王学孟 译注
【说明与解析】
这是鲁(lu)仲连与邹阳(yang)的(de)合传。
赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孝成王六年(前260年),秦(qin)(qin)于(yu)长平(ping)大败(bai)赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)军,坑杀(sha)赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)卒(zu)四(si)十余万,继而(er)围攻赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)都邯郸。魏国救(jiu)赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)部队驻扎(zha)汤(tang)阴不(bu)(bu)敢进(jin)兵(bing),却(que)派新垣衍(yan)说(shuo)赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)帝(di)秦(qin)(qin)。平(ping)原君心急如焚,束手无策,形势岌岌可危。鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)主动去见(jian)新垣衍(yan),用(yong)具体的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)例作比,生动、形象而(er)又透辟地阐明抽象的(de)(de)(de)道理,指陈帝(di)秦(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)弊害(hai),终(zhong)于(yu)让“使(shi)事(shi)有职”不(bu)(bu)愿会见(jian)鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)的(de)(de)(de)新垣衍(yan)拜服(fu),不(bu)(bu)敢复言帝(di)秦(qin)(qin)。而(er)“秦(qin)(qin)将闻之(zhi),为(wei)(wei)却(que)军五十里”。燕(yan)将据守(shou)聊城,齐田单(dan)攻聊城一年有余,士卒(zu)多死(si)而(er)聊城不(bu)(bu)下。鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)一封《遗燕(yan)将书(shu)》,使(shi)燕(yan)将读(du)后,泣三日,终(zhong)于(yu)自杀(sha)身亡。本传(chuan)就是通过这两件事(shi),刻画了鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)“好(hao)奇伟俶傥之(zhi)画策,而(er)不(bu)(bu)肯仕宦(huan)任职,好(hao)持(chi)高节(jie)(jie)”的(de)(de)(de)名士形象,他(ta)(ta)胸(xiong)罗奇想,志节(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)凡,他(ta)(ta)为(wei)(wei)人排(pai)除患(huan)难、解(jie)决(jue)纷乱而(er)一无所取(qu)。邯郸解(jie)围,平(ping)原君欲(yu)封鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian),“辞让者(zhe)三,终(zhong)不(bu)(bu)肯受(shou)”。以千金为(wei)(wei)鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)寿,鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)笑曰:“所贵于(yu)天下之(zhi)士者(zhe),为(wei)(wei)人排(pai)患(huan)释难解(jie)纷乱而(er)无取(qu)也(ye)。即有取(qu)者(zhe),是商贾之(zhi)事(shi)也(ye),而(er)连(lian)不(bu)(bu)忍为(wei)(wei)也(ye)。”下聊城,欲(yu)爵(jue)鲁(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian),他(ta)(ta)却(que)逃(tao)隐于(yu)海上。他(ta)(ta)飘然远举、不(bu)(bu)受(shou)羁绁、放浪(lang)形骸的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)格,为(wei)(wei)后世所传(chuan)诵(song)。
鲁(lu)(lu)仲连列传(chuan)是(shi)一篇感情色彩(cai)极(ji)浓的(de)传(chuan)纪文学。语(yu)言的(de)周回反复,使(shi)文势(shi)具有强烈(lie)的(de)节奏(zou)感,从(cong)而注(zhu)入(ru)人(ren)(ren)物形象强烈(lie)的(de)感情,使(shi)人(ren)(ren)物清(qing)晰(xi)可辨而又栩(xu)栩(xu)如生。宋·洪迈在《容斋(zhai)五(wu)笔》中写道(dao):“予(yu)每展读至(zhi)《魏世家》、苏(su)秦(qin)、平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)(jun)、鲁(lu)(lu)仲连传(chuan),未尝不惊(jing)呼击节,不自(zi)知其(qi)所然(ran)。……鲁(lu)(lu)仲连见平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)(jun)曰:‘事(shi)(shi)将奈(nai)何?’君(jun)(jun)(jun)曰:‘胜也(ye)(ye)何敢(gan)言事(shi)(shi)!魏客(ke)新(xin)垣衍(yan)令赵帝秦(qin),今其(qi)人(ren)(ren)在是(shi),胜也(ye)(ye)何敢(gan)言事(shi)(shi)!’仲连曰:‘吾(wu)始以君(jun)(jun)(jun)为(wei)天(tian)下(xia)之贤公(gong)子(zi)也(ye)(ye),吾(wu)今然(ran)后指君(jun)(jun)(jun)非(fei)天(tian)下(xia)之贤公(gong)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。’鲁(lu)(lu)仲连见新(xin)垣衍(yan),衍(yan)曰:‘吾(wu)视此围城之中者(zhe)(zhe),皆有求(qiu)于(yu)平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。今吾(wu)观先(xian)生之玉(yu)貌,非(fei)有求(qiu)于(yu)平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。’又曰:‘始以先(xian)生者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)庸人(ren)(ren),吾(wu)乃今日知先(xian)生为(wei)天(tian)下(xia)之士也(ye)(ye)。’是(shi)数(shu)者(zhe)(zhe),重踏(ta)熟(shu)复,如骏马下(xia)注(zhu)千(qian)丈坡,其(qi)文势(shi)正尔(er)风行于(yu)上而水(shui)波,真(zhen)天(tian)下(xia)之至(zhi)文也(ye)(ye)。”
太史公尤(you)其崇尚感情充沛(pei)又(you)具有文采的(de)艺术佳作。鲁仲(zhong)连(lian)、邹(zou)阳(yang)合传,后世多有歧意(yi)。认(ren)为二(er)人时代悬隔,事不(bu)(bu)(bu)相类,言语文章亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)相侣。而(er)作者偏偏把本来可以不(bu)(bu)(bu)立传的(de)邹(zou)阳(yang)“附之列(lie)传焉(yan)”,除了(le)其它(ta)因素,不(bu)(bu)(bu)正是因为邹(zou)阳(yang)《狱中(zhong)上(shang)梁王书》文采飞扬,比(bi)物(wu)连(lian)类,慷(kang)慨(kai)陈辞,有足(zu)悲者吗?
鲁仲连是齐国(guo)人。长于阐(chan)发奇特宏伟卓异不凡的(de)谋略,却不肯作官任职,愿意保(bao)持高风亮节(jie)。他曾客游(you)赵国(guo)。
赵(zhao)(zhao)孝(xiao)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)时,秦(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)派(pai)白起在长平前后击溃赵(zhao)(zhao)国四十万军队(dui),于是,秦(qin)(qin)国的(de)军队(dui)向(xiang)东挺(ting)进,围(wei)困了邯郸(dan)。赵(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)很(hen)害怕,各国的(de)救兵(bing)也(ye)没有谁敢攻击秦(qin)(qin)军。魏安釐王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)派(pai)出将(jiang)军晋鄙营(ying)救赵(zhao)(zhao)国,因为畏惧秦(qin)(qin)军,驻扎在汤阴不(bu)敢前进。魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)派(pai)客籍将(jiang)军新(xin)垣衍,从隐(yin)蔽的(de)小路进入邯郸(dan),通(tong)过平原君(jun)的(de)关系见赵(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)说:“秦(qin)(qin)军所以急(ji)于围(wei)攻赵(zhao)(zhao)国,是因为以前和齐(qi)湣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)争强称(cheng)帝(di)(di),不(bu)久又取(qu)消了帝(di)(di)号(hao);如今齐(qi)国已(yi)然更(geng)加削弱,当今只有秦(qin)(qin)国称(cheng)雄(xiong)天下,这次(ci)围(wei)城(cheng)并不(bu)是贪(tan)图邯郸(dan),他的(de)意图是要重新(xin)称(cheng)帝(di)(di)。赵(zhao)(zhao)国果真能派(pai)遣使臣尊奉秦(qin)(qin)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)为帝(di)(di),秦(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)定(ding)很(hen)高(gao)兴,就会撤兵(bing)离(li)去。”平原君(jun)犹豫不(bu)能决(jue)断。
这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时,鲁(lu)(lu)仲连客(ke)游赵国(guo),正赶(gan)上秦军(jun)围(wei)攻邯(han)郸(dan),听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)魏(wei)国(guo)想要让(rang)(rang)赵国(guo)尊奉秦昭王(wang)称(cheng)帝,就(jiu)去(qu)晋见(jian)平原君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)件事(shi)(shi)怎么办?”平原君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我哪(na)(na)里还(hai)敢(gan)谈论这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)大事(shi)(shi)!前(qian)不久(jiu),在国(guo)外损失了四十万大军(jun),而今,秦军(jun)围(wei)困邯(han)郸(dan),又不能使之退兵。魏(wei)王(wang)派客(ke)籍将军(jun)新垣(yuan)(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)(yan)让(rang)(rang)赵国(guo)尊奉秦昭王(wang)称(cheng)帝,眼下,那个(ge)人还(hai)在这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)儿(er)。我哪(na)(na)里还(hai)敢(gan)谈论这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)大事(shi)(shi)!”鲁(lu)(lu)仲连说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“以前(qian)我认(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)您(nin)是(shi)(shi)天下贤明的(de)公子,今天我才知道您(nin)并(bing)不是(shi)(shi)天下贤明的(de)公子。魏(wei)国(guo)的(de)客(ke)人新垣(yuan)(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)(yan)在哪(na)(na)儿(er)?我替(ti)您(nin)去(qu)责(ze)问他(ta)并(bing)且让(rang)(rang)他(ta)回去(qu)。”平原君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我愿(yuan)为(wei)(wei)您(nin)介绍,让(rang)(rang)他(ta)跟(gen)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)相见(jian)。”于是(shi)(shi)平原君见(jian)新垣(yuan)(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)(yan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“齐国(guo)有位鲁(lu)(lu)仲连先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng),如(ru)今他(ta)就(jiu)在这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)儿(er),我愿(yuan)替(ti)您(nin)介绍,跟(gen)将军(jun)认(ren)(ren)识认(ren)(ren)识。”新垣(yuan)(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)(yan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)鲁(lu)(lu)仲连先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng),是(shi)(shi)齐国(guo)志行高尚的(de)人。我是(shi)(shi)魏(wei)王(wang)的(de)臣子,奉命出使身(shen)负职责(ze),我不愿(yuan)见(jian)鲁(lu)(lu)仲连先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)。”平原君说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我已经把您(nin)在这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)儿(er)的(de)消息(xi)透露了。”新垣(yuan)(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)(yan)只好应允了。
鲁仲连见到新(xin)垣(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)却一(yi)言不(bu)发。新(xin)垣(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)说(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)看留(liu)在这座围(wei)城中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de),都是(shi)有(you)求于平原君的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren);而(er)今(jin),我(wo)看先(xian)生的(de)(de)(de)尊容,不(bu)像是(shi)有(you)求于平原君的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),为(wei)什么还长久地(di)留(liu)在这围(wei)城之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)而(er)不(bu)离去呢?”鲁仲连说(shuo)(shuo):“世人(ren)(ren)认(ren)为(wei)鲍焦没有(you)博大的(de)(de)(de)胸(xiong)怀而(er)死(si)去,这种(zhong)看法(fa)都错了(le)。一(yi)般人(ren)(ren)不(bu)了(le)解(jie)他耻居浊世的(de)(de)(de)心意(yi),认(ren)为(wei)他是(shi)为(wei)个(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)打算。那秦(qin)国,是(shi)个(ge)(ge)抛弃(qi)礼仪而(er)只(zhi)崇尚战(zhan)功的(de)(de)(de)国家,用权诈之(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)对待(dai)士(shi)卒(zu),像对待(dai)奴隶(li)一(yi)样役使(shi)百(bai)姓。如果让它(ta)无(wu)所忌惮地(di)恣意(yi)称帝,进而(er)统治(zhi)天下,那么,我(wo)只(zhi)有(you)跳进东海(hai)去死(si),我(wo)不(bu)忍心作它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)顺民(min),我(wo)所以来见将军,是(shi)打算帮(bang)助赵国啊。”
新(xin)垣衍说(shuo):“先(xian)(xian)生怎么帮(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)呢?”鲁仲(zhong)连说(shuo):“我要请魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)和燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)帮(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)它,齐、楚两国(guo)(guo)(guo)本来(lai)就帮(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)了。”新(xin)垣衍说(shuo):“燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)嘛,我相信会听从(cong)您的;至(zhi)于魏国(guo)(guo)(guo),我就是(shi)(shi)魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren),先(xian)(xian)生怎么能让(rang)魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)帮(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)呢?”鲁仲(zhong)连说(shuo):“魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)为没看清秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)称(cheng)帝(di)的祸(huo)(huo)患,才没帮(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。让(rang)魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)看清秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)称(cheng)帝(di)的祸(huo)(huo)患后(hou),就一定会帮(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。”
新垣衍说:“秦国(guo)称帝后会有(you)什么祸患呢?”鲁仲(zhong)连说:“从前,齐(qi)(qi)威王(wang)(wang)(wang)曾经奉行仁义(yi),率领天下诸侯而朝拜(bai)周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。当(dang)时,周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贫困又弱(ruo)小,诸侯们没(mei)有(you)谁去(qu)朝拜(bai),唯有(you)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)去(qu)朝拜(bai)。过(guo)了(le)一年多(duo),周烈王(wang)(wang)(wang)逝(shi)世(shi),齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)奔丧(sang)(sang)去(qu)迟(chi)了(le),新继位(wei)的周显(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)很生气,派人到齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)报(bao)丧(sang)(sang)说:“天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)逝(shi)世(shi),如同天崩地裂般的大事(shi),新继位(wei)的天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也得离开宫殿居丧(sang)(sang)守孝,睡(shui)在草(cao)席上,东(dong)方属(shu)国(guo)之臣田婴齐(qi)(qi)居然(ran)敢迟(chi)到,当(dang)斩。”齐(qi)(qi)威王(wang)(wang)(wang)听了(le),勃然(ran)大怒,骂(ma)道(dao):“呀呸!您母亲原先还是个婢(bi)女呢!”最终被天下传为笑柄。齐(qi)(qi)威王(wang)(wang)(wang)所以在周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)活着的时候去(qu)朝见,死了(le)就破口大骂(ma),实在是忍受不了(le)新天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的苛(ke)求啊。那些作天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的本(ben)来就是这(zhei)个样(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),也没(mei)什么值得奇怪(guai)的。”
新垣(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)说(shuo):“先(xian)生难道没见过(guo)奴仆(pu)吗(ma)?十个(ge)(ge)奴仆(pu)侍奉一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)主(zhu)人(ren),难道是(shi)(shi)力气赶不(bu)上、才智比不(bu)上他(ta)吗(ma)?是(shi)(shi)害怕(pa)他(ta)啊。”鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)说(shuo):“唉!魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)相(xiang)比魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)像仆(pu)人(ren)吗(ma)?”新垣(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)说(shuo):“是(shi)(shi)。”鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)说(shuo):“那(nei)么(me),我(wo)(wo)就(jiu)让(rang)秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)烹(peng)煮魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)剁(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)肉酱?”新垣(yuan)衍(yan)(yan)很(hen)不(bu)高兴不(bu)服气地(di)(di)说(shuo):“哼哼,先(xian)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话,也太过(guo)份了(le)(le)!先(xian)生又(you)怎(zen)么(me)能(neng)让(rang)秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)烹(peng)煮了(le)(le)魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)剁(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)肉酱呢(ni)?”鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)说(shuo):“当然能(neng)够(gou),我(wo)(wo)说(shuo)给(ji)您听。从(cong)前(qian),九(jiu)(jiu)侯(hou)(hou)、鄂(e)(e)侯(hou)(hou)、文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)殷纣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三个(ge)(ge)诸侯(hou)(hou)。九(jiu)(jiu)侯(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)个(ge)(ge)女儿长的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姣美,把(ba)她献给(ji)殷纣,殷纣认为(wei)她长的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丑陋(lou),把(ba)九(jiu)(jiu)侯(hou)(hou)剁(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)肉酱。鄂(e)(e)侯(hou)(hou)刚直诤谏,激烈辩白,又(you)把(ba)鄂(e)(e)侯(hou)(hou)杀死做(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)肉干(gan)。文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)听到(dao)这件事(shi),只是(shi)(shi)长长地(di)(di)叹息,殷纣又(you)把(ba)他(ta)囚禁在(zai)牖里(li)监牢内一(yi)(yi)百天(tian),想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)他(ta)死。为(wei)什(shen)么(me)和(he)(he)人(ren)家(jia)同样(yang)称(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),最终落到(dao)被剁(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)肉酱、做(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)肉干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)步(bu)呢(ni)?齐(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)前(qian)往鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),夷维子(zi)(zi)(zi)替他(ta)赶着车子(zi)(zi)(zi)作(zuo)随员(yuan)。他(ta)对(dui)(dui)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)官员(yuan)们(men)(men)(men)说(shuo):‘你们(men)(men)(men)准备(bei)(bei)怎(zen)样(yang)接(jie)(jie)待我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)(men)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君?’鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)官员(yuan)们(men)(men)(men)说(shuo):‘我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)(men)打(da)(da)算(suan)用十副(fu)太牢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼仪接(jie)(jie)待您的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君。’夷维子(zi)(zi)(zi)说(shuo):‘你们(men)(men)(men)这是(shi)(shi)按照哪(na)来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼仪接(jie)(jie)待我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)(men)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君,我(wo)(wo)那(nei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君,是(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)啊。