou):食具。盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)粒食(黍稷(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)主(zhu)食)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簠(fu)(fu)簋(gui),菜食为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)俎(zu)豆(dou)(dou)。按(an)(an)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),簠(fu)(fu)簋(gui)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黍稷(ji)(ji),圆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簠(fu)(fu),方(fang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簋(gui);《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·考工记(ji)(ji)·瓬人(ren)(ren)》注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),祭宗(zong)庙用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木(mu)簋(gui),天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)山(shan)川等(deng)(deng)外(wai)(wai)神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)瓦簋(gui)。又有(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)铜制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。由(you)(you)(you)(you)《仪礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·公食大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫》注(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)知簠(fu)(fu)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)稻粱(liang),簋(gui)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黍稷(ji)(ji)。俎(zu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)肉(rou)食的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)盘(pan)或木(mu)板。如(ru)(ru)(ru)牲(sheng)体(ti)(ti)鱼腊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei),从鼎中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)捞出(chu)后放在(zai)(zai)俎(zu)上(shang)(shang),或祭或食;豆(dou)(dou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)胾、醢、臡(nǐ,音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)泥,连(lian)(lian)骨一(yi)起(qi)剉碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肉(rou)酱)。瓦制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)镫。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章:制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)器物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)规格,文(wen)(wen)(wen)章指(zhi)(zhi)衣(yi)(yi)服上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采绣。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·考工记(ji)(ji)·画缋(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“青(qing)(qing)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)赤(chi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen),赤(chi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)白(bai)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章。”郑(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“此言剌绣采所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),绣以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裳(shang)”。 <13>升(sheng)降上(shang)(shang)下(xia):堂(tang)有(you)(you)级阶,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)堂(tang)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)升(sheng)降。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》:孝子(zi)“升(sheng)降不(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)(you)(you)(you)阼阶”。又进(jin)退亦谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)升(sheng)降。周(zhou)旋裼袭:周(zhou)旋,《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“行(xing)(xing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)周(zhou)屈(qu)回(hui)旋也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”;裼(xī,西,裘(qiu)外(wai)(wai)罩衣(yi)(yi))袭,孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“裼,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)袒(tan)上(shang)(shang)衣(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)露(lu)裼也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);袭,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)掩上(shang)(shang)衣(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)尚质(zhi),故袭;不(bu)(bu)(bu)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)尚文(wen)(wen)(wen),故裼”。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·王(wang)藻》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)裼;(裼,)裘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),见美(mei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“裘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裼者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裘(qiu)上(shang)(shang)加裼衣(yi)(yi)。裼衣(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)虽(sui)加他(ta)(ta)服,犹(you)开露(lu)裼衣(yi)(yi)见裼衣(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)敬也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。总之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),开露(lu)裼衣(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裼,不(bu)(bu)(bu)露(lu)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)袭(即(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)裼)。小礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)裼,大(da)(da)(da)(da)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)袭。 <14>术:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)述(shu)(shu)。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“述(shu)(shu)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)训(xun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”训(xun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)含义(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。述(shu)(shu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)意(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对(dui),《论(lun)语(yu)(yu)(yu)·述(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)》有(you)(you)“述(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”语(yu)(yu)(yu),邢昺解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“但述(shu)(shu)修先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)自制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)两(liang)(liang)(liang)术字(zi)皆作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)述(shu)(shu)。 <15>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)由(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)阳(yang)(yang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)天(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)阳(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)属(shu)(shu)阳(yang)(yang);法(fa)(fa)(fa)天(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)缔造(zao)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。天(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)气化物(wu)(wu)(wu),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律吕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)调(diao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)产生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)由(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“由(you)(you)(you)(you)”字(zi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依据、按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao),硬译(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榜样(yang)(yang)(yang)构造(zao)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <16>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)于(yu)阴(yin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)而(er)(er)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阴(yin)阳(yang)(yang)学(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)附会,认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)属(shu)(shu)阳(yang)(yang),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)属(shu)(shu)阴(yin)。阳(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian),阴(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(象(xiang))天(tian)(tian),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(象(xiang))地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榜样(yang)(yang)(yang),如(ru)(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)山(shan)川丘(qiu)陵,礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)仿照(zhao)(zhao)这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)况(kuang),把人(ren)(ren)分成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尊卑(bei)(bei)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)贱,高低不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)若干(gan)等(deng)(deng)级。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)、依照(zhao)(zhao),与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)由(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“由(you)(you)(you)(you)”字(zi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)义(yi)(yi)。 <17>过:应(ying)(ying)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)过分、超过。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),“过制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)过分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)(yang)(yang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)超过了“地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”这(zhei)(zhei)个榜样(yang)(yang)(yang),失(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)繁,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会引(yin)起(qi)祸乱。 <18>过作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo):与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)过制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)样(yang)(yang)(yang)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)过分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)太(tai)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),上(shang)(shang)下(xia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)强暴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)发(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。 <19>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“伦(lun)犹(you)类(lei)(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);患(huan)(huan),害(hai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“论(lun)伦(lun)无(wu)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)论(lun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)等(deng)(deng)伦(lun),无(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)毁(hui)害(hai),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)情(qing),欲使伦(lun)等(deng)(deng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),无(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)损害(hai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”论(lun)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)论(lun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),伦(lun)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)伦(lun)类(lei)(lei),论(lun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)伦(lun)类(lei)(lei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)语(yu)(yu)(yu)言与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)形(xing)质(zhi);不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)违背就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)毁(hui)害(hai)。总的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)旨(所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)情(qing))是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要言与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)实(shi)合,表与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)里(li)合,形(xing)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)体(ti)(ti)合。 <20>“官(guan)”,系据《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》补。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“官(guan),犹(you)事(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》引(yin)贺玚(yang)语(yu)(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“八音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)克(ke)谐使物(wu)(wu)(wu)欢喜,此乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)迹(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <21>邪:邪曲(qu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)当(dang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派。 <22>制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节(jie)(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)词(ci)(ci)都说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“节(jie)(jie)(jie)”,如(ru)(ru)(ru):“好(hao)恶(e)无(wu)节(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)内”,“人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)恶(e)无(wu)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”,“人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”,“所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)丧纪也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)节(jie)(jie)(jie)民(min)心”,“大(da)(da)(da)(da)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”等(deng)(deng),无(wu)一(yi)例用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)“制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”字(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。再者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)而(er)(er)言,先言乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan);后言礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)质(zhi),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“情(qing)”择为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“主(zhu)旨”,与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“质(zhi)”相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying);“官(guan)”译(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“事(shi)(shi)迹(ji)”,“制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”若译(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“节(jie)(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,则(ze)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“事(shi)(shi)迹(ji)”二字(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配,必(bi)非作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。因此“制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”应(ying)(ying)译(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。 <23>施(shi):用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、加。金石(shi):金指(zhi)(zhi)金属(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器,如(ru)(ru)(ru)钟(zhong)等(deng)(deng);石(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)类(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)质(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器,如(ru)(ru)(ru)磬等(deng)(deng)。金石(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)合泛指(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)切乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器。 <24>越(yue)(yue):《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》:“越(yue)(yue),度(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”“越(yue)(yue)于(yu)声音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新声的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。又《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“越(yue)(yue),扬(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。郭璞释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)发(fa)扬(yang)。”“越(yue)(yue)于(yu)声音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“扬(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)声音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”,亦通(tong)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)两(liang)(liang)(liang)句(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讲(jiang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)两(liang)(liang)(liang)个方(fang)面:施(shi)于(yu)金石(shi),化为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)声音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。 <25>言礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)四方(fang)面,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)众(zhong)民(min)所(suo)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
王者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)功成作(zuo)乐(le)(le)<1>,治定(ding)制(zhi)礼(li)(li)。其功大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其乐(le)(le)备(bei)(bei),其治辨者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其礼(li)(li)具<2>。干(gan)戚之舞,非备(bei)(bei)乐(le)(le)也(ye)<3>;亨孰而(er)(er)祀(si)<4>,非达(da)礼(li)(li)也(ye)<5>。五帝(di)殊时,不(bu)相沿乐(le)(le);三王异世(shi),不(bu)相袭(xi)礼(li)(li)。乐(le)(le)极则忧(you)<6>,礼(li)(li)粗则偏矣<7>。及夫(fu)敦乐(le)(le)而(er)(er)无忧(you)<8>,礼(li)(li)备(bei)(bei)而(er)(er)不(bu)偏者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其唯大圣乎(hu)?天(tian)高地(di)(di)下,万物散(san)殊,而(er)(er)礼(li)(li)制(zhi)行也(ye)<9>;流而(er)(er)不(bu)息,合同而(er)(er)化(hua),而(er)(er)乐(le)(le)兴也(ye)。春作(zuo)夏长(zhang)<10>,仁(ren)也(ye);秋敛冬藏,义也(ye)。仁(ren)近(jin)于(yu)乐(le)(le)<11>,义近(jin)于(yu)礼(li)(li)<12>。乐(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)敦和<13>,率神而(er)(er)从天(tian)<14>;礼(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)辨宜<15>,居鬼而(er)(er)从地(di)(di)<16>。故(gu)圣人作(zuo)乐(le)(le)以应天(tian),作(zuo)礼(li)(li)以配地(di)(di)。礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)明备(bei)(bei),天(tian)地(di)(di)官矣<17>。
〔注释〕
<1>功:指(zhi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)功。功成是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)以武(wu)(wu)(wu)力统一(yi)天(tian)下的(de)(de)大(da)功已经成就。如(ru)周(zhou)朝武(wu)(wu)(wu)王灭(mie)商,武(wu)(wu)(wu)功已成,作(zuo)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)。以下三段为《乐(le)(le)礼(li)章》,《正(zheng)义(yi)》论其(qi)内容(rong)说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi):“言明王为治,制礼(li)作(zuo)乐(le)(le)”之(zhi)事。 <2>辨:《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄语说(shuo):“辨,遍(bian)也(ye)(ye)”。普遍(bian)、宽广之(zhi)意(yi)。具:具体、完(wan)具,完(wan)备。 <3>不是(shi)(shi)(shi)完(wan)备的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)。《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄语解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo):“乐(le)(le)以文(wen)德为备,若《咸(xian)池(chi)》也(ye)(ye)。干戚之(zhi)舞是(shi)(shi)(shi)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le),歌颂武(wu)(wu)(wu)王灭(mie)商的(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)功的(de)(de)。时文(wen)德未成,至到周(zhou)公平管蔡,致(zhi)位于(yu)(yu)成王,周(zhou)朝文(wen)治方(fang)成。 <4>亨(heng):同烹。孰:同熟。全句是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)用烹熟的(de)(de)食(shi)物祭祀。 <5>达(da):发达(da),引(yin)伸(shen)为完(wan)备。与前文(wen)中(zhong)的(de)(de)“乐(le)(le)达(da)”、“四达(da)”用法(fa)相(xiang)同。 <6>指(zhi)乐(le)(le)太(tai)盛则淫(yin)而废(fei)事,故(gu)有后忧。 <7>礼(li)太(tai)粗略则失于(yu)(yu)偏(pian)狭(xia)。 <8>及:连(lian)接词,至于(yu)(yu)、以及、并。夫:发语词。敦(dun)(dun)乐(le)(le):敦(dun)(dun)厚(hou)之(zhi)乐(le)(le)。 <9>行:实行,亦可作(zuo)产生(sheng)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)。 <10>作(zuo):作(zuo)成,即是(shi)(shi)(shi)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。长(zhang)(zhang):生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)。 <11>正(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo):“春夏生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)万物,故(gu)为仁(ren)爱(ai)。乐(le)(le)主(zhu)淘和万性,故(gu)仁(ren)近于(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)”。 <12>正(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo):“秋则杀敛(lian),冬则蛰藏,并是(shi)(shi)(shi)义(yi)主(zhu)断割。礼(li)为节(jie)限,故(gu)义(yi)近于(yu)(yu)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)。 <13>敦(dun)(dun)和:敦(dun)(dun)厚(hou)和同。 <14>率:遵(zun)循、顺服。有敬义(yi)。 <15>辨宜(yi)(yi):分(fen)辨其(qi)宜(yi)(yi)贵宜(yi)(yi)贱。“辩”,《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》作(zuo)“别”,通。 <16>居鬼(gui)(gui):《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo):“居鬼(gui)(gui),谓(wei)居其(qi)所为,亦言循之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。鬼(gui)(gui)神(shen),谓(wei)先圣先贤也(ye)(ye)”。 <17>官:《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo):“官犹事也(ye)(ye)。各得(de)其(qi)事”。
天尊地(di)卑,君(jun)臣定矣(yi)(yi)。高卑已陈<1>,贵贱(jian)位矣(yi)(yi)。动(dong)静有(you)常,小大殊矣(yi)(yi)。方以类聚<2>,物以群分,则性(xing)命不同矣(yi)(yi)<3>。在于成象(xiang)<4>,在地(di)成形,如此则礼者(zhe)天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)别也。地(di)气上(shang)<5>,天气下降,阴阳(yang)相摩<6>,天地(di)相荡(dang),鼓之(zhi)(zhi)以雷(lei)霆(ting)<7>,奋之(zhi)(zhi)以风雨<8>,动(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)以四时,煖之(zhi)(zhi)以日月<9>,而(er)百(bai)(物)化兴焉<10>,如此则乐者(zhe)天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)和也。
化不(bu)时则不(bu)生<11>,男女无别(bie)则乱登<12>,此天地之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)也(ye)。及夫礼(li)(li)乐之(zhi)(zhi)极乎(hu)天而蟠乎(hu)地,行乎(hu)阴阳而通乎(hu)鬼神<13>,穷高极远而测深厚<14>。乐著太始而礼(li)(li)居成物(wu)<15>。著不(bu)息者天也(ye),著不(bu)动者地也(ye)。一动一静者,天地之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)也(ye)。故圣人曰“礼(li)(li)云乐云”。<16>
〔注释〕
<1>高卑(bei):《集解》引郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“高卑(bei)谓(wei)山(shan)泽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”陈:陈列、布(bu)陈。 <2>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“方谓(wei)行(xing)虫(chong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“方以(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)(lei)聚者(zhe),方谓(wei)走虫(chong)禽兽(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,各(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)(lei)聚,不(bu)(bu)相杂也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按(an):郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解经(jing),多因(yin)(yin)文(wen)设义(yi),孔氏因(yin)(yin)其说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)而解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“方以(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)(lei)解”,下一句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)“物(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)群分”,物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)无生(sheng)命(ming)者(zhe),郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)因(yin)(yin)释(shi)(shi)(shi)方是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)生(sheng)命(ming)者(zhe),故释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)虫(chong)。其实(shi)“方”释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)虫(chong)没什么根据。《易(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)·系辞》释(shi)(shi)(shi)此句(ju)(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“方谓(wei)法术性(xing)行(xing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)(lei)共(gong)聚”,并以(yi)(yi)(yi)《春秋》“教(jiao)子以(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)方”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)证。方即法,引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法术性(xing)行(xing),优(you)于(yu)(yu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)。 <3>性(xing)命(ming):《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“性(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);命(ming),生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)短也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“性(xing),生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。各(ge)有(you)(you)嗜好,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);命(ming)者(zhe),长(zhang)短夭寿也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。行(xing)殖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)既禀(bing)大小之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殊,故性(xing)命(ming)夭寿不(bu)(bu)同,万物(wu)(wu)各(ge)有(you)(you)群类(lei)(lei)区分性(xing)命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别。 <4>象:《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu):“象,光耀也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《易(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)·系辞》陈康伯释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)辰(chen)(chen)。《正义(yi)》合二(er)者(zhe)而言(yan),释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)辰(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光耀。《正义(yi)》所(suo)(suo)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。 <5>(jī,鸡):《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》作齐(qi)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“齐(qi),读为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跻。跻,升(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。与跻亦通。 <6>摩(mo):《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“摩(mo),犹(you)迫也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <7>鼓(gu):鼓(gu)动(dong)(dong)。雷(lei)霆:《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》:“阴阳(yang)薄(按(an):同迫)动(dong)(dong)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷(lei);(尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)):“疾雷(lei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)霆”。 <8>奋:郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu):“奋,迅也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《易(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)·系辞》作“润”。 <9>煖:同暖。 <10>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“百化(hua)(hua),百物(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);兴,生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <11>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)时(shi)(shi)者(zhe),谓(wei)天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)化(hua)(hua)养不(bu)(bu)得其时(shi)(shi),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《正义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“若人主行(xing)化(hua)(hua)失(shi)时(shi)(shi),天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)应以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶气毁物(wu)(wu),故云化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)时(shi)(shi)则(ze)不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔疏(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。 <12>登:《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》作“升(sheng)(sheng)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“升(sheng)(sheng),成也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。乐(le)(le)失(shi)则(ze)害物(wu)(wu),礼失(shi)则(ze)乱人”。按(an):登即升(sheng)(sheng)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)话》:“登,升(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“登,成也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <13>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“礼法动(dong)(dong)静(按(an):动(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang),静为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴)有(you)(you)常;乐(le)(le)法阴阳(yang)相摩(mo)(按(an):指律吕相摩(mo)),是(shi)(shi)礼乐(le)(le)行(xing)乎阴阳(yang)”;“礼乐(le)(le)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)祭鬼(gui)神,是(shi)(shi)通乎鬼(gui)神也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <14>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“高远,三辰(chen)(chen)(按(an):日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三辰(chen)(chen))也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);深厚:山(shan)川也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)礼乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,上至于(yu)(yu)天(tian),下委于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di),则(ze)其间无所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 <15>乐(le)(le)著太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi):《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“著,明也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi),天(tian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)乐(le)(le)能明太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi)是(shi)(shi)法天(tian)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),没有(you)(you)道理。古人认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宇宙形(xing)(xing)成分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)、太(tai)(tai)(tai)初、太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi)、太(tai)(tai)(tai)素几个(ge)阶(jie)段,太(tai)(tai)(tai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)时(shi)(shi)无所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you),太(tai)(tai)(tai)初时(shi)(shi)始(shi)有(you)(you)气,太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi)时(shi)(shi)始(shi)有(you)(you)形(xing)(xing),太(tai)(tai)(tai)素时(shi)(shi)始(shi)有(you)(you)质,形(xing)(xing)质具称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浑沌(或(huo)浑沦),然后发生(sheng)变化(hua)(hua),轻(qing)清(qing)者(zhe)上浮为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),重浊者(zhe)下沉为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di),这(zhei)才有(you)(you)了天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(见《列子·天(tian)瑞》)。太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)形(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi),时(shi)(shi)尚无天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di),以(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)自(zi)是(shi)(shi)错误的。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“著之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)处也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),太(tai)(tai)(tai)始(shi),百物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。其义(yi)较(jiao)确。 <16>礼云乐(le)(le)云:犹(you)言(yan):礼如何(he)乐(le)(le)如何(he)。由于(yu)(yu)此句(ju)(ju)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前伦天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)万物(wu)(wu),礼云乐(le)(le)云实(shi)际是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)礼、乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)如此。即《正义(yi)》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),是(shi)(shi)“明此一章是(shi)(shi)礼乐(le)(le)法天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
昔者舜作五(wu)弦之琴,以歌(ge)《南(nan)风》<1>;夔(kui)始作乐(le),以赏诸侯<2>。故天子之为乐(le)也(ye),以赏诸侯之有德者也(ye)。德盛而教尊<3>,五(wu)谷(gu)时孰,然后(hou)赏之以乐(le)。故其(qi)(qi)治(zhi)民(min)劳(lao)者,其(qi)(qi)舞行(xing)级远<4>;其(qi)(qi)治(zhi)民(min)佚(yi)者,其(qi)(qi)舞行(xing)级短。故观(guan)其(qi)(qi)舞而知其(qi)(qi)德,闻其(qi)(qi)谥(shi)而知其(qi)(qi)行(xing)<5>。《大章》,章之也(ye);《咸池》,备也(ye);《韶》,继也(ye);《夏》,大也(ye);殷周之乐(le)尽也(ye)。
天(tian)地之(zhi)道,寒(han)暑(shu)不时则(ze)疾,风(feng)雨不节则(ze)饥<6>。教者(zhe)(zhe)<7>,民之(zhi)寒(han)暑(shu)也(ye),教不时则(ze)伤世(shi)。事者(zhe)(zhe)<8>,民之(zhi)风(feng)雨也(ye),事不节则(ze)无功。然则(ze)先(xian)(xian)王之(zhi)为(wei)乐也(ye),以(yi)法治(zhi)也(ye),善(shan)则(ze)行(xing)象德矣<9>。夫豢豕为(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu),非以(yi)为(wei)祸(huo)也(ye);而狱讼益烦<10>,则(ze)酒(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)流生祸(huo)也(ye)。是故先(xian)(xian)王因为(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)礼(li),一(yi)献之(zhi)礼(li)<11>,宾主百拜<12>,终日饮酒(jiu)(jiu)而不得醉焉,此(ci)先(xian)(xian)王之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)备酒(jiu)(jiu)祸(huo)也(ye)。故酒(jiu)(jiu)食者(zhe)(zhe),所(suo)以(yi)合(he)欢也(ye)。
乐(le)者(zhe),所以(yi)(yi)象(xiang)德(de)也;礼(li)(li)者(zhe),所以(yi)(yi)闭淫也。是故先王有(you)大(da)事<13>,必有(you)礼(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)哀之;有(you)大(da)福<14>,必有(you)礼(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)乐(le)之。哀乐(le)之分,皆以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)终。
〔注释〕
<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),此以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)三(san)段为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《别录》第四章《乐施(shi)》,内容是(shi)“明礼(li)乐前(qian)备后(hou)施(shi)布天下(xia)(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)琴(qin):《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“琴(qin),禁也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。神农所(suo)(suo)(suo)作,洞越,练朱、五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),周(zhou)加(jia)二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)。”此说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)舜作五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),非言舜始(shi)作,而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他始(shi)作五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歌《南(nan)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)》。《乐记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)达疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)文(wen)、武(wu)二弦(xian)(xian)(xian),唯宫(gong)商(shang)等(deng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按《三(san)礼(li)图》所(suo)(suo)(suo)载(zai)(zai),五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)琴(qin)第一弦(xian)(xian)(xian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong),次(ci)商(shang)、角、羽、征,次(ci)少(shao)宫(gong),次(ci)少(shao)商(shang)。少(shao)宫(gong)、少(shao)商(shang)当是(shi)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)所(suo)(suo)(suo)加(jia)二弦(xian)(xian)(xian),亦(yi)即(ji)孔氏所(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen),武(wu)二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)。《南(nan)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)》:郑玄(xuan)(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“《南(nan)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)》,长养之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言父母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长养己,其(qi)辞未(wei)闻(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《集(ji)(ji)解》引(yin)王(wang)肃(su)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“《南(nan)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)》,育养民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)辞曰(yue)‘南(nan)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薰(xun)兮,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)解吾民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愠兮”。 <2>《乐记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)达疏(shu)解释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夔是(shi)舜典乐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan),名(ming)夔。欲天下(xia)(xia)同(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)舜道,故(gu)歌此南(nan)风(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赏诸侯,使(shi)海(hai)内同(tong)孝(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)乐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)在夔也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)夔始(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此诗(shi)与诸侯。 <3>德(de)(de)(de)盛(sheng):《乐记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄(xuan)(xuan)解释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):民(min)(min)劳(lao)则(ze)(ze)德(de)(de)(de)薄,民(min)(min)逸则(ze)(ze)德(de)(de)(de)盛(sheng)。教(jiao)(jiao)尊:教(jiao)(jiao)化尊贵,受(shou)尊重。 <4>《乐记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》级为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“缀(zhui)”字。孔颖(ying)达疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“若诸侯治理于(yu)民(min)(min),使(shi)民(min)(min)劳(lao)苦者(zhe),由(you)君(jun)(jun)德(de)(de)(de)薄,赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐舞(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)既(ji)少(shao),故(gu)其(qi)舞(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)去行(xing)(xing)(xing)缀(zhui)远(yuan),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)人(ren)(ren)少(shao),舞(wu)(wu)处宽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <5>谥(shi)(shi):谥(shi)(shi)号。《乐记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄(xuan)(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“谥(shi)(shi)者(zhe),行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迹(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔颖(ying)达解释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“闻(wen)(wen)谥(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan)否,知其(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好恶(ě),由(you)谥(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)迹(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按:《汲冢周(zhou)书(shu)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)(zai),谥(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)周(zhou)公(gong)旦、太公(gong)望于(yu)牧(mu)野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战后(hou)所(suo)(suo)(suo)制(zhi),目的在于(yu)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)“大(da)行(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)大(da)名(ming),细行(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)细名(ming)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)出于(yu)己,名(ming)生于(yu)人(ren)(ren)”。中华(hua)书(shu)局标点本《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》书(shu)尾所(suo)(suo)(suo)附(fu)《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)正(zheng)(zheng)义》中,载(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)《谥(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)解》。 <6>饥(ji):《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)天》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)熟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饥(ji)”,郭(guo)璞(pu)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)熟谓(wei)(wei)(wei)“五(wu)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成”。又(you)《谷(gu)(gu)(gu)梁传·襄24》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“一谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嗛(按:即(ji)“欠”字),二谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饥(ji),三(san)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馑,四谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)康(按:疏(shu)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“荒”)”,“五(wu)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)饥(ji)”。 <7>教(jiao)(jiao):《集(ji)(ji)解》引(yin)郑玄(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“教(jiao)(jiao)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)乐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按:上(shang)(shang)一段有(you)(you)“德(de)(de)(de)盛(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)教(jiao)(jiao)尊”语(yu),“教(jiao)(jiao)”释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)化。此处应(ying)该相(xiang)同(tong)。再(zai)者(zhe)“教(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)时则(ze)(ze)伤世(shi)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)言“先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”“教(jiao)(jiao)”应(ying)与“治”有(you)(you)关,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“教(jiao)(jiao)”应(ying)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)化,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应(ying)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐。 <8>事(shi)(shi):徭役、兵(bing)事(shi)(shi)。 <9>《集(ji)(ji)解》引(yin)王(wang)肃(su)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“君(jun)(jun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)善(shan)(shan),即(ji)臣(chen)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)皆象君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)”。如此则(ze)(ze)与上(shang)(shang)文(wen)无(wu)关,误。“善(shan)(shan)”指(zhi)乐,“行(xing)(xing)(xing)”读(háng),指(zhi)舞(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing),“德(de)(de)(de)”指(zhi)治行(xing)(xing)(xing)。 <10>狱讼:刑狱诉(su)讼。烦:《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作繁,孔颖(ying)达疏(shu)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)繁多。此作烦,通。 <11>献礼(li):食(shi)飨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li),主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)食(shi)敬(jing)(jing)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)客(ke),或宾(bin)(bin)(bin)客(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)食(shi)敬(jing)(jing)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren),先(xian)敬(jing)(jing)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)献,答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)酬。敬(jing)(jing)一次(ci)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一献。 <12> <12>百拜:极言其(qi)拜揖(yi)次(ci)数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)确数。按《仪礼(li)·公(gong)食(shi)大(da)夫》,一献之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拜包括:宾(bin)(bin)(bin)主(zhu)坐定后(hou),主(zhu)拜宾(bin)(bin)(bin),宾(bin)(bin)(bin)答拜,主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)辞;升(sheng)(sheng)席(xi)后(hou),宾(bin)(bin)(bin)再(zai)拜。然(ran)(ran)后(hou)献宾(bin)(bin)(bin)黍稷、俎食(shi)、酒(jiu)食(shi)、稻粱、庶羞等(deng),每受(shou)一样食(shi)物,宾(bin)(bin)(bin)都要先(xian)祭后(hou)食(shi),祭则(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)拜,加(jia)上(shang)(shang)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)主(zhu)间互拜,总计不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)十数次(ci)。 <13>大(da)事(shi)(shi):《集(ji)(ji)解》引(yin)郑玄(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“大(da)事(shi)(shi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)死丧”。 <14>大(da)福:《正(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“大(da)福,祭祀者(zhe)庆也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
乐(le)也(ye)者,施(shi)也(ye)<1>;礼(li)也(ye)者,报(bao)也(ye)<2>。乐(le),乐(le)其(qi)所自生(sheng)<3>;而(er)礼(li),反其(qi)所逢始(shi)<4>。乐(le)章(zhang)德,礼(li)报(bao)情反始(shi)也(ye)。所谓大路者,天子(zi)之舆也(ye);龙旂九旒<5>,天子(zi)之旌也(ye)<6>;青黑缘者<7>,天子(zi)之葆(bao)龟(gui)也(ye)<8>;从之以牛羊之群<9>,则(ze)所以赠(zeng)诸(zhu)侯也(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>《正义》说(shuo),这一(yi)(yi)(yi)段是(shi)(shi)《别录》第(di)(di)六章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)象法》章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)五段,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)中华书局标(biao)点本《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)》于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)段前(qian)空一(yi)(yi)(yi)行,表示第(di)(di)四(si)章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)施(shi)》已经完(wan)毕(bi),此(ci)(ci)为(wei)(wei)(wei)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)层次。但(dan)细审文意(yi)(yi),此(ci)(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段其(qi)实是(shi)(shi)《乐(le)(le)施(shi)》章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)四(si)段,应(ying)并入前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang),不(bu)可自(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)层次。以(yi)乐(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)(wei)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道理,《正义》引庚(geng)尉(wei)之语说(shuo):“乐(le)(le)者所(suo)(suo)以(yi)宣畅四(si)气(qi),导达(da)(da)性情(qing),功(gong)及(ji)物而(er)(er)不(bu)知(zhi)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)报(bao)(bao),即(ji)是(shi)(shi)出(chu)而(er)(er)不(bu)反(fan)(fan)(fan),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)谓(wei)施(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性质是(shi)(shi)单(dan)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它(ta)只作用(yong)于(yu)(yu)人,而(er)(er)不(bu)包(bao)括人对(dui)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)映(ying)。 <2>意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性质与乐(le)(le)不(bu)同(tong),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)双(shuang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它(ta)包(bao)括对(dui)人和人对(dui)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)映(ying)(报(bao)(bao))两(liang)方面,即(ji)如《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)尚往来(lai),往而(er)(er)不(bu)来(lai)非礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye),来(lai)而(er)(er)不(bu)往亦非礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <3>这一(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)从(cong)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)进一(yi)(yi)(yi)步阐(chan)(chan)释(shi)“乐(le)(le)者,施(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命题。意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)对(dui)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)心中产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心情(qing)而(er)(er)欢乐(le)(le),才(cai)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了(le)乐(le)(le),不(bu)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)对(dui)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回报(bao)(bao)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <4>此(ci)(ci)是(shi)(shi)阐(chan)(chan)述(shu)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者,报(bao)(bao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命题,意(yi)(yi)思(si)如《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)所(suo)(suo)释(shi):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)反(fan)(fan)(fan)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)自(zi)始者,言(yan)王(wang)者制礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),必追反(fan)(fan)(fan)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)由(you)(you)始祖。若周(zhou)由(you)(you)后稷为(wei)(wei)(wei)始祖,即(ji)追祭后稷,报(bao)(bao)其(qi)王(wang)业之由(you)(you),是(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)报(bao)(bao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <5>龙(long)旂(qi):绘(或绣(xiu))有(you)(you)(you)龙(long)纹图案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旗(qi)(qi)(qi)。古(gu)人以(yi)图案不(bu)同(tong)定旗(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming),如《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、春(chun)官、司常》所(suo)(suo)载:“日月为(wei)(wei)(wei)常,交龙(long)为(wei)(wei)(wei)旂(qi)”,熊虎为(wei)(wei)(wei)旗(qi)(qi)(qi)”等。九(jiu)(jiu)旒(liu)(liu)(liú,流):旗(qi)(qi)(qi)下垂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饰物名(ming)旒(liu)(liu),九(jiu)(jiu)旒(liu)(liu)言(yan)旒(liu)(liu)数有(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)个(ge)。《尔雅·释(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)》载有(you)(you)(you)旂(qi)旗(qi)(qi)(qi)制度(du),略。 <6>自(zi)上(shang)句(ju)大路以(yi)下都是(shi)(shi)言(yan)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)报(bao)(bao)之事,即(ji)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)朝天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)回报(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)物。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之旌也(ye)(ye)(ye)”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)回报(bao)(bao)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)、上(shang)公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旌旗(qi)(qi)(qi)。由(you)(you)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·明(ming)堂位》知(zhi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之旂(qi)十有(you)(you)(you)二旒(liu)(liu),此(ci)(ci)处赐给(ji)(ji)上(shang)公、诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou),故只有(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)旒(liu)(liu)。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)疏说(shuo):“侯(hou)(hou)伯七(qi)旒(liu)(liu),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)男五旒(liu)(liu)”同(tong)样是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)赐给(ji)(ji)侯(hou)(hou)伯、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)男的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旌旗(qi)(qi)(qi)。 <7>《集解》引公羊传何休注说(shuo)青黑缘指(zhi)龟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(rán,然(ran)),就是(shi)(shi)龟甲(jia)边(bian)缘上(shang)青黑色细毛。 <8>《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)》葆作宝(bao),通。宝(bao)龟,即(ji)占(zhan)卜吉凶所(suo)(suo)用(yong)龟。 <9>《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)释(shi)说(shuo):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)既(ji)与大路,龙(long)旂(qi)及(ji)宝(bao)龟占(zhan)兆,又随从(cong)以(yi)牛(niu)羊非一(yi)(yi)(yi),故称群”。按(an):从(cong),就是(shi)(shi)附(fu)带(dai)、外加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si),言(yan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)赠诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)大路,龙(long)旂(qi),宝(bao)龟之外,附(fu)带(dai)给(ji)(ji)以(yi)成群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牛(niu)羊。因牛(niu)羊物贱(jian)不(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)物,故言(yan)“从(cong)之”。
乐(le)也者<1>,情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不可变者也;礼(li)(li)(li)也者,理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不可易者也。乐(le)统(tong)同,礼(li)(li)(li)别异<2>,礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说贵乎(hu)人情矣<3>。穷本(ben)知变,乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情也;著诚去(qu)伪,礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经也<4>。礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)顺天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚,达神(shen)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,降兴上下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)<5>,而凝是精(jing)粗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体<6>,领父子君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节。
是故(gu)大人(ren)举礼乐(le),则天地(di)(di)将为昭焉<7>。天地(di)(di)欣合(he),阴阳(yang)相得,煦(xu)妪复育万(wan)物<8>,然后草木茂,区萌达<9>,羽翮奋<10>,角觡生(sheng)<11>,蛰虫(chong)昭稣<12>,羽者妪伏(fu)<13>,毛者孕(yun)鬻<14>,胎生(sheng)者不殰而卵生(sheng)者不殈<15>,则乐(le)之道归焉耳(er)。
〔注释〕
