全园主景(jing)黄石(shi)假(jia)山,筑于(yu)(yu)城曲草(cao)堂楼厅之(zhi)前(qian),石(shi)块大(da)小相(xiang)间,手法(fa)逼真自(zi)然(ran)。假(jia)山东半(ban)部(bu)较大(da),自(zi)厅前(qian)石(shi)径可通山上东侧的平台及西(xi)侧的石(shi)室;平台之(zhi)东,山势增高(gao),转为(wei)绝(jue)壁(bi)(bi),直(zhi)削而(er)下(xia),临(lin)于(yu)(yu)水池(chi),绝(jue)壁(bi)(bi)东南设(she)磴道(dao)(dao),依势下(xia)至池(chi)边(bian),此(ci)处气势为(wei)全山最精彩处,假(jia)山西(xi)半(ban)部(bu)较小,自(zi)东而(er)西(xi)逐级降低,坡度渐缓(huan),止(zhi)于(yu)(yu)小厅右壁(bi)(bi)。东西(xi)两半(ban)部(bu)之(zhi)间有谷道(dao)(dao),两侧削壁(bi)(bi)如(ru)悬崖(ya)。而(er)绝(jue)壁(bi)(bi)东临(lin)水池(chi),假(jia)山体量与池(chi)面宽度配合适(shi)当,空间相(xiang)称。山上不建亭阁,而(er)于(yu)(yu)山顶山后铺土之(zhi)处,散(san)置十余种(zhong)花木,随(sui)风摇曳,平添了山林趣味。而(er)池(chi)水随(sui)假(jia)山向南伸展,曲桥架于(yu)(yu)水上,池(chi)南端有阁跨水而(er)筑,称“山水阁”,隔(ge)山与城曲草(cao)堂相(xiang)对(dui),形(xing)成以(yi)山为(wei)主体的优美景(jing)区。
网师园
网(wang)师园(yuan)(yuan),地处苏(su)州(zhou)古城东南隅阔(kuo)家头巷,被誉为苏(su)州(zhou)园(yuan)(yuan)林之(zhi)“小园(yuan)(yuan)极则”,堪称中国园(yuan)(yuan)林以(yi)少(shao)胜多的典范。
1982年被(bei)国务院列(lie)为全国重点文(wen)物(wu)保护单位。1997年12月(yue)被(bei)联合国教科文(wen)组织列(lie)入《世界文(wen)化遗产(chan)名录(lu)》。
拙政园
拙政(zheng)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始建(jian)于明(ming)(ming)正(zheng)德四年(1509),为(wei)明(ming)(ming)代弘治(zhi)进士、御(yu)史王(wang)献臣弃官回乡后,在(zai)唐代陆龟(gui)蒙宅地和元代大弘寺旧(jiu)址处拓建(jian)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。取晋代文学家潘(pan)岳(yue)《闲(xian)居(ju)赋》中(zhong)(zhong)“筑室种树,逍遥自得……灌园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鬻蔬(shu),以供朝夕之膳,……此亦拙者之为(wei)政(zheng)也”句(ju)意,将(jiang)此园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)命(ming)名为(wei)拙政(zheng)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。王(wang)献臣在(zai)建(jian)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之期(qi),曾请吴门画派的(de)(de)代表人物文征明(ming)(ming)为(wei)其(qi)(qi)设计蓝图,形成(cheng)(cheng)以水为(wei)主,疏朗(lang)平淡,近乎(hu)自然风(feng)景的(de)(de)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林。王(wang)献臣死后,其(qi)(qi)子一(yi)夜豪赌(du),将(jiang)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)输给徐氏,其(qi)(qi)子孙(sun)后亦衰落。明(ming)(ming)崇祯四年(1631)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)东(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)归侍(shi)郎王(wang)心一(yi),名“归田园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)居(ju)”。 园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu),主人更(geng)换(huan)频繁,乾隆(long)初(chu),中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)复园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)归太守(shou)蒋?所有。咸丰十(shi)年(1860)太平军进驻苏州,拙政(zheng)园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)为(wei)忠(zhong)王(wang)府,相传忠(zhong)王(wang)李秀成(cheng)(cheng)以中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)见山楼为(wei)其(qi)(qi)治(zhi)事(shi)之所。光绪三年(1877)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)归富(fu)商(shang)张(zhang)履(lv)谦,名“补园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。解放后,在(zai)党和政(zheng)府的(de)(de)关心下(xia),进行抢修,一(yi)代名园(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)得到了保护,并于1952年正(zheng)式对(dui)外开(kai)放中(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分,1960年东(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)整修
完(wan)毕,东、西、中三(san)部(bu)分(fen)完(wan)整开放(fang),1961年(nian)3月4日列入(ru)首批全国重点(dian)文物保护单位。1997年(nian)12月4日,被(bei)联合国教科文组(zu)织(zhi)列入(ru)世(shi)界文化遗产名录(lu)。
艺圃
艺圃,地处金、阊二门间的(de)文衙弄(nong)。园(yuan)景开(kai)朗,风格质朴,较多地保存(cun)了建园(yuan)初期的(de)格局。有其较高的(de)历史(shi)与艺术价值(zhi)。