天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)到(dao)各(ge)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)巡察(cha),诸侯(hou)(hou)例应(ying)迁出(chu)正宫,移(yi)居别(bie)处,交出(chu)钥匙,撩起衣襟,安排几桌,站(zhan)在(zai)堂下伺候天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)用膳,天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吃完后(hou),才可以退回朝(chao)堂听政理事(shi)。’鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)官员(yuan)听了(le)(le),就(jiu)关闭(bi)上锁(suo),不(bu)让(rang)齐(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)入境(jing)。齐(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)能(neng)进入鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),打(da)(da)算(suan)借道邹(zou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)往薛地(di)(di)。正当这时(shi),邹(zou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君逝世,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)想(xiang)入镜(jing)吊丧(sang)(sang),夷维子(zi)(zi)(zi)对(dui)(dui)邹(zou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗣君说(shuo):‘天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吊丧(sang)(sang),丧(sang)(sang)主(zhu)一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)把(ba)灵柩转换方向,在(zai)南面(mian)安放朝(chao)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灵位,然后(hou)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)面(mian)向南吊丧(sang)(sang)。’邹(zou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)臣(chen)们(men)(men)(men)说(shuo):‘一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)这样(yang),我(wo)(wo)们(men)(men)(men)宁愿用剑自杀。’所(suo)以王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)敢进入邹(zou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。邹(zou)、鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)两国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi),国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君生前(qian)不(bu)能(neng)够(gou)好好地(di)(di)侍奉,国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君死后(hou)又(you)不(bu)能(neng)周备(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)助(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)丧(sang)(sang)仪,然而(er)想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)邹(zou)、鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)行(xing)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之礼,邹(zou)、鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)们(men)(men)(men)终于(yu)拒绝齐(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)入镜(jing)。如今,秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)拥有(you)(you)万(wan)辆(liang)(liang)战车的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也是(shi)(shi)拥有(you)(you)万(wan)辆(liang)(liang)战车的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)。都是(shi)(shi)万(wan)乘大(da)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),又(you)各(ge)有(you)(you)称(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名分,只看它(ta)打(da)(da)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)次胜仗(zhang),就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)顺从(cong)地(di)(di)拥护它(ta)称(cheng)帝,这就(jiu)使得(de)三晋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)比不(bu)上邹(zou)、鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴仆(pu)、卑妾了(le)(le)。如果秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)贪(tan)心(xin)不(bu)足(zu),终于(yu)称(cheng)帝,那(nei)么(me),就(jiu)会更换诸侯(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。他(ta)将(jiang)要(yao)(yao)罢(ba)免(mian)他(ta)认为(wei)不(bu)肖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),换上他(ta)认为(wei)贤能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),罢(ba)免(mian)他(ta)憎(zeng)恶(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),换上他(ta)所(suo)喜爱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。还要(yao)(yao)让(rang)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儿女和(he)(he)搬(ban)弄事(shi)非的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姬妾,嫁给(ji)诸侯(hou)(hou)做(zuo)(zuo)妃姬,住在(zai)魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宫廷里(li),魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)怎(zen)么(me)能(neng)够(gou)安安定定地(di)(di)生活呢(ni)?而(er)将(jiang)军您又(you)怎(zen)么(me)能(neng)够(gou)得(de)到(dao)原先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宠信(xin)呢(ni)?”
于是(shi),新垣衍站(zhan)起来,向鲁仲连连拜两次谢罪(zui)说(shuo):“当初认(ren)为先生是(shi)个普通的人,我今天才知道先生是(shi)天下杰出(chu)的高士。我将(jiang)离开赵(zhao)国(guo),再不敢谈秦(qin)王(wang)称帝的事了。”秦(qin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)将(jiang)听到这个消息(xi),为此把军(jun)(jun)(jun)队后撤了五十里(li)。恰好(hao)魏(wei)公(gong)子无忌夺得了晋鄙(bi)的军(jun)(jun)(jun)权率领军(jun)(jun)(jun)队来援(yuan)救(jiu)赵(zhao)国(guo),攻击(ji)秦(qin)军(jun)(jun)(jun),秦(qin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)也就(jiu)撤离邯郸回(hui)去了。
于是(shi)平(ping)(ping)原君(jun)要封赏鲁(lu)仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian),鲁(lu)仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian)再三辞(ci)让,最终也不肯接(jie)受。平(ping)(ping)原君(jun)就(jiu)设宴(yan)招待他,喝(he)道酒酣耳(er)热(re)时,平(ping)(ping)原君(jun)起身向前,献上千金酬(chou)谢鲁(lu)仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian)。鲁(lu)仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian)笑着说:“杰出之士所(suo)以(yi)被天下人(ren)崇(chong)尚,是(shi)因(yin)为(wei)他们能替人(ren)排除祸患,消(xiao)释灾难,解决纠(jiu)纷而不取报酬(chou)。如果收取酬(chou)劳,那就(jiu)成了(le)生意(yi)人(ren)的行为(wei),我鲁(lu)仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian)是(shi)不忍心那样做(zuo)的。”于是(shi)辞(ci)别平(ping)(ping)原君(jun)走了(le),终身不再相见(jian)。
此(ci)后二十多(duo)年(nian),燕将(jiang)攻克聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)人在燕王面(mian)前说燕将(jiang)的坏话(hua),燕将(jiang)害怕被诛杀,就据聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不敢回去。齐国田单攻打聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)多(duo),士兵们死了(le)很多(duo),却攻不下聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。鲁仲连就写(xie)了(le)一(yi)(yi)封信,系在箭上(shang)射进城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)去给(ji)燕将(jiang)。信上(shang)写(xie)道:
“我听说,明智(zhi)(zhi)的(de)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)违背(bei)时(shi)机(ji)(ji)而放(fang)弃有(you)利的(de)行动(dong),勇士不(bu)(bu)(bu)迴避死亡而埋没名声(sheng),忠臣(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)先顾及自(zi)己后顾及国君。如今(jin)您发泄一时(shi)的(de)气忿,不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾及燕王无法驾(jia)驭臣(chen)(chen)子(zi),是不(bu)(bu)(bu)忠;战死身亡,丢掉聊城,威(wei)名不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)在齐国伸张,是不(bu)(bu)(bu)勇;功业失败(bai),名声(sheng)破灭,后世(shi)(shi)无所(suo)称述(shu),是不(bu)(bu)(bu)智(zhi)(zhi)。有(you)这三条,当世(shi)(shi)的(de)君主不(bu)(bu)(bu)以之为臣(chen)(chen),游说之士不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)为之记载(zai),所(suo)以聪(cong)明的(de)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)犹豫不(bu)(bu)(bu)决,勇士是不(bu)(bu)(bu)怕死的(de)。如今(jin)是生死荣辱,贵贱尊卑的(de)关键(jian),这时(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)决断(duan),时(shi)机(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)再来,希望您详加计议而不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)和俗人(ren)一般(ban)见识(shi)。
况(kuang)且(qie)(qie),楚国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的南(nan)阳(yang),魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的平(ping)(ping)陆,而齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并没(mei)有(you)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)反击的意图,认为丢掉南(nan)阳(yang)的损失小,比(bi)不(bu)上夺得济北(bei)的利益(yi)大,所以作(zuo)出这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样的决策(ce)(ce)来执(zhi)行。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)派(pai)出军(jun)(jun)(jun)队,魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)敢向(xiang)(xiang)东进(jin)(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)(jun);秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)连横的局(ju)面就(jiu)形成了(le),楚国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的形势就(jiu)危机了(le);齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)放(fang)弃南(nan)阳(yang),断弃右(you)边的国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土而不(bu)救,平(ping)(ping)定济北(bei),是权衡得失定下(xia)(xia)的决策(ce)(ce)。况(kuang)且(qie)(qie)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)决心夺回聊(liao)城(cheng),您不(bu)要(yao)再犹豫了(le),现(xian)在楚、魏(wei)(wei)两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)军(jun)(jun)(jun)队都(dou)先后(hou)从齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)撤回而燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)救兵(bing)(bing)又没(mei)到。齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)全部的兵(bing)(bing)力,对天下(xia)(xia)别无(wu)(wu)谋求,全力攻(gong)(gong)打聊(liao)城(cheng),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)还要(yao)据(ju)守已经围(wei)困了(le)一(yi)年多的聊(liao)城(cheng),我(wo)看您是办不(bu)到的。而且(qie)(qie)燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)发生动乱(luan),君(jun)臣束(shu)手无(wu)(wu)策(ce)(ce),上下(xia)(xia)迷(mi)惑,栗腹带(dai)领(ling)十(shi)万大军(jun)(jun)(jun)在国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外连续打了(le)五次败仗,拥有(you)万辆兵(bing)(bing)车(che)的大国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)却被赵国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)包围(wei),土地(di)(di)(di)削减,国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)被困,被天下(xia)(xia)人(ren)耻(chi)笑。国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家衰(shuai)败,祸患丛起,民心浮(fu)动。如(ru)(ru)今(jin),您又用(yong)聊(liao)城(cheng)疲惫的军(jun)(jun)(jun)民抵抗(kang)整(zheng)个齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)军(jun)(jun)(jun)队的进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)如(ru)(ru)同墨翟一(yi)样地(di)(di)(di)善于据(ju)守了(le)。缺乏粮食吃人(ren)肉充饥,没(mei)有(you)柴烧(shao),烧(shao)人(ren)的骨头,士兵(bing)(bing)却没(mei)有(you)叛离(li)之心,这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)如(ru)(ru)同孙膑(bin)一(yi)样擅长(zhang)带(dai)兵(bing)(bing)啊。您的本领(ling)已在天下(xia)(xia)显(xian)现(xian)。虽然如(ru)(ru)此(ci),可(ke)(ke)是替您考(kao)(kao)虑,不(bu)如(ru)(ru)保全兵(bing)(bing)力用(yong)来答(da)谢燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。兵(bing)(bing)力完好(hao)回归燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),燕(yan)王一(yi)定高兴;身体完好(hao)地(di)(di)(di)回归本国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),百(bai)(bai)姓好(hao)像重见父母(mu),朋(peng)友(you)们到一(yi)起都(dou)会(hui)振奋(fen)地(di)(di)(di)称(cheng)赞(zan)、推崇,功业可(ke)(ke)得以显(xian)扬。对上,辅佐(zuo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)统率群(qun)臣;对下(xia)(xia),既养百(bai)(bai)姓又资游说之士,矫(jiao)正国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)事,更(geng)换风俗,事业名声都(dou)可(ke)(ke)以建(jian)立。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)没(mei)有(you)回归燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的心志,就(jiu)放(fang)弃燕(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),摒(bing)弃世俗的议论,向(xiang)(xiang)东到齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)来,齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)会(hui)割裂(lie)土地(di)(di)(di)予以分封,使您富贵得可(ke)(ke)以和(he)魏(wei)(wei)冉、商鞅相比(bi),世世代代称(cheng)孤道寡(gua),和(he)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)长(zhang)久并存(cun),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)也(ye)是一(yi)种办法。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)两(liang)种方案,是显(xian)扬名声丰厚实惠的好(hao)主意,希望(wang)您仔细地(di)(di)(di)考(kao)(kao)虑,审慎(shen)地(di)(di)(di)选择其中一(yi)条。
我听说,谋求小(xiao)节的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)成就荣耀的(de)(de)名(ming)声(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)小(xiao)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)为耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)建立大(da)的(de)(de)功(gong)业(ye)(ye)。从(cong)前管(guan)(guan)仲射(she)中(zhong)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)衣(yi)带钩,是(shi)犯(fan)上(shang);放(fang)弃公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)随(sui)他(ta)去(qu)(qu)死(si),是(shi)怯懦(nuo);身(shen)带刑具被囚禁(jin),是(shi)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱。具有这(zhei)三种情况(kuang)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),国君不(bu)(bu)(bu)用他(ta)作臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)而乡亲们(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)会跟他(ta)来(lai)(lai)往。当(dang)初假使(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)长期囚禁(jin)死(si)在牢(lao)狱而不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)返回齐国,那么也不(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)落个(ge)行为耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱、卑(bei)贱(jian)的(de)(de)名(ming)声(sheng)(sheng)。连奴卑(bei)和(he)他(ta)同(tong)名(ming)都(dou)感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)羞(xiu)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),何况(kuang)社(she)会上(shang)的(de)(de)舆(yu)论呢!所(suo)(suo)以(yi)管(guan)(guan)仲不(bu)(bu)(bu)因为身(shen)在牢(lao)狱感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱,却(que)(que)以(yi)天(tian)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)太平感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱,不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)未能(neng)随(sui)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)去(qu)(qu)死(si)感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱,却(que)(que)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)在诸(zhu)侯中(zhong)显扬威名(ming)感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱,因此他(ta)虽(sui)然兼有犯(fan)上(shang)、怕(pa)死(si)、受辱三重(zhong)过(guo)失,却(que)(que)辅佐齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)成为五(wu)霸之首(shou),他(ta)的(de)(de)名(ming)声(sheng)(sheng)比天(tian)下(xia)任何人(ren)(ren)都(dou)高,而他(ta)的(de)(de)光辉照耀着邻国。曹(cao)沫(mo)作鲁(lu)(lu)国的(de)(de)将领,多次打仗多次失败(bai),丢(diu)掉(diao)了五(wu)百(bai)里(li)的(de)(de)土地(di)。当(dang)初假使(shi)(shi)曹(cao)沫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)反复仔细地(di)考虑,仓(cang)促(cu)计议就刎颈自杀,那么,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)落个(ge)被擒败(bai)将的(de)(de)丑名(ming)了。曹(cao)沫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾(gu)多次战败(bai)的(de)(de)耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)辱,却(que)(que)回来(lai)(lai)和(he)鲁(lu)(lu)君计议。趁桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)大(da)会天(tian)下(xia)诸(zhu)侯的(de)(de)机(ji)会,曹(cao)沫(mo)凭借一把短剑(jian),在坛台上(shang)逼近桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)心窝(wo),脸色不(bu)(bu)(bu)变,谈吐从(cong)容(rong),多次战败(bai)丢(diu)掉(diao)的(de)(de)土地(di),一会儿(er)功(gong)夫收回来(lai)(lai),使(shi)(shi)天(tian)下(xia)振动(dong),诸(zhu)侯惊骇,使(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)(lu)国的(de)(de)威名(ming)在吴、越(yue)之上(shang)。像(xiang)这(zhei)二位志士,不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾(gu)全小(xiao)的(de)(de)名(ming)节和(he)廉耻(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),认(ren)为一死(si)了之,身(shen)亡名(ming)灭(mie),功(gong)业(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)建立,不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)聪明的(de)(de)做法。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)摒(bing)弃一时的(de)(de)愤(fen)(fen)怒,树立终身(shen)的(de)(de)威名(ming);放(fang)弃一时的(de)(de)愤(fen)(fen)怒,奠定世世代代的(de)(de)功(gong)业(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)这(zhei)些(xie)业(ye)(ye)绩和(he)三王的(de)(de)功(gong)业(ye)(ye)争(zheng)相流传而名(ming)声(sheng)(sheng)和(he)天(tian)地(di)共存。希望您选择(ze)其中(zhong)一个(ge)方案行动(dong)吧!”