<1>按《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》所说(shuo)(shuo),此以(yi)下(xia)三段(duan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《别录(lu)》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)七章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)情(qing)》,《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中此段(duan)以(yi)上为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)四章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)施》,由此知(zhi)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)五·六二(er)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)被移到此章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)后了(le)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)情(qing)》记(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神、内函(han)和影响,而(er)第(di)(di)(di)五章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)言(yan)》记(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功用(yong),第(di)(di)(di)六章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)象》记(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)上述功用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。可知(zhi),《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)情(qing)》章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)移到五、六两章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)前是合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <2>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》别作(zuo)“辨”,通(tong)。 <3>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》贵作(zuo)“管(guan)(guan)”,郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“管(guan)(guan),犹(you)包也(ye)(ye)”。贯义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贯穿。即管(guan)(guan)是自外而(er)言(yan),贯是自内而(er)言(yan),形(xing)似(si)不(bu)同,其(qi)(qi)实无异。言(yan)管(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe),是说(shuo)(shuo)礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)包管(guan)(guan)了(le)全部人情(qing);言(yan)贯则是说(shuo)(shuo)礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)贯穿了(le)全部人情(qing)。 <4>经:犹(you)经典之(zhi)(zhi)经。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“经,常(chang)也(ye)(ye)。著明诚信,违(wei)去(qu)诈伪,是礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)行也(ye)(ye)”。即可释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要精(jing)神、礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纲领等。 <5>《集解(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo):“降,下(xia)也(ye)(ye);兴,犹(you)出(chu)(chu)也(ye)(ye)”。所以(yi)“降兴上下(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是上者(zhe)(zhe)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi),下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)。 <6>凝:凝成(cheng)。是:是非之(zhi)(zhi)是。因“凝是”与上句中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“降兴”二(er)字相对称,“兴”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)动词,“是”也(ye)(ye)应作(zuo)动词,可解(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“使其(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是,不(bu)使其(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)非”,因可引(yin)伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“纠正(zheng)”。精(jing)粗(cu):言(yan)其(qi)(qi)质(zhi),亦可释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)小(xiao):小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)精(jing),大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)粗(cu)。全句可硬译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)能成(cheng)就并纠正(zheng)万(wan)物小(xiao)大(da)(da)之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)体”。 <7>昭(zhao):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晓。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)明。皆(jie)通(tong)。 <8>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo):“气(qi)曰(yue)煦(xu)(xu),体曰(yue)妪(yu)”。“煦(xu)(xu)妪(yu)(yù,玉)复育(yu)万(wan)物”孔(kong)颖达解(jie)释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“天以(yi)气(qi)煦(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi),地(di)(di)以(yi)形(xing)驱之(zhi)(zhi),是开煦(xu)(xu)复而(er)地(di)(di)妪(yu)育(yu),故言(yan)煦(xu)(xu)妪(yu)复育(yu)万(wan)物也(ye)(ye)”。 <9>《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo):“区(qu)(qu)音(yin)勾”;“达犹(you)出(chu)(chu)也(ye)(ye)”。“曲出(chu)(chu)曰(yue)区(qu)(qu),菽豆之(zhi)(zhi)属;直(zhi)出(chu)(chu)曰(yue)萌,稻稷之(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)。”所以(yi)“区(qu)(qu)萌达”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)就是:使种子(不(bu)论曲出(chu)(chu)或(huo)直(zhi)出(chu)(chu)者(zhe)(zhe))发芽。 <10>鸟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)长(zhang)毛(mao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羽(yu),羽(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根部为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)翮(hé,合(he))。此处羽(yu)翮泛指飞鸟。奋:奋飞。 <11>角(jiao)(jiao)觡(gé,革):《索(suo)隐》解(jie)释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“牛羊有(you)曰(yue)角(jiao)(jiao),麋鹿无曰(yue)觡”。角(jiao)(jiao)觡是合(he)有(you)、无二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),泛指走兽类动物。 <12> <12>蛰虫(chong):蛰伏之(zhi)(zhi)虫(chong)。如(ru)(ru)蛇、蝎、蛙(wa)之(zhi)(zhi)类,入(ru)冬蛰居(ju)地(di)(di)下(xia),称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛰虫(chong)。昭(zhao)稣(su):《集解(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo):“昭(zhao),晓也(ye)(ye)”;“更(geng)息曰(yue)苏(su)”,稣(su)、苏(su),通(tong)。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“蛰虫(chong)得阴阳煦(xu)(xu)妪(yu),故皆(jie)出(chu)(chu)地(di)(di)上,如(ru)(ru)夜得晓,如(ru)(ru)死更(geng)有(you)气(qi)也(ye)(ye)”。 <13>妪(yu),母也(ye)(ye);伏,通(tong)孵。羽(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)禽(qin)类,皆(jie)卵生,故母孵而(er)出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)。 <14>鬻(yù,育(yu)):郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生。毛(mao)者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兽类,皆(jie)胎(tai)生,所以(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)毛(mao)者(zhe)(zhe)孕鬻。 <15>殰(du):《说(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》:“殰(du),胎(tai)败(bai)也(ye)(ye)”。胎(tai)未生而(er)死为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)殰(du)。殈:卵裂(lie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)殈。
乐者(zhe),非谓黄钟大吕(lv)弦(xian)歌干(gan)扬(yang)也<1>,乐之(zhi)未节也,故(gu)(gu)(gu)童者(zhe)舞之(zhi);布(bu)筵席,陈樽俎(zu),列笾豆<2>,以升(sheng)降为(wei)礼者(zhe),礼之(zhi)末(mo)节也,故(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)司掌之(zhi)<3>。乐师辩乎(hu)声诗<4>,故(gu)(gu)(gu)北面而(er)弦(xian);宗祝(zhu)辩乎(hu)宗庙之(zhi)礼<5>,故(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)尸<6>;商祝(zhu)辩乎(hu)丧礼<7>,故(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)主人<8>。是故(gu)(gu)(gu)德(de)成(cheng)而(er)上,蓺(yi)成(cheng)而(er)下<9>;行成(cheng)而(er)先(xian),事(shi)成(cheng)而(er)后(hou)。是故(gu)(gu)(gu)先(xian)王有(you)(you)(you)上有(you)(you)(you)下,有(you)(you)(you)先(xian)有(you)(you)(you)后(hou),然后(hou)可以有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)于天下也。
〔注释〕
<1>黄钟大吕(lv):乐器(qi)。六律(lv)以(yi)黄钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首(shou),穴吕(lv)以(yi)大吕(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首(shou)。黄钟大吕(lv)泛指一(yi)切乐器(qi)。弦(xian)歌(ge)干(gan)(gan)(gan)扬(yang):歌(ge)舞。弦(xian)歌(ge)谓弦(xian)而(er)(er)歌(ge)之,即以(yi)乐器(qi)伴(ban)唱;干(gan)(gan)(gan)扬(yang)指扬(yang)干(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)舞,干(gan)(gan)(gan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盾牌,已见前注。《乐记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)扬(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)钺(大斧),此处不(bu)取(qu)。 <2>笾(bian):竹制食具。《周礼(li)·笾(bian)人(ren)(ren)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):外形(xing)似豆,面经一(yi)尺,柄高一(yi)尺,容积四升。用(yong)来(lai)盛干(gan)(gan)(gan)鲜果品,干(gan)(gan)(gan)、鲜鱼(yu),形(xing)盐(塑成虎(hu)形(xing)的(de)食盐)以(yi)及饼饵等(deng)食物(wu)。 <3>有司:《正义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“典礼(li)小官也(ye)”。 <4>辩(bian):明(ming)悉、详审(shen)。《正义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)辩(bian)别,则与“礼(li)者(zhe)辨宜”中的(de)辨字(zi)无异,故不(bu)取(qu)。 <5>宗祝(zhu)(zhu):宗人(ren)(ren)之为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祝(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)。《正义(yi)》解释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),祝(zhu)(zhu),又名太(tai)祝(zhu)(zhu),“即有司之属(shu)也(ye)”。 <6>尸(shi):祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀时,象征死者(zhe),接受(shou)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)礼(li)的(de)人(ren)(ren)”。《礼(li)记(ji)·郊(jiao)(jiao)特性》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“尸(shi),神象也(ye)”。又《礼(li)记(ji)·祭(ji)(ji)(ji)统》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“夫祭(ji)(ji)(ji)之道,孙为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王父(fu)尸(shi)。所使为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尸(shi)者(zhe),于祭(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)子行(按:行辈之行)也(ye),父(fu)北面而(er)(er)事(shi)之”。 <7>商祝(zhu)(zhu):《乐记(ji)》孔颖达(da)疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“商祝(zhu)(zhu),谓习(xi)商礼(li)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祝(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)。《礼(li)记(ji)·郊(jiao)(jiao)特性》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“祝(zhu)(zhu),将命(ming)也(ye)”。将主人(ren)(ren)之命(ming)而(er)(er)赞(zan)礼(li)者(zhe)。 <8>主人(ren)(ren):礼(li)仪的(de)主办者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主人(ren)(ren),观礼(li)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宾(bin)客。 <9>蓺(yi):同(tong)艺。指举行礼(li)乐的(de)技术性活动。《乐记(ji)》作艺,郑(zheng)玄解释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“艺,才技也(ye)”。
乐者(zhe),圣人之所乐也,而(er)可以善民心。其感人深,其风(feng)移(yi)俗易,故(gu)先王著其教(jiao)焉<1>。
夫(fu)人有血气(qi)心知(zhi)之(zhi)性<2>,而无哀乐喜怒之(zhi)常,应感(gan)起(qi)物(wu)而动(dong)(dong)<3>,然后心术形(xing)焉<4>。是(shi)故志微焦(jiao)衰之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作<5>,而民(min)思忧;啴缓慢易,繁文简节之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作<6>,而民(min)康乐;粗厉猛起(qi),奋末广贲之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作<7>,而民(min)刚毅;廉直(zhi)经正,庄诚之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作<8>,而民(min)肃敬;宽裕肉好,顺(shun)成(cheng)和动(dong)(dong)之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作<9>,而民(min)慈(ci)爱;流(liu)辟(pi)邪散,狄成(cheng)涤滥之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作<10>,而民(min)淫乱。
〔注释〕
<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo),这一(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)第(di)四章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第(di)三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)几(ji)(ji)句(ju)话,移到(dao)此处,单独(du)成(cheng)(cheng)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)。著其(qi)(qi)教,《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引郑(zheng)玄(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“谓(wei)(wei)(wei)立司乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),使教国子也(ye)(ye)”。 <2>《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo),此段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)为(wei)(wei)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》第(di)五章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)言(yan)》。知(zhi),同(tong)智。性(xing):先天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)秉(bing)赋。《礼记(ji)·中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸》说(shuo):“天(tian)命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)”。天(tian)命(ming)犹言(yan)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)命(ming),就是(shi)(shi)先天(tian)秉(bing)赋。又(you)《孝经·圣治》说(shuo)“天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)贵”,邢昺解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“性(xing),生(sheng)者”。与生(sheng)具来(lai)(lai)者谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)先天(tian)秉(bing)赋。 <3>此句(ju)于(yu)“起(qi)(qi)”字(zi)后(hou)加“于(yu)”字(zi)就容(rong)易理解(jie)(jie)(jie)了:“应(ying)感(gan)(gan)起(qi)(qi)于(yu)物(wu)而(er)动(dong)(dong)(dong)”可(ke)以(yi)(yi)译为(wei)(wei)心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)应(ying)由(you)物(wu)而(er)起(qi)(qi),并(bing)随物(wu)而(er)变动(dong)(dong)(dong)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达疏(shu)(shu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“应(ying)感(gan)(gan)起(qi)(qi)物(wu)而(er)动(dong)(dong)(dong)者,言(yan)内(nei)心(xin)应(ying)感(gan)(gan)起(qi)(qi)于(yu)外物(wu),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)来(lai)(lai)感(gan)(gan)已(yi),必遂(sui)应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),念虑兴(xing)动(dong)(dong)(dong)”。 <4>心(xin)术:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“术,所(suo)(suo)由(you)也(ye)(ye)”。心(xin)术就是(shi)(shi)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)由(you),即(ji)思(si)(si)考(kao)问(wen)题的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)、途径(jing)。形(xing):现形(xing)。出(chu)现、显现出(chu)来(lai)(lai)。孔颖(ying)(ying)达解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi):“以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(按(an)(an):指心(xin))感(gan)(gan)物(wu)所(suo)(suo)动(dong)(dong)(dong),故然后(hou)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)由(you)道路而(er)形(xing)见焉”。 <5>志(zhi)微(wei)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“意(yi)(yi)细也(ye)(ye)。吴公子扎听郑(zheng)风(feng)而(er)曰(yue):“其(qi)(qi)细已(yi)甚(shen),民不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)堪(kan)也(ye)(ye)”。焦衰:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》作(zuo)噍(jiao)杀(sha),孔颖(ying)(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)噍(jiao)蹙杀(sha)小。按(an)(an):焦系噍(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)音假借字(zi),急促的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。衰、杀(sha)同(tong)意(yi)(yi),作(zuo)减(jian)少(shao)、削(xue)弱解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。又(you)下(xia)(xia)句(ju)“啴缓(huan)(huan)慢易,繁文(wen)简节(jie)(jie)音作(zuo)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)繁文(wen)二字(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)伦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)类:为(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)既(ji)啴缓(huan)(huan)慢易,怎会有繁文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)?文(wen)既(ji)繁矣(yi),其(qi)(qi)节(jie)(jie)安得而(er)简?再(zai)从文(wen)式(shi)讲(jiang),以(yi)(yi)后(hou)几(ji)(ji)句(ju)把人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)都檼栝为(wei)(wei)四字(zi),如“啴缓(huan)(huan)慢易”、“粗(cu)厉(li)猛起(qi)(qi)”、“廉(lian)(lian)直劲正(zheng)(zheng)”等,此句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应(ying)只有志(zhi)微(wei)二字(zi)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi),下(xia)(xia)句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“繁文(wen)”应(ying)是(shi)(shi)此句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脱漏,伪(wei)入下(xia)(xia)句(ju)者。复又(you):由(you)前文(wen)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)”,“观乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)知(zhi)政(zheng)”等论(lun)(lun)点(dian),自此以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)几(ji)(ji)句(ju)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)格(ge)式(shi)应(ying)分(fen)(fen)作(zuo)三(san)层(ceng):由(you)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong),产生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le);乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong),民所(suo)(suo)感(gan)(gan)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相同(tong)。即(ji)先论(lun)(lun)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),再(zai)论(lun)(lun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),后(hou)言(yan)民。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)局标(biao)点(dian)本(ben)《史记(ji)》把人(ren)(ren)性(xing)与乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)混在一(yi)起(qi)(qi),分(fen)(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清是(shi)(shi)言(yan)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)还是(shi)(shi)谈乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),论(lun)(lun)述层(ceng)次也(ye)(ye)难以(yi)(yi)区分(fen)(fen),兹更正(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)间增一(yi)逗号。以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)几(ji)(ji)句(ju)同(tong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复赘。 <6>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》缓(huan)(huan)作(zuo)谐。孔颖(ying)(ying)达解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“啴、宽(kuan)也(ye)(ye);谐,和也(ye)(ye);慢,疏(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)”。言(yan)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)道德(de)宽(kuan)和疏(shu)(shu)易,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拘小节(jie)(jie),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)计(ji)细过,那么其(qi)(qi)音乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)必也(ye)(ye)节(jie)(jie)奏简易,曲调舒(shu)缓(huan)(huan)有节(jie)(jie)。 <7>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei):“粗(cu)厉(li)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)性(xing)气粗(cu)疏(shu)(shu)、威(wei)厉(li);猛起(qi)(qi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)武猛、发起(qi)(qi)。奋(fen)末谓(wei)(wei)(wei)奋(fen)动(dong)(dong)(dong)手足(zu);广(guang)贲谓(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)声广(guang)大(da)、愤气充满”。按(an)(an):贲,是(shi)(shi)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)愤怒(nu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愤。且奋(fen)末状乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)音,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)奋(fen)动(dong)(dong)(dong)手足(zu),《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)浸疾。 <8>廉(lian)(lian)直经正(zheng)(zheng):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》经作(zuo)劲。廉(lian)(lian)见《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)本(ben)》章(zhang)第(di)一(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)“其(qi)(qi)声直以(yi)(yi)廉(lian)(lian)”注,廉(lian)(lian)直谓(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)棱角(jiao)分(fen)(fen)明、峭(qiao)直、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯圆通;经,《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)法(fa),即(ji)可(ke)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)经纬(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经,引伸为(wei)(wei)大(da)事(shi)、纲领。经正(zheng)(zheng)就是(shi)(shi)临大(da)事(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)夺的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。庄(zhuang)诚《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)矜严而(er)诚信。 <9>肉好:《索隐》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洪润”。此言(yan)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de),非音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei),误(wu)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“肉,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)厚重(zhong)者也(ye)(ye)”。因此全句(ju)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei):“君(jun)上如宽(kuan)裕(yu)厚重(zhong),则(ze)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)音顺(shun)序而(er)和谐动(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)”。 <10>流辟(pi)邪(xie)(xie)(xie)散(san)(san):《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“流淫纵僻(pi)(pi),回邪(xie)(xie)(xie)放散(san)(san)”。流、散(san)(san)都是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯循规蹈矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si),邪(xie)(xie)(xie)、辟(pi)都是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(辟(pi)同(tong)僻(pi)(pi),如偏僻(pi)(pi))。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)流辟(pi)邪(xie)(xie)(xie)散(san)(san)就是(shi)(shi)放荡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)派(pai)。狄成(cheng)(cheng)涤(di)滥(lan)(lan):《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“狄、涤(di),皆往来(lai)(lai)疾速(su)也(ye)(ye)。往来(lai)(lai)速(su)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng),故云狄成(cheng)(cheng);往来(lai)(lai)疾而(er)潜滥(lan)(lan),故云涤(di)滥(lan)(lan)也(ye)(ye)”。按(an)(an):速(su)成(cheng)(cheng)速(su)滥(lan)(lan),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无有经世不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),尽是(shi)(shi)猥滥(lan)(lan)琐屑小巧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音。
是故先王本之(zhi)情(qing)性<1>,稽之(zhi)度数<2>,制之(zhi)礼义(yi),合(he)生(sheng)气(qi)之(zhi)和<3>,道五常之(zhi)行(xing)<4>,使(shi)之(zhi)阳(yang)而(er)(er)不散,阴而(er)(er)不密,刚气(qi)不怒,柔气(qi)不慑<5>,四畅交于(yu)中而(er)(er)发作于(yu)外<6>,皆(jie)安(an)其位(wei)而(er)(er)不相夺(duo)也。然(ran)后立之(zhi)学等<7>,广(guang)其节奏,省其文(wen)采(cai),以(yi)绳(sheng)德厚也<8>。类小大之(zhi)称(cheng),比终(zhong)始(shi)之(zhi)序,以(yi)象事行(xing),使(shi)亲疏(shu)贵贱长幼男女之(zhi)理皆(jie)形见于(yu)乐。故曰“乐观其深矣”<9>。
土敝则(ze)(ze)(ze)草木不(bu)长<10>,长烦则(ze)(ze)(ze)鱼鳖不(bu)大(da)<11>,气衰(shuai)则(ze)(ze)(ze)生物不(bu)育(yu),世(shi)乱则(ze)(ze)(ze)礼废而乐(le)淫<12>。是故其声哀而不(bu)庄,乐(le)而不(bu)安<13>,慢易(yi)以犯节<14>,流湎以忘本(ben)<15>。广则(ze)(ze)(ze)容奸(jian),狭则(ze)(ze)(ze)思欲,感(gan)涤荡之气而灭(mie)平和之德<16>,是以君(jun)子贱之也(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>情(qing)性(xing):先天秉(bing)赋,与生(sheng)具有的(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing),比如儒者所(suo)(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)善恶,以(yi)及所(suo)(suo)谓木(mu)性(xing)仁,火性(xing)礼(li)(li)(li),金(jin)(jin)性(xing)义(yi)(yi),土(tu)(tu)性(xing)信,水(shui)(shui)性(xing)智等(deng)(deng);感于(yu)外物而(er)(er)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)情(qing)。如《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)·礼(li)(li)(li)运(yun)》所(suo)(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)七情(qing):喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲。 <2>稽:考察。度(du)(du)(du)(du)数(shu):《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》说:“制(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)又考天地(di)度(du)(du)(du)(du)数(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如吕应(ying)(ying)十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue),八音应(ying)(ying)八风之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。将度(du)(du)(du)(du)数(shu)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)天地(di)度(du)(du)(du)(du)数(shu)。本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)意(yi)是(shi)指乐(le)(le)(le)曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)曲调高(gao)低度(du)(du)(du)(du)数(shu),但古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)高(gao)低不(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)数(shu),没有如后世那(nei)种高(gao)八度(du)(du)(du)(du)、低八度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)划分(fen),而(er)(er)是(shi)由律(lv)管长(zhang)(zhang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)间接(jie)(jie)确定的(de)(de)(de)(de)。律(lv)管长(zhang)(zhang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)则(ze)由日月(yue)(yue)行(xing)度(du)(du)(du)(du)确定,方法是(shi)所(suo)(suo)谓的(de)(de)(de)(de)律(lv)管飞(fei)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)实验:十(shi)二(er)律(lv)应(ying)(ying)十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue),将十(shi)二(er)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)律(lv)管竖立在静室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),管底撒上葭莩灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(一种芦苇茎(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)薄膜烧成的(de)(de)(de)(de)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)),某月(yue)(yue)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(节气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、中(zhong)(zhong)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))至,其管底灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)则(ze)飞(fei)出管外(余管灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)动(dong))。气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至而(er)(er)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)动(dong),则(ze)应(ying)(ying)修(xiu)改管长(zhang)(zhang)。管长(zhang)(zhang)由十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)决(jue)定,十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)由日月(yue)(yue)行(xing)度(du)(du)(du)(du)决(jue)定,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)说曲调高(gao)底取决(jue)于(yu)日月(yue)(yue)行(xing)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。 <3>合:《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“应(ying)(ying)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。生(sheng)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引郑(zheng)玄语(yu)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)阴阳。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)孔颖达(da)释(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)句(ju)意(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“言圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)裁制(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing),使合生(sheng)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)”。是(shi)说:使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing)合于(yu)阴阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 <4>道(dao):《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)导(dao),引导(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。五(wu)常(chang)(chang)(chang):《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)行(xing),即(ji)金(jin)(jin)木(mu)水(shui)(shui)火土(tu)(tu)五(wu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)行(xing)。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖达(da)疏(shu)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)“道(dao)(导(dao))达(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing)以(yi)五(wu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing),谓依金(jin)(jin)木(mu)水(shui)(shui)火土(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。金(jin)(jin)木(mu)水(shui)(shui)火土(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)就是(shi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)段注 <1>所(suo)(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)、义(yi)(yi)、仁、智、信。董仲舒《举贤(xian)良对策》直接(jie)(jie)把礼(li)(li)(li)、义(yi)(yi)、仁、智、信称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)。此(ci)外,《尚(shang)书(shu)·泰(tai)誓》“狎侮五(wu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)”,孔颖达(da)把五(wu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)典,即(ji):父义(yi)(yi)、母(mu)慈(ci)、兄友、弟(di)恭、子(zi)(zi)孝(xiao)等(deng)(deng)。 <5>慑(she):恐惧。 <6>四畅(chang)(chang):阴阳刚柔(rou)四者都畅(chang)(chang)通无滞,称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)四畅(chang)(chang)。中(zhong)(zhong):指心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi):阴阳刚柔(rou)四者皆畅(chang)(chang)通无有阻滞,并在心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)交会,发见动(dong)作于(yu)身外。 <7>学(xue)等(deng)(deng):《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)说:“等(deng)(deng),差(cha)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。各用(yong)其才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)学(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)学(xue)等(deng)(deng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)通。“学(xue)”指国子(zi)(zi)学(xue),《周礼(li)(li)(li)·春官》记(ji)载,大(da)司(si)乐(le)(le)(le)“以(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)舞教(jiao)国子(zi)(zi)”于(yu)学(xue)宫,即(ji)此(ci)。“等(deng)(deng)”指国子(zi)(zi)学(xue)以(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)授(shou)乐(le)(le)(le)舞的(de)(de)(de)(de)机构。 <8>《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引郑(zheng)玄说:“绳犹度(du)(du)(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)可释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei):以(yi)审度(du)(du)(du)(du)德行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚薄。 <9>《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》说:“此(ci)引古(gu)语(yu)证观感人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)矣(yi)”。乐(le)(le)(le)观,关于(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)观点(dian)、理(li)论。其,虚字。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)可译为(wei)(wei)(wei):乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)论是(shi)深(shen)奥的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <10>敝:破敝。这(zhei)里引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)失(shi)去肥力,译为(wei)(wei)(wei)瘠(ji)薄。 <11>烦:烦扰。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“数(shu)搅动(dong)”。 <12> <12>淫(yin):过份。《尚(shang)书(shu)·大(da)禹谟(mo)》:“罔(wang)淫(yin)于(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)”。孔安国注:“淫(yin):过也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <13>乐(le)(le)(le)(lè,去声,勒):喜乐(le)(le)(le)。 <14>犯节:无节奏(zou)。 <15>流湎:《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“靡靡无穷,失(shi)于(yu)终止”。忘本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben):忘却根本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)或本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)原。乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)感物而(er)(er)生(sheng),忘记(ji)这(zhei)个根本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),外无所(suo)(suo)感而(er)(er)强自吟哦(e),成了无病呻吟。 <16>涤(di)荡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):洗(xi)涤(di)荡除了污秽(hui)以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),就是(shi)《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》所(suo)(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)善人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》作“条畅(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”。
