森林、海洋和湿地
①森(sen)林、海洋和(he)(he)湿(shi)地是地球上三类(lei)重要的(de)(de)(de)生态系统。湿(shi)地是指天(tian)然(ran)或(huo)(huo)人工、常久或(huo)(huo)暂时性的(de)(de)(de)沼(zhao)泽(ze)地、湿(shi)源、泥炭地或(huo)(huo)水(shui)域地带,带有(you)或(huo)(huo)静止或(huo)(huo)流动、咸水(shui)或(huo)(huo)淡水(shui)、半咸水(shui)或(huo)(huo)咸水(shui)水(shui)体的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)者,包(bao)括低潮时水(shui)深不超过6米的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)域。湿(shi)地的(de)(de)(de)价值表现(xian)在它是许多化学物(wu)质、生物(wu)物(wu)种和(he)(he)基(ji)因的(de)(de)(de)源、汇和(he)(he)库(ku)。
②湿(shi)地(di)(di)与人(ren)类(lei)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)、繁衍、发展息息相关,是(shi)自(zi)然界最富(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多样性的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)态(tai)景观(guan)和(he)(he)人(ren)类(lei)最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)环(huan)(huan)境之一,它不仅为人(ren)类(lei)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)产、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活提(ti)供(gong)多种(zhong)(zhong)资(zi)(zi)源,而且(qie)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)环(huan)(huan)境功能(neng)和(he)(he)效益,在抵御洪水、调(diao)节径流、蓄洪防旱(han)、控(kong)制(zhi)污染、调(diao)节气候(hou)、控(kong)制(zhi)土壤侵蚀、促(cu)淤(yu)造陆、美化环(huan)(huan)境等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面有其它系统不可替代的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。它通(tong)过生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)态(tai)过程为人(ren)类(lei)提(ti)供(gong)淡(dan)水资(zi)(zi)源、粮(liang)食、肉类(lei)、鱼类(lei)、药(yao)材、能(neng)源以(yi)及(ji)多种(zhong)(zhong)工业原料等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)态(tai)系统产品。此外,湿(shi)地(di)(di)丰(feng)富(fu)秀丽(li)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然风光(guang),使它成为人(ren)们(men)观(guan)光(guang)旅游的(de)(de)(de)好地(di)(di)方(fang),并且(qie)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有美学价(jia)值(zhi)。同时(shi),湿(shi)地(di)(di)还(hai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有教(jiao)育和(he)(he)科研价(jia)值(zhi),复杂的(de)(de)(de)湿(shi)地(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)态(tai)系统、丰(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)动植物(wu)群落、珍贵(gui)的(de)(de)(de)濒危(wei)物(wu)种(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng),在自(zi)然科学教(jiao)育和(he)(he)研究中都(dou)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有十分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。有些湿(shi)地(di)(di)还(hai)保留了具(ju)(ju)(ju)有宝(bao)贵(gui)历史价(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化遗址,是(shi)历史文(wen)化研究的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要场所。因此,湿(shi)地(di)(di)这些综合功能(neng)从来都(dou)是(shi)人(ren)类(lei)发展和(he)(he)社会进步的(de)(de)(de)环(huan)(huan)境及(ji)物(wu)质基础。
③据专家测(ce)算(suan),仅占(zhan)地(di)(di)球陆地(di)(di)生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)统总(zong)(zong)面积(ji)6%的(de)湿地(di)(di)生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)统,每年提供(gong)的(de)生态(tai)(tai)服务(wu)价值约(yue)占(zhan)陆地(di)(di)生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)统生态(tai)(tai)服务(wu)总(zong)(zong)价值的(de)45%左(zuo)右;仅占(zhan)地(di)(di)球表面积(ji)l%的(de)淡水湿地(di)(di),生活在其中的(de)物(wu)(wu)种(zhong)却占(zhan)到(dao)了(le)全球物(wu)(wu)种(zhong)总(zong)(zong)量的(de)40%以(yi)上。