燕将看了鲁(lu)仲连的(de)信,哭了好几天,犹豫不能(neng)自(zi)(zi)断。想(xiang)要回归燕国,已(yi)经(jing)产(chan)生了嫌隙,怕被诛(zhu)杀(sha);想(xiang)要投(tou)降齐(qi)国,杀(sha)死(si)和俘虏的(de)齐(qi)人太多了,恐(kong)怕降服后被污辱。长长地叹息说:“与其(qi)让别人杀(sha)死(si)我(wo),不如(ru)自(zi)(zi)杀(sha)。”就自(zi)(zi)杀(sha)了。聊城大(da)乱(luan),于是田单进军血洗(xi)聊城。归来向齐(qi)王报(bao)告(gao)鲁(lu)仲连的(de)事,齐(qi)王想(xiang)要封他(ta)爵位。鲁(lu)仲连听后潜逃到海边隐居(ju)起来,他(ta)说:“我(wo)与其(qi)富贵(gui)而(er)屈身侍奉于人,还不如(ru)贫贱而(er)轻视(shi)世俗放任自(zi)(zi)己的(de)心志啊。”
邹(zou)阳(yang)(yang),是(shi)齐国(guo)(guo)人(ren)。客游(you)梁国(guo)(guo),和原吴国(guo)(guo)人(ren)庄忌、淮阴人(ren)枚乘(cheng)等人(ren)往来。上书自达在羊胜、公孙诡之间同为粱孝王(wang)(wang)门客。羊胜等人(ren)妒嫉(ji)邹(zou)阳(yang)(yang),在梁孝王(wang)(wang)面(mian)前说他的(de)坏话。孝王(wang)(wang)很生气(qi),把邹(zou)阳(yang)(yang)交给下(xia)属(shu)官吏办(ban)罪(zui),想要杀死(si)他。邹(zou)阳(yang)(yang)在梁国(guo)(guo)客游(you),因为遭(zao)到诽(fei)谤被抓起来,担(dan)心死(si)后(hou)承担(dan)莫(mo)须有的(de)罪(zui)名,就从牢狱里写信给梁孝王(wang)(wang),信中写道:
我(wo)(wo)听说忠诚(cheng)的(de)人(ren)无不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)到回报,信实的(de)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)被(bei)怀疑(yi),过去我(wo)(wo)总认为是对的(de),今(jin)天(tian)看来不(bu)(bu)(bu)过是一句空(kong)话罢(ba)了(le)。从前荆轲仰慕(mu)燕(yan)(yan)丹的(de)高义前去行刺秦王,尽管天(tian)空(kong)出现白虹贯日的(de)征(zheng)兆,可是燕(yan)(yan)太子丹仍(reng)然(ran)担心荆轲害(hai)怕不(bu)(bu)(bu)能成行;卫(wei)先(xian)生替秦王谋划长平之(zhi)事,也出现了(le)金星遮掩昴(mao)星的(de)预兆,而秦昭王仍(reng)然(ran)疑(yi)虑重重。他(ta)们的(de)精诚(cheng)所至感天(tian)动地显示出征(zheng)兆,却不(bu)(bu)(bu)被(bei)燕(yan)(yan)丹、昭王两主所理解(jie),这(zhei)难道不(bu)(bu)(bu)是可悲的(de)吗!如今(jin)我(wo)(wo)竭尽忠诚(cheng),尽其计议,希望(wang)大王采(cai)纳。您周(zhou)围的(de)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)解(jie)情(qing)况,终于把我(wo)(wo)交(jiao)给官(guan)吏审(shen)讯(xun),被(bei)世人(ren)误(wu)解(jie),即使让荆轲、卫(wei)先(xian)生复活,而燕(yan)(yan)丹、秦昭王也不(bu)(bu)(bu)会醒(xing)悟。希望(wang)大王仔细地审(shen)察这(zhei)种情(qing)况。
从前(qian)卞和(he)进献(xian)宝玉,楚王砍掉他的脚(jiao);李斯(si)竭(jie)尽忠诚(cheng),胡亥(hai)却把他处以极刑。因此箕子(zi)(zi)装疯,接(jie)舆避世(shi),他们(men)都怕遭到这(zhei)种(zhong)灾祸啊。希望大王仔(zi)细地审察(cha)卞和(he)、李斯(si)的诚(cheng)意,不(bu)用(yong)楚王、胡亥(hai)偏(pian)(pian)听(ting)偏(pian)(pian)信(xin)的错误,不(bu)要让我(wo)(wo)(wo)被(bei)箕子(zi)(zi)、接(jie)舆耻笑。我(wo)(wo)(wo)听(ting)说比干被(bei)剖心,伍子(zi)(zi)胥的尸体被(bei)装进皮袋子(zi)(zi)沉入江里,当初我(wo)(wo)(wo)并不(bu)相(xiang)信(xin),现在我(wo)(wo)(wo)才(cai)了解了真(zhen)情。希望大王仔(zi)细地审察(cha),略微给(ji)我(wo)(wo)(wo)一(yi)点怜悯吧!
俗(su)话说(shuo):“有(you)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)处到(dao)老(lao),如(ru)同新识;有(you)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)偶然相(xiang)(xiang)遇,却一见如(ru)故。”这是(shi)为(wei)什么呢(ni)?相(xiang)(xiang)知(zhi)(zhi)还是(shi)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)知(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)在相(xiang)(xiang)处时间长短啊(a)。所以,从(cong)(cong)前(qian)樊(fan)於期从(cong)(cong)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)逃往燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),把首级借给荆轲(ke)用来奉行(xing)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)丹的(de)(de)(de)使命(ming);王(wang)奢(she)(she)离开齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)往魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),在城(cheng)上自刎用来退(tui)去(qu)齐(qi)军保全魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。王(wang)奢(she)(she)、樊(fan)於期不(bu)是(shi)因为(wei)齐(qi)、秦(qin)是(shi)新交(jiao),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)、魏(wei)是(shi)老(lao)相(xiang)(xiang)识,他们离开齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),为(wei)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)、魏(wei)二君去(qu)死,是(shi)行(xing)为(wei)和(he)志向相(xiang)(xiang)合而对(dui)正义(yi)无限仰慕的(de)(de)(de)原因啊(a)。所以苏(su)秦(qin)不(bu)被天下(xia)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)任(ren)却对(dui)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)像(xiang)尾(wei)生一样的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)实;白圭战败丢掉六国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)池,却为(wei)魏(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)夺取(qu)了中山。这是(shi)为(wei)什么呢(ni)?实在是(shi)遇到(dao)知(zhi)(zhi)遇的(de)(de)(de)原因啊(a)。苏(su)秦(qin)出任(ren)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)宰相(xiang)(xiang),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)人(ren)在国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君面(mian)前(qian)诽(fei)谤他,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)手按宝剑发怒,还是(shi)杀了一匹骏马给他吃;白圭在中山名声显扬(yang),中山有(you)人(ren)到(dao)魏(wei)文(wen)侯面(mian)前(qian)毁谤他,文(wen)侯却拿出夜光璧赠给他。这是(shi)为(wei)什么呢(ni)?两主二臣之间,剖心(xin)披胆,深信(xin)(xin)不(bu)疑,怎么能听到(dao)流言蜚语就变心(xin)呢(ni)!
所(suo)(suo)以女子(zi)(zi)不(bu)论美丑,进入宫廷就(jiu)(jiu)被(bei)妒嫉(ji),士(shi)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)论贤还(hai)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)肖,入朝(chao)作(zuo)官(guan)就(jiu)(jiu)被(bei)嫉(ji)妒。从前(qian)司马喜(xi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)宋(song)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)遭到割去膝盖骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑罚终(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)出任了(le)中(zhong)山国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宰相(xiang),范睢在(zai)(zai)(zai)魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)折(zhe)断肋骨,打(da)掉牙齿,终(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)被(bei)秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)封为应侯。这(zhei)两(liang)个(ge)人(ren)(ren),都信(xin)守(shou)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)之规(gui),摒(bing)去结党(dang)营私(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勾当,处于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)孤独的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位,所(suo)(suo)以不(bu)能(neng)(neng)身免(mian)嫉(ji)妒小人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迫害(hai)。申徒狄所(suo)(suo)以投河自(zi)尽(jin),徐衍抱着石(shi)头投海,是(shi)(shi)因为他(ta)(ta)们(men)不(bu)被(bei)当世所(suo)(suo)容(rong),信(xin)守(shou)正义不(bu)苟且迎合,不(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)朝(chao)廷里结党(dang)营私(si),来动(dong)摇国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)志。所(suo)(suo)以百里奚在(zai)(zai)(zai)路上行(xing)乞,秦穆公(gong)把国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)托(tuo)付给(ji)他(ta)(ta);宁戚在(zai)(zai)(zai)车(che)下喂牛(niu),齐(qi)桓公(gong)把国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)事(shi)交给(ji)他(ta)(ta)治理。这(zhei)两(liang)个(ge)人(ren)(ren),难(nan)道是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)朝(chao)中(zhong)借助官(guan)宦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)举、左右亲(qin)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吹捧,才(cai)博得穆公(gong)、桓公(gong)重用(yong)(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)们(men)吗?感召在(zai)(zai)(zai)心(xin),相(xiang)合在(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing),亲(qin)密如同胶漆(qi),像亲(qin)兄弟(di)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)分开(kai),难(nan)道还(hai)能(neng)(neng)被(bei)众(zhong)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谗(chan)言(yan)(yan)迷惑吗?所(suo)(suo)以,只(zhi)(zhi)听一(yi)(yi)面之词就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)产生邪恶(e),只(zhi)(zhi)任用(yong)(yong)(yong)个(ge)别人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)酿成(cheng)祸(huo)乱。从前(qian)鲁(lu)君(jun)只(zhi)(zhi)听信(xin)季孙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话,赶走(zou)(zou)了(le)孔子(zi)(zi);宋(song)君(jun)只(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)信(xin)子(zi)(zi)罕(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)计策,囚禁了(le)墨翟。像孔子(zi)(zi)、墨子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辩(bian)才(cai),都不(bu)能(neng)(neng)自(zi)免(mian)谗(chan)言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伤(shang)害(hai),因而(er)鲁(lu)、宋(song)两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出现了(le)危机。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)为什么呢(ni)?众(zhong)口一(yi)(yi)词,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)金石(shi)也(ye)会熔化,毁(hui)谤聚集多(duo)了(le),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)亲(qin)骨肉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关系也(ye)会销毁(hui)。所(suo)(suo)以秦穆公(gong)任用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)戎人(ren)(ren)由(you)余,而(er)称(cheng)霸中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)越(yue)人(ren)(ren)蒙,而(er)使威王(wang)、宣王(wang)两(liang)代强盛。秦、齐(qi)两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),难(nan)道是(shi)(shi)拘泥(ni)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)流俗,牵累于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世风,束缚于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阿谀偏(pian)执的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谗(chan)言(yan)(yan)吗?他(ta)(ta)们(men)能(neng)(neng)公(gong)正地(di)(di)听取意(yi)(yi)见,全面地(di)(di)观察事(shi)情,在(zai)(zai)(zai)当世一(yi)(yi)直保(bao)持好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名声。所(suo)(suo)以心(xin)意(yi)(yi)相(xiang)合,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)胡人(ren)(ren)越(yue)人(ren)(ren),也(ye)可(ke)以亲(qin)如兄弟(di),由(you)余和越(yue)人(ren)(ren)蒙就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);心(xin)意(yi)(yi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)相(xiang)合,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)至亲(qin)骨肉也(ye)赶走(zou)(zou)不(bu)留,朱(zhu)、象、管、蔡就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如今,国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)如果能(neng)(neng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)齐(qi)、秦合宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,摒(bing)弃宋(song)、鲁(lu)偏(pian)听偏(pian)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)错误,那(nei)么,五霸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功业(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)值得称(cheng)颂,三王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功业(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)容(rong)易实现的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
因此,英明的(de)国君醒(xing)悟(wu),摒弃子之虚(xu)伪的(de)心(xin)(xin)肠(chang),喜(xi)欢田常的(de)贤能(neng);封赏比干的(de)后(hou)代(dai),整(zheng)修被(bei)剖腹(fu)孕妇(fu)的(de)坟墓,所(suo)以功业(ye)回归于天下(xia)。这是(shi)为什么呢?要从(cong)善如流是(shi)没有满(man)足的(de)。晋(jin)文公亲近他的(de)仇人(ren),就能(neng)够在诸侯中称霸;齐桓公任用(yong)他原来的(de)仇人(ren),却能(neng)使(shi)天下(xia)纳入正轨。这是(shi)为什么呢?心(xin)(xin)地仁慈(ci),对人(ren)恳切,用(yong)真(zhen)诚感化人(ren)心(xin)(xin),不是(shi)用(yong)虚(xu)浮的(de)言(yan)词能(neng)代(dai)替(ti)的(de)。
到(dao)秦国任(ren)用商鞅推行变法,向东削弱了(le)(le)韩、魏,他(ta)的(de)军(jun)队在天下称(cheng)强,而终(zhong)于(yu)把他(ta)车裂而死;越(yue)国采(cai)纳大(da)夫种的(de)计谋,攻灭(mie)了(le)(le)强大(da)的(de)吴国,称(cheng)霸中国,而终(zhong)于(yu)遭到(dao)杀身之祸。因(yin)此,孙(sun)叔敖三次(ci)离开相(xiang)位(wei)而不懊悔;于(yu)陵子(zi)仲(zhong)推辞了(le)(le)三公的(de)职位(wei)去替别人浇水灌园。如
今(jin)国君果真能(neng)(neng)去掉倨傲的(de)(de)(de)情绪,心里存有让别人效力的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)念(nian),披(pi)露心腹,以(yi)见真情,披(pi)肝沥胆,施以(yi)厚德(de),始终和(he)别人共甘苦(ku),爱戴士子,那么,就是桀养的(de)(de)(de)狗也可(ke)以(yi)让它咬尧,而蹠的(de)(de)(de)门客可(ke)以(yi)让他(ta)行刺许由(you);何(he)况您依(yi)仗大国的(de)(de)(de)权势,凭(ping)借圣王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)才能(neng)(neng)呢?既然如此,那么荆轲甘冒灭七族的(de)(de)(de)大祸,要离烧(shao)死(si)妻子儿女(nv),难道还有什么值得称道的(de)(de)(de)吗!