凡奸声(sheng)(sheng)感人而(er)逆气(qi)(qi)应(ying)之<1>,逆气(qi)(qi)成象而(er)淫乐兴焉<2>。正声(sheng)(sheng)感人而(er)顺气(qi)(qi)应(ying)之,顺气(qi)(qi)成象而(er)和乐兴焉。倡和有应(ying),回邪曲直各归其(qi)分,而(er)万物之理以类相(xiang)动也。
是故君(jun)子(zi)反情以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)其志(zhi)<3>,比(bi)类(lei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)其行(xing)<4>。奸(jian)声乱(luan)色不(bu)留聪明<5>,淫乐(le)(le)(le)废礼不(bu)接于心术<6>,惰慢邪辟(pi)之气(qi)不(bu)设于身体(ti)<7>,使(shi)耳(er)(er)目鼻口心知百体(ti)皆(jie)由顺正,以(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)其义。然后发以(yi)(yi)(yi)声音,文以(yi)(yi)(yi)琴(qin)瑟(se),动(dong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚,饰以(yi)(yi)(yi)羽旄,从(cong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)箫管,奋至(zhi)德之光<8>,动(dong)四气(qi)之和(he)(he),以(yi)(yi)(yi)著万物之理。是故清(qing)明象(xiang)天,广(guang)大(da)象(xiang)地,终(zhong)始(shi)象(xiang)四时,周旋象(xiang)风(feng)雨。五色成(cheng)(cheng)文而(er)(er)不(bu)乱(luan)<9>,八风(feng)从(cong)律(lv)而(er)(er)不(bu)奸(jian)<10>,百度(du)得(de)数而(er)(er)有常<11>;小(xiao)大(da)相成(cheng)(cheng),终(zhong)始(shi)相生,倡和(he)(he)清(qing)浊<12>,代相为经<13>。故乐(le)(le)(le)行(xing)而(er)(er)沦清(qing)<14>,耳(er)(er)目聪明,血气(qi)和(he)(he)平,移风(feng)易俗(su),天下皆(jie)宁。故曰“乐(le)(le)(le)者乐(le)(le)(le)也”。君(jun)子(zi)乐(le)(le)(le)得(de)其道(dao)<15>,小(xiao)人乐(le)(le)(le)得(de)其欲(yu)<16>以(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)制欲(yu),则乐(le)(le)(le)而(er)(er)不(bu)乱(luan);以(yi)(yi)(yi)欲(yu)忘道(dao),则惑(huo)而(er)(er)不(bu)乐(le)(le)(le)。是故君(jun)子(zi)反情以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)其志(zhi),广(guang)乐(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)其教,乐(le)(le)(le)行(xing)而(er)(er)民乡方<17>,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)观德矣。
〔注释〕
<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说,此(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)四段为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《别录》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第六(liu)章《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)象(xiang)》。象(xiang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)映(ying)象(xiang)、反映(ying),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)这(zhei)一(yi)章主要讲乐(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)质,心(xin)态、德(de)(de)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间互相(xiang)(xiang)影响(xiang)(xiang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)君子小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)由(you)此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)(er)(er)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)态度。奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),与(yu)(yu)(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)对,指淫邪(xie)不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。逆(ni)(ni)(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),与(yu)(yu)(yu)顺(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)对,《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指天(tian)(tian)地逆(ni)(ni)(ni)乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。误。逆(ni)(ni)(ni)顺(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)感(gan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng),自是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)质有(you)(you)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)顺(shun)两个方(fang)(fang)面,因所(suo)感(gan)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)表(biao)现,奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng),正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则顺(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)。 <2>成象(xiang):造成影响(xiang)(xiang),产生(sheng)具体(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)现。淫乐(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)同(tong)义(yi)(yi)(yi)。按:以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)两句是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结(jie)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淫乐(le)(le)(le)(le),即是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)互相(xiang)(xiang)感(gan)应(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。 <3>反情:约束其(qi)(qi)情欲,不(bu)(bu)任其(qi)(qi)流荡(dang)。 <4>比类:《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“比于正(zheng)(zheng)类”。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)疏释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“比拟善类”。 <5>不(bu)(bu)留聪(cong)明:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“不(bu)(bu)留停于耳(er)目,令耳(er)目不(bu)(bu)聪(cong)明也(ye)(ye)”。 <6>废(fei)礼:孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慝(ni)(tè,特)礼。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于隐(yin)恶为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慝(ni),隐(yin)有(you)(you)废(fei)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),废(fei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)用,犹(you)如(ru)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隐(yin)蔽(bi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)见(jian)用。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)废(fei)礼为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慝(ni)礼。 <7>设:施设,加。 <8>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说:“奋(fen)犹(you)动也(ye)(ye)。至(zhi)德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光谓降天(tian)(tian)神(shen)。出地祇(zhi)、假祖考”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):至(zhi)德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)、地祇(zhi)、祖考的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩(en)德(de)(de)光泽。又孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说:“奋(fen)至(zhi)德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光者(zhe)(zhe),谓用上(shang)诸乐(le)(le)(le)(le),奋(fen)动天(tian)(tian)地至(zhi)极之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)光,明谓神(shen)明来(lai)(lai)降也(ye)(ye)”。末(mo)句翻译出来(lai)(lai)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“这(zhei)明明是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说神(shen)明来(lai)(lai)降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)”。表(biao)明郑(zheng)(zheng)、孔(kong)所(suo)说完全(quan)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。 <9>五(wu)(wu)色(se)(se):青、黄(huang)、赤、白、黑。按五(wu)(wu)行理(li)(li)论(lun)(lun):宫(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土,邑黄(huang);商声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金,色(se)(se)白;角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木,色(se)(se)青;徵声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火,色(se)(se)赤;羽(yu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui),色(se)(se)黑。 <10>八风(feng):八方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng),与(yu)(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)辰(chen)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)配,参见(jian)《律(lv)(lv)书》法。 <11>百度:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百刻,即一(yi)昼夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时间长(zhang)(zhang)度。昼夜二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)辰(chen)与(yu)(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)配,律(lv)(lv)正(zheng)(zheng)则十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)辰(chen)有(you)(you)常(chang)(chang)度。孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)句为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“昏明昼夜不(bu)(bu)失其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)(zheng),故(gu)度数(shu)有(you)(you)常(chang)(chang)也(ye)(ye)”。 <12> <12>清(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说:“清(qing)谓蕤(rúi,蕊,上(shang)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng))宾(bin)至(zhi)应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye);浊(zhuo)(zhuo)谓黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)(lv)(lv)”。孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说:黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)(lv)(lv)音长(zhang)(zhang),长(zhang)(zhang)者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浊(zhuo)(zhuo);蕤宾(bin)至(zhi)应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)音短(duan),短(duan)者(zhe)(zhe)清(qing)。按:音长(zhang)(zhang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)管长(zhang)(zhang),音短(duan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)管短(duan)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)按管长(zhang)(zhang)排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次序是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、大(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)(lv)、太(tai)蔟、夹钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、姑洗(xi)、仲(中(zhong)(zhong))吕(lv)(lv)(lv);蕤宾(bin)、林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、夷则、南(nan)吕(lv)(lv)(lv)、无射、应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),前(qian)(qian)六(liu)管长(zhang)(zhang),后(hou)六(liu)管短(duan),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郑(zheng)(zheng)、孔(kong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)氏说自黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)(lv)(lv)浊(zhuo)(zhuo),自蕤宾(bin)至(zhi)应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)。然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er),细审此(ci)(ci)段文意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)论(lun)(lun)君子修饰其(qi)(qi)心(xin)志,“周旋象(xiang)风(feng)雨”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)论(lun)(lun)正(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)(le)(le)(le),这(zhei)两部分(fen)合(he)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说“顺(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兴正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。此(ci)(ci)后(hou)自“五(wu)(wu)色(se)(se)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)至(zhi)“代(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)”论(lun)(lun)“正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)(yu)(yu)顺(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)应(ying)”;“故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)行而(er)(er)(er)(er)伦清(qing)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia),再加综述。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)色(se)(se)、八风(feng)、百度、小(xiao)大(da)(da)、终(zhong)始、清(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)、代(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)等都(dou)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指乐(le)(le)(le)(le),而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指受(shou)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)感(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)。物(wu)应(ying)律(lv)(lv)生(sheng),律(lv)(lv)有(you)(you)清(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)、万(wan)物(wu)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)清(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)。 <13>代(dai):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“迭(die)(die)”。通(tong)。孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)(lv),更相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)常(chang)(chang),即还(hai)相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)(chang)也(ye)(ye)”。按:十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)还(hai)相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)(如(ru)黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv),大(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)(lv)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)等)每(mei)一(yi)律(lv)(lv)都(dou)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)被当(dang)作(zuo)宫(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),然(ran)(ran)后(hou)按十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)和(he)五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关系(如(ru)黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)太(tai)蔟;宫(gong)生(sheng)征、征生(sheng)商等)确(que)定(ding)其(qi)(qi)余(yu)各律(lv)(lv)与(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对应(ying)关系。宫(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben),经(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)纬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)(jing),都(dou)可引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根本(ben)(ben)、主要。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“代(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)(jing)”此(ci)(ci)处是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迭(die)(die)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。 <14>《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“沦(lun)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道”,全(quan)句解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“言乐(le)(le)(le)(le)用则正(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)理(li)(li)、和(he)阴阳也(ye)(ye)”,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)理(li)(li)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道,或称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沦(lun)。孔(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“沦(lun)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“类”,全(quan)句释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)如(ru)上(shang)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),故(gu)其(qi)(qi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)施行而(er)(er)(er)(er)沦(lun)类清(qing)美(mei)矣”。二(er)(er)(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)皆通(tong)。 <15>道:以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)治(zhi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道理(li)(li)和(he)方(fang)(fang)法。 <16>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“邪(xie)淫”。又《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼运》说:“饮食(shi)男女,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)欲存矣”。过分(fen)追求饮食(shi)男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)邪(xie)淫。 <17>乡:同(tong)向(xiang)。方(fang)(fang):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“道”。乡方(fang)(fang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)向(xiang)道德(de)(de)。
德者,性之(zhi)(zhi)端也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);乐(le)声(sheng),德之(zhi)(zhi)华(hua)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<1>;金石丝(si)竹,乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)器也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诗,言其志也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);歌(ge),咏其声(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);舞,动其容也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);三者本乎心,然后(hou)乐(le)气从之(zhi)(zhi)<2>。是故(gu)情深而文明(ming),气盛而化神<3>,和顺积中而英华(hua)发(fa)外<4>,唯乐(le)不可以为伪(wei)。
乐者,心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)动也(ye);声者,乐之(zhi)(zhi)象也(ye);文采节奏<5>,声之(zhi)(zhi)饰(shi)也(ye)。君(jun)子动其(qi)(qi)(qi)本,乐其(qi)(qi)(qi)象,然后治其(qi)(qi)(qi)饰(shi)。是故(gu)先鼓以(yi)(yi)(yi)警戒<6>,三步以(yi)(yi)(yi)见方<7>,再始(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)著往<8>,复乱以(yi)(yi)(yi)饬(chi)归(gui)<9>。奋疾而(er)不(bu)拔(也(ye))<10>,极(ji)幽(you)而(er)不(bu)隐(yin)<11>。独乐其(qi)(qi)(qi)志,不(bu)厌其(qi)(qi)(qi)道;备(bei)举其(qi)(qi)(qi)道,不(bu)私(si)其(qi)(qi)(qi)欲。是以(yi)(yi)(yi)情见而(er)义立,乐终而(er)德尊;君(jun)子以(yi)(yi)(yi)好善,小人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)息(xi)过<12>。故(gu)曰“生民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)道,乐为大焉(yan)”。
〔注释〕
<1>华(hua)(hua):光华(hua)(hua)。《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“德在于(yu)(yu)(yu)内(nei),乐(le)(le)(le)在于(yu)(yu)(yu)外,乐(le)(le)(le)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)发扬其(qi)德,故乐(le)(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光华(hua)(hua)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。” <2>乐(le)(le)(le)气(qi):《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“诗、歌(ge)、舞(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <3>《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“志(zhi)意(yi)(yi)蕴积(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)中,故气(qi)盛;内(nei)志(zhi)既(ji)盛则(ze)外感于(yu)(yu)(yu)物,故变(bian)(bian)化神(shen)通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。气(qi)盛,谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)知手之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),足(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蹈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);而(er)化神(shen)者(zhe),谓(wei)动天地(di),感鬼神(shen),经(jing)夫(fu)妇、成孝敬是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <4>和顺:《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“思(si)念善事(shi)”。英华(hua)(hua):孔(kong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“言(yan)辞声音”。 <5>文采(cai):曲(qu)折变(bian)(bian)化。节(jie)奏(zou)(zou):强弱停顿的(de)(de)(de)(de)规律。 <6>《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“此引(yin)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),证前(qian)(qian)有(you)德后有(you)饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。武(wu)(wu)王(wang)圣(sheng)人,是(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)(qian)有(you)德也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);而(er)用此节(jie)奏(zou)(zou),是(shi)(shi)(shi)后有(you)饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先鼓者(zhe),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou),未(wei)战(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian),鸣(ming)(ming)皮鼓以(yi)(yi)警戒,使军众逆(ni)备(bei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今作《武(wu)(wu)乐(le)(le)(le)》者(zhe),未(wei)奏(zou)(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)鸣(ming)(ming)皮鼓以(yi)(yi)敕人使豫备(bei)具也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)志(zhi)后有(you)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <7>见(jian):郑(zheng)玄(xuan)读“现”,义(yi)(yi)亦同。方:即(ji)端点之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端,引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)(shi)。开始(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解释(shi)(shi)(shi)全句意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi):“将舞(wu)(wu)必先三举足(zu)(按:孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“先行三步”)以(yi)(yi)见(jian)其(qi)舞(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。 <8>著(zhu)往:著(zhu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)往伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解释(shi)(shi)(shi)全句说(shuo):“武(wu)(wu)王(wang)除丧(sang)至孟津之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,(见(jian))纣(zhou)(zhou)未(wei)可伐(fa),还归(gui)。二(er)年,乃遂伐(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《武(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)》再(zai)更始(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)伐(fa)时再(zai)往也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <9>复乱(luan)(luan)(luan):复,又;乱(luan)(luan)(luan),治、理(li)。如《尚(shang)书(shu)·周书(shu)·泰誓》说(shuo):“予(yu)有(you)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)臣(chen)十人,同心同德”,孔(kong)安国释(shi)(shi)(shi)“乱(luan)(luan)(luan)臣(chen)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“治理(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)”。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),复乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)舞(wu)(wu)将终(zhong),重新整理(li)好队形的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》解释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“纣(zhou)(zhou)凶乱(luan)(luan)(luan)而(er)安复之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,亦通(tong)。饬归(gui):饬众而(er)归(gui)。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“武(wu)(wu)王(wang)伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)胜,鸣(ming)(ming)金铙整武(wu)(wu)而(er)归(gui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。……今奏(zou)(zou)《武(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)》,初皮鼓警众,末(mo)鸣(ming)(ming)铙以(yi)(yi)归(gui),象伐(fa)纣(zhou)(zhou)已(yi)竟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。铙,《周礼·地(di)官·鼓人》中,郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)形说(shuo):“铙,如铃(ling),无舌,有(you)柄(bing),执而(er)鸣(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。 <10>《集解》解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“舞(wu)(wu)虽奋疾而(er)不(bu)(bu)先节(jie),若树木得疾风而(er)不(bu)(bu)拔”。 <11>《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“谓(wei)歌(ge)者(zhe)坐(zuo)歌(ge)不(bu)(bu)动,是(shi)(shi)(shi)极幽静,而(er)声发起,是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)隐(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。翻(fan)译出来就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi):“伴歌(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人坐(zuo)在那里,姿态幽静,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)声朗(lang)朗(lang),传了(le)(le)出来,一(yi)点也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)隐(yin)(yin)蔽(bi)”。歌(ge)声不(bu)(bu)隐(yin)(yin)蔽(bi)、歌(ge)者(zhe)隐(yin)(yin)蔽(bi),二(er)者(zhe)相对而(er)言(yan),颇觉不(bu)(bu)伦不(bu)(bu)类(lei)。此段写《武(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在于(yu)(yu)(yu)论(lun)一(yi)切乐(le)(le)(le)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)先德而(er)后饰,即(ji)形式与内(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)统一(yi),应(ying)该有(you)关于(yu)(yu)(yu)“内(nei)容”的(de)(de)(de)(de)描述(shu)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)此句应(ying)该释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“意(yi)(yi)虽幽而(er)不(bu)(bu)隐(yin)(yin)”,即(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)写《武(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)旨,不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指歌(ge)者(zhe)。 <12> <12>息过,《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“改过”。《乐(le)(le)(le)记》“息”作“听(ting)”,“听(ting)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)含意(yi)(yi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)察知、了(le)(le)解等,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)知已(yi)过失而(er)改之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)。
