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过秦论上

作者:贾 谊 文章来源:本站整理

秦(qin)孝公据崤(yao)函之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固,拥雍(yong)州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,君臣(chen)固守,以窥周(zhou)室;有席卷(juan)天下(xia),包举(ju)宇内,囊括(kuo)四海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,并(bing)吞八荒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心。当是时也(ye),商君佐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),内立法度(du),务耕织,修守战之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具,外(wai)连衡而(er)(er)斗诸侯。于是秦(qin)人拱手而(er)(er)取(qu)西河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)。

孝(xiao)公既没(mei),惠文、武、昭(zhao)襄蒙故业。因遗(yi)策,南取汉中(zhong),西举(ju)巴蜀,东割膏腴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),北收要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郡(jun)。诸(zhu)侯恐惧,会盟(meng)而(er)谋(mou)弱秦(qin),不爱珍器重宝肥饶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),以致天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,合从缔(di)交,相与为(wei)一。当此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,齐有(you)(you)孟尝,赵(zhao)有(you)(you)平原,楚(chu)有(you)(you)春申(shen),魏(wei)有(you)(you)信(xin)(xin)陵(ling);此(ci)四君者,皆(jie)明智而(er)忠信(xin)(xin),宽厚(hou)而(er)爱人,尊贤重士,约(yue)从离横,兼韩、魏(wei)、燕、赵(zhao)、齐、楚(chu)、宋、卫(wei)、中(zhong)山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众。于(yu)是六国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,有(you)(you)宁越、徐尚(shang)、苏秦(qin)、杜赫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋(mou);齐明、周最、陈轸、昭(zhao)滑、楼绥、翟景、苏厉、乐毅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒通其(qi)意;吴起、孙(sun)膑(bin)、带(dai)佗(tuo)、儿良、王(wang)廖、田忌、廉颇、赵(zhao)奢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伦制其(qi)兵。尝以十(shi)倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),百(bai)万(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众,叩关而(er)攻(gong)秦(qin)。秦(qin)人开关延敌,九国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)师(shi),逡(qun)巡(xun)遁逃而(er)不敢进。秦(qin)无亡矢遗(yi)镞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费,而(er)天(tian)下诸(zhu)侯已(yi)困矣(yi)。于(yu)是从散约(yue)解,争割地(di)而(er)赂秦(qin)。秦(qin)有(you)(you)余力(li)而(er)制其(qi)敝,追亡逐北,伏尸(shi)百(bai)万(wan),流(liu)血漂橹(lu);因利乘便(bian),宰割天(tian)下,分(fen)裂河(he)山(shan),强国请(qing)服,弱国入朝。施及孝(xiao)文王(wang)、庄襄王(wang),享国日浅,国家无事。

及(ji)至秦王(wang),续六世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余烈,振长策(ce)而(er)(er)御宇内,吞二周(zhou)而(er)(er)亡诸侯,履至尊而(er)(er)制六合(he),执(zhi)捶拊以鞭笞天(tian)下(xia),威(wei)振四海,南取百(bai)越(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地以为(wei)桂林、象郡;百(bai)越(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,俯首系(xi)颈,委命下(xia)吏;乃使蒙(meng)恬北(bei)筑长城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)守(shou)藩篱(li),却匈奴七百(bai)余里;胡人不敢(gan)(gan)南下(xia)而(er)(er)牧(mu)马,士不敢(gan)(gan)弯弓而(er)(er)报怨。于是(shi)废先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,焚百(bai)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,以愚黔首;堕名城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),杀豪俊,收天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing),聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咸阳,销锋铸鐻,以为(wei)金人十(shi)二,以弱天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民。然后践华(hua)为(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),因河为(wei)池(chi),据(ju)亿丈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),临不测之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谿以固。良(liang)将劲弩(nu),守(shou)要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处;信臣精(jing)卒,陈利兵(bing)而(er)(er)谁何?天(tian)下(xia)已定(ding),秦王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,自以为(wei)关中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固,金城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)千里,子孙帝王(wang)万(wan)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业也。

秦王既没,余威震于殊俗(su)。然而(er)(er)陈涉,瓮(weng)牖绳枢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi),甿(meng)隶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,而(er)(er)迁(qian)徙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)也(ye),才能(neng)不及中人,非有(you)仲尼、墨翟(zhai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤,陶(tao)朱、猗(yi)顿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,蹑足行(xing)伍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,而(er)(er)倔起(qi)阡(qian)陌(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,率罢(ba)散之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒,将数百之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众(zhong),转而(er)(er)攻(gong)秦;斩木为(wei)兵,揭竿为(wei)旗,天下云(yun)集而(er)(er)响应(ying),赢(ying)粮(liang)而(er)(er)景从,山(shan)东(dong)豪俊(jun),遂并起(qi)而(er)(er)亡秦族矣。

且夫天下(xia)非(fei)小(xiao)弱也,雍州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,崤函(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固,自若也;陈(chen)涉(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),非(fei)尊于(yu)齐、楚、燕(yan)、赵、韩、魏、宋、卫(wei)、中山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)也;锄(chu)耰(you)棘(ji)矜,非(fei)铦于(yu)钩戟长(zhang)铩(sha)也;谪戍(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众,非(fei)抗于(yu)九国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)师也;深谋(mou)远虑,行军用兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,非(fei)及曩时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士也;然而(er)成败异(yi)变,功业相反。试使山东(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,与陈(chen)涉(she)度长(zhang)絜(xie)大(da),比(bi)权量力,则不(bu)可同年(nian)而(er)语(yu)矣;然秦以区区之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,致万乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)权,招八州(zhou)而(er)朝同列,百有余年(nian)矣;然后以六合为(wei)家,崤函(han)为(wei)宫,一夫作难而(er)七(qi)庙堕,身(shen)死(si)人手,为(wei)天下(xia)笑者,何(he)也?仁义(yi)不(bu)施,而(er)攻(gong)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势异(yi)也。

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