我听说把月明(ming)珠(zhu)或夜光(guang)(guang)璧(bi),在黑夜的(de)(de)路上抛(pao)(pao)向行人(ren),人(ren)们没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)惊异地(di)按剑斜着眼(yan)睛(jing)看(kan)他(ta)。为什(shen)么呢(ni)?是因为宝物(wu)(wu)无端地(di)被抛(pao)(pao)到面前(qian)。盘曲的(de)(de)树(shu)根,屈(qu)曲奇特,却可(ke)以成(cheng)为国君鉴赏的(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)。为什(shen)么呢(ni)?是因为周(zhou)围的(de)(de)人(ren)事(shi)先(xian)把它雕(diao)刻、容(rong)饰了。所(suo)以宝物(wu)(wu)无端地(di)抛(pao)(pao)到眼(yan)前(qian),即(ji)使抛(pao)(pao)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)是随候(hou)明(ming)珠(zhu),夜光(guang)(guang)之璧(bi),还是要结怨而不(bu)讨好,所(suo)以事(shi)先(xian)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)予以推荐,就是枯(ku)木(mu)朽(xiu)株(zhu)也会有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)建树(shu)而不(bu)被忘掉。如今那(nei)些平(ping)民百姓和穷(qiong)居陋(lou)巷的(de)(de)士人(ren),处(chu)在贫(pin)贱的(de)(de)环境下,即(ji)使有(you)(you)(you)尧、舜的(de)(de)治国之道(dao),持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)伊尹(yin)、管仲那(nei)样(yang)的(de)(de)辩才,怀有(you)(you)(you)龙逢、比(bi)干那(nei)样(yang)的(de)(de)心志(zhi),打算尽忠于当世(shi)的(de)(de)国君,而平(ping)素(su)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)被推荐的(de)(de)根底(di),即(ji)使是用(yong)尽心思(si),献出(chu)(chu)自己的(de)(de)忠信,辅佐国君治国安邦,那(nei)么,国君一定会像对待投掷宝物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)人(ren)那(nei)样(yang)按剑斜视(shi)你了,这(zhei)是使平(ping)民百姓不(bu)能起到枯(ku)木(mu)朽(xiu)株(zhu)那(nei)样(yang)的(de)(de)作用(yong)啊。
所以圣明的(de)(de)君(jun)主治(zhi)理(li)国(guo)家,如同(tong)陶人运钧自有治(zhi)国(guo)之道,教化天(tian)下(xia),而(er)不被(bei)(bei)鄙(bi)乱的(de)(de)议论(lun)所左右,不被(bei)(bei)众多口(kou)舌贻(yi)误大(da)事(shi)。所以秦始皇听(ting)信了(le)中庶子蒙嘉(jia)的(de)(de)话,才(cai)相信了(le)荆轲谎话,荆轲才(cai)能(neng)乘人不备(bei)偷偷地(di)(di)取出行刺(ci)的(de)(de)匕首;周文(wen)王在泾、渭地(di)(di)区狩猎(lie),用车载(zai)回吕(lv)尚,才(cai)能(neng)够在天(tian)下(xia)称王。所以秦王偏(pian)听(ting)了(le)近臣的(de)(de)话,险些被(bei)(bei)杀;周文(wen)王却(que)事(shi)出偶(ou)合而(er)王天(tian)下(xia)。这是为什(shen)么呢(ni)?因为他能(neng)超越拘(ju)系的(de)(de)言词,纵横(heng)于(yu)园囿以外的(de)(de)议论(lun),卓然独立地(di)(di)看(kan)到宽宏豁达的(de)(de)光明大(da)道。
如今,国君(jun)沉湎(mian)于(yu)(yu)阿谀谗媚的(de)言(yan)词之(zhi)中,牵制于(yu)(yu)姬(ji)妾近侍的(de)包围之(zhi)下,使卓异超群的(de)士人,混(hun)同(tong)于(yu)(yu)骏马和(he)老牛同(tong)槽。这(zhei)就是鲍(bao)焦为什么(me)对世道(dao)忿懑不平,对富贵毫不留(liu)恋的(de)原因啊。
我(wo)听说庄重严整(zheng)上(shang)朝的(de)(de)人(ren),不会贪图利禄(lu)而玷(dian)污道义;追(zhui)求(qiu)名誉(yu)的(de)(de)人(ren),不会放纵私欲败坏自己的(de)(de)品行,因(yin)此,县(xian)名叫作(zuo)“胜母(mu)”而曾子(zi)就(jiu)不进(jin)去;城邑(yi)的(de)(de)名字叫“朝歌”而墨子(zi)就(jiu)回(hui)车离去。如今,让抱(bao)负远大(da)(da)的(de)(de)人(ren),被(bei)威重的(de)(de)权势所(suo)震慑,被(bei)高位大(da)(da)势所(suo)压抑,有意(yi)用邪恶的(de)(de)面目、肮脏的(de)(de)品行来侍奉阿谀献媚的(de)(de)小人(ren)而求(qiu)得(de)亲近于大(da)(da)王左右,那么有志之士就(jiu)会老死在岩穴之中了,怎么肯竭尽忠(zhong)诚(cheng)信义追(zhui)随大(da)(da)王呢!
这(zhei)封信进献给(ji)梁(liang)孝(xiao)王,孝(xiao)王派人从牢(lao)狱(yu)中把邹(zou)阳放出来,终于(yu)成为(wei)梁(liang)孝(xiao)王的贵宾。
太史公说:鲁仲连的议(yi)论(lun)(lun)主要(yao)旨意即使(shi)不合大义(yi),可(ke)是我赞许他(ta)能(neng)以(yi)平民百姓的身份,纵横快意地放浪(lang)形骸(hai),不屈(qu)服于诸侯(hou),评(ping)论(lun)(lun)当世,却使(shi)大权在握的公卿宰相们折服。邹阳的言词即使(shi)不够谦逊(xun),可(ke)是他(ta)连缀相类(lei)的事物,进行比较,确实有感人之处,也可(ke)以(yi)说是坦(tan)率耿(geng)直不屈(qu)不挠(nao)了,所以(yi)我把他(ta)附在这篇(pian)列传里。
鲁(lu)仲连者,齐人也。好(hao)奇伟(wei)俶傥之画(hua)策①,而不肯仕宦任职(zhi),好(hao)持高节。游(you)于赵。
①俶傥(tì tǎng,替(ti)倘):同“倜(ti)傥”。潇洒豪迈,卓异不凡(fan)。
赵孝成王(wang)(wang)(wang)时(shi),而(er)秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)使(shi)(shi)白(bai)起(qi)破赵长(zhang)平(ping)之军(jun)前(qian)后(hou)四十余万,秦兵遂东围邯郸(dan)。赵王(wang)(wang)(wang)恐,诸候(hou)之救兵莫敢击(ji)秦军(jun)。魏安釐(li)王(wang)(wang)(wang)使(shi)(shi)将(jiang)军(jun)晋鄙救赵,畏秦,止于荡阴不进(jin)。魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)使(shi)(shi)客将(jiang)军(jun)新(xin)垣衍间入邯郸(dan)①,因平(ping)原(yuan)君谓赵王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰:“秦所(suo)为急围赵者,前(qian)与(yu)齐湣王(wang)(wang)(wang)争(zheng)强为帝(di),已而(er)复(fu)归帝(di)②;今齐(湣王(wang)(wang)(wang))已益弱(ruo),方今唯秦雄天(tian)下(xia),此(ci)非必贪邯郸(dan),其意欲(yu)复(fu)求为帝(di)。赵诚发使(shi)(shi)尊秦昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)为帝(di),秦必喜,罢(ba)兵去。”平(ping)原(yuan)君犹(you)预未有所(suo)决③。
①客将军:他国人在本国为(wei)将军。间入:从隐蔽(bi)的小路进入。②复归帝:又取消帝号。③犹(you)预:即犹(you)豫。
此(ci)时鲁仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)适(shi)游赵①,会秦围赵②,闻魏将(jiang)欲令赵尊(zun)秦为(wei)帝(di),乃见(jian)(jian)平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)曰(yue):“事(shi)(shi)将(jiang)奈何(he)(he)?”平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)曰(yue):“胜(sheng)也何(he)(he)敢言事(shi)(shi)!前亡(wang)四十万之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众于(yu)外,今(jin)(jin)又内围邯(han)郸(dan)而(er)不能去(qu)。魏王使(shi)客(ke)将(jiang)军(jun)新(xin)垣衍(yan)令赵帝(di)秦,今(jin)(jin)其(qi)人在是(shi)。胜(sheng)也何(he)(he)敢言事(shi)(shi)!”鲁仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)曰(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)始以君(jun)(jun)为(wei)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤公(gong)子也,吾(wu)(wu)乃今(jin)(jin)然后知君(jun)(jun)非天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤公(gong)子也。梁客(ke)新(xin)垣衍(yan)安在?吾(wu)(wu)请(qing)为(wei)君(jun)(jun)责而(er)归(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)曰(yue):“胜(sheng)请(qing)为(wei)绍(shao)介而(er)见(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)先生③。”平(ping)安君(jun)(jun)遂见(jian)(jian)新(xin)垣衍(yan)曰(yue):“东国有(you)鲁仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)先生者,今(jin)(jin)其(qi)人在此(ci),胜(sheng)请(qing)为(wei)绍(shao)介,交之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)将(jiang)军(jun)。”新(xin)垣衍(yan)曰(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)闻鲁仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)先生,齐国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高士也。衍(yan),人臣(chen)也,使(shi)事(shi)(shi)有(you)职(zhi)④,吾(wu)(wu)不愿见(jian)(jian)鲁仲(zhong)(zhong)连(lian)先生。”平(ping)原君(jun)(jun)曰(yue):“胜(sheng)既已泄(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。”新(xin)垣衍(yan)许诺。
①适:恰好。②会:适逢(feng),正(zheng)赶上。③绍介(jie):介(jie)绍。④使事有(you)职:奉(feng)命(ming)出使,身负职责。
鲁仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian)见新垣衍而(er)无言。新垣衍曰(yue):“吾视(shi)居此围城之(zhi)中(zhong)者,皆有求(qiu)于平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)君者也(ye);今(jin)吾观先生之(zhi)玉貌,非(fei)有求(qiu)于平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)君者也(ye),曷为(wei)久居此围城之(zhi)中(zhong)而(er)不去?”鲁仲(zhong)连(lian)(lian)曰(yue):“世以鲍焦为(wei)无从颂而(er)死(si)者①,皆非(fei)也(ye)。众人(ren)不知,则(ze)为(wei)一身②。彼秦(qin)者,弃礼(li)仪而(er)上(shang)首功之(zhi)国(guo)也(ye)③,权使其(qi)(qi)士④,虏使其(qi)(qi)民。彼即肆然(ran)而(er)为(wei)帝(di)⑤,过而(er)为(wei)政(zheng)于天下,则(ze)连(lian)(lian)有蹈东海而(er)死(si)耳,吾不忍为(wei)之(zhi)民也(ye)。所为(wei)见将军者,欲以助赵也(ye)。”
①从(cong)颂(róng,绒):从(cong)容不迫。引申(shen)为胸(xiong)怀博大(da)。颂,同(tong)“容”。②以(yi)上(shang)二句意思是(shi)(shi)说(shuo),一般人(ren)不了解鲍焦耻居浊世的(de)心(xin)意,认为他是(shi)(shi)为个人(ren)打算而死。③上(shang):通“尚”。崇尚,尊重(zhong)。首(shou)功(gong):指战功(gong)。秦制:在(zai)战场上(shang)以(yi)斩首(shou)级(ji)多少,论功(gong)进爵。权:欺诈权术。⑤即:如果,假如。肆然:纵恣、放(fang)肆,无所忌惮的(de)样子(zi)。
新(xin)垣(yuan)衍(yan)曰:“先生(sheng)(sheng)助之(zhi)(zhi)将奈何?”鲁仲连曰:“吾将使梁(liang)(liang)及(ji)燕助之(zhi)(zhi),齐(qi)、楚(chu)则(ze)固助之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”新(xin)垣(yuan)衍(yan)曰:“燕则(ze)吾请以从(cong)矣(yi);若乃(nai)梁(liang)(liang)者(zhe),则(ze)吾乃(nai)梁(liang)(liang)人也,先生(sheng)(sheng)恶(e)能使梁(liang)(liang)助之(zhi)(zhi)①?”鲁仲连曰:“梁(liang)(liang)未睹秦称帝之(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)故耳。使梁(liang)(liang)睹秦称帝之(zhi)(zhi)害(hai),则(ze)必助赵矣(yi)。”
新垣(yuan)衍曰(yue):“秦称(cheng)帝之(zhi)害何如?”鲁仲(zhong)连曰(yue):“昔者齐(qi)威王(wang)尝(chang)为仁义矣(yi),率(lv)天下诸侯(hou)而(er)(er)朝周。周贫且微(wei),诸侯(hou)莫朝,而(er)(er)齐(qi)独朝之(zhi)。居岁(sui)余②,周烈(lie)王(wang)崩(beng),齐(qi)后往,周怒,赴于齐(qi)曰(yue):‘天崩(beng)地坼③,天子下席④。东藩之(zhi)臣(chen)因齐(qi)后至⑤,则(ze)斮⑥。’齐(qi)威王(wang)勃(bo)然怒曰(yue):‘叱(chi)嗟,而(er)(er)母(mu)婢也!’卒为天下笑。故生则(ze)朝周,死则(ze)叱(chi)之(zhi),诚不忍其求也。彼天子固然,其无足怪(guai)。”
①恶(e):怎(zen)么。②居(ju)岁余:过了一年多。③天崩(beng)地坼(chè,澈):天崩(beng)地裂。以(yi)喻帝王(wang)之死(si)。坼:裂开(kai)。④下席(xi):离(li)开(kai)宫室居(ju)丧守礼(li),睡在(zai)草席(xi)上。⑤东藩:东方属国。⑥斮(zhuó,酌):斩,杀(sha)。
新(xin)(xin)垣(yuan)(yuan)衍曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“先生(sheng)(sheng)独不(bu)(bu)见夫仆(pu)(pu)乎(hu)(hu)?十人而(er)(er)(er)从一(yi)人者,宁力不(bu)(bu)胜(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)智不(bu)(bu)若邪①?畏(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”鲁仲(zhong)连(lian)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“呜(wu)呼;梁(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)若仆(pu)(pu)邪?”新(xin)(xin)垣(yuan)(yuan)衍曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“然。”鲁仲(zhong)连(lian)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)将(jiang)使(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)王(wang)烹醢(hai)梁(liang)王(wang)②。”新(xin)(xin)垣(yuan)(yuan)衍怏然不(bu)(bu)悦(yue),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“噫嘻,亦太甚矣先生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言也(ye)(ye)!先生(sheng)(sheng)又(you)恶(e)能使(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)王(wang)烹醢(hai)梁(liang)王(wang)?”鲁仲(zhong)连(lian)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“固也(ye)(ye),吾(wu)(wu)将(jiang)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。昔者九侯(hou)(hou)、鄂(e)侯(hou)(hou)、文王(wang),纣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三公(gong)也(ye)(ye)。九侯(hou)(hou)有子(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)(er)好③,献之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)纣,纣以为恶(e)④,醢(hai)九侯(hou)(hou)。鄂(e)侯(hou)(hou)争之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强(qiang),辩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾,故(gu)(gu)脯(fu)鄂(e)侯(hou)(hou)⑤。文王(wang)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),喟然而(er)(er)(er)叹,故(gu)(gu)拘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牖里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)库百(bai)日⑥,欲(yu)(yu)令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)。曷为与人俱(ju)(ju)称王(wang),卒就脯(fu)醢(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地?齐湣王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鲁,夷(yi)(yi)维子(zi)(zi)为执策而(er)(er)(er)从,谓鲁人曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘子(zi)(zi)将(jiang)何以待(dai)(dai)吾(wu)(wu)君?’鲁人曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘吾(wu)(wu)将(jiang)以十太牢待(dai)(dai)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君⑦。’夷(yi)(yi)维子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘子(zi)(zi)安取礼(li)而(er)(er)(er)来〔待(dai)(dai)〕吾(wu)(wu)君?彼吾(wu)(wu)君者,天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)巡狩,诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)辟(pi)舍⑧,纳管龠(yue)⑨,摄衽抱机⑩,视膳于(yu)(yu)(yu)堂(tang)下,天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)已食,乃(nai)退而(er)(er)(er)听(ting)朝(chao)也(ye)(ye)。’鲁人投其龠(yue),不(bu)(bu)果(guo)纳。不(bu)(bu)得入于(yu)(yu)(yu)鲁,将(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薛,假途于(yu)(yu)(yu)邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。当是时(shi),邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)君死(si)(si),湣王(wang)欲(yu)(yu)入吊(diao),夷(yi)(yi)维子(zi)(zi)谓邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孤曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)吊(diao),主(zhu)人必将(jiang)倍殡棺,设北面(mian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)南方,然后天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)南面(mian)吊(diao)也(ye)(ye)。’邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群邯曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘必若此(ci),吾(wu)(wu)将(jiang)伏剑而(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)。’固不(bu)(bu)敢入于(yu)(yu)(yu)邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)、鲁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen),生(sheng)(sheng)则不(bu)(bu)得事养,死(si)(si)则不(bu)(bu)得赙襚(13),然且(qie)(qie)欲(yu)(yu)行天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)、鲁,邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)、鲁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)果(guo)纳。今秦(qin)(qin)万(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)也(ye)(ye),梁(liang)亦万(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)也(ye)(ye)。俱(ju)(ju)据(ju)万(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo),各(ge)有称王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming),睹其一(yi)战而(er)(er)(er)胜(sheng),欲(yu)(yu)从而(er)(er)(er)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是使(shi)(shi)三晋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大臣(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)如邹(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(14)、鲁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仆(pu)(pu)妾(qie)(qie)也(ye)(ye)。且(qie)(qie)秦(qin)(qin)无已而(er)(er)(er)帝(di),则且(qie)(qie)变易诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大臣(chen)(chen)。彼将(jiang)夺(duo)其所(suo)不(bu)(bu)肖而(er)(er)(er)与其所(suo)贤,夺(duo)其所(suo)憎(zeng)而(er)(er)(er)与其所(suo)爱(ai)。彼又(you)将(jiang)使(shi)(shi)其子(zi)(zi)女谗妾(qie)(qie)为诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)妃姬,处(chu)粱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫。梁(liang)王(wang)安得晏(yan)然而(er)(er)(er)已乎(hu)(hu)?而(er)(er)(er)将(jiang)军(jun)又(you)何以得故(gu)(gu)宠乎(hu)(hu)?”