君子曰:礼(li)乐(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)斯须去身(shen)<1>。致乐(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)治心(xin),则(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)直子谅之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)油然生矣(yi)(yi)<2>。易(yi)直子谅之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)生则(ze)(ze)(ze)乐(le)(le),乐(le)(le)则(ze)(ze)(ze)安,安则(ze)(ze)(ze)久(jiu),久(jiu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)天(tian)(tian)<3>,天(tian)(tian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)神<4>。天(tian)(tian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言而(er)(er)信,神则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)怒(nu)而(er)(er)威。致乐(le)(le),以(yi)(yi)治心(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye);致礼(li),以(yi)(yi)治躬者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)<5>。治躬则(ze)(ze)(ze)庄敬,庄敬则(ze)(ze)(ze)严(yan)威。心(xin)中斯须不(bu)(bu)(bu)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)乐(le)(le),而(er)(er)鄙诈之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)入之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi);外貌(mao)斯须不(bu)(bu)(bu)庄不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬,而(er)(er)慢易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)入之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。故乐(le)(le)也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe),动于(yu)(yu)内者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye);礼(li)也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe),动于(yu)(yu)外者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。乐(le)(le)极和,礼(li)极顺(shun)。内和而(er)(er)外顺(shun),则(ze)(ze)(ze)民瞻其(qi)颜色而(er)(er)弗(fu)与争也(ye)<6>,望其(qi)容貌(mao)而(er)(er)民不(bu)(bu)(bu)生易(yi)慢焉(yan)。德煇(通辉)动乎(hu)内而(er)(er)民莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)承听(ting),理发乎(hu)外而(er)(er)民莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)承顺(shun)<7>。故曰:“知礼(li)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)道,举(ju)而(er)(er)错之(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)下无难矣(yi)(yi)<8>”。
乐(le)也者(zhe),动于(yu)内者(zhe)也;礼也者(zhe),动于(yu)外者(zhe)也。故礼主其(qi)(qi)谦<9>,乐(le)主其(qi)(qi)盈<10>。礼谦而(er)进(jin)(jin)<11>,以进(jin)(jin)为(wei)文;乐(le)盈而(er)反(fan)(fan)<12>,以反(fan)(fan)为(wei)文。礼谦而(er)不(bu)进(jin)(jin),则销<13>;乐(le)盈而(er)不(bu)反(fan)(fan),则放<14>。故礼有报(bao)而(er)乐(le)有反(fan)(fan)<15>。礼得(de)其(qi)(qi)报(bao)则乐(le),乐(le)得(de)其(qi)(qi)反(fan)(fan)则安。礼之(zhi)报(bao),乐(le)之(zhi)反(fan)(fan),其(qi)(qi)义一也。
〔注释〕
<1>斯须(xu):《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为“俄顷”,犹言(yan)须(xu)臾、瞬间(jian)。《正(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),自(zi)(zi)此(ci)以下四段为《别录》中的第十章《乐(le)化》,内容是(shi)论乐(le)能陶化为善等(deng)事。 <2>易(yi)(yi)直(zhi)子(zi)(zi)谅(liang):《集(ji)解(jie)》引(yin)王(wang)肃语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“易(yi)(yi),平易(yi)(yi);直(zhi),正(zheng)直(zhi);子(zi)(zi)谅(liang),爱信也(ye)(ye)”。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“易(yi)(yi)谓和(he)易(yi)(yi),直(zhi)谓正(zheng)直(zhi),子(zi)(zi)谓子(zi)(zi)爱,谅(liang)谓诚信”。二释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)义(yi)相(xiang)近。油然(ran):《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“新生好貌”。 <3>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“志明行(xing)成(cheng),久(jiu)而(er)不改,则人(ren)(ren)(ren)信之(zhi)如天”。 <4>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“既为人(ren)(ren)(ren)所信如天,故(gu)又为人(ren)(ren)(ren)所畏(wei)如神也(ye)(ye)”。 <5>躬:即身。 <6>弗:不。 <7>承(cheng)顺:承(cheng)奉与顺从。 <8>错:错置(zhi)。引(yin)伸为施于。 <9>谦:《集(ji)解(jie)》引(yin)王(wang)肃语(yu)(yu)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为“自(zi)(zi)谦损(sun)也(ye)(ye)”。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)减(jian),郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“礼主(zhu)减(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所倦也(ye)(ye)”。恐非礼的主(zhu)旨。减(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)减(jian)损(sun),与谦同(tong)义(yi)。 <10>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“乐(le)主(zhu)其盈人(ren)(ren)(ren)所欢也(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)思(si)是(shi):乐(le)的主(zhu)旨是(shi)增(zeng)加人(ren)(ren)(ren)的欢乐(le)之(zhi)情。 <11>进(jin):《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“进(jin)谓自(zi)(zi)勉强也(ye)(ye)”。 <12> <12>反:《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“反谓自(zi)(zi)抑止(zhi)也(ye)(ye)”。 <13>销:通“消”;消散、消失。 <14>放(fang):放(fang)纵(zong)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全句(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“言(yan)乐(le)主(zhu)盈满,若不反自(zi)(zi)抑损(sun),则乐(le)道(dao)流放(fang)也(ye)(ye)”。 <15>报:《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“报,读曰褒(bāo,包),犹进(jin)也(ye)(ye)”。孔颖达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全句(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“行(xing)礼之(zhi)道(dao)须(xu)有自(zi)(zi)进(jin),作(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)之(zhi)道(dao)须(xu)有自(zi)(zi)退反也(ye)(ye)”。
夫乐(le)者乐(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye),人(ren)情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)免(mian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<1>。乐(le)必发诸(zhu)声(sheng)音(yin)<2>,形于(yu)动(dong)静,人(ren)道也(ye)(ye)(ye)<3>。声(sheng)音(yin)动(dong)静,性术之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变<4>,尽于(yu)此矣(yi)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)无乐(le),乐(le)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)无形。形而(er)不(bu)为道<5>,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)无乱。先(xian)王恶其(qi)(qi)乱,故(gu)(gu)(gu)制雅颂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)以(yi)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<6>,使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)声(sheng)足(zu)以(yi)乐(le)而(er)不(bu)流,使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)文足(zu)以(yi)纶(lun)而(er)不(bu)息<7>,使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)曲直繁(fan)省(sheng)廉肉节(jie)奏<8>,足(zu)以(yi)感(gan)动(dong)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善心而(er)已(yi)矣(yi)。不(bu)使(shi)(shi)放心邪气得(de)接焉(yan),是(shi)先(xian)王立(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方也(ye)(ye)(ye)<9>。是(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)乐(le)在宗庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)<10>,君臣上下同听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)莫(mo)不(bu)和敬;在族(zu)长乡(xiang)里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)<11>,长幼同听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)莫(mo)不(bu)和顺(shun);在闺门之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内<12>,父子兄弟(di)同听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)莫(mo)不(bu)和亲。故(gu)(gu)(gu)乐(le)者,审一(yi)以(yi)定和<13>,比物以(yi)饰(shi)节(jie)<14>,节(jie)奏合以(yi)成文,所以(yi)合和父子君臣,附亲万(wan)民(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)先(xian)王立(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)听(ting)其(qi)(qi)雅颂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng),志意(yi)得(de)广焉(yan);执其(qi)(qi)干戚<15>,习其(qi)(qi)俯仰诎信<16>,容貌得(de)庄焉(yan);行(xing)其(qi)(qi)缀兆,要其(qi)(qi)节(jie)奏,行(xing)列得(de)正焉(yan),进(jin)退得(de)齐焉(yan)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)乐(le)者天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齐<17>,中(zhong)和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纪<18>,人(ren)情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)免(mian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
夫乐者,先王(wang)之(zhi)所以饰喜(xi)也;军旅(lv)鈇(fu)钺者<19>,先王(wang)之(zhi)所以饰怒也。故先王(wang)之(zhi)喜(xi)怒皆得其齐矣<20>。喜(xi)则天下(xia)和之(zhi),怒则暴乱(luan)者畏之(zhi)。先王(wang)之(zhi)道礼乐可谓盛矣。
〔注释〕
<1>人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing):人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感(gan)。儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)概括为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七种:喜(xi)、怒(nu)(nu)、哀、惧(ju)、爱、恶、欲(见《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)运》)。 <2>诸:之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)。 <3>人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao):为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德规范(fan),通谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)。儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“率性而(er)(er)行谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”(《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·中庸》),即(ji)凡遵(zun)循(xun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)切作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)。又(you)说(shuo):“亲亲、尊尊、长(zhang)长(zhang)、男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)别(bie),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”(《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·丧服小记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <4>性术:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“性术,言(yan)(yan)此(ci)出(chu)于(yu)性也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)“术”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“道(dao)路”,性术就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性道(dao)路。按:术就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法,性术就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性中酝(yun)酿而(er)(er)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法,非(fei)一(yi)(yi)时(shi)权宜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计。 <5>道(dao):规矩。方(fang)法、程式。又(you)可释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)导(dao)(dao),引(yin)导(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。 <6>雅(ya)颂(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng):中华(hua)书局标点本《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“《雅(ya)》《颂(song)(song)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)”,意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)《雅(ya)》、《颂(song)(song)》等诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)篇(pian),误。诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)六(liu)义(yi):风(feng)、赋(fu)、比(bi)、兴,雅(ya)、颂(song)(song)。自风(feng)至兴都不免于(yu)讥刺怨诉(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),只有(you)(you)雅(ya)颂(song)(song)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)从正(zheng)面歌颂(song)(song)、诱导(dao)(dao),如《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)序》所(suo)说(shuo):“雅(ya)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),正(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)王政(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)由废兴也(ye)(ye)(ye)”;“颂(song)(song)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),美盛德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)容,以(yi)(yi)其(qi)成功告于(yu)神明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)先(xian)(xian)王所(suo)作(zuo),首举雅(ya)颂(song)(song)而(er)(er)不及其(qi)他。《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)》中有(you)(you)所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)风(feng)变(bian)雅(ya),于(yu)诗(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表现(xian)手法,却不在雅(ya)颂(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,这(zhei)(zhei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不能将雅(ya)颂(song)(song)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)篇(pian)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。道(dao):同(tong)“导(dao)(dao)”,引(yin)导(dao)(dao)。 <7>纶而(er)(er)不息(xi):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》纶作(zuo)论(lun)。纶是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)维系(xi),牵引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。《易经(jing)·系(xi)词》:“弥纶天(tian)地(di)(di)”,孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“纶谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)纶牵引(yin)”。纶而(er)(er)不息(xi)可释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)维系(xi)不绝(jue)。 <8>繁(fan)省(sheng)廉(lian)肉(rou)(rou)(rou):《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)说(shuo):“繁(fan)省(sheng)廉(lian)肉(rou)(rou)(rou),声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洪(hong)(hong)杀也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。此(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)误引(yin)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“繁(fan)瘠(ji)(ji)廉(lian)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)”,郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洪(hong)(hong)杀”,繁(fan)瘠(ji)(ji)与(yu)(yu)繁(fan)省(sheng)不同(tong),不可混注(zhu)。繁(fan)省(sheng)即(ji)繁(fan)简,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌词多少。边为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廉(lian),实为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)肉(rou)(rou)(rou),廉(lian)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表里(li)。 <9>方(fang):《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)说(shuo):“方(fang),道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按:道(dao),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法,法术。 <10>宗(zong)(zong)庙(miao):《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·祭(ji)法》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo):“宗(zong)(zong)庙(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),先(xian)(xian)祖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊貌(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。刘熙《释(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)》说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“先(xian)(xian)祖形(xing)(xing)貌(mao)所(suo)在也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按:于(yu)其(qi)中或(huo)(huo)立木主,或(huo)(huo)图绘先(xian)(xian)祖形(xing)(xing)貌(mao),作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先(xian)(xian)祖象征而(er)(er)祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)专门(men)(men)建(jian)筑称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)(zong)庙(miao)。因“有(you)(you)其(qi)地(di)(di)则(ze)有(you)(you)祭(ji)”,又(you)以(yi)(yi)宗(zong)(zong)庙(miao)、社稷、庙(miao)堂(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)喻国家(jia)、朝(chao)(chao)庭。此(ci)处宗(zong)(zong)庙(miao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)庙(miao)堂(tang),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)堂(tang),即(ji)天(tian)子(zi)听政(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)。《楚(chu)辞,王叹》:“始(shi)结言(yan)(yan)于(yu)庙(miao)堂(tang)兮,仅中途而(er)(er)叛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。王逸注(zhu):庙(miao)堂(tang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)(zong)庙(miao)、明堂(tang)。 <11>族(zu)(zu)长(zhang)乡(xiang)里(li):地(di)(di)方(fang)机构(gou)名(ming)。《周(zhou)礼(li)·地(di)(di)官(guan)》“乡(xiang)大夫”、“州(zhou)长(zhang)”条贾公彦疏说(shuo):“五(wu)家(jia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)比(bi),五(wu)比(bi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闾(lv),四闾(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)族(zu)(zu),五(wu)族(zu)(zu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)党,五(wu)党为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)州(zhou),五(wu)州(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乡(xiang)”,此(ci)郊内机构(gou)。又(you)《周(zhou)礼(li)、地(di)(di)官(guan)》“遂人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”说(shuo):“五(wu)家(jia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)邻(lin)(lin),五(wu)邻(lin)(lin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)里(li)……”,此(ci)郊外(wai)机构(gou)。 <12> <12>闺门(men)(men):宫(gong)中小门(men)(men),引(yin)伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)家(jia)门(men)(men),闺门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内即(ji)家(jia)内。《尔(er)雅(ya)·释(shi)(shi)(shi)宫(gong)》:“宫(gong)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室,……宫(gong)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闱(wei)(wei),其(qi)小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闺”。邢昺疏说(shuo):“宫(gong)中相通小门(men)(men)名(ming)闱(wei)(wei),闱(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)闺”。 <13>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)句(ju)(ju)话的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)说(shuo):“一(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)声(sheng),言(yan)(yan)作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)详审人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)声(sheng),以(yi)(yi)定调(diao)(diao)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音。但人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)声(sheng)虽一(yi)(yi),其(qi)感(gan)有(you)(you)殊,或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)哀乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan),或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)喜(xi)怒(nu)(nu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan),当须详审其(qi)声(sheng)以(yi)(yi)定调(diao)(diao)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲矣”。 <14>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖达(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)此(ci)句(ju)(ju)说(shuo):“物谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金石匏(páo,袍(pao))土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,言(yan)(yan)须比(bi)八音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物以(yi)(yi)饰音曲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <15>干戚(qi):盾(dun)斧。《山海(hai)经(jing)·海(hai)外(wai)西经(jing)》:“形(xing)(xing)天(tian)……操干戚(qi)以(yi)(yi)舞”。郭璞注(zhu)说(shuo):“干,盾(dun);戚(qi),斧也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <16>诎信:即(ji)屈(qu)伸(shen)。 <17>齐:整齐。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“命”,郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“教”。整齐天(tian)地(di)(di),使(shi)调(diao)(diao)谐和(he)合;与(yu)(yu)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)调(diao)(diao)谐和(he)合,通。 <18>中:心中。和(he):和(he)顺。纪:纲纪。全句(ju)(ju)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心和(he)顺的(de)(de)(de)(de)纪纲、要领(ling)。 <19>军(jun)族(zu)(zu):军(jun)队。《周(zhou)礼(li)·夏(xia)官(guan)司马》说(shuo):“凡制军(jun):万有(you)(you)二千五(wu)百(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)”,“二千五(wu)百(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)师”,“五(wu)百(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)旅”。鈇钺:即(ji)斧钺(yuè,月)。小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斧,大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)钺。《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·王制:诸侯“赐鈇钺然后杀”。此(ci)处泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)军(jun)器。 <20>齐:划(hua)一(yi)(yi),有(you)(you)常(chang)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)侪(chai)(chái,柴),释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)辈,类(lei)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)与(yu)(yu)喜(xi)同(tong)类(lei)(或(huo)(huo)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)划(hua)一(yi)(yi)),不喜(xi)与(yu)(yu)不乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)同(tong)类(lei)。义(yi)同(tong)。
魏文侯问于子(zi)夏曰:“吾端冕而听古(gu)乐则唯恐卧<1>,听郑卫之(zhi)音则不知(zhi)倦。敢(gan)问古(gu)乐之(zhi)如彼(bi),何也?新乐之(zhi)如此,何也。”
子(zi)夏(xia)答曰:“今(jin)夫(fu)古乐(le),进旅而(er)(er)退(tui)旅<2>,和正以(yi)广,弦(xian)匏笙(sheng)簧合守拊鼓<3>,始奏(zou)以(yi)文<4>,止(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)以(yi)武<5>,治乱(luan)(luan)以(yi)相(xiang)<6>,讯疾以(yi)雅<7>。君(jun)子(zi)于是语(yu),于是道(dao)古,修身(shen)及家,平(ping)均(jun)天下。此古乐(le)之发也。今(jin)夫(fu)新乐(le),进俯退(tui)俯<8>,奸声以(yi)淫,溺而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)止(zhi),及优侏儒<9>,獶(nao)杂(za)子(zi)女<10>,不(bu)(bu)知父子(zi)。乐(le)终(zhong)不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)语(yu),不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)道(dao)古。此新乐(le)之发也。今(jin)君(jun)之所问者乐(le)也,所好者音也。夫(fu)乐(le)之与音,相(xiang)近而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)同”。
〔注释〕
<1>《正义》说(shuo)此以(yi)(yi)下为(wei)《别录》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)第八(ba)章《魏文(wen)侯》。内(nei)容是(shi)(shi)论古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)、新乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)区(qu)别。端冕(mian)(mian):即(ji)(ji)正冕(mian)(mian)。冕(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)诸侯王的(de)(de)礼(li)(li)服(fu),正冕(mian)(mian)而听表(biao)示恭敬(jing)、庄(zhuang)严(yan)。 <2>旅(lv):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释为(wei)俱(ju)。进旅(lv)退旅(lv)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)俱(ju)进俱(ju)退,言其(qi)整齐(qi)划一。 <3>弦匏笙簧:泛言众管(guan)弦乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。合:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释为(wei)“皆也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。守(shou):待(dai)(dai)。拊(fu)(fu)鼓(gu):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)名。拊(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)革(ge)(ge)为(wei)之,内(nei)实以(yi)(yi)糠;鼓(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)革(ge)(ge)类乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。全(quan)(quan)句的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi):弦管(guan)众乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)都(dou)待(dai)(dai)拊(fu)(fu)鼓(gu)而奏。按(an)《周礼(li)(li)·大师》载:击(ji)(ji)拊(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)后,才开始(shi)歌唱;“下管(guan)(堂下管(guan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi))、播(bo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)”则待(dai)(dai)鼓(gu)朄(小鼓(gu)为(wei)朄)。 <4>文(wen):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释:文(wen)谓鼓(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。击(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)后众乐(le)(le)(le)(le)开始(shi),称为(wei)始(shi)奏以(yi)(yi)文(wen)。 <5>武(wu):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释:“武(wu),谓金(jin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)颖(ying)达释金(jin)为(wei)金(jin)铙。乱(luan)(luan)(luan):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)末尾一章。全(quan)(quan)句意(yi)思(si),乐(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)结(jie)束时(shi),击(ji)(ji)金(jin)铙而退。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》“止(zhi)”作(zuo)(zuo)“复”,同(tong)义。 <6>相:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释为(wei)糠,因(yin)拊(fu)(fu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)革(ge)(ge)实糠,所以(yi)(yi)这里(li)相就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指拊(fu)(fu)。《集解(jie)(jie)》解(jie)(jie)释全(quan)(quan)句的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi):“整其(qi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)行,节之以(yi)(yi)相”。治(zhi)(zhi)释为(wei)整,乱(luan)(luan)(luan)释为(wei)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)行,与上(shang)句“止(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)以(yi)(yi)武(wu)”不能谐(xie)调,应解(jie)(jie)释为(wei):乐(le)(le)(le)(le)将(jiang)终(zhong),以(yi)(yi)相理其(qi)节奏。 <7>讯疾(ji):即(ji)(ji)迅疾(ji),言舞者动作(zuo)(zuo)轻捷。雅(ya):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释:“雅(ya)亦乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),状如漆筒,中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)椎”。但《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》中(zhong)(zhong)讯疾(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)讥(ji)疾(ji),讥(ji)为(wei)訅(qiu)字(zi)之误,即(ji)(ji)訄字(zi),《说(shuo)文(wen)》释为(wei)“迫也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。与“治(zhi)(zhi)”、“止(zhi)”等字(zi)相通,止(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)以(yi)(yi)武(wu)、治(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)以(yi)(yi)相,讥(ji)疾(ji)以(yi)(yi)雅(ya)三(san)句文(wen)式对(dui)称,武(wu)、相都(dou)是(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi),雅(ya)自当是(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi),今《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书》改讥(ji)为(wei)讯,讯疾(ji)只是(shi)(shi)一个形容词,与止(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)、治(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)迥(jiong)不相同(tong),仍释雅(ya)为(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)便欠通达,当释为(wei)文(wen)雅(ya),雅(ya)正之雅(ya),全(quan)(quan)句的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi):迅捷而又(you)文(wen)雅(ya)。 <8>俯:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释:“犹典也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言不齐(qi)一也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)颖(ying)达解(jie)(jie)释全(quan)(quan)句意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi):“谓俯偻(lóu,楼(lou)。曲(qu)背(bei))曲(qu)折,不能进退齐(qi)一,俱(ju)曲(qu)折进退而已,行伍杂乱(luan)(luan)(luan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <9>优:俳优。即(ji)(ji)逗人(ren)笑乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)艺人(ren),古(gu)(gu)时(shi)身份极为(wei)低贱。 <10>獶(ná,挠):同(tong)“猱”,弥(mi)猴。
文侯(hou)曰:“敢问如何(he)?”