全园(yuan)(yuan)有(you)地仅为(wei)五(wu)亩,以(yi)(yi)约(yue)占五(wu)分(fen)之(zhi)一的池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)为(wei)中(zhong)心。水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)集中(zhong),其东南(nan)及西南(nan)两(liang)(liang)角,各有(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)湾伸出,并于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口之(zhi)上各架形制不同的石(shi)板(ban)桥(qiao)一座,故而水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)显得开阔流动,绝无拥塞局促之(zhi)感。池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)北(bei)(bei)多建(jian)筑(zhu),博(bo)雅堂为(wei)园(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)主(zhu)要厅(ting)堂,其南(nan)端有(you)小院(yuan),设湖石(shi)花台,院(yuan)南(nan)临池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)处(chu)(chu),建(jian)有(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)榭五(wu)间,两(liang)(liang)侧厢(xiang)房(fang)则与(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)东、西两(liang)(liang)面(mian)(mian)的厢(xiang)房(fang)相(xiang)连(lian)。池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)南(nan)为(wei)假山(shan),以(yi)(yi)土堆成(cheng)(cheng),临处(chu)(chu)之(zhi)处(chu)(chu),则以(yi)(yi)湖石(shi)叠成(cheng)(cheng)绝壁(bi)、危径,既多变化又较自然。于(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)北(bei)(bei)远望此(ci)处(chu)(chu),山(shan)石(shi)嶙刚,树木葱(cong)郁,给人以(yi)(yi)奇秀之(zhi)美(mei)、山(shan)林之(zhi)趣,成(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)园(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)的主(zhu)要对景(jing)。此(ci)种以(yi)(yi)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、石(shi)径、绝壁(bi)相(xiang)结合的手法,为(wei)明清苏州一代造园(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)所常用,取法自然而又力求超越自然。池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)东有(you)乳鱼亭,系明代遗物,外有(you)小径与(yu)各处(chu)(chu)相(xiang)通。池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)西,有(you)芹庐小院(yuan),以(yi)(yi)圆洞门与(yu)其它景(jing)区相(xiang)隔而又相(xiang)连(lian)。步入院(yuan)门,即(ji)可(ke)见院(yuan)中(zhong)有(you)小池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),似与(yu)大池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相(xiang)通。这在苏州园(yuan)(yuan)林中(zhong)还(hai)属(shu)于(yu)孤例。院(yuan)中(zhong)散置湖石(shi)花木,为(wei)园(yuan)(yuan)内最为(wei)避静之(zhi)处(chu)(chu)。
环秀山庄,位于苏州(zhou)城中景(jing)德路(lu),面积(ji)仅为3亩,1988年被列为全国重点(dian)文物保护(hu)单位,1997年底被联合国教(jiao)科(ke)文组织遗产(chan)委员会列为世界文化遗产(chan)。
环秀山(shan)(shan)(shan)庄(zhuang)占(zhan)地不大,但其内(nei)湖(hu)石(shi)假山(shan)(shan)(shan)为(wei)中国之(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)。据载,此山(shan)(shan)(shan)为(wei)清代叠山(shan)(shan)(shan)大师戈裕良,虽由人作,有如天开,尽(jin)得造化之(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao),堪称假山(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)珍。环秀山(shan)(shan)(shan)庄(zhuang)亦因此而驰名。
此园(yuan)(yuan)本是五(wu)代吴越钱氏(shi)“金(jin)谷园(yuan)(yuan)”旧(jiu)址。其(qi)后(hou)屡有兴(xing)废。清(qing)代乾隆(long)(1736-1795)以来,蒋(楫)、华(沅)、孙(士毅)三(san)家先后(hou)居于此处,掘地(di)为(wei)池,叠石为(wei)山,造屋(wu)筑亭(ting)于其(qi)间。道光(guang)29年(1847)成为(wei)汪氏(shi)宗祠“耕耘山庄”的一部分,更名“环秀山庄”,又称“颐园(yuan)(yuan)”。
园内地盘不大,园外无景(jing)色(se)可借,造景(jing)颇难(nan)。但(dan)因布局(ju)设计巧(qiao)妙得宜,湖(hu)山、池(chi)水、树木、建(jian)筑,得以融为(wei)一体;而於(wu)假如山一座、池(chi)水一湾,更(geng)是独出(chu)心裁,另辟蹊径(jing),两者配合(he),佳景(jing)层出(chu)不穷。望全园,山重(zhong)水复,峥嵘雄厅;入其境(jing),移(yi)步换景(jing),变化万端。
湖石假(jia)山占地(di)仅半亩(mu),而(er)峭(qiao)壁(bi)、峰峦(luan)、洞壑、涧谷、平台、磴(deng)道等山中之物,应有尽(jin)有,极富(fu)变化。池东主山,池北次山,气势连