①宁(ning):难道,岂。②烹醢(hai)(hǎi,海):古代严(yan)酷刑(xing)罚。烹,下锅煮。醢(hai),剁成肉(rou)酱(jiang)。③子(zi):女儿。好:姣(jiao)美。④恶:丑陋(lou)。⑤脯:做成肉(rou)干。⑥库:原指储藏兵甲战车的屋舍。此指牢(lao)狱(yu)。⑦太(tai)(tai)牢(lao):牛羊(yang)猪各(ge)一(yi)头为(wei)一(yi)太(tai)(tai)牢(lao)。十太(tai)(tai)牢(lao)是款(kuan)待诸侯之礼。⑧辟舍:迁(qian)出(chu)正宫。辟,同“避”躲开。⑨纳(na)管龠:交出(chu)钥匙。纳(na):交出(chu)。⑩摄衽:撩起衣襟。抱机:安排几桌。机,通(tong)“几”。不(bu)果纳(na):不(bu)让进入。倍:通(tong)“背”。背向。(13)赙襚(sui):送给(ji)丧家的货(huo)财(cai)衣被。其(qi)中“赙”指货(huo)财(cai),“襚(sui)”指衣被。(14)三晋(jin):由(you)晋(jin)分化立国(guo)的韩、赵、魏(wei)三国(guo)。
于是新垣衍(yan)起(qi),再拜谢(xie)曰:“始以(yi)先生为庸人,吾(wu)(wu)乃(nai)今日知(zhi)先生为天(tian)下之士也。吾(wu)(wu)请出,不敢复言帝秦(qin)。”秦(qin)将闻之,为却(que)军(jun)(jun)五十(shi)里①。适会魏公(gong)子无忌夺晋(jin)鄙军(jun)(jun)以(yi)救赵(zhao),击秦(qin)军(jun)(jun),秦(qin)军(jun)(jun)遂引而去(qu)。
于是平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)君欲封鲁连(lian),鲁连(lian)辞让(使)者三,终不(bu)(bu)肯(ken)受。平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)君乃置酒,酒酣起前(qian),以千金为(wei)鲁连(lian)寿②。鲁连(lian)笑曰:“所贵于天下之士者,为(wei)人排患释难解纷乱而无取也(ye)。即有取者,是商贾之事(shi)也(ye)③,而连(lian)不(bu)(bu)肯(ken)为(wei)也(ye)。”遂辞平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)君而去(qu),终身不(bu)(bu)复见。
①却:退却,撤(che)离(li)。②寿:敬酒或用礼物(wu)赠人,表示祝人长(zhang)寿。③商(shang)贾(gǔ,古)之事:生(sheng)意(yi)人的行为(wei)。商(shang),往来贩(fan)运。贾,坐地经(jing)营。
其后二十(shi)余(yu)年,燕(yan)将攻(gong)下聊城(cheng),聊城(cheng)人或谗(chan)之(zhi)燕(yan),燕(yan)将惧诛,因保守聊城(cheng),不敢归。齐田(tian)单(dan)攻(gong)聊城(cheng)岁余(yu),士卒多死(si)而聊城(cheng)不下。鲁仲连乃为书,约之(zhi)矢以射城(cheng)中,遗(yi)燕(yan)将。书曰:
吾闻之,智(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)倍时而弃利,勇(yong)士(shi)不(bu)却(que)死而灭名(ming)(ming)①,忠臣不(bu)先身(shen)而后君。今(jin)公(gong)(gong)行一朝之忿,不(bu)顾燕王(wang)之无臣,非忠也(ye);杀身(shen)亡聊(liao)城,而威不(bu)信于齐②,非勇(yong)也(ye);功败(bai)名(ming)(ming)灭,后世(shi)无称焉(yan)③,非智(zhi)也(ye)。三者(zhe)(zhe)世(shi)主不(bu)臣,说士(shi)不(bu)载(zai),故智(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)再计④,勇(yong)士(shi)不(bu)怯死。今(jin)死生荣辱(ru),贵贱(jian)尊卑,此时不(bu)再至(zhi),愿公(gong)(gong)详计而无与(yu)俗(su)同。
①却:避,回避。②信(shēn,申(shen)):通(tong)“伸”,伸展。③称(cheng):称(cheng)述。④再计:犹豫不能(neng)决断。
且(qie)楚(chu)攻齐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南阳,魏(wei)攻平陆,而(er)(er)齐(qi)无南面之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),以(yi)为亡南阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害小(xiao),不如(ru)得济北(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利大(da)(da),故定(ding)计审(shen)处之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。今秦人下(xia)兵(bing)(bing),魏(wei)不敢东(dong)(dong)面;衡(heng)秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势成①,楚(chu)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形危(wei);齐(qi)弃(qi)(qi)南阳,断右壤,定(ding)济北(bei),计犹且(qie)为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。且(qie)夫齐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)(bi)决于(yu)聊城,公(gong)(gong)勿再计。今楚(chu)魏(wei)交退于(yu)齐(qi),而(er)(er)燕(yan)(yan)救不至。以(yi)全(quan)齐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing),无天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)规②、与(yu)聊城共据期年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敝,则臣见(jian)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不能(neng)得也(ye)。且(qie)燕(yan)(yan)国大(da)(da)乱(luan),君臣失计,上(shang)下(xia)迷(mi)惑,栗腹以(yi)十万之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众五折于(yu)外,以(yi)万乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国被围于(yu)赵,壤削主困,为天(tian)下(xia)僇笑③。国敝而(er)(er)祸多,民(min)无所(suo)归心(xin)。今公(gong)(gong)又(you)以(yi)敝聊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)距全(quan)齐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing),是墨(mo)翟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)守也(ye)。食人炊(chui)骨,士(shi)无反外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),是孙膑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)也(ye)。能(neng)见(jian)于(yu)天(tian)下(xia)。虽然(ran),为公(gong)(gong)计者,不如(ru)全(quan)车(che)甲以(yi)报于(yu)燕(yan)(yan)。车(che)甲全(quan)而(er)(er)归燕(yan)(yan),燕(yan)(yan)往必(bi)(bi)喜;身全(quan)而(er)(er)归于(yu)国,士(shi)民(min)如(ru)见(jian)父母,交游攘臂而(er)(er)议(yi)于(yu)世,功(gong)业可明。上(shang)辅孤(gu)主以(yi)制群臣,下(xia)养百(bai)姓以(yi)资说(shuo)士(shi),矫(jiao)国更(geng)俗④,功(gong)名(ming)可立也(ye)。亡意亦捐燕(yan)(yan)弃(qi)(qi)世⑤,东(dong)(dong)游于(yu)齐(qi)乎(hu)?裂地定(ding)封,富比乎(hu)陶、卫(wei),世世称(cheng)孤(gu),与(yu)齐(qi)久存,又(you)一(yi)计也(ye)。
此两计者,显名厚实也,愿公详计而审处(chu)一焉。
①衡秦:与(yu)秦“连(lian)衡”。衡,通“横”。指六国东西联合共同奉事(shi)秦国。②规(gui):谋求,贪求。③僇:侮辱。④矫国更俗:矫正国事(shi),改变弊俗。⑤亡(wang):通“无”。
且吾闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),规小节者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能成(cheng)荣名,恶小耻者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能立(li)大功(gong)(gong)。昔者管夷吾射桓公中(zhong)(zhong)其钩①,篡(cuan)也(ye);遗公子(zi)纠不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能死(si)(si),怯也(ye);束缚桎梏②,辱也(ye)。若此(ci)三(san)(san)行(xing)(xing)者,世主不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)臣而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乡里(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通。乡使(shi)管子(zi)幽囚而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)③,身(shen)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反(fan)于(yu)齐④,则亦(yi)名不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免为辱人(ren)贱行(xing)(xing)矣(yi)。臧获(huo)且羞(xiu)与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同名矣(yi)⑤,况世俗乎!故(gu)管子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)耻身(shen)在缧绁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)耻天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)治⑥,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)耻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)公子(zi)纠而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)耻威(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)信于(yu)诸侯,故(gu)兼三(san)(san)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为五霸首,名高(gao)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)光烛邻(lin)国⑦。曹(cao)子(zi)为鲁将,三(san)(san)战三(san)(san)北(bei)⑧,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)亡(wang)(wang)地五百(bai)里(li)。乡使(shi)曹(cao)子(zi)计不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反(fan)顾,议不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)还踵⑨,刎颈而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si),则亦(yi)名不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免为败军禽将矣(yi)⑩。曹(cao)子(zi)弃(qi)三(san)(san)北(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耻,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)退与(yu)(yu)鲁君计。桓公朝天(tian)(tian)下(xia),会诸侯,曹(cao)子(zi)以一(yi)剑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任,枝(zhi)桓公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心于(yu)坛坫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,颜色不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变,词气不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悖(bei),三(san)(san)战之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所亡(wang)(wang)一(yi)朝而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)复之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),天(tian)(tian)下(xia)震(zhen)动,诸侯惊骇,威(wei)(wei)加(jia)吴、越。若此(ci)二士者,非不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能成(cheng)小廉而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)小节也(ye),以为杀身(shen)亡(wang)(wang)躯,绝世灭后,功(gong)(gong)名不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li),非智(zhi)也(ye)。故(gu)去感忿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怨,立(li)终(zhong)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名;弃(qi)忿悁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节,定累世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong)。是以业与(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)王(wang)争流(liu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)名与(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)壤(rang)相也(ye)。愿(yuan)公择一(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
①钩:指衣(yi)带(dai)钩。②桎梏:脚镣手铐。指管仲被囚。③乡:同“向(xiang)”。从前,过去。④反(fan):同“返”。返回(hui)。⑤臧获:奴婢(bi)的(de)贱称(cheng)。⑥缧绁:拘系犯人的(de)绳索(suo)。引申为牢(lao)狱。⑦烛:照,照耀(yao)。⑧北:打了败(bai)仗往回(hui)跑。⑨还(xuān,旋)踵:旋转脚根。极言时间短促。还:旋转。⑩禽:同“擒”。捕捉。枝:拟,逼近。名(ming)与天壤相:名(ming)声(sheng)和天地一(yi)道死。意思是(shi)永(yong)垂不朽。天壤,天地。,通“毙(bi)”,死亡(wang)。
燕将(jiang)见鲁(lu)连(lian)书,泣三(san)日,犹豫不能自(zi)决(jue)。欲(yu)归燕,已有隙(xi)①,恐诛(zhu);欲(yu)降齐,所杀虏于(yu)齐甚众,恐已降而(er)后见辱。喟然叹(tan)曰:“与(yu)人刃(ren)我,宁自(zi)刃(ren)。”乃自(zi)杀。聊(liao)(liao)城(cheng)乱,田(tian)单(dan)遂屠聊(liao)(liao)城(cheng)②。归而(er)言鲁(lu)连(lian),欲(yu)爵之。鲁(lu)连(lian)逃隐(yin)于(yu)海上,曰:“吾与(yu)富贵而(er)诎于(yu)人③。宁贫贱而(er)轻世肆志焉。”
①隙:隔阂、裂痕。②屠:大规模地(di)残酷屠杀。田(tian)单屠城人多疑(yi)之。《战国策·齐策》谓燕将得书后罢兵而去,“故解(jie)齐国之围,救百(bai)姓之死,仲连之说也。”③诎:屈服。
邹(zou)阳(yang)者(zhe),齐人也。游(you)于梁,与故吴人庄(zhuang)忌夫子、淮阴枚生(sheng)之(zhi)徒交。上书(shu)而介于羊胜(sheng)、公孙诡(gui)之(zhi)间。胜(sheng)等嫉邹(zou)阳(yang),恶之(zhi)梁孝(xiao)王①。孝(xiao)王怒(nu),下(xia)之(zhi)吏,将欲杀之(zhi)。邹(zou)阳(yang)客游(you),以谗见(jian)禽,恐死(si)而负累②,乃从狱(yu)中上书(shu)曰:
①恶:谗言(yan)诽谤。②累:这里指负莫(mo)须有的过(guo)失、罪名。
臣闻忠无(wu)不(bu)(bu)报,信不(bu)(bu)见疑,臣常以为(wei)然(ran),徒虚语耳。昔者荆(jing)轲慕燕丹(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,白(bai)虹贯(guan)日①,太子畏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)②;卫先生(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)秦画(hua)长平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事③,太白(bai)蚀昴(mao)④,而(er)昭王疑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫精变天地而(er)信不(bu)(bu)喻两主⑤,岂不(bu)(bu)哀(ai)哉(zai)!今(jin)臣尽忠竭诚,毕(bi)议(yi)愿(yuan)知,左右不(bu)(bu)明,卒从吏讯⑥,为(wei)世所疑,是使荆(jing)轲、卫先生(sheng)(sheng)复起,而(er)燕、秦不(bu)(bu)悟也。愿(yuan)大王孰察之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
①白(bai)(bai)(bai)虹(hong)贯日(ri):白(bai)(bai)(bai)色光带穿日(ri)而过(guo)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)虹(hong),兵(bing)象。日(ri),为(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)。古人(ren)附会预示君(jun)(jun)(jun)王遇(yu)害的(de)(de)天象异兆。按(an)卷八十六(liu)《刺(ci)(ci)客列传(chuan)(chuan)》、《战国(guo)策·燕策》载(zai)荆轲刺(ci)(ci)秦(qin)王事,均未(wei)述及“白(bai)(bai)(bai)虹(hong)贯日(ri)”的(de)(de)天象问题(ti),倒是(shi)《战国(guo)策·魏(wei)策四》载(zai)唐且为(wei)安陵(ling)君(jun)(jun)(jun)使臣,唐且对秦(qin)王谈到士(shi)之(zhi)怒(nu)时说(shuo)过(guo)这(zhei)样(yang)的(de)(de)话:“夫专诸(zhu)刺(ci)(ci)王僚(liao)也(ye),彗星(xing)袭(xi)月;聂政之(zhi)韩傀(kui)也(ye),白(bai)(bai)(bai)虹(hong)贯日(ri);要离(li)之(zhi)刺(ci)(ci)庆忌(ji)也(ye),仓(cang)鹰击于殿上(shang)。”其(qi)实,这(zhei)就是(shi)使者说(shuo)士(shi)之(zhi)辞(ci),于史无征(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)。 ②畏(wei)之(zhi):荆轲将入秦(qin),为(wei)等一朋(peng)友同行,延误了时间,燕太子以为(wei)他害怕了。事见(jian)卷八十六(liu)《刺(ci)(ci)客列传(chuan)(chuan)》。③《集解》引苏林语云:“白(bai)(bai)(bai)起为(wei)秦(qin)伐赵,破长平君(jun)(jun)(jun),欲遂灭赵,遣卫先生说(shuo)昭益(yi)兵(bing)粮,乃为(wei)应侯所害,事不成(cheng)。其(qi)精(jing)诚(cheng)上(shang)达于天,故太白(bai)(bai)(bai)为(wei)之(zhi)蚀昴(mao)。”《索隐》引服(fu)虔语略同,谓(wei)卫先生为(wei)秦(qin)人(ren),被(bei)穰侯所害。④太白(bai)(bai)(bai)蚀昴(mao):指赵国(guo)将有兵(bing)灾的(de)(de)征(zheng)(zheng)兆。太白(bai)(bai)(bai),金星(xing)的(de)(de)别名,古人(ren)认为(wei)是(shi)天之(zhi)将军,主战争(zheng)。昴(mao),星(xing)宿名。它的(de)(de)分(fen)野在赵地(di)。⑤精(jing):精(jing)诚(cheng),真(zhen)诚(cheng)。⑥吏讯:刑吏审(shen)讯。
昔卞和(he)献宝(bao),楚王(wang)刖之(zhi)①;李(li)斯(si)竭(jie)忠,胡亥极刑②。是以箕(ji)子(zi)详狂③,接舆(yu)辟(pi)世④,恐遭此患也。愿大王(wang)孰(shu)察(cha)卞和(he)、李(li)斯(si)之(zhi)意,而后楚王(wang)、胡亥之(zhi)听,无使臣(chen)为箕(ji)子(zi)、接舆(yu)所笑(xiao)。臣(chen)闻比干剖(pou)心⑤,子(zi)胥鸱夷⑥,臣(chen)始(shi)不信(xin),乃今知之(zhi)。愿大王(wang)孰(shu)察(cha),少加怜焉。
①楚(chu)国(guo)人(ren)卞和得到一(yi)(yi)块(kuai)未(wei)经(jing)雕琢的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu),献(xian)给楚(chu)王。玉(yu)工鉴定说(shuo)(shuo)是石头,卞和被砍掉(diao)右脚(jiao)。后(hou)又献(xian)给文(wen)王,玉(yu)工仍认为是石头,又被砍掉(diao)左脚(jiao)。至(zhi)楚(chu)成王,命玉(yu)工剖(pou)璞,得宝玉(yu),叫和氏璧(bi)。见(jian)《韩非(fei)子(zi)·和氏》。刖,砍去脚(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)酷(ku)刑。②李(li)斯竭忠而刑。见(jian)卷八十(shi)七《李(li)斯列传》③殷纣王yín乱,比(bi)(bi)干(gan)强谏。纣怒(nu)曰:“吾闻圣人(ren)心(xin)有(you)七窍。”剖(pou)比(bi)(bi)干(gan),观其心(xin),箕子(zi)惧(ju),佯(yang)狂(kuang)为奴。见(jian)卷三《殷本纪》。详狂(kuang),装(zhuang)疯卖傻,假装(zhuang)疯魔。详通“佯(yang)”。④据《论(lun)语(yu)·微子(zi)》篇载,接舆(yu)是楚(chu)国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)位(wei)狂(kuang)人(ren),一(yi)(yi)次,他一(yi)(yi)边唱(chang)着歌(ge),一(yi)(yi)边走过(guo)孔(kong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)车子(zi),歌(ge)中唱(chang)道:“凤(feng)兮凤(feng)兮,何德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰?往者(zhe)不可谏,来者(zhe)犹(you)可追。已而,已而!今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从政者(zhe)殆(dai)而!”通过(guo)他的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)辞,可以(yi)想见(jian),他当是一(yi)(yi)位(wei)不满(man)意当时(shi)社会现实的(de)(de)(de)隐士。曹(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)《四书摭(zhi)余说(shuo)(shuo)》云(yun),“《论(lun)语(yu)》所记隐士皆(jie)以(yi)其事(shi)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),门者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)‘晨(chen)门’,杖者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)‘丈人(ren)’,津者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)‘沮’、‘溺’,接孔(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舆(yu)者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)‘接舆(yu)’,非(fei)名亦非(fei)字也。”曹(cao)说(shuo)(shuo)可味。又《庄(zhuang)子(zi)·逍遥游(you)》等篇亦及接舆(yu)其人(ren)其事(shi)。辟,通“避(bi)”。⑤见(jian)注③。⑥吴国(guo)大臣伍子(zi)胥(xu)(xu)由于太宰嚭的(de)(de)(de)谗害,被吴王夫差赐死(si),死(si)后(hou)“取子(zi)胥(xu)(xu)尸盛(sheng)以(yi)鸱(chi)夷革(ge),浮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江中”。详见(jian)卷六十(shi)六《伍子(zi)胥(xu)(xu)列传》。鸱(chi)夷,皮(pi)袋(dai)子(zi)。