子夏答(da)曰:“夫古者天(tian)地顺(shun)而四时(shi)当(dang),民有德(de)而五谷(gu)昌<1>,疾(ji)疢不作(zuo)而无祆祥<2>,此之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)大(da)当(dang)<3>。然后圣人作(zuo)为父子君臣以为之(zhi)(zhi)纪(ji)纲(gang),纪(ji)纲(gang)既正(zheng),天(tian)下大(da)定(ding),天(tian)下大(da)定(ding),然后正(zheng)六律,和(he)五声,弦歌诗颂(song)<4>,此之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)德(de)音,德(de)音之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)乐。《诗》曰:‘莫(mo)其(qi)德(de)音<5>,其(qi)德(de)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)明(ming)<6>,克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)明(ming)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)类<7>,克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)长克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)君。王此大(da)邦(bang)<8>,克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)顺(shun)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)俾<9>。俾于文王,其(qi)德(de)靡悔<10>。既受帝祉(zhi)<11>,施(shi)于孙子’。此之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也。今(jin)君所(suo)好者,其(qi)溺(ni)音与”?
〔注释〕
<1>五(wu)谷:泛指粮食作物。 <2>疾疢(chèn,趁):即疾病(bing)。热病(bing)为(wei)(wei)疢,亦(yi)(yi)泛指一(yi)切病(bing)。祆祥:预兆(zhao)为(wei)(wei)祥;祆同妖(yao),释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)怪(guai)异,妖(yao)妄;所(suo)(suo)以祆祥就是(shi)怪(guai)异的(de)(de)征兆(zhao),或(huo)说是(shi)凶兆(zhao),不(bu)(bu)吉(ji)利(li)的(de)(de)征兆(zhao)。 <3>大当(dang)(dang):《乐记》郑玄解释(shi)(shi)(shi):“当(dang)(dang),谓乐不(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)”。按(an):当(dang)(dang)就是(shi):应(ying)(ying)当(dang)(dang)、理当(dang)(dang)、该当(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)当(dang)(dang),不(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si),前(qian)文(wen)有“四时(shi)当(dang)(dang)”谓四时(shi)有序,不(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)所(suo)(suo);此(ci)称大当(dang)(dang),是(shi)指万物皆(jie)有序,皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)其(qi)所(suo)(suo),非止(zhi)乐而已。 <4>诗:诗歌。颂(song):颂(song)扬之(zhi)(zhi)声。中(zhong)华书局(ju)标点本《史记》作《诗·颂(song)》,意(yi)思(si)是(shi)指《诗经》中(zhong)的(de)(de)《周颂(song)》、《鲁颂(song)》、《商颂(song)》。不(bu)(bu)确。 <5>此(ci)诗见《诗经·大雅·皇矣(yi)》篇。莫,毛注:“静也”,“定也”。郑玄注:“德正(zheng)应(ying)(ying)和曰(yue)(yue)莫”。 <6>克:能(neng)(neng)(neng)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)言》:“克,能(neng)(neng)(neng)也”。“其(qi)德克明”就是(shi)“其(qi)德能(neng)(neng)(neng)明”。郑玄说:“照(zhao)临四方曰(yue)(yue)明”。 <7>《乐记》郑玄解释(shi)(shi)(shi):“勤(qin)(qin)施(shi)无(wu)私(si)曰(yue)(yue)类”。全(quan)句(ju)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)既能(neng)(neng)(neng)明照(zhao)四方,又能(neng)(neng)(neng)施(shi)惠同类,勤(qin)(qin)而无(wu)私(si)。 <8>邦:国(guo)。《说文(wen)》:“邦,国(guo)也”。又诸侯(hou)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)大者为(wei)(wei)邦。《周礼·天官·大宰》:“佐王治邦国(guo)’。郑玄注说:“大曰(yue)(yue)邦,小曰(yue)(yue)国(guo)。邦之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)居(ju),亦(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)国(guo)”。前(qian)国(guo)字(zi)指侯(hou)国(guo),后(hou)国(guo)字(zi)指王国(guo)。 <9>《乐记》郑玄解释(shi)(shi)(shi)说:“慈(ci)和遍(bian)服(fu)曰(yue)(yue)顺(shun);俾当(dang)(dang)为(wei)(wei)比声之(zhi)(zhi)误,择(ze)善从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)比”。因此(ci)全(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi):既能(neng)(neng)(neng)慈(ci)和服(fu)众,又能(neng)(neng)(neng)择(ze)善而从(cong)。 <10>靡(mǐ,米):无(wu)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)言》:“靡,无(wu)也”。悔:悔恨(hen)、后(hou)悔。全(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)其(qi)道德堪于文(wen)王相(xiang)比。 <11>祉(zhǐ,止(zhi)):福(fu)。《说文(wen)》:“祉,福(fu)也”。全(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)既受到(dao)了上帝赐给的(de)(de)福(fu)气。
文(wen)侯曰(yue):“敢问溺音者何从出也”?
子(zi)夏答曰(yue):“郑音(yin)好(hao)滥(lan)(lan)淫志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<1>,宋音(yin)燕女(nv)溺志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<2>,卫音(yin)趣数烦(fan)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<3>,齐音(yin)骜(ao)辟(pi)骄志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<4>,四者皆淫于色而(er)害于德(de),是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)祭祀不用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《诗》曰(yue):‘肃(su)(su)(su)雍和(he)鸣(ming),先(xian)祖是(shi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)<5>’。夫肃(su)(su)(su)肃(su)(su)(su),敬也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);雍雍,和(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫敬以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he),何(he)事不行(xing)?为(wei)人君(jun)者,谨其所(suo)(suo)好(hao)恶而(er)已(yi)矣。君(jun)好(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)臣为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),上行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)民从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《诗》曰(yue):‘诱(you)民孔易(yi)<6>’,此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然后(hou)圣人作为(wei)鞉鼓椌楬埙(xun)篪(chi)<7>,此六者,德(de)音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然后(hou)钟磬竽(yu)瑟以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<8>,干(gan)戚旄(mao)狄以(yi)(yi)(yi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)祭先(xian)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)献酬酳酢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<9>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)官序贵贱各得其宜也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),此所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)示后(hou)世(shi)有尊(zun)卑长幼序也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。钟声(sheng)(sheng)铿<10>,铿以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)号<11>,号以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)横<12>,横以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)武(wu)。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)钟声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)武(wu)臣。石声(sheng)(sheng)硁(keng)<13>,硁(keng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)别(bie)<14>,别(bie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)死。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)磬声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)死封疆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣。丝声(sheng)(sheng)哀,哀以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)廉(lian),廉(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)琴(qin)瑟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣。竹声(sheng)(sheng)滥(lan)(lan)<15>,滥(lan)(lan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)会<16>,会以(yi)(yi)(yi)聚(ju)(ju)众(zhong)。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)竽(yu)笙箫管之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)畜聚(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣。鼓鼙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)讙(huan)<17>,讙(huan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)动(dong)<18>,动(dong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)进众(zhong)<19>。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)鼓鼙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)将帅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣。君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)音(yin),非(fei)听(ting)(ting)(ting)其铿鎗(qiang)而(er)已(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<20>,彼亦有所(suo)(suo)合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<21>。”
〔注释〕
<1>滥:泛溢为(wei)(wei)滥。引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)不(bu)合(he)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)数(shu)。贾谊《新书·道术》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“反礼(li)(li)(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)滥”。淫:浸(jin)(jin)渍(zi)。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》:“淫,浸(jin)(jin)淫随理(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全(quan)(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郑(zheng)(zheng)音好越礼(li)(li)(li)(li)而(er)(er)浸(jin)(jin)渍(zi)人(ren)(ren)志(zhi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“言郑(zheng)(zheng)国乐(le)(le)(le)(le)音好滥相(xiang)(xiang)偷(tou)窃,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淫邪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。滥相(xiang)(xiang)偷(tou)窃指男女相(xiang)(xiang)偷(tou)窃。亦通。 <2>燕(yan)(yan)女:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“燕(yan)(yan),安(an)(an)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)因释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“所(suo)安(an)(an)唯(wei)女子(zi)”。溺志(zhi):孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“溺,没(mei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全(quan)(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“宋音所(suo)安(an)(an)唯(wei)女子(zi),所(suo)以(yi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)志(zhi)没(mei)矣”。 <3>趣(qu)数(shu):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“趣(qu)数(shu),读为(wei)(wei)促(cu)(cu)速(su),声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。烦:郑(zheng)(zheng)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)劳。”全(quan)(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“卫音既促(cu)(cu)且速(su),所(suo)以(yi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)志(zhi)烦劳也(ye)(ye)(ye)。 <4>骜(ao)(ao):马骄不(bu)驯为(wei)(wei)骜(ao)(ao),施于人(ren)(ren),与(yu)傲(ao)同(tong)义。《庄子(zi)·外物》:“骜(ao)(ao)万世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)”。王先(xian)谦解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“傲(ao)然贻万世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)”。辟(pī,匹):同(tong)僻,偏、邪的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。 <5>见《诗·周(zhou)颂·有(you)瞽》。 <6>诱:诱导(dao)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“甚(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全(quan)(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):诱导(dao)百姓,十(shi)分容(rong)易(yi)。 <7>鞉(táo,桃):同(tong)鼗。货郎鼓(gu)。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官(guan)(guan)·小师》:“掌(zhang)教鼓(gu)鼗”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):鼗,“如(ru)(ru)鼓(gu)而(er)(er)小,持其柄摇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),旁耳还自(zi)击(ji)”。椌(qiāng,腔(qiang))楬(qià,恰):就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柷(zhù,祝)敔(yǔ,语),古乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“鼓(gu)柷谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)止”,“鼓(gu)敔谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)籈(zhēn,真)”郭(guo)璞注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“柷如(ru)(ru)漆筒,方二尺(chi)四(si)寸(cun),深一尺(chi)八寸(cun),中有(you)椎柄连底,挏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令左右击(ji)”。“敔如(ru)(ru)伏虎,背上有(you)二十(shi)七,刻以(yi)木,长尺(chi)”。铻即齿牙。又《尚书·益(yi)稷(ji)》有(you)“合(he)止柷敔”语,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“合(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)柷,止乐(le)(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)敔”。埙(xun)(xūn,勋):陶制(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官(guan)(guan)·小师》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“埙(xun),烧土为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大如(ru)(ru)雁卵”,又引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)众说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“埙(xun),六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)”。考古发(fa)(fa)现的(de)(de)(de)埙(xun)有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)一、三、五个不(bu)等。篪(chí,池)竹制(zhi)单(dan)管(guan)(guan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官(guan)(guan)·笙师》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)引(yin)《广雅》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“篪,以(yi)竹为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),长一尺(chi)四(si)寸(cun),八孔(kong)(kong)(kong),一孔(kong)(kong)(kong)上出(chu)寸(cun)三分。 <8>竽:簧乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。瑟:弦乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。 <9>献酬酳(yìn,印(yin))酢(zuo)(zuo)(zuò,作):献,致物于尊(zun)者(zhe);酬,答、劝;酢(zuo)(zuo),燕(yan)(yan)饮时,主(zhu)客(ke)(ke)互敬酒食(shi),主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)敬客(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)酬,客(ke)(ke)敬主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)酢(zuo)(zuo);酳:食(shi)毕以(yi)酒漱(shu)口,又安(an)(an)食(shi)亦为(wei)(wei)酳。总之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),献酬酳酢(zuo)(zuo)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)享时的(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)节名(ming)。 <10>铿(keng):象(xiang)(xiang)声(sheng)字。 <11>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“号令所(suo)以(yi)警(jing)众也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <12> <12>孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“号以(yi)立(li)横者(zhe),谓横气(qi)充满也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若号令威严则军士勇敢而(er)(er)壮(zhuang)气(qi)充满。 <13>硁(keng,坑(keng)):《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)王肃注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):硁,“声(sheng)果劲”。即声(sheng)音短促(cu)(cu)有(you)力称为(wei)(wei)硁。 <14>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》别(bie)作“辨”,通。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“辨谓分明(ming)节义”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)引(yin)崔灵恩语解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei):“能清别(bie),于众物则分明(ming)辨别(bie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <15>滥:《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“滥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)犹(you)(同(tong)揽),聚(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“竹声(sheng)然有(you)积聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按(an):滥释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)揽,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)文(wen)设义,没(mei)有(you)多少根据。竹类乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)(ru)箫(xiao)、竽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,大都由(you)数(shu)根或(huo)数(shu)十(shi)根竹管(guan)(guan)组(zu)成(亦有(you)单(dan)管(guan)(guan)者(zhe)),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)还要加上簧片,声(sheng)较杂,不(bu)象(xiang)(xiang)金(jin)石类乐(le)(le)(le)(le)那样单(dan)纯(chun),故(gu)称为(wei)(wei)滥。 <16>会:会聚(ju)。 <17>讙:同(tong)“喧”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“鼓(gu)鼙声(sheng)喧嚣,人(ren)(ren)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则意(yi)动,故(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)讙。 <18>孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“以(yi)其声(sheng)讙(读如(ru)(ru)喧),故(gu)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)动作也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <19>孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“以(yi)动作,故(gu)能进发(fa)(fa)其众也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <20>铿(keng)鎗(qiāng锵):形声(sheng)词,全(quan)(quan)(quan)玉相(xiang)(xiang)击(ji)声(sheng)。 <21>合(he):《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei):“以(yi)声(sheng)合(he)成已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)”。
宾牟贾(jia)侍坐于孔子(zi)(zi)<1>,孔子(zi)(zi)与之(zhi)言,及乐,曰:“夫《武》之(zhi)备戒之(zhi)已(yi)久<2>,何也?”
答(da)曰(yue):“病不得其众也。”
“永叹(tan)之<3>,淫液之<4>,何也?”
答(da)曰:“恐不逮(dai)事(shi)也<5>。”
“发扬蹈(dao)厉之已(yi)蚤(zao)<6>,何也?”
答曰:“及(ji)时事也。”
“《武》坐致(zhi)右宪左(zuo)<7>,何(he)也?”
答曰(yue):“非武坐也。”
“声淫(yin)及商(shang)<8>,何也?”
答曰:“非《武(wu)》音也。”
子曰:“若非《武(wu)》音,则何音也(ye)?”
