雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)是一种重要(yao)的(de)(de)城市气(qi)(qi)象灾害。大范围雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)主要(yao)出现在冷空(kong)气(qi)(qi)较(jiao)弱和水(shui)汽条件(jian)(jian)较(jiao)好的(de)(de)大尺(chi)度大气(qi)(qi)环流形(xing)势下,近地面(mian)低空(kong)为静风或微风。由于雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)湿(shi)度较(jiao)高,水(shui)汽较(jiao)大,雾(wu)滴(di)提供了吸(xi)附(fu)和反(fan)应(ying)场所,加(jia)(jia)速反(fan)应(ying)性气(qi)(qi)态(tai)污染(ran)物(wu)向液态(tai)颗粒物(wu)成分的(de)(de)转(zhuan)化,同时(shi)颗粒物(wu)也(ye)容易作为凝结核(he)加(jia)(jia)速雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)的(de)(de)生(sheng)成,两者相互作用,迅速形(xing)成污染(ran)。冷空(kong)气(qi)(qi)来临,风速增加(jia)(jia),雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)逐渐消(xiao)散。研究(jiu)表明,雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)形(xing)成和发(fa)展与气(qi)(qi)象条件(jian)(jian)关系密切。
2009年11月3-8日的(de)(de)一次持(chi)续性(xing)(xing)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)过程(cheng)具有显(xian)著阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)性(xing)(xing)特(te)征(zheng),是(shi)一次持(chi)续时间(jian)长、阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)性(xing)(xing)特(te)征(zheng)明显(xian)的(de)(de)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)混合性(xing)(xing)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)。本次持(chi)续性(xing)(xing)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)第(di)一阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)霾(mai)(mai)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),该阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)PM2.5浓(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)是(shi)影(ying)响雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)降(jiang)低的(de)(de)主要(yao)因素;第(di)二(er)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),该阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)相(xiang)对(dui)湿(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)是(shi)导(dao)(dao)致能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下降(jiang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)因素,在(zai)持(chi)续性(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)静稳(wen)条件下,导(dao)(dao)致PM2.5浓(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)累积(ji)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia);第(di)三阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)后,由于(yu)北方冷空气(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)入侵,大(da)(da)(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)天(tian)气(qi)(qi)结束。可以看(kan)(kan)出,雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)过程(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)和(he)相(xiang)对(dui)湿(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、PM2.5浓(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、温度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)具有很好的(de)(de)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)性(xing)(xing)对(dui)应关(guan)系(xi)。相(xiang)对(dui)湿(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)与(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)在(zai)整(zheng)(zheng)个(ge)过程(cheng)中(zhong)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)稳(wen)定的(de)(de)负(fu)相(xiang)关(guan)线性(xing)(xing)关(guan)系(xi)。