谚曰:“有(you)白头如(ru)新(xin)①,倾盖(gai)如(ru)故②。”何(he)(he)则(ze)?知(zhi)与不(bu)知(zhi)也(ye)。故昔樊(fan)於期逃秦之(zhi)燕(yan)(yan),借荆(jing)轲(ke)首以(yi)(yi)(yi)奉丹之(zhi)事③;王奢(she)去齐之(zhi)魏(wei)(wei),临城自(zi)刭以(yi)(yi)(yi)却齐而(er)存魏(wei)(wei)④。夫王奢(she)、樊(fan)於期非新(xin)于(yu)(yu)齐、秦而(er)故于(yu)(yu)燕(yan)(yan)、魏(wei)(wei)也(ye),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)去二国死两(liang)君者,行合(he)于(yu)(yu)志而(er)慕义无穷也(ye)。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)苏秦不(bu)信于(yu)(yu)天下,而(er)为燕(yan)(yan)尾生⑤;白圭战亡(wang)六城,为魏(wei)(wei)取(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)⑥。何(he)(he)则(ze)?诚有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)知(zhi)也(ye)。苏秦相(xiang)(xiang)燕(yan)(yan),燕(yan)(yan)人恶之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)王,王按剑而(er)怒(nu),食以(yi)(yi)(yi)⑦;白圭显于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan),中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)人恶之(zhi)魏(wei)(wei)文侯,文侯投之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)夜光之(zhi)璧⑧。何(he)(he)则(ze)?两(liang)主二臣,剖心坼肝(gan)相(xiang)(xiang)信⑨,岂移于(yu)(yu)浮辞哉!
①白头(tou)如新(xin):相处(chu)到老,如同初(chu)识。意思(si)是彼此(ci)并不(bu)了(le)(le)解(jie)。②倾盖如故(gu)(gu):路(lu)途相遇(yu)倾斜车(che)篷(peng),靠近交(jiao)谈。盖,车(che)篷(peng)。③曾在秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)质的(de)(de)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)太子(zi)(zi)丹(dan)逃跑(pao)归燕(yan)(yan)(yan),“归而(er)(er)求为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)报(bao)秦(qin)者”,以“国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)小,力不(bu)能”。不(bu)久(jiu),秦(qin)将(jiang)樊(fan)於期(qi)以获罪(zui)秦(qin)王(wang)(wang),也逃到燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)太子(zi)(zi)接纳了(le)(le)他。荆轲为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)太子(zi)(zi)丹(dan)刺杀秦(qin)王(wang)(wang),行前请樊(fan)於期(qi)之(zhi)头(tou)以取(qu)信秦(qin)王(wang)(wang),樊(fan)於期(qi)“偏(pian)袒搤腕而(er)(er)进曰:‘此(ci)臣之(zhi)日夜切(qie)齿腐心也,今乃闻教(jiao)!’遂自(zi)(zi)刭”。“借荆轲首”,指樊(fan)於期(qi)“借”给荆轲“首”。事(shi)见(jian)卷(juan)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)《刺客(ke)列(lie)传(chuan)》,《战(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策(ce)(ce)(ce)·燕(yan)(yan)(yan)策(ce)(ce)(ce)三(san)·燕(yan)(yan)(yan)太子(zi)(zi)丹(dan)质于(yu)(yu)秦(qin)亡(wang)归》④《集解(jie)》引(yin)《汉(han)书音义(yi)》曰:王(wang)(wang)奢(she),齐人(ren)也,七(qi)至魏(wei)(wei)。其(qi)后齐伐(fa)魏(wei)(wei),奢(she)登城谓齐将(jiang)曰:‘今君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)来(lai)(lai),不(bu)过以奢(she)之(zhi)故(gu)(gu)也。夫义(yi)不(bu)苟生(sheng)(sheng)以为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)魏(wei)(wei)累。’遂自(zi)(zi)刭也。”⑤苏(su)(su)秦(qin)游(you)说六(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),曾佩(pei)六(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相印,但他无(wu)论对(dui)哪一(yi)(yi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家都不(bu)讲(jiang)(jiang)信用。后来(lai)(lai)合(he)纵之(zhi)约瓦(wa)解(jie),“齐、魏(wei)(wei)伐(fa)赵,赵王(wang)(wang)让苏(su)(su)秦(qin)。苏(su)(su)秦(qin)恐,请使燕(yan)(yan)(yan)”,时(shi)值燕(yan)(yan)(yan)文(wen)侯(hou)(hou)去世,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)易王(wang)(wang)新(xin)立,齐乘机(ji)“伐(fa)燕(yan)(yan)(yan),取(qu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)城”。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)讥苏(su)(su)秦(qin)以其(qi)来(lai)(lai)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)故(gu)(gu),苏(su)(su)秦(qin)大惭,答(da)应为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)取(qu)回十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)城。这件(jian)事(shi),他总算(suan)说到做(zuo)(zuo)到了(le)(le)。过后有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)谮毁苏(su)(su)秦(qin),苏(su)(su)秦(qin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)表白对(dui)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)忠贞和自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)高风亮节,讲(jiang)(jiang)到一(yi)(yi)个“信如尾生(sheng)(sheng)”的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)。尾生(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)一(yi)(yi)女子(zi)(zi)“期(qi)于(yu)(yu)梁(按(an)(an)即(ji)桥)下,女子(zi)(zi)不(bu)来(lai)(lai),水至不(bu)去,抱(bao)柱(zhu)而(er)(er)死”。见(jian)卷(juan)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九《苏(su)(su)秦(qin)列(lie)传(chuan)》,《战(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策(ce)(ce)(ce)·燕(yan)(yan)(yan)策(ce)(ce)(ce)一(yi)(yi)·人(ren)有(you)(you)(you)恶(e)苏(su)(su)秦(qin)于(yu)(yu)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)者》,《庄子(zi)(zi)·盗跖》亦略及(ji)之(zhi)。这里谓“为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)尾生(sheng)(sheng)”,就是说苏(su)(su)秦(qin)做(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)尾生(sheng)(sheng),即(ji)做(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)对(dui)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)讲(jiang)(jiang)信用的(de)(de)人(ren)。⑥《集解(jie)》引(yin)张晏曰:“白圭为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中山(shan)将(jiang),亡(wang)六(liu)(liu)城,君(jun)(jun)欲杀之(zhi),亡(wang)入魏(wei)(wei),文(wen)侯(hou)(hou)厚遇(yu)之(zhi),还拔中山(shan)。”《索隐》谓“事(shi)见(jian)《战(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策(ce)(ce)(ce)》及(ji)《吕氏春(chun)秋》。按(an)(an)白圭又作“白珪”。《战(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策(ce)(ce)(ce)》凡三(san)及(ji)之(zhi),却均(jun)不(bu)及(ji)此(ci)事(shi)。《吕氏春(chun)秋》亦及(ji)之(zhi),但也不(bu)及(ji)此(ci)事(shi)。倒是《新(xin)序》谓白珪战(zhan)(zhan),亡(wang)六(liu)(liu)城,中山(shan)人(ren)恶(e)于(yu)(yu)魏(wei)(wei)文(wen)侯(hou)(hou),魏(wei)(wei)文(wen)侯(hou)(hou)投以夜光之(zhi)璧。《史(shi)记》卷(juan)一(yi)(yi)百二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九《货(huo)殖列(lie)传(chuan)》载货(huo)殖家白圭,当魏(wei)(wei)文(wen)侯(hou)(hou)时(shi),不(bu)知是否即(ji)此(ci)传(chuan)此(ci)处(chu)所及(ji)之(zhi)白圭。⑦食:给吃(chi)。:骏马,良(liang)马。《集解(jie)》引(yin)《汉(han)书音义(yi)》云,“生(sheng)(sheng)七(qi)日而(er)(er)超其(qi)母(mu)。敬(jing)重(zhong)苏(su)(su)秦(qin),虽有(you)(you)(you)谗谤,而(er)(er)更膳以珍奇(qi)之(zhi)味。”按(an)(an)卷(juan)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九《苏(su)(su)秦(qin)列(lie)传(chuan)》,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)“益(yi)厚遇(yu)之(zhi)”。⑧已(yi)见(jian)注⑥。⑨坼(chè,撤):分裂,裂开。
故女(nv)无美恶,入(ru)宫见妒;士无贤(xian)不(bu)(bu)肖(xiao),入(ru)朝(chao)见嫉。昔者(zhe)(zhe)司马(ma)喜髌(bin)脚于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)宋(song)(song),卒相中山(shan)①;范睢摺肋折齿(chi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)魏。卒为应候②。此二(er)(er)人者(zhe)(zhe),皆信必然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)画,捐朋党之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私③,挟孤独之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),故不(bu)(bu)能自免(mian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嫉妒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人也。是以(yi)(yi)申徒狄自沉于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)河④,徐衍负石(shi)入(ru)海⑤。不(bu)(bu)容于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世,义(yi)不(bu)(bu)苟(gou)取,比周于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao)⑥,以(yi)(yi)移主上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心。故百里奚乞食(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)路,缪(mou)公(gong)委之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)政⑦;宁戚饭牛车下,而桓(huan)公(gong)任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)国⑧。此二(er)(er)人者(zhe)(zhe),岂借宦于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao),假(jia)誉于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)左(zuo)右,然(ran)(ran)后二(er)(er)主用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉?感(gan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)心,合于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行,亲于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)胶(jiao)漆⑨,昆弟(di)不(bu)(bu)能离,岂惑于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)众口哉?故偏听(ting)生奸,独任成乱。昔者(zhe)(zhe)鲁听(ting)季孙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说而逐孔子⑩,宋(song)(song)信子罕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计而囚墨(mo)翟、夫以(yi)(yi)孔、墨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辩,不(bu)(bu)能自免(mian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)谗谀(yu),而二(er)(er)国以(yi)(yi)危。何则?众口铄金,积毁销骨也。是以(yi)(yi)秦(qin)用戎(rong)人由余而霸中国⒀,齐用越(yue)(yue)人蒙而强(qiang)威、宣(xuan)⒁。此二(er)(er)国,岂拘于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)俗⒂,牵于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世,系阿偏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞哉⒃?公(gong)听(ting)并观,垂名(ming)当(dang)世。故意合则胡(hu)越(yue)(yue)为昆弟(di),由余、越(yue)(yue)人蒙是矣(yi);不(bu)(bu)合,则骨肉出逐不(bu)(bu)收,朱、象、管、蔡是矣(yi)⒄。今人主诚能用齐、秦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),后宋(song)(song)、鲁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听(ting),则五伯不(bu)(bu)足称,三王(wang)易为也。
①司马喜事(shi)(shi)(shi),《索隐(yin)(yin)》谓见(jian)(jian)(jian)《战(zhan)(zhan)国策》及(ji)《吕氏(shi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)》。按《战(zhan)(zhan)国策·中(zhong)山(shan)策》有(you)(you)《司马熹三(san)相(xiang)中(zhong)山(shan)》事(shi)(shi)(shi),未及(ji)在宋髌(bin)(bin)脚(jiao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。《吕氏(shi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)》亦不(bu)(bu)及(ji)此(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。髌(bin)(bin),去掉髌(bin)(bin)骨(gu)的(de)酷(ku)刑。②卷(juan)七(qi)十九《范睢(sui)蔡译(yi)列传(chuan)》载(zai)(zai),范睢(sui)随魏(wei)中(zhong)大(da)夫须贾出使齐(qi)国,齐(qi)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)范睢(sui)能言善辩,赐金十斤及(ji)牛(niu)酒。须贾疑范睢(sui)得齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)赏赠是(shi)(shi)因(yin)为(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)把(ba)魏(wei)国的(de)秘密(mi)告诉了(le)齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),回国后(hou)(hou)便“使舍(she)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)笞击睢(sui)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)致“折肋摺齿”。他(ta)(ta)设法逃离(li)魏(wei)府,更名(ming)改姓躲(duo)(duo)藏起来(lai)。后(hou)(hou)经(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)项到(dao)了(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国,终于(yu)(yu)(yu)做(zuo)了(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)相(xiang),被封为(wei)(wei)应侯。其(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)见(jian)(jian)(jian)《战(zhan)(zhan)国策·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)策》。摺(lā,拉)胁:折断肋骨(gu)。③捐:抛(pao)弃,放弃。④关于(yu)(yu)(yu)申(shen)(shen)徒(tu)(tu)狄“自(zi)(zi)(zi)沉(chen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he)”的(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi),见(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)多种古代典籍,但他(ta)(ta)为(wei)(wei)什么要“自(zi)(zi)(zi)沉(chen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he)”其(qi)(qi)解(jie)(jie)释也(ye)(ye)就缘文而(er)(er)(er)异(yi)了(le)。如《庄子(zi)(zi)(zi)·外(wai)物篇(pian)》商(shang)汤想(xiang)把(ba)天下让给务光(guang),“务光(guang)怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”隐(yin)(yin)士(shi)纪(ji)他(ta)(ta)听到(dao)这(zhei)件事(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)怕(pa)商(shang)汤把(ba)天下传(chuan)给自(zi)(zi)(zi)己,就率领弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)们躲(duo)(duo)到(dao)了(le)窾首之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)滨;诸侯们听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)怕(pa)他(ta)(ta)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)沉(chen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水”,就经(jing)常(chang)去吊慰他(ta)(ta):“三(san)年(nian),申(shen)(shen)徒(tu)(tu)狄因(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)踣河(he)”。成玄(xuan)英疏云(yun):“狄闻斯(si)事(shi)(shi)(shi),慕(mu)其(qi)(qi)高(gao)名(ming),遂赴长河(he),自(zi)(zi)(zi)溺(ni)而(er)(er)(er)死(si)”。《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)·不(bu)(bu)苟(gou)(gou)篇(pian)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)行不(bu)(bu)贵苟(gou)(gou)难,说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)贵苟(gou)(gou)察,名(ming)不(bu)(bu)贵苟(gou)(gou)传(chuan),唯其(qi)(qi)当(dang)其(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)贵。故不(bu)(bu)负(fu)石(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)赴河(he),是(shi)(shi)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)难为(wei)(wei)者也(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)申(shen)(shen)徒(tu)(tu)狄能之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)先谦注云(yun):“申(shen)(shen)徒(tu)(tu)狄恨道不(bu)(bu)行,发(fa)愤而(er)(er)(er)负(fu)石(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)沉(chen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he),又(you)《淮南子(zi)(zi)(zi)·说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)山(shan)训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“申(shen)(shen)徒(tu)(tu)狄负(fu)石(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)沉(chen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)渊(yuan),而(er)(er)(er)溺(ni)者不(bu)(bu)可抗也(ye)(ye)。”高(gao)诱注云(yun):“申(shen)(shen)徒(tu)(tu)狄,殷末(mo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)见(jian)(jian)(jian)纣乱,故自(zi)(zi)(zi)沉(chen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)渊(yuan),抗商(shang)也(ye)(ye)。”而(er)(er)(er)司马贞在解(jie)(jie)释此(ci)(ci)(ci)传(chuan)此(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)则说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“申(shen)(shen)屠狄谏而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)用,负(fu)石(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)投(tou)河(he)。”⑤徐衍以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)乱世(shi),负(fu)石(shi)(shi)投(tou)海而(er)(er)(er)死(si)。《文选(xuan)·邹阳(yang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)狱上书(shu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)明(ming)书(shu)》李善注引《汉书(shu)音义》云(yun):“徐衍,周人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)末(mo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。”⑥比周:结党营私。⑦百里奚事(shi)(shi)(shi)已见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)五《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》,参见(jian)(jian)(jian)本(ben)(ben)书(shu)卷(juan)六十八《商(shang)君(jun)列传(chuan)》“商(shang)君(jun)相(xiang)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)十年(nian)”段注。