④我国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)湿(shi)(shi)地(di)生境类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型众多(duo)(duo)(duo),其(qi)间生长着多(duo)(duo)(duo)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)样的(de)(de)生物(wu)物(wu)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不仅(jin)数量多(duo)(duo)(duo),而(er)且有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很多(duo)(duo)(duo)属中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)重大的(de)(de)科研价值(zhi)和经济价值(zhi)。据初步(bu)统计,中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)湿(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)约(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)101科,在(zai)(zai)高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)属濒(bin)危(wei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)100多(duo)(duo)(duo)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)内陆湿(shi)(shi)地(di)约(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1548种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、高等动(dong)物(wu)1500多(duo)(duo)(duo)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)淡(dan)水鱼类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)770多(duo)(duo)(duo)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或亚种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)包括许多(duo)(duo)(duo)洄(hui)游鱼类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),它们(men)都需借助湿(shi)(shi)地(di)系统提供的(de)(de)特殊(shu)环境产(chan)卵繁(fan)殖。中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)湿(shi)(shi)地(di)的(de)(de)鸟(niao)(niao)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)繁(fan)多(duo)(duo)(duo),在(zai)(zai)亚洲57种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)濒(bin)危(wei)鸟(niao)(niao)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)湿(shi)(shi)地(di)内就有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)31种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占54%;全世(shi)界雁鸭类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)166种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)湿(shi)(shi)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)50种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占30%;全世(shi)界鹤类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)15种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)仅(jin)记(ji)录到(dao)的(de)(de)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)9种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);此外(wai),还有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)许多(duo)(duo)(duo)是属于跨国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)迁徙的(de)(de)鸟(niao)(niao)类(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。
⑤在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)湿地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong),还有(you)一(yi)些是(shi)世界(jie)(jie)某些鸟类(lei)唯(wei)一(yi)的(de)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)或迁徙(xi)的(de)必经之地(di)(di),在(zai)鄱阳湖(hu)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)的(de)白(bai)(bai)鹤就占世界(jie)(jie)白(bai)(bai)鹤总(zong)数(shu)的(de)95%以上(shang)。鄱阳湖(hu)自(zi)然保护区位(wei)于江西省北部,面(mian)积为22400公顷,是(shi)1992年我(wo)国(guo)第一(yi)批列入《湿地(di)(di)公约(yue)》国(guo)际(ji)重要湿地(di)(di)名录的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)湿地(di)(di)之一(yi)。