由于(yu)温度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)决(jue)定了(le)相(xiang)对(dui)湿(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)水平(ping),因此(ci)温度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)与(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)关(guan)系(xi)实际上反映了(le)相(xiang)对(dui)湿(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)与(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)关(guan)系(xi);而(er)从(cong)整(zheng)(zheng)个(ge)过程(cheng)来看(kan)(kan),PM2.5与(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)明显(xian)的(de)(de)非线性(xing)(xing)关(guan)系(xi),在(zai)第(di)一阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)PM2.5与(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)影(ying)响的(de)(de)速(su)(su)率(lv)要(yao)明显(xian)高(gao)于(yu)第(di)二(er)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),而(er)在(zai)第(di)二(er)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)中(zhong),PM2.5对(dui)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)影(ying)响水平(ping)几乎(hu)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)不变(bian)。风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)与(yu)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)正相(xiang)关(guan)的(de)(de)线性(xing)(xing)关(guan)系(xi),从(cong)整(zheng)(zheng)体(ti)上看(kan)(kan),风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)越(yue)大(da)(da)(da)(da)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)越(yue)好,而(er)从(cong)风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)对(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)影(ying)响的(de)(de)线性(xing)(xing)趋(qu)势上看(kan)(kan),第(di)一阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)对(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)影(ying)响速(su)(su)率(lv)要(yao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)第(di)二(er)阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)对(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)影(ying)响速(su)(su)率(lv),第(di)三阶(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)随着风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)而(er)迅速(su)(su)增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da),反映出风(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)对(dui)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)过程(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)转好有重要(yao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。
以(yi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)为(wei)例。研究(jiu)发(fa)现(xian):无论是年(nian)均(jun)水平还是月(yue)均(jun)水平,霾日都要(yao)远远高于雾(wu)(wu)(wu)日,说明霾天(tian)(tian)气(qi)比雾(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)气(qi)对北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)的(de)影响更为(wei)严重。从月(yue)际变(bian)化(hua)上来看(kan),大(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)气(qi)月(yue)变(bian)化(hua)十分明显,更集(ji)中于10-12月(yue)份;而(er)霾天(tian)(tian)气(qi)在(zai)各月(yue)差异相对较(jiao)小,除8-10月(yue)份的(de)其(qi)他各月(yue)均(jun)有较(jiao)多霾天(tian)(tian)气(qi)出现(xian)。从空间分布来看(kan),雾(wu)(wu)(wu)霾天(tian)(tian)气(qi)在(zai)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)东南及城(cheng)区(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)发(fa)生频(pin)率(lv)最(zui)高、强(qiang)度(du)最(zui)大(da)(da),北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)西北(bei)(bei)部雾(wu)(wu)(wu)霾发(fa)生频(pin)率(lv)最(zui)低、强(qiang)度(du)最(zui)小。城(cheng)区(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和东南地区(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是霾天(tian)(tian)气(qi)影响最(zui)为(wei)严重的(de)地区(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),而(er)大(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)气(qi)虽然在(zai)东南发(fa)生频(pin)繁,但是大(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)(wu)强(qiang)度(du)在(zai)城(cheng)区(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)相对较(jiao)弱,在(zai)城(cheng)区(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)西北(bei)(bei)和西南大(da)(da)雾(wu)(wu)(wu)强(qiang)度(du)最(zui)大(da)(da)。
雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气频繁发生,对(dui)城市(shi)(shi)大(da)气环(huan)(huan)境、群众健康、交通安(an)全、农业生产等带来(lai)的影响(xiang)日(ri)益(yi)显著(zhu),极易酿成(cheng)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)灾(zai)害。同时,由于大(da)部分严重(zhong)的雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气一旦形(xing)成(cheng)往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)很难(nan)消散,此类(lei)持续性雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气对(dui)城市(shi)(shi)环(huan)(huan)境的危害往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)尤其严重(zhong),并容易带来(lai)较(jiao)强的社(she)会负面影响(xiang)。2011年,雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气第一次入选中国十大(da)天(tian)气气候事件,反映出(chu)社(she)会公众对(dui)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气关(guan)注程度的进(jin)一步提高。雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)气候特(te)征和(he)(he)影响(xiang)因素(su)是(shi)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)灾(zai)害风险(xian)评(ping)估(gu)的基础性工作,对(dui)于雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)防灾(zai)减灾(zai)和(he)(he)雾(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)风险(xian)防范(fan)具有重(zhong)要(yao)意(yi)义。
(摘编(bian)自读秀网《雾霾(mai)天(tian)气(qi)的影响及对策》)
1.下列对于雾(wu)霾天气的理解(jie),不(bu)正确的一项是
A.雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天气是(shi)一种重(zhong)要的城(cheng)市(shi)气象灾害(hai)(hai),严重(zhong)的雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)一旦形成,大多很难消散,对城(cheng)市(shi)环境的危害(hai)(hai)很大,容易酿成雾(wu)霾(mai)(mai)灾害(hai)(hai)。
B.雾霾天气的大范围出现,主要是(shi)在冷空(kong)气较(jiao)弱或(huo)水汽条件较(jiao)好的大气环流形(xing)势(shi)下,而且(qie)近地面低空(kong)为(wei)静(jing)风或(huo)微风。
C.雾霾天气之(zhi)所以形成(cheng)污染,是(shi)由于反应性气态污染物向液(ye)态颗粒物成(cheng)分的转(zhuan)化和颗粒物作为凝(ning)结核加速雾霾生成(cheng)的相互作用(yong)。
D.雾霾天气(qi)的湿度较(jiao)高,水汽较(jiao)大,最(zui)后的消散往(wang)往(wang)受(shou)到冷空气(qi)入侵的影响,它的形成和发展(zhan)与气(qi)象(xiang)条件的变(bian)化(hua)有密切关系。
2.下(xia)列(lie)理解(jie)和分析,不符合原(yuan)文意(yi)思(si)的一项是
A.从(cong)具(ju)有(you)显(xian)著的阶(jie)段(duan)性特征的雾(wu)霾天气过程来看,能见度(du)(du)的变化和(he)PM2.5浓度(du)(du)、相对湿度(du)(du)、温度(du)(du)与风速的变化具(ju)有(you)良好的阶(jie)段(duan)性对应关系。
B.在持(chi)(chi)续时间长的雾霾(mai)混合(he)性(xing)天气(qi)的全(quan)过(guo)程中(zhong),温度(du)、相对湿(shi)度(du)与(yu)能见度(du)保持(chi)(chi)稳定的负相关(guan)(guan)线(xian)性(xing)关(guan)(guan)系,风速与(yu)能见度(du)的关(guan)(guan)系则成正比。
C. 2009年11月的(de)(de)(de)那(nei)次雾(wu)霾(mai)天气的(de)(de)(de)整个过程中,PM2.5与能(neng)见度是明显的(de)(de)(de)非线性关系,它对雾(wu)霾(mai)能(neng)见度的(de)(de)(de)影响(xiang)水平几乎(hu)保持不变。
D.北(bei)京的雾(wu)(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气有以(yi)下特点:霾(mai)(mai)日多雾(wu)(wu)(wu)日少;霾(mai)(mai)日分散雾(wu)(wu)(wu)日集中(zhong);雾(wu)(wu)(wu)霾(mai)(mai)天(tian)气中(zhong),大雾(wu)(wu)(wu)在东南地(di)区发生(sheng)频(pin)繁(fan),但强度在城(cheng)区相对较弱。
3.根据(ju)原文内(nei)容,下列理解和分析不正(zheng)确的一(yi)项是
A.尽管雾霾天(tian)气(qi)在(zai)北(bei)京东(dong)南及城区发生频率最(zui)高、强(qiang)度最(zui)大,但(dan)是雾天(tian)气(qi)和霾天(tian)气(qi)对(dui)这些地区的影(ying)响(xiang)却有(you)着(zhe)明显不同。
B.雾霾天气如果持(chi)续时间长、阶段性特征明(ming)显,就会(hui)表(biao)现出:PM2.5浓(nong)度(du)、相对湿度(du)、风速与能见度(du)保持(chi)稳定的(de)线性关系。
C.雾霾天气人(ren)选(xuan)中国十大天气气候事件(jian),体现(xian)了民众(zhong)关注度的(de)提高(gao),也可以反映出政府关注民生、直面(mian)问(wen)题的(de)工(gong)作态度。
D.雾(wu)霾天(tian)气(qi)极易酿成雾(wu)霾灾害,如果对形(xing)成它的(de)气(qi)候(hou)特(te)征和影响(xiang)因素进行灾害风险评(ping)估,采(cai)取针对措施,就(jiu)有(you)利于防(fang)范这(zhei)种天(tian)气(qi)灾害。
1.B 【解析】(“或”应为“和”)
2.C 【解(jie)析】(“几(ji)乎保(bao)持不变(bian)”理(li)解(jie)有误)
3.C 【解析(xi)】(“稳定(ding)的(de)线(xian)性关系”分析(xi)有误)