⑧宁(ning)戚(qi)是(shi)(shi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)时(shi)(shi)卫国人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。他(ta)(ta)想(xiang)取得齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)赏识和(he)信(xin)任,又(you)“穷(qiong)困(kun)无(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)进”,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)借经(jing)商(shang)至(zhi)齐(qi),傍晚“宿于(yu)(yu)(yu)郭(guo)门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)”,“饭(fan)牛(niu)居(ju)车下”,恰值桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)从郊外(wai)迎客归来(lai),宁(ning)戚(qi)“望(wang)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)而(er)(er)(er)悲,击牛(niu)角疾歌”。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)“非常(chang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)”,举(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)上卿。见(jian)(jian)(jian)《吕氏(shi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)·离(li)俗(su)览(lan)·举(ju)难》,又(you)见(jian)(jian)(jian)《晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)》内篇(pian)《问》下四。饭(fan)牛(niu),喂牛(niu)。⑨胶漆(qi):胶和(he)漆(qi)。比喻情投(tou)意洽,亲密(mi)无(wu)间。⑩季(ji)孙氏(shi)是(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)国的(de)执(zhi)政(zheng)大(da)夫,富于(yu)(yu)(yu)周公(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)多有(you)(you)僭越(yue),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)时(shi)(shi)对他(ta)(ta)十分不(bu)(bu)满(man)。但孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)离(li)开鲁(lu)国是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)鲁(lu)君(jun)听信(xin)了(le)季(ji)孙氏(shi)的(de)谗毁,却不(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)载(zai)(zai)述。子(zi)(zi)(zi)罕(han)诚(cheng)有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),但谓“宋信(xin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)罕(han)计而(er)(er)(er)囚墨翟”事(shi)(shi)(shi),迄(qi)无(wu)确考(kao)。这(zhei)两句的(de)意思是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),众口一词,金石(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)会(hui)(hui)熔(rong)化;毁谤积的(de)多了(le),即(ji)使亲骨(gu)肉的(de)关系也(ye)(ye)会(hui)(hui)疏远。⒀由(you)(you)余是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)时(shi)(shi)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),其(qi)(qi)先人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)由(you)(you)晋(jin)逃亡于(yu)(yu)(yu)戎(rong),故由(you)(you)余能晋(jin)语。戎(rong)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)贤,就派由(you)(you)余到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国观(guan)礼。后(hou)(hou)由(you)(you)余降(jiang)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十七(qi)年(nian)(前623)“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用由(you)(you)余伐戎(rong)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),益国十二,开地千(qian)里,遂霸西戎(rong)。”见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)五《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》。这(zhei)里说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用由(you)(you)余而(er)(er)(er)霸中(zhong)国”,盖夸张(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞。⒁齐(qi)用越(yue)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)蒙而(er)(er)(er)使齐(qi)威王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、齐(qi)宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)强盛起来(lai),于(yu)(yu)(yu)史无(wu)考(kao)。《索隐(yin)(yin)》引张(zhang)晏(yan)(yan)语“子(zi)(zi)(zi)臧,越(yue)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”句后(hou)(hou)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),“或(huo)蒙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)字也(ye)(ye)”。⒂拘(ju):拘(ju)泥(ni)。⒃阿偏:不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正。阿,偏袒。⒄朱(zhu):指丹朱(zhu),尧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。尧知其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)肖,不(bu)(bu)足授天下,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)乃权授舜”。象:虞(yu)舜的(de)异(yi)母弟(di),曾与其(qi)(qi)父多次谋(mou)害舜,而(er)(er)(er)舜事(shi)(shi)(shi)父爱弟(di)“弥谨”。朱(zhu)、象之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)一《五帝本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》。管(guan)、蔡:指周武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)弟(di)弟(di)管(guan)叔和(he)蔡叔。武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)去世(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),成王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)即(ji)位,以(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)少,由(you)(you)周公(gong)(gong)(gong)摄政(zheng),管(guan)、蔡等疑周公(gong)(gong)(gong),发(fa)动叛乱。见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)四《周本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》。
是以圣王寤①,捐(juan)子之(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)②,而能不(bu)说于(yu)田常之(zhi)(zhi)贤③;封(feng)比(bi)干之(zhi)(zhi)后④,修孕妇之(zhi)(zhi)墓⑤,故(gu)功业复就于(yu)天(tian)下(xia),何则?欲善无厌也⑥。夫晋文(wen)公(gong)亲其仇⑦,强霸诸侯;齐桓(huan)公(gong)用其仇,而一匡天(tian)下(xia)⑧。何则?慈仁殷勤,诚(cheng)加于(yu)心(xin),不(bu)可以虚词借也。
①寤:通(tong)“悟”。醒悟。②捐子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin):燕(yan)相子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)位(wei)阴谋(mou)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、权(quan)术家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),他(ta)通(tong)过故交,为齐(qi)(qi)(qi)使于(yu)燕(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)苏(su)代取得燕(yan)王(wang)哙(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)极大(da)(da)信任,通(tong)过鹿毛寿,使燕(yan)王(wang)让国(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)他(ta),而(er)他(ta)就“南(nan)(nan)面行(xing)王(wang)事,国(guo)(guo)(guo)事皆决于(yu)他(ta),“三年,国(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)乱,百(bai)姓(xing)恫恐”。见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三十(shi)四《燕(yan)召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》,《战国(guo)(guo)(guo)策·燕(yan)策一(yi)·燕(yan)王(wang)哙(kuai)既立(li)(li)(li)》。捐,抛弃,放(fang)弃。③田常即(ji)(ji)田成子(zi)(zi),也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)位(wei)阴谋(mou)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、权(quan)术家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)简公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)(li),他(ta)和(he)监止“俱为左(zuo)右相”。他(ta)“心(xin)(xin)(xin)害监止”,而(er)“监止幸(xing)于(yu)简公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),权(quan)弗能(neng)去”,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)故技重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)演,采(cai)取他(ta)父亲田釐子(zi)(zi)乞“行(xing)阴德于(yu)民”的(de)(de)(de)(de)老办法,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)斗出(chu)贷,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)小斗收”,借以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赢得人心(xin)(xin)(xin)。后(hou)来(lai)他(ta)杀(sha)(sha)死简公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),立(li)(li)(li)简公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟(di)骜(ao)为君,是(shi)(shi)为平(ping)(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。平(ping)(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即(ji)(ji)位(wei),他(ta)为相,他(ta)担(dan)心(xin)(xin)(xin)诸侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)诛伐(fa),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)“尽归鲁、卫侵(qin)地,西(xi)约晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、韩、魏、赵氏,南(nan)(nan)通(tong)吴、越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使,修功行(xing)赏(shang),亲于(yu)百(bai)姓(xing)”,从而(er)稳定(ding)了齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局势。后(hou)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政皆归于(yu)田常。见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)四十(shi)六《田敬(jing)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)完世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》。说,同(tong)“悦”。④封(feng)比干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou):封(feng)赏(shang)比干的(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)孙。按(an)周(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)诛纣灭(mie)殷(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou),为被(bei)(bei)纣剖心(xin)(xin)(xin)而(er)死的(de)(de)(de)(de)比干封(feng)墓。此事卷(juan)(juan)三《殷(yin)本纪》、卷(juan)(juan)四《周(zhou)本纪》均载及(ji)(ji)(ji),但未及(ji)(ji)(ji)封(feng)比干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)事,其他(ta)先(xian)秦典(dian)籍亦(yi)不及(ji)(ji)(ji)。⑤修孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)妇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墓:指为被(bei)(bei)纣惨害的(de)(de)(de)(de)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)妇修墓。按(an)纣慌淫暴虐,竟到“刳(kū,哭(ku))剔孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)妇,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)观其胎。见(jian)《尚(shang)书·泰誓(shi)》。但周(zhou)灭(mie)殷(yin)商以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)被(bei)(bei)刳剔”(即(ji)(ji)割剥)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)妇修墓,则于(yu)史无考。⑥厌:满足。也写作“餍”。⑦晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)亲其仇:指晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宽恕(shu)仇人勃(bo)鞮(又(you)(you)作履鞮,亦(yi)即(ji)(ji)寺人披)。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)名(ming)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er),当公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)时,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)父亲晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)宠姬骊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谮(jian),派宦者勃(bo)鞮去杀(sha)(sha)据守蒲城的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er),重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)跳(tiao)墙逃跑,被(bei)(bei)勃(bo)鞮追(zhui)上(shang)砍(kan)去一(yi)只(zhi)袖子(zi)(zi)。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后(hou),重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兄弟(di)光立(li)(li)(li)为君,是(shi)(shi)为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)畏惧重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er),也让勃(bo)鞮去杀(sha)(sha)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)。后(hou)来(lai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)立(li)(li)(li)为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君,是(shi)(shi)为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)初立(li)(li)(li),原晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)怀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)臣吕(lv)省等(deng)(deng)人“谋(mou)烧公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宫,杀(sha)(sha)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不知”。勃(bo)鞮知其谋(mou),欲以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)告(gao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”,在文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宽恕(shu)他(ta)们以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)杀(sha)(sha)、谋(mou)杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou),他(ta)才(cai)把(ba)这场阴谋(mou)揭发出(chu)来(lai)。详见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三十(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》,参(can)见(jian)《左(zuo)传(chuan)》僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年、五年、二十(shi)四年。⑧齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)其仇指他(ta)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“杀(sha)(sha)诛数不当,淫于(yu)妇人,数欺大(da)(da)臣,群弟(di)恐祸及(ji)(ji)(ji)”,纷纷出(chu)逃,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)奔鲁,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)傅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)(即(ji)(ji)后(hou)来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong))奔莒,鲍(bao)叔(shu)傅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被(bei)(bei)无知杀(sha)(sha)死而(er)无知又(you)(you)被(bei)(bei)雍(yong)林人袭杀(sha)(sha)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)纠(jiu)几乎(hu)同(tong)时动(dong)身回国(guo)(guo)(guo)争立(li)(li)(li),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)堵截由莒返齐(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道路,射中(zhong)小白(bai)带钩。小白(bai)装死以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)误管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),故得先(xian)入齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)立(li)(li)(li),是(shi)(shi)为齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)本来(lai)想(xiang)杀(sha)(sha)掉(diao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鲍(bao)叔(shu)力荐管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng),这才(cai)把(ba)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)从鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)召(zhao)回,“厚(hou)礼以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为大(da)(da)夫”,委以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)政。后(hou)来(lai)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辅佐(zuo)下,终于(yu)称霸诸侯,一(yi)匡天下。详见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三十(shi)二《齐(qi)(qi)(qi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》,参(can)见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)六十(shi)二《管(guan)(guan)(guan)晏列(lie)传(chuan)》。匡,正。
至夫(fu)秦用(yong)商鞅之(zhi)(zhi)法,东弱韩(han)、魏,兵绝天下,而卒车(che)裂之(zhi)(zhi)①;越用(yong)大夫(fu)种(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)谋,禽劲吴,霸(ba)中(zhong)国,而卒诛其(qi)身(shen)②。是(shi)以孙叔敖三去相而不悔③,于陵子仲(zhong)辞三公(gong)为人灌园④。今人主(zhu)诚能去骄(jiao)慠(ao)之(zhi)(zhi)心⑤,怀可(ke)报(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)意,披心腹,见情素,堕肝(gan)胆(dan)⑥,施德厚,终与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)穷(qiong)达⑦,无爱于士,则桀之(zhi)(zhi)狗可(ke)使(shi)吠(fei)尧,而蹠之(zhi)(zhi)客可(ke)使(shi)刺由⑧;况因万乘之(zhi)(zhi)权,假圣王之(zhi)(zhi)资乎?然则荆轲之(zhi)(zhi)湛七(qi)族⑨,要离之(zhi)(zhi)烧妻子⑩,岂足道哉(zai)!