答曰:“有司(si)(si)失(shi)其传也。如非有司(si)(si)失(shi)其传,则(ze)武王之志荒(huang)矣。”
子曰(yue):“唯丘之闻诸(zhu)苌弘(hong),亦(yi)若吾子之言是也。”
宾(bin)牟贾起,免(mian)席而请曰:“夫《武》之备戒之已(yi)久(jiu),则既闻命矣。敢(gan)问(wen)迟(chi)之迟(chi)而又久(jiu),何也。”
子(zi)(zi)曰:“居,吾语(yu)(yu)汝。夫乐(le)者,象成(cheng)(cheng)者也(ye)(ye)。总干而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)山立<9>,武(wu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye);发扬蹈厉(li),太公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志也(ye)(ye);武(wu)乱皆坐<10>,周(zhou)召之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。且夫《武(wu)》,始而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)北(bei)出,再(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)灭商<11>,三成(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)南,四(si)成(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)南国是疆,五成(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)分陕,周(zhou)公左(zuo),召公右(you),六成(cheng)(cheng)复(fu)(fu)(fu)缀,以(yi)(yi)(yi)崇天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi),夹振之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)四(si)伐<12>,盛(振)威(wei)于(yu)中国也(ye)(ye)。分夹而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)进,事(shi)蚤济(ji)也(ye)(ye)。久立于(yu)缀,以(yi)(yi)(yi)待诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)。且夫女独未闻牧野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)(yu)乎<13>?武(wu)王克(ke)殷反(fan)商,未及下(xia)车(che),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)封(feng)黄帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)蓟,封(feng)帝(di)(di)尧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)祝(zhu),封(feng)帝(di)(di)舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)陈;下(xia)车(che)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)封(feng)夏后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)杞,封(feng)殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)宋(song),封(feng)王子(zi)(zi)比干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墓,释箕子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)囚,使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行商容而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)复(fu)(fu)(fu)其位<14>。庶民弛政(zheng),庶士(shi)倍(bei)禄。济(ji)河而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)西,马散华山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)弗(fu)复(fu)(fu)(fu)乘;牛(niu)散桃林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)复(fu)(fu)(fu)服;车(che)甲弢而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府库而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)弗(fu)复(fu)(fu)(fu)用(yong)<15>;倒载干戈,苞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)虎皮<16>;将率之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)<17>,使为诸侯,名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰‘建櫜’<18>。然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)知武(wu)王不(bu)复(fu)(fu)(fu)用(yong)兵也(ye)(ye)。散军而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)郊(jiao)射<19>,左(zuo)射《狸首(shou)》<20>,右(you)射《驺虞》<21>,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)贯革之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)射息也(ye)(ye);裨冕搢(jin)笏<22>,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)虎贲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)税剑也(ye)(ye)<23>;祀(si)乎明堂<24>,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)民知孝;朝觐(jin)<25>,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)诸侯知所以(yi)(yi)(yi)臣;耕(geng)藉<26>,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)诸侯知所以(yi)(yi)(yi)敬(jing)。五者天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大教也(ye)(ye)。食三老(lao)五更于(yu)太学<27>,天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)袒而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)割性,执(zhi)酱而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)馈<28>,执(zhi)爵而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)酳<29>,冕而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)总干,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)教诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悌也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)此,则周(zhou)道四(si)达(da),礼乐(le)交通,则夫《武(wu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迟久,不(bu)亦宜乎?”
〔注释〕
<1>以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刘向《别录》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)九章(zhang)《宾(bin)牟贾问》。侍坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),陪(pei)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。 <2>《武(wu)(wu)》:周(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)舞(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)。备(bei)戒(jie):指(zhi)《武(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)开始以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian),击(ji)鼓警众,使舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)做好准备(bei)。已久:日(ri)·泷川资(zi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)会注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)考证》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甚(shen)久。 <3>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“咏(yong)叹”同(tong)(tong)(tong)。孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“欲(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),其(qi)(qi)歌声(sheng)(sheng)吟咏(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),长(zhang)叹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。此是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)第(di)二(er)(er)问。 <4>淫(yin)液(ye)〔郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)亦(yi)(yi)(yì,意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)):孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“其(qi)(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)淫(yin)液(ye),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贪(tan)羡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌(mao)。”按(an):淫(yin)液(ye)与淫(yin)逸同(tong)(tong)(tong),反(fan)(fan)复(fu)致(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),如(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)流连忘反(fan)(fan)。与前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合,郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“歌迟(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)这(zhei)两句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)都(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)描(miao)写《武(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌声(sheng)(sheng),往复(fu)迟(chi)回,仿(fang)佛有(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拖延(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)。 <5>逮(dai):郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)及(ji)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)逮(dai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)功。 <6>发(fa)扬蹈厉:手(shou)足发(fa)扬,动作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)威猛刚(gang)厉。 <7>坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo):《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跪(gui)。如(ru)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“武(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)才释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跪(gui)。致(zhi)右(you)宪左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo):《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)肃语解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“右(you)膝至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)膝去(qu)地(di)。”宪郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)轩(xuan)(xuan),认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“声(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宪是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)轩(xuan)(xuan)字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)误(wu)文(wen)。《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“致(zhi),至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),轩(xuan)(xuan),起也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <8>这(zhei)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)话的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):歌声(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)反(fan)(fan)映了(le)周(zhou)对(dui)(dui)商作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)战(zhan),有(you)贪(tan)图商王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)政权(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)当目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。商是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殷商之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商。淫(yin),孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贪(tan)。按(an):过份(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫(yin),无(wu)论欲(yu)(yu)望、行动、音声(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)(deng),凡(fan)超过合适(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度都(dou)(dou)(dou)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫(yin)。 <9>总:手(shou)持着,拿着。《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)、僖(xi)7》:“若总其(qi)(qi)罪人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)临之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。杜预注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu):“总,将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiāng,姜。阴平(ping)声(sheng)(sheng))领(ling)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)着、领(ling)着都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)手(shou)持意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。山(shan)立(li)(li):如(ru)山(shan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)气(qi)势旁薄,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)撼(han)动。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)话的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)手(shou)持盾(dun)牌。象山(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)样(yang)兀立(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)动。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)《武(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)静态的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)摹。 <10>乱:就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治:见(jian)《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂》:“乱,治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。或如(ru)前(qian)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),乱就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang),亦(yi)(yi)通。坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo):就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)文(wen)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“致(zhi)右(you)宪左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):武(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)到治理(武(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)完毕)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)地(di)(右(you)膝至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di))表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治象。 <11>成(cheng):《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“奏(zou)”,再(zai)(zai)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)再(zai)(zai)奏(zou),三(san)(san)(san)(san)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)奏(zou),余(yu)仿(fang)此。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)奏(zou)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)曲演奏(zou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)遍。亦(yi)(yi)如(ru)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“《武(wu)(wu)》曲一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)终(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)”。 <12> <12>夹(jia)(jia)振(zhen):《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)与大(da)(da)(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)夹(jia)(jia)舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),振(zhen)铎(duo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)与大(da)(da)(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)分立(li)(li)舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)两旁,摇动铎(duo)铃(ling)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节奏(zou)。如(ru)此“夹(jia)(jia)振(zhen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主语是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)与大(da)(da)(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)把(ba)这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“六成(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)复(fu)缀为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)崇(chong)(chong)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夹(jia)(jia)振(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)驷(si)伐,盛(sheng)威于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。崇(chong)(chong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)充(chong),武(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)每成(cheng)再(zai)(zai)做补(bu)充(chong)叙(xu)述(shu),即(ji)(ji)每成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夹(jia)(jia)振(zhen),四(si)击(ji)四(si)刺(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)击(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刺为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)伐)。中(zhong)(zhong)华(hua)书(shu)(shu)局标点本《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》按(an)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)肃注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)读(du),“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”二(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)归在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“崇(chong)(chong)”字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),如(ru)此《武(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)六成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)武(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)备(bei),而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)(chong)敬。二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)通。 <13>女:即(ji)(ji)汝字(zi)(zi),同(tong)(tong)(tong)你。指(zhi)宾(bin)牟贾。牧野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语:周(zhou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)率(lv)领(ling)军(jun)队与殷纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)牧野(今河(he)南汲(ji)县(xian)附近)大(da)(da)(da)战(zhan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian),誓师时(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番话,载(zai)于(yu)(yu)《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·周(zhou)书(shu)(shu)·牧誓》。大(da)(da)(da)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)述(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)伐殷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin),也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《武(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。 <14>《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·武(wu)(wu)成(cheng)》篇(pian)述(shu)此事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“式(shi)商容(rong)闾”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):由(you)于(yu)(yu)商容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤人(ren),被(bei)纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)贬退,赋(fu)闲家居。周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)灭商后(hou)(hou),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)商容(rong)居住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)闾里前(qian)经过时(shi)(shi)(shi),扶式(shi)(轼)而(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li),表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“行商容(rong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)复(fu)其(qi)(qi)位(wei)”,即(ji)(ji)行商容(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(按(an)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话办事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)),并恢复(fu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官位(wei)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知何所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)据而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)此。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商容(rong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商朝(chao)(chao)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le),可(ke)(ke)备(bei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。 <15>全(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si):作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)战(zhan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)车,衣(yi)(yi)甲(jia)等(deng)(deng)全(quan)(quan)都(dou)(dou)(dou)收拾起来(lai),藏(zang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)仓库(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。弢,弓(gong)衣(yi)(yi),即(ji)(ji)包(bao)裹弓(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)袋子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。这(zhei)里引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)收藏(zang)起来(lai)。 <16>苞:同(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“包(bao)干(gan)戈(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虎(hu)皮,明(ming)能(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)武(wu)(wu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <17>将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)率(lv):即(ji)(ji)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)帅(shuai)。《诗(shi)(shi)经·邶(bei)风·旄丘》序:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)修方伯(bo)连率(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职(zhi)”。毛注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)制》中(zhong)(zhong):“十国(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)连,连有(you)率(lv)”解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。今《王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)制》篇(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)帅(shuai),孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引(yin)亦(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帅(shuai)字(zi)(zi)。可(ke)(ke)见(jian)率(lv)、帅(shuai)通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。 <18>建(jian)(jian)(jian)橐(gāo,高):盛(sheng)弓(gong)矢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器具称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)櫜(gao),把(ba)弓(gong)矢收藏(zang)起来(lai),表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)武(wu)(wu),称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橐弓(gong)。按(an)《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引(yin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)肃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),因(yin)(yin)诸(zhu)侯能(neng)使天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)和平(ping),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兵(bing),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)诸(zhu)侯(树立(li)(li)诸(zhu)侯)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)櫜(gao)。按(an)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),建(jian)(jian)(jian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)键字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误(wu),管键之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)键(门栓称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)键,锁钥称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管),引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闭(bi)藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。兵(bing)甲(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)櫜(gao)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)櫜(gao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)闭(bi)藏(zang)兵(bing)甲(jia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。二(er)(er)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)皆(jie)通。 <19>郊射(she)(she)(she):《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)射(she)(she)(she)宫于(yu)(yu)郊也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),右(you)西(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):“郊射(she)(she)(she),射(she)(she)(she)于(yu)(yu)射(she)(she)(she)宫,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)郊学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)郊学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)射(she)(she)(she),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)择士简德也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。 <20>孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),亦(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)东(dong)(dong)郊;《狸(li)(li)(li)首(shou)(shou)》,诸(zhu)侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)射(she)(she)(she)诗(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。……使诸(zhu)侯习射(she)(she)(she)于(yu)(yu)东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),歌《狸(li)(li)(li)首(shou)(shou)》诗(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)诸(zhu)侯习射(she)(she)(she)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)何歌《狸(li)(li)(li)首(shou)(shou)》,皇(huang)甫谧解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):旧说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),狸(li)(li)(li)取(qu)物(wu)(wu)“必(bi)先伏下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)其(qi)(qi)头,然后(hou)(hou)必(bi)得(de)。射(she)(she)(she)亦(yi)(yi)必(bi)中(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)狸(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)物(wu)(wu)矣”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“狸(li)(li)(li)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)来(lai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si),诗(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“射(she)(she)(she)诸(zhu)侯首(shou)(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao)(chao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan),因(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)篇(pian)。二(er)(er)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郑(zheng)(zheng)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。 <21>孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“右(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)郊也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《驺(zou)虞(yu)》,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)西(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)习射(she)(she)(she)(之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。驺(zou)虞(yu),白(bai)虎(hu)黑文(wen),义(yi)应之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兽(shou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故知唯天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)射(she)(she)(she)歌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)(shi)(方可(ke)(ke)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《驺(zou)虞(yu)》)。又左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),右(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),古人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun)位(wei),按(an)阴阳学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):西(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳,东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴;天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳,地(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun),地(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun),凡(fan)地(di)面之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)均以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),如(ru)江左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)犹言(yan)(yan)(yan)江东(dong)(dong);天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)均以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),如(ru)云:天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)转,日(ri)月(yue)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)右(you)行,意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)东(dong)(dong)向西(xi)(xi)转,日(ri)月(yue)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)西(xi)(xi)向东(dong)(dong)行走。 <22>《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)语解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“裨(bi)冕,衣(yi)(yi)裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)冠冕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi),衮(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。搢(jin),插也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按(an)《仪礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·觐礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》“侯氏裨(bi)冕”郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)六服(fu)(fu)(fu),大(da)(da)(da)裘为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang),其(qi)(qi)余(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裨(bi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)卑服(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)规定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六种(zhong)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu),大(da)(da)(da)裘最贵(gui),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)服(fu)(fu)(fu),其(qi)(qi)余(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)种(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi),有(you)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)庆(qing)大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)(shi),按(an)贵(gui)贱等(deng)(deng)次分别服(fu)(fu)(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),其(qi)(qi)次第(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):上(shang)(shang)(shang)公(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)袞(gun)(gun)衣(yi)(yi)(与天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)服(fu)(fu)(fu)华(hua)袞(gun)(gun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)处在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)无(wu)升(sheng)龙纹饰),侯伯(bo)服(fu)(fu)(fu)鳖袞(gun)(gun),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)男服(fu)(fu)(fu)毳(cuì,脆),孤服(fu)(fu)(fu)(chī,吃。细葛(ge)布礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu)),卿大(da)(da)(da)夫服(fu)(fu)(fu)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)。可(ke)(ke)见(jian)《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“袞(gun)(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属”,意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)象袞(gun)(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu),并非指(zhi)各种(zhong)袞(gun)(gun)服(fu)(fu)(fu)。此处单言(yan)(yan)(yan)裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)突出(chu)臣(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)服(fu)(fu)(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)与下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)文(wen)“虎(hu)贲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士”相(xiang)应。又:笏(hù)即(ji)(ji)笏板,亦(yi)(yi)称(cheng)手(shou)板。有(you)球(qiu)玉(yu)、象牙、鱼须文(wen)竹(zhu)、普通竹(zhu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)几(ji)个等(deng)(deng)级的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)制成(cheng),长(zhang)二(er)(er)尺六寸,宽三(san)(san)(san)(san)寸,诸(zhu)侯以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)持,或首(shou)(shou)或尾,或首(shou)(shou)尾同(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)减(jian)杀(sha),即(ji)(ji)宽度有(you)减(jian)少,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六分去(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。笏板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君臣(chen)(chen)相(xiang)见(jian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仪物(wu)(wu),二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)备(bei)忘,如(ru)君有(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan),则(ze)书(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)笏(参见(jian)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·玉(yu)藻》)。搢(jin)笏就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)插笏于(yu)(yu)带(dai)(dai),君臣(chen)(chen)无(wu)故不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)脱(tuo)笏,有(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)才搢(jin)笏于(yu)(yu)带(dai)(dai)。 <23>虎(hu)贲(bēn,奔(ben))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士:言(yan)(yan)(yan)士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇(yong)如(ru)虎(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奔(ben)。《书(shu)(shu)·牧誓序》:“虎(hu)贲三(san)(san)(san)(san)百人(ren)”。孔安国(guo)传(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“勇(yong)士称(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若虎(hu)贲(奔(ben))兽(shou),言(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)猛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。税剑(jian):《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)剑(jian)”。税、说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)均同(tong)(tong)(tong)脱(tuo)。《左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)·成(cheng)公(gong)9》:晋国(guo)有(you)楚囚(qiu),晋侯“使税之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。杜预注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“税,解(jie)(jie)(jie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。税,吐(tu)活反(fan)(fan)”。吐(tu)活反(fan)(fan)切的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)读(du)音就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)脱(tuo)。 <24>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)堂祭(ji)祀(si)(si)先祖。明(ming)堂,参见(jian)本篇(pian)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu) <21>。 <25>《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)》:“陪(pei),朝(chao)(chao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。邢昺疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“臣(chen)(chen)见(jian)君曰朝(chao)(chao)”。又《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“觐(jén,仅),见(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。邢昺引(yin)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)当衣(yi)(yi)(扆,屏)而(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li),诸(zhu)侯北面而(er)(er)(er)(er)见(jian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),曰觐”。由(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)引(yin)文(wen)可(ke)(ke)见(jian)君臣(chen)(chen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)庙(miao)堂上(shang)(shang)(shang)按(an)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仪会见(jian)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朝(chao)(chao)觐。 <26>藉(jie)(jie)(jie)(jí,集(ji)(ji)):指(zhi)藉(jie)(jie)(jie)田(tian)(tian)。古代(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)耕藉(jie)(jie)(jie)田(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)有(you)二(er)(er):一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲(qin)耕,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劝民力农。二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)收藉(jie)(jie)(jie)田(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)产谷物(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)祀(si)(si)宗庙(miao)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粢(zī,资(zi))盛(sheng)(chéng,成(cheng)。指(zhi)祭(ji)祀(si)(si)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)谷物(wu)(wu))。参见(jian)《汉书(shu)(shu)·文(wen)帝纪》三(san)(san)(san)(san)年春正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)“其(qi)(qi)开藉(jie)(jie)(jie)田(tian)(tian)”注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。 <27>食(shi)(sì,饲(si)):予人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饭食(shi)(shí,时(shi)(shi)(shi)),称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(sì)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng):古代(dai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun)养老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)人(ren)特(te)设的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)号。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng),互言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳,皆(jie)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)人(ren)更(geng)(geng)(geng)知三(san)(san)(san)(san)德五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔颖(ying)(ying)(ying)达(da)(da)进一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)亦(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)亦(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)”,“三(san)(san)(san)(san)德谓正(zheng)(zheng)直(zhi)、刚(gang)、柔(rou);五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谓貌(mao)、言(yan)(yan)(yan)、视、听、思(si)(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。又《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)世子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“遂设三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)群老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)席位(wei)焉”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)各一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),皆(jie)年老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)更(geng)(geng)(geng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)致(zhi)仕者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)父(fu)兄养之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao)悌(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。名(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),取(qu)象三(san)(san)(san)(san)辰五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)因(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)照明(ming)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。”太(tai)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue):古代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)央设立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“大(da)(da)(da)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”,同(tong)(tong)(tong)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)小学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)制》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)立(li)(li)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),“小学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)宫南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),大(da)(da)(da)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)郊”。太(tai)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)(ming),首(shou)(shou)见(jian)《大(da)(da)(da)戴礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·保傅(fu)》篇(pian)。 <28>燕飨时(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)专(zhuan)器备(bei)盐(yan)、酱等(deng)(deng),从(cong)鼎中(zhong)(zhong)取(qu)出(chu)煮熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牲肉放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)俎上(shang)(shang)(shang),切成(cheng)小块,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)拿着、蘸盐(yan)、蘸酱而(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲(qin)自(zi)执(zhi)酱,馈(kui)三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)食(shi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)执(zhi)主人(ren)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),把(ba)三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)当作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)了(le)宾(bin)客。古时(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)无(wu)宾(bin)客,普天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)都(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),把(ba)三(san)(san)(san)(san)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)当作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)宾(bin)客,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)极(ji)尽(jin)尊(zun)(zun)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。 <29>执(zhi)爵而(er)(er)(er)(er)酳也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)前(qian)。
子贡见师乙(yi)而(er)问焉<1>,曰:“赐闻声歌各有(you)宜也<2>,如赐者宜何歌也?”