该湖(hu)区受修河水(shui)系(xi)和赣(gan)江水(shui)系(xi)影响,枯水(shui)期保护区水(shui)落滩(tan)出,形(xing)成(cheng)草(cao)洲河滩(tan)与(yu)9个独(du)立(li)的(de)湖(hu)泊;丰水(shui)期9个湖(hu)泊融为一(yi)体,形(xing)成(cheng)鄱阳湖(hu)水(shui)一(yi)片汪洋。该区已记录到湖(hu)泊浮游植物有(you)54科,水(shui)生维(wei)管束植物38科102种(zhong)(zhong)。该地(di)(di)是(shi)迁徙(xi)水(shui)禽(qin)极其(qi)重要的(de)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)地(di)(di),保护区共(gong)有(you)鸟类(lei)近(jin)250种(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)禽(qin)108种(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)要水(shui)禽(qin)有(you)白(bai)(bai)鹤、白(bai)(bai)鹳(guan)、天鹅等(deng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)种(zhong)(zhong)雁(yan)鸭类(lei)。湖(hu)泊中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)百余种(zhong)(zhong)鱼(yu)(yu)类(lei),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)不乏商用鱼(yu)(yu)类(lei)。据1998年冬(dong)(dong)季的(de)观(guan)测,在(zai)这里越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)的(de)候(hou)鸟近(jin)10万只(zhi),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)白(bai)(bai)鹤1500多(duo)(duo)(duo)只(zhi)、白(bai)(bai)枕鹤1000多(duo)(duo)(duo)只(zhi)、小天鹅2000多(duo)(duo)(duo)只(zhi)、白(bai)(bai)琵鹭2000多(duo)(duo)(duo)只(zhi)、雁(yan)鸭类(lei)3万多(duo)(duo)(duo)只(zhi)。
⑥作为(wei)我(wo)国(guo)的(de)首都,北(bei)京也有(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)湿地(di)资源。北(bei)京市的(de)湿地(di)资源分(fen)为(wei)天然(ran)河(he)流(liu)(liu)和(he)人工(gong)库(ku)塘(tang)、湖(hu)泊(bo)2种类(lei)型(xing)。其中天然(ran)河(he)流(liu)(liu)湿地(di)占3.5万公顷(qing):北(bei)京有(you)(you)大小河(he)流(liu)(liu)200余条,分(fen)属于永定(ding)河(he)、潮(chao)白河(he)、北(bei)运(yun)河(he)、蓟运(yun)河(he)和(he)大清河(he),河(he)流(liu)(liu)面(mian)积合计5000公顷(qing)左右。人工(gong)库(ku)塘(tang)、湖(hu)泊(bo)湿地(di)有(you)(you)1.5万公顷(qing),但目前保存典型(xing)的(de)芦苇、香(xiang)蒲沼泽湿地(di)很(hen)少,面(mian)积较大的(de)仅有(you)(you)顺(shun)义汉石(shi)桥、延(yan)庆野鸭湖(hu)、门头(tou)沟三(san)家店等处,约有(you)(you)2000公顷(qing)左右。
⑦正是有(you)了这(zhei)些湿(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)的存在,才使得自然环境如此的丰富多(duo)彩,人们也(ye)因(yin)为有(you)了湿(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)的存在免遭(zao)很多(duo)灾难。希望人们能善待(dai)湿(shi)(shi)地(di)(di),因(yin)为那(nei)也(ye)是善待(dai)人类(lei)本身。
20.下(xia)列(lie)判断不符合文(wen)意的一项( )(3分)
A.湿地(di)是地(di)球上(shang)三(san)类重(zhong)要的生(sheng)态(tai)系统(tong)之一。
B.河(he)流、湖泊、水库(ku)、稻田以(yi)及退潮时水深不超(chao)过6米(mi)的海(hai)水区都(dou)属于湿(shi)地。
C.根据湿地的作用,我(wo)们可以说湿地是“气候调节器“。
D.湿地与(yu)人类(lei)的(de)生存(cun)、繁(fan)衍、发展(zhan)息息相关,其价值远(yuan)高于(yu)陆地。
21.概括文章第④自然段(duan)的内容。(2分)
22.下列对鄱阳(yang)湖自然保护区的(de)说(shuo)明不正确的(de)一(yi)项是( )(2分)
A.鄱阳湖自然保护区是列入《湿地公(gong)约》国际重(zhong)要湿地名录的中国湿地之一。
B.鄱(po)阳湖自然保护区枯水(shui)期和丰水(shui)期形态的不同是受修(xiu)河水(shui)系(xi)和赣(gan)江水(shui)系(xi)的影(ying)响。
C.鄱阳湖(hu)自然保(bao)护区是世界(jie)鸟(niao)类(lei)唯一的越(yue)冬(dong)地(di),在(zai)那越(yue)冬(dong)的白(bai)鹤(he)占世界(jie)白(bai)鹤(he)总(zong)数的95%以(yi)上(shang)。
D.鄱(po)阳湖自(zi)然保护区有水禽108种(zhong),主要包括白(bai)(bai)鹤、白(bai)(bai)鹳、天鹅等多种(zhong)雁鸭类。
23.北京市的湿(shi)地资源(yuan)有(you) 和 两(liang)种类型(xing)。(2分(fen))
24.为介绍我(wo)国湿地(di)的鸟类,文中集中运用了(le)两(liang)组(zu)数(shu)据,请(qing)分别指出(chu)其所在(zai)的自然段,并说说这两(liang)组(zu)数(shu)据个说明了(le)什么?(4分)
第(di)一组:第(di) 自然段(duan),说(shuo)明了 。
第(di)二(er)组(zu):第(di) 自(zi)然段,说明了 。
20 3分)D 21、(2分)我国的…历年中考说明文阅读训练答案100则…鸟(niao)类(lei)种(zhong)类(lei)繁多 第二组 第 5自然段 说明了在(zai)鄱阳湖保护区(qu)越(yue)冬的(de)鸟(niao)类(lei)数量以及(ji)种(zhong)类(lei)之多。