①此(ci)三句(ju)(ju)所(suo)及具体(ti)史实(shi),见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)五《秦本纪》、卷(juan)六十(shi)(shi)八《商君列(lie)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》。车(che)裂(lie),古代残(can)酷死刑(xing)。把(ba)头(tou)和四(si)肢(zhi)分(fen)系在(zai)五辆车(che)子(zi)(zi)上,车(che)行肢(zhi)体(ti)撕裂(lie)。俗称五马分(fen)尸。②此(ci)四(si)句(ju)(ju)所(suo)及具体(ti)史实(shi),见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)四(si)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《越(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾践世家(jia)》。③孙(sun)叔敖原为(wei)(wei)楚国(guo)处士(shi)(shi),后(hou)仕于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)时“他(ta)(ta)三得(de)(de)相(xiang)而(er)(er)不(bu)喜,知其(qi)(qi)材自得(de)(de)之(zhi)也(ye);三去相(xiang)而(er)(er)不(bu)悔,知非已之(zhi)罪也(ye)。”详(xiang)见(jian)(jian)(jian)卷(juan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)九《循吏列(lie)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》。④子(zi)(zi)仲,即陈仲子(zi)(zi),战国(guo)时齐(qi)人,居(ju)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陵。《集解》引(yin)《高士(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun):“楚于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陵子(zi)(zi)伸,楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)欲以(yi)为(wei)(wei)相(xiang),而(er)(er)不(bu)许,为(wei)(wei)人灌园。”关于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迹除见(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《集解》所(suo)引(yin)皇甫谧《高士(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》,还(hai)散见(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《孟子(zi)(zi)·滕文公(gong)下(xia)》、《荀子(zi)(zi)·非十(shi)(shi)二子(zi)(zi)》、《韩非子(zi)(zi)·外储篇·说右(you)》、《战国(guo)策(ce)·齐(qi)策(ce)四(si)·齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)使(shi)使(shi)者问赵威后(hou)》、《淮南(nan)子(zi)(zi)·氾论训》等。其(qi)(qi)中《战国(guo)策(ce)》说他(ta)(ta)“上不(bu)臣于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),下(xia)不(bu)治其(qi)(qi)家(jia),中不(bu)素交诸侯。”《孟子(zi)(zi)》较(jiao)详(xiang)细地及于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些生活细节,余则(ze)多是(shi)(shi)只(zhi)言片(pian)语(yu)。⑤慠:同“傲”,倨傲。⑥堕(duo):输。⑦穷(qiong)(qiong)达(da):即“穷(qiong)(qiong)则(ze)独(du)善其(qi)(qi)身,达(da)则(ze)兼(jian)济天下(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“穷(qiong)(qiong)达(da)”。穷(qiong)(qiong),指(zhi)逆境;达(da),指(zhi)顺境。⑧这(zhei)两句(ju)(ju)话的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)说,只(zhi)要(yao)给予恩惠,连夏(xia)桀的(de)(de)(de)(de)狗向尧狂(kuang)吠,盗跖之(zhi)徒也(ye)可以(yi)刺杀(sha)(sha)许由(you)。按桀是(shi)(shi)夏(xia)朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)后(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),十(shi)(shi)分(fen)暴(bao)虐;尧是(shi)(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)说中上古时代一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位十(shi)(shi)分(fen)贤德的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)落(luo)酋长;盗跖是(shi)(shi)春秋(qiu)末期奴(nu)隶起义的(de)(de)(de)(de)领(ling)袖,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)向被诬为(wei)(wei)“盗”;许由(you)则(ze)是(shi)(shi)与(yu)尧并时而(er)(er)年辈较(jiao)晚的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位隐士(shi)(shi)型(xing)贤者,尧想把(ba)天下(xia)禅让(rang)他(ta)(ta),他(ta)(ta)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)对他(ta)(ta)人格的(de)(de)(de)(de)玷污,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)赶(gan)紧(jin)跑到水边去洗耳朵(见(jian)(jian)(jian)《庄子(zi)(zi)·逍遥(yao)游》。卷(juan)六十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《伯夷列(lie)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》亦略及其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))。这(zhei)里(li)把(ba)并不(bu)共时的(de)(de)(de)(de)正反两个方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)人放在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起,组成这(zhei)种看似荒诞不(bu)经的(de)(de)(de)(de)语(yu)句(ju)(ju),是(shi)(shi)旨在(zai)强调和突出(chu)对所(suo)任用的(de)(de)(de)(de)人施(shi)以(yi)恩惠的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大作用。⑨荆轲为(wei)(wei)燕太(tai)子(zi)(zi)丹行刺秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),未(wei)果而(er)(er)被诛灭七(qi)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)史无(wu)考。湛(chén,沉(chen)),通(tong)“沉(chen)”。这(zhei)里(li)是(shi)(shi)灭的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。七(qi)族(zu)(zu),《索隐》引(yin)张(zhang)晏云(yun)“上至曾(ceng)祖,下(xia)至曾(ceng)孙(sun)”。泛(fan)指(zhi)亲族(zu)(zu)。⑩春秋(qiu)时吴(wu)(wu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)光(guang)使(shi)专诸刺杀(sha)(sha)吴(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)僚(liao)后(hou)自立为(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)吴(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)阖(he)闾。吴(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)阖(he)闾又想杀(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji),“而(er)(er)莫之(zhi)能杀(sha)(sha)”。要(yao)离(li)自谓(wei)能之(zhi)。让(rang)吴(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)加罪于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta),并执其(qi)(qi)妻子(zi)(zi)“焚之(zhi)而(er)(er)扬其(qi)(qi)灰”,以(yi)取(qu)得(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)任。要(yao)离(li)往(wang)见(jian)(jian)(jian)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)卫,伪(wei)与(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji)共谋“往(wang)夺(duo)之(zhi)国(guo)。”在(zai)返吴(wu)(wu)渡江(jiang)时,要(yao)离(li)“拔剑以(yi)刺王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji)”,庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji)“捽之(zhi),投之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江(jiang)。浮则(ze)又取(qu)而(er)(er)投之(zhi),如此(ci)者三。”庆(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)忌(ji)(ji)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)“天下(xia)国(guo)士(shi)(shi)”,放他(ta)(ta)归吴(wu)(wu)。要(yao)离(li)归吴(wu)(wu),亦“伏剑而(er)(er)死”。见(jian)(jian)(jian)《吕氏春秋(qiu)·仲冬纪·忠廉》。后(hou)来(lai)东汉赵晔所(suo)撰(zhuan)《吴(wu)(wu)越(yue)春秋(qiu)·阖(he)闾内传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》亦载(zai)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),略有(you)不(bu)同,有(you)行前让(rang)吴(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)阖(he)闾断其(qi)(qi)右(you)手(shou)云(yun)。
臣闻(wen)明月之(zhi)(zhi)珠(zhu),夜光之(zhi)(zhi)璧①,以投人(ren)于(yu)道路②,人(ren)无不按剑相眄(mian)者③。何则?无因而(er)至(zhi)(zhi)前也(ye)(ye)。蟠(pan)木(mu)根柢(di)④,轮(lun)囷离诡⑤,而(er)为万乘器者,何则?以左右先为之(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)也(ye)(ye)⑥。故(gu)无因至(zhi)(zhi)前,虽出随候之(zhi)(zhi)珠(zhu)⑦,夜光之(zhi)(zhi)璧,犹结怨而(er)不见德(de)。故(gu)有(you)人(ren)先谈,则以枯木(mu)朽株树功(gong)而(er)不忘。今(jin)夫天下(xia)布(bu)衣穷(qiong)居之(zhi)(zhi)士⑧,身在贫贱,虽蒙(meng)尧(yao)、舜之(zhi)(zhi)术,挟伊、管之(zhi)(zhi)辩⑨,怀龙逢(feng)、比干之(zhi)(zhi)意⑩,欲尽忠(zhong)当世之(zhi)(zhi)君,而(er)素无跟(gen)柢(di)之(zhi)(zhi)容(rong),虽竭精思,欲开(kai)忠(zhong)信,辅(fu)人(ren)主之(zhi)(zhi)治,则人(ren)主必有(you)按剑明眄(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)迹(ji),是使布(bu)衣不得为枯木(mu)朽株之(zhi)(zhi)资也(ye)(ye)。
①明(ming)月之珠、夜(ye)光之璧(bi):传(chuan)(chuan)说中(zhong)夜(ye)里(li)发光的珠玉。②:昏暗。又写作“暗”。③眄(miàn,面):斜着眼看。④蟠:盘曲地伏着。根柢:树根。⑤轮囷:屈(qu)曲的样子(zi)(zi)。离诡(gui):离奇。⑥容(rong):雕刻,容(rong)饰。⑦随候(hou)之珠:传(chuan)(chuan)说随候(hou)救一大蛇,蛇衔宝珠献给他(ta)。又叫隋(sui)珠。即(ji)(ji)上文之明(ming)月珠。见(jian)《淮南子(zi)(zi)·览冥》注。⑧布衣:平民百姓的代(dai)称。⑨伊:指(zhi)伊尹。管(guan):指(zhi)管(guan)仲(zhong)。⑩龙(long)逢:即(ji)(ji)关龙(long)逢,他(ta)以直(zhi)谏夏桀而被杀(sha)。其事迹(ji)见(jian)《庄子(zi)(zi)·人(ren)间世(shi)》、《荀(xun)子(zi)(zi)·解(jie)蔽》、《吕(lv)氏春秋(qiu)·必已》等。
是以圣王制(zhi)世御(yu)俗,独化于陶钧之(zhi)(zhi)上①,而不牵于卑乱之(zhi)(zhi)语(yu),不夺(duo)于众(zhong)多(duo)之(zhi)(zhi)口。故秦(qin)(qin)皇(huang)帝任中(zhong)庶(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)蒙嘉之(zhi)(zhi)言,以信荆轲之(zhi)(zhi)说,而匕(bi)首窃发②;周(zhou)文王猎泾、渭(wei),载吕尚(shang)而归(gui),以王天下(xia)。故秦(qin)(qin)信左右而杀,周(zhou)用乌集而王③。何则(ze)?以其(qi)能越(yue)挛拘之(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)④,驰(chi)域外(wai)之(zhi)(zhi)议⑤,独观于昭旷之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也⑥。
①独化于陶(tao)钧(jun)之上:比(bi)喻(yu)帝王独自运用治(zhi)国(guo)之道,教化天(tian)下。化,教化。陶(tao),古代制作陶(tao)器所用的圆轮。②窃发(fa):乘人不(bu)备偷(tou)偷(tou)取(qu)出(chu)。③乌(wu)集:是说如(ru)同乌(wu)鸟集散(san),事(shi)出(chu)偶合。④挛拘:牵系,束缚。⑤域外:境外。⑥昭(zhao)旷(kuang):宽宏,豁(huo)达。
今人主沉于谄(chan)谀(yu)之(zhi)辞,牵(qian)于帷裳之(zhi)制①,使(shi)不羁之(zhi)士与牛骥同皂②,此鲍焦所以忿(fen)于世而不留富贵(gui)之(zhi)乐也③。
①帷裳(shang):车旁的布幔。借指(zhi)姬妾近侍。②皂:马槽(cao)。③鲍焦是古代的一位廉士(shi),他(ta)躬耕而食,自(zi)凿井而饮,非妻子所织不服。子贡讥(ji)笑(xiao)他(ta),于(yu)是抱木而死(si)。见(jian)《庄子·盗跖》、《韩诗外传》等。
臣闻盛(sheng)饰入朝者不(bu)(bu)以(yi)利污义(yi),砥厉名号(hao)者不(bu)(bu)以(yi)欲伤行(xing)①,故县名胜母而曾子不(bu)(bu)入,邑(yi)号(hao)朝歌而墨子回车。今欲使天下寥廓之(zhi)(zhi)士②,摄(she)于(yu)(yu)危重之(zhi)(zhi)权,主于(yu)(yu)位(wei)势之(zhi)(zhi)贵,故回面污行(xing)以(yi)事谄(chan)谀之(zhi)(zhi)人而求亲近于(yu)(yu)左右③,则士伏死堀穴(xue)岩(yan)(岩(yan))〔薮〕之(zhi)(zhi)中耳(er),安肯有尽忠(zhong)信而趋(qu)阙下者哉④!
①砥(di)厉:砂石,磨(mo)石。磨(mo)厉。细者为(wei)砥(di);粗者为(wei)厉。行(xing):品行(xing),操(cao)守。②寥廓之士:抱负(fu)远大的人。③故:有(you)意(yi)的。回(hui)面(mian):邪恶(e)的面(mian)目。④阙(que):宫(gong)阙(que)。借指(zhi)朝廷。
书奏梁孝王,孝王使人出(chu)之(zhi),卒为上客(ke)。
太史(shi)公曰:鲁连指(zhi)意虽不合大(da)义(yi)①,然余多其在布衣(yi)之位②,荡(dang)然肆志③,不诎于(yu)诸(zhu)侯,谈说于(yu)当世,折(zhe)卿相(xiang)之权④。邹阳(yang)辞虽不逊,然其比物连类⑤,有足悲者(zhe),亦可谓抗直(zhi)不桡矣⑥,吾是以(yi)附之列传焉(yan)。
①指意:旨意。指,同“旨”。意思,意图。②多:称许,赞扬。③荡然:放浪不羁。肆志:纵情,快意。④折:使折服。⑤比物连类:连缀相类的事物,进行比较。⑥桡:通“挠”。弯曲,屈服。
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