师乙(yi)曰:“乙(yi),贱工也,何足以问所宜(yi)(yi)。请诵其所闻,而(er)(er)吾(wu)子(zi)自执(zhi)焉。宽而(er)(er)静,柔(rou)而(er)(er)正者(zhe)(zhe)宜(yi)(yi)歌(ge)《颂》;广大而(er)(er)静,疏达而(er)(er)信者(zhe)(zhe)宜(yi)(yi)歌(ge)《大雅(ya)》;恭(gong)俭而(er)(er)好礼者(zhe)(zhe)宜(yi)(yi)歌(ge)《小雅(ya)》;正直清廉(lian)而(er)(er)谦者(zhe)(zhe)宜(yi)(yi)歌(ge)《风》;肆直而(er)(er)慈爱(ai)者(zhe)(zhe)宜(yi)(yi)歌(ge)《商(shang)》<3>;温良而(er)(er)能断(duan)者(zhe)(zhe)宜(yi)(yi)歌(ge)《齐》。夫歌(ge)者(zhe)(zhe),直己而(er)(er)陈德<4>;动己而(er)(er)天地应焉,四(si)时和焉,星辰理焉,万物育焉。故(gu)(gu)《商(shang)》者(zhe)(zhe),五帝之遗(yi)声也,商(shang)人志之<5>,故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之《商(shang)》;《齐》者(zhe)(zhe),三代之遗(yi)声也,齐人志之,故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之《齐》。明乎商(shang)之诗(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),临(lin)事而(er)(er)屡(lv)断(duan)<6>;明乎《齐》之诗(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),见利(li)而(er)(er)让也。临(lin)事而(er)(er)屡(lv)断(duan),勇也;见利(li)而(er)(er)让,义也。有(you)(you)勇有(you)(you)义,非歌(ge)孰(shu)能保(bao)此?故(gu)(gu)歌(ge)者(zhe)(zhe),上如抗(kang)<7>,下如队<8>,曲(qu)如折,止如槁木(mu),居中矩<9>,句中钩<10>,累累乎殷如贯珠(zhu)<11>。故(gu)(gu)歌(ge)之为言也,长(zhang)言之也。说之,故(gu)(gu)言之;言之不足,故(gu)(gu)长(zhang)言之;长(zhang)言之不足,故(gu)(gu)嗟(jie)叹之<12>;嗟(jie)叹之不足,故(gu)(gu)不知手之舞之足之蹈(dao)之”。子(zi)贡问乐(le)<13>。
〔注释〕
<1>《集(ji)解》说(shuo):“师,乐(le)官也(ye)(ye)。乙(yi),名(ming)也(ye)(ye)。 <2>赐:子(zi)贡名(ming)。按《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)·仲尼(ni)弟子(zi)列传(chuan)》,子(zi)贡姓端沐(mu),名(ming)赐,字(zi)子(zi)贡。 <3>《商》、《齐》等(deng)都是(shi)(shi)佚诗(shi)名(ming)。今本(ben)《诗(shi)经》中虽有(you)《商颂》、《齐风》,都属(shu)风、雅、颂的一部分(fen),不(bu)(bu)在《商》、《齐》诗(shi)之中。 <4>直(zhi)(zhi)己(ji)(ji):直(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)对(dui)曲、隐而言(yan),直(zhi)(zhi)己(ji)(ji)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)使自己(ji)(ji)的品格(ge)(ge)、性情表(biao)露出(chu)来,不(bu)(bu)再受隐曲,抑制。陈(chen)德:陈(chen)述品格(ge)(ge)、德行。孔颖(ying)达解释全句意思是(shi)(shi):“歌者当直(zhi)(zhi)己(ji)(ji)身而陈(chen)论(lun)其(qi)德。” <5>志:记(ji)(ji)(ji)述。 <6>屡(lv)断(duan):《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄(xuan)注:“屡(lv),数也(ye)(ye)。数断(duan)事以其(qi)肆直(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)”。数断(duan)事,表(biao)现了勇于决断(duan),无所顾忌的性格(ge)(ge),所以下(xia)文(wen)说(shuo):“临事而屡(lv)断(duan),勇也(ye)(ye)”。 <7>孔颖(ying)达解释说(shuo):“上(shang)如(ru)抗者,言(yan)歌声(sheng)上(shang)飨,感(gan)动人意,使之如(ru)似(si)抗(káng,通“扛”)举也(ye)(ye)。”误。是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)歌声(sheng)激扬(yang)亢奋处,有(you)如(ru)人扛举而上(shang)的感(gan)觉。 <8>队,同坠,即坠落。 <9>居:《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作倨(ju)。居为同音(yin)假借。古人以倨(ju)句(即勾字(zi))二字(zi)表(biao)示弯(wan)曲程度,小曲为居,大曲为句。矩:直(zhi)(zhi)角尺。 <10>参见 <9>。 <11>殷(yin):殷(yin)实(shi)、惇(dun)厚的意思,是(shi)(shi)对(dui)音(yin)质的描述。 <12> <12>嗟叹:赓和接(jie)续(xu)的歌声(sheng)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄(xuan)解释说(shuo):“嗟叹,和续(xu)之也(ye)(ye)”。 <13>此(ci)四(si)字(zi)与从(cong)前(qian)各章的体例不(bu)(bu)合(he),当是(shi)(shi)后人读(du)《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》时加入的小注,诡(gui)人正文(wen)所致。
凡音(yin)由于(yu)人(ren)心(xin)<1>,天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)与(yu)人(ren)有以(yi)相通,如景之(zhi)象形,响之(zhi)应声。故(gu)为善者(zhe)天(tian)(tian)报之(zhi)以(yi)福,为恶(e)者(zhe)天(tian)(tian)与(yu)之(zhi)以(yi)殃,其自然(ran)者(zhe)也。
故(gu)舜(shun)弹五(wu)弦之琴(qin),歌(ge)《南风》之诗而天下(xia)治(zhi);纣为朝歌(ge)北鄙之音(yin)<2>,身死国(guo)亡。舜(shun)之道何弘(hong)也?纣之道何隘也?夫(fu)《南风》之诗者(zhe)生长(zhang)之音(yin)也<3>,舜(shun)乐(le)好之,乐(le)与天地同意<4>,得万国(guo)之欢心,故(gu)天下(xia)治(zhi)也。夫(fu)朝歌(ge)者(zhe)不(bu)时也<5>,北者(zhe)败也<6>,鄙者(zhe)陋也,纣乐(le)好之,与万国(guo)殊(shu)心,诸侯不(bu)附,百姓不(bu)亲,天下(xia)叛之,故(gu)身死国(guo)亡。
〔注释〕
<1>按《正义》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo),自此以(yi)(yi)后至“太史公曰”以(yi)(yi)前,是(shi)(shi)褚少孙(sun)的(de)(de)(de)议论(lun)文字。 <2>鄙(bi)(bi):偏(pian)鄙(bi)(bi),偏(pian)远鄙(bi)(bi)陋的(de)(de)(de)地方,指边境(jing)地区。 <3>按五(wu)行学说(shuo),五(wu)行与五(wu)时(shi)(四(si)季(ji)与长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)夏合为五(wu)时(shi))、五(wu)方、五(wu)风相配(pei)(pei)合,夏当与南风相配(pei)(pei),而夏季(ji)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)季(ji)节,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)南风的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)质是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)于生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),由此相比附,《南风》歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)也成了“生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)音”。 <4>《易经·系辞》说(shuo):“生(sheng)生(sheng)(生(sheng)养生(sheng)命(ming))之(zhi)谓(wei)易”,天地有好生(sheng)之(zhi)德。舜乐《南风》既是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)音,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)与天地同意。 <5>朝歌(ge)(ge)二字附会为早(zao)(zao)晨的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge),一(yi)大早(zao)(zao)突然(ran)唱起歌(ge)(ge)来,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)不定时(shi)发生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)“不时(shi)”之(zhi)歌(ge)(ge)。 <6>北(bei)(bei)即(ji)古时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)背字,作(zuo)战时(shi)对面而斗,谁(shei)先示(shi)人以(yi)(yi)背,必是(shi)(shi)战败(bai)(bai)(bai)逃(tao)走(zou)的(de)(de)(de)人,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)古人称失败(bai)(bai)(bai)为败(bai)(bai)(bai)北(bei)(bei)。此处是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)北(bei)(bei)方之(zhi)北(bei)(bei)与败(bai)(bai)(bai)北(bei)(bei)之(zhi)北(bei)(bei)相比附,以(yi)(yi)边鄙(bi)(bi)之(zhi)鄙(bi)(bi)与鄙(bi)(bi)陋之(zhi)鄙(bi)(bi)相比附,荒诞之(zhi)极。
而(er)卫灵公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)<1>,将之(zhi)(zhi)晋,至于濮水之(zhi)(zhi)上舍(she)<2>。夜半时(shi)闻(wen)鼓(gu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)声(sheng),问左右(you)(you),皆对(dui)曰(yue)“不(bu)闻(wen)”。乃召师涓曰(yue)<3>:“吾(wu)闻(wen)鼓(gu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)音,问左右(you)(you),皆不(bu)闻(wen)。其状似鬼神,为(wei)我听而(er)写之(zhi)(zhi)。”师涓曰(yue):“诺”。因(yin)端(duan)坐援(yuan)琴(qin)(qin)(qin),听而(er)写之(zhi)(zhi)。明日,曰(yue):“臣得之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi),然未(wei)习(xi)也,请宿(su)习(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)。”灵公(gong)曰(yue):“可(ke)(ke)。”因(yin)复宿(su)。明日,报曰(yue):“习(xi)矣(yi)。”即去之(zhi)(zhi)晋,见晋平公(gong)。平公(gong)置酒(jiu)于施(shi)惠之(zhi)(zhi)台<4>。酒(jiu)酣,灵公(gong)曰(yue):“今者(zhe)来,闻(wen)新声(sheng),请奏(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)。”平公(gong)曰(yue):“可(ke)(ke)。”即令师涓坐师旷(kuang)旁(pang),援(yuan)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)。未(wei)终(zhong),师旷(kuang)抚而(er)止之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)<5>:“此亡国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)也,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)遂(sui)<6>。”平公(gong)曰(yue):“何(he)道出(chu)<7>?”师旷(kuang)曰(yue):“师延所作(zuo)也。与纣为(wei)靡(mi)靡(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)乐<8>,武王伐纣,师延东走,自投濮水之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),故闻(wen)此声(sheng)必于濮水之(zhi)(zhi)上,先闻(wen)此声(sheng)者(zhe)国(guo)(guo)削。”平公(gong)曰(yue):“寡人所好者(zhe)音也,愿遂(sui)闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)。”师涓鼓(gu)而(er)终(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)。
平公曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“音无(wu)此最(zui)悲乎?”师旷(kuang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“有。”平公曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“可得闻乎?”师旷(kuang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君德(de)义(yi)薄(bo),不可以听之(zhi)。”平公曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“寡人所好者音也,愿闻之(zhi)。”师旷(kuang)不得已,援琴而(er)(er)鼓之(zhi)。一奏之(zhi),有玄(xuan)鹤二八(ba)集乎廊门<9>;再奏之(zhi),延颈而(er)(er)鸣,舒翼(yi)而(er)(er)舞。
平(ping)公大喜,起而(er)(er)为师旷(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)寿。反坐,问曰(yue):“音无此(ci)最悲乎(hu)?”师旷(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)曰(yue):“有(you)。昔者黄帝以大合鬼(gui)神<10>,今(jin)君德义薄,不(bu)足以听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi),听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)将(jiang)败。”平(ping)公曰(yue):“寡人老矣(yi),所好(hao)者音也(ye),愿遂闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)。”师旷(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)不(bu)得已,援琴而(er)(er)鼓之(zhi)(zhi)。一奏之(zhi)(zhi),有(you)白云(yun)从西北(bei)起;再奏之(zhi)(zhi),大风至而(er)(er)雨随之(zhi)(zhi),飞廊(lang)瓦,左(zuo)右皆奔走(zou)。平(ping)公恐惧,伏(fu)于(yu)廊(lang)屋之(zhi)(zhi)间。晋国大旱,赤地三(san)年<11>。
听者或吉或凶。夫乐不可妄(wang)兴也。
〔注释〕
<1>以(yi)(yi)下“濮(pu)水遗音”的(de)故事(shi)见《韩(han)(han)非(fei)子·十(shi)过(guo)》篇(pian),对于它的(de)虚妄王充《论衡·纪妖》篇(pian)已予批驳。 <2>上舍(she)(she):接待宾客的(de)高一级的(de)馆(guan)舍(she)(she)。战(zhan)国时各国都(dou)有(you)(you)这类(lei)馆(guan)舍(she)(she),如燕太子丹(dan)使(shi)荆轲“舍(she)(she)上舍(she)(she)”,齐(qi)孟尝君门下有(you)(you)代舍(she)(she)、幸舍(she)(she)、传舍(she)(she),就是上、中(zhong)、下三舍(she)(she)等。 <3>师滤:师为(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)官名,涓为(wei)(wei)(wei)人名。以(yi)(yi)下师旷、师延(yan)同。 <4>施惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台:《正义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo):“一本‘庆祁(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)’。《左传》云‘虒(zhi)(sī,斯)祁(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫’。杜预曰:‘虒(zhi)祁(qi),地名也,在绛(jiang)州西四十(shi)里,临汾水也’”。又《韩(han)(han)非(fei)子·十(shi)过(guo)》作施夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台。 <5>抚(fu):抚(fu)袖。犹(you)如今日所说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)摆手。 <6>遂:遂顺(shun)其(qi)意(yi)。这里指顺(shun)师涓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),把乐(le)奏完。 <7>意(yi)思是:是何道理而(er)出此(ci)言(yan)? <8>靡(mi)(mǐ,米)靡(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le):靡(mi)靡(mi)是委弱、随顺(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌,这样的(de)乐(le)曲令人听了精神不振,心志颓唐(tang)。《尚书(shu)·毕命》“商俗靡(mi)靡(mi)”。正义(yi)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“韩(han)(han)宣子称(cheng)(cheng)纣使(shi)师延(yan)作靡(mi)靡(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)。靡(mi)靡(mi)者,相随顺(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。” <9>玄(xuan)(xuan)鹤:黑色的(de)鹤。崔(cui)豹《古(gu)今注·鸟(niao)兽(shou)》说(shuo)(shuo),鹤千(qian)(qian)(qian)岁(sui)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)苍(黑白(bai)杂(za)揉的(de)颜色),又千(qian)(qian)(qian)岁(sui)变(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)黑,称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)玄(xuan)(xuan)鹤。二八(ba):十(shi)六只。廊:古(gu)时有(you)(you)各种解(jie)(jie)释(shi):《说(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》说(shuo)(shuo)是指东(dong)西序(xu),按《尔雅(ya)》邢昺的(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi),东(dong)西序(xu)就是东(dong)西厢房;《汉(han)书(shu)·窦婴传》中(zhong)颜师古(gu)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)堂(tang)下周屋(wu)廊,就是堂(tang)下绕(rao)墙的(de)长廊;《广韵》则说(shuo)(shuo)是“殿(dian)下外(wai)屋(wu)也”。殿(dian)(即堂(tang)或称(cheng)(cheng)宫、室等,就是正房)以(yi)(yi)外(wai)的(de)房屋(wu)都(dou)是廊。此(ci)处(chu)所说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)廊当如《广韵》所释(shi)。 <10>“以(yi)(yi)”下应(ying)有(you)(you)“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”字。“大合鬼神”指合鬼神而(er)祭(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)祭(ji)(ji)事(shi)。 <11>赤地:地面上光赤无(wu)物。《汉(han)书(shu)·五行志》:“赤地千(qian)(qian)(qian)里”,注说(shuo)(shuo)“空尽无(wu)物曰赤”。
太史公曰:“夫上古明(ming)王举乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe),非以娱心(xin)自乐(le)(le)(le),快意恣(zi)欲,将欲为治也(ye)(ye)。正教(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)皆始于(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin),音(yin)(yin)(yin)正而行正。故(gu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe),所以动荡血(xue)脉,通流精神而和(he)(he)(he)正心(xin)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)宫动脾而和(he)(he)(he)正圣(sheng)<1>,商动肺(fei)而和(he)(he)(he)正义(yi),角动肝而和(he)(he)(he)正仁,征(zheng)动心(xin)而和(he)(he)(he)正礼,羽(yu)动肾(shen)而和(he)(he)(he)正智(zhi)。故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)所以内辅正心(xin)而外异贵贱也(ye)(ye);上以事宗庙,下以变化(hua)黎庶也(ye)(ye)。琴长八尺(chi)一寸,正度(du)也(ye)(ye)<2>。弦(xian)大者(zhe)(zhe)为宫,而居中央,君也(ye)(ye)<3>。商张右(you)傍,其(qi)余大小相次(ci),不失(shi)其(qi)次(ci)序(xu),则君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位正矣。故(gu)闻宫音(yin)(yin)(yin),使(shi)(shi)人(ren)温舒而广大;闻商者(zhe)(zhe),使(shi)(shi)人(ren)方正而好义(yi);闻角音(yin)(yin)(yin),使(shi)(shi)人(ren)恻隐而爱人(ren);闻徵音(yin)(yin)(yin),使(shi)(shi)人(ren)乐(le)(le)(le)善而好施<4>;闻羽(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin),使(shi)(shi)人(ren)整齐而好礼<5>。夫礼由(you)外入(ru),乐(le)(le)(le)自内出。故(gu)君子(zi)不可须(xu)(xu)臾(yu)离(li)礼,须(xu)(xu)臾(yu)离(li)礼则暴慢(man)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行穷外;不可须(xu)(xu)臾(yu)离(li)乐(le)(le)(le),须(xu)(xu)臾(yu)离(li)乐(le)(le)(le)则奸邪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行穷内。故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所养义(yi)也(ye)(ye)。夫古者(zhe)(zhe),天子(zi)诸侯听钟(zhong)磬未(wei)尝离(li)于(yu)(yu)庭,卿(qing)大夫听琴瑟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)未(wei)尝离(li)于(yu)(yu)前,所以养行义(yi)而防淫佚(yi)也(ye)(ye)。夫淫佚(yi)生于(yu)(yu)无(wu)礼,故(gu)圣(sheng)王使(shi)(shi)人(ren)耳闻雅颂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin),目视(shi)威仪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,足行恭(gong)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容,口言仁义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道。故(gu)君子(zi)终日(ri)言而邪辟无(wu)由(you)入(ru)也(ye)(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>以下把五音和五脏、五常(这里把五常:仁、义、礼、智、信中的信改为圣)相配合,是古人论事的习惯,但有些道理,也不可太认真了。五音中,宫属土,居中央(与五方相配);五脏中脾属土,土居中央。所以说“宫动脾”。又中央为贵(与其他四方相比),五常性中圣最贵,所以说其“和正圣”。其余四音可按此格式解释。 <2>正度:有元数的意思,其余度数均由某数生成,某数便是度数之正,其余为度数之歧。黄钟之数为八十一,其余各律都由黄钟度数经三分损益法生成,所以八十一为正度,加上量名,为八尺一寸,也是正度。 <3>这是把五音与社会结构相比附。五音以宫最贵,居中央,与社会中的君地位相仿佛,所以宫为五音之君。 <4>此句与上文所说:“征动心而和正礼”不附,此类事很多,听之可也,不可强解。 <5>与上文“羽动肾而和正智”也不相附。
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