【说明与解析】
“书(shu)(shu)(shu)”是(shi)(shi)司(si)马(ma)迁创行的(de)(de)史体之一。《索隐》说:“书(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe),五(wu)经(jing)六(liu)籍总名也”;《正义(yi)》说:“五(wu)经(jing)六(liu)籍,咸谓(wei)之书(shu)(shu)(shu)”。其实司(si)马(ma)迁《史记》中的(de)(de)八书(shu)(shu)(shu)之书(shu)(shu)(shu),与五(wu)经(jing)六(liu)籍之书(shu)(shu)(shu)完全不同。后者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)名词(ci);前者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)动词(ci),为书(shu)(shu)(shu)写(xie)之书(shu)(shu)(shu),是(shi)(shi)记录(lu)的(de)(de)意思。班氏(shi)《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》改(gai)称为志,志、誌,古(gu)代(dai)通用,也是(shi)(shi)记录(lu)的(de)(de)意思。本(ben)来十二(er)本(ben)纪、十表、八书(shu)(shu)(shu)、三十世家、七十列(lie)传(chuan)都是(shi)(shi)记录(lu),惟(wei)因内容和(he)形式有所不同,故以(yi)不同名目区(qu)别之:史以(yi)帝(di)王(wang)为中心,名为本(ben)纪;人物为传(chuan)纪,名列(lie)传(chuan);诸侯(hou)以(yi)世袭,名世家;大事系以(yi)年(nian)月,列(lie)成表格,名之为表;余无所属(shu),便径以(yi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)名之。
书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)体的由来,多(duo)数人(ren)承认是(shi)(shi)司(si)(si)马(ma)迁独(du)创(chuang),同时又(you)以(yi)为(wei),虽曰独(du)创(chuang),必有(you)所本(ben)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)有(you)人(ren)以(yi)为(wei)仿(fang)自(zi)《礼(li)经(jing)(jing)》(如(ru)刘(liu)知几《史通·书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)志(zhi)篇》),有(you)人(ren)以(yi)为(wei)原于(yu)(yu)(yu)《尔(er)雅》(如(ru)郑樵《通志(zhi)序》),或以(yi)为(wei)昉自(zi)《吕览》、《淮南子》诸子书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(如(ru)章学诚(cheng)《文(wen)史通义·亳州志(zhi)掌故(gu)例义》)等(deng)。今人(ren)程金(jin)造撰(zhuan)《史记(ji)管窥》另标新(xin)说,以(yi)为(wei)是(shi)(shi)由《尚(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》扩充而成。理由之(zhi)一(yi)是(shi)(shi)“左史纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan),右史纪(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)”,事(shi)(shi)为(wei)《春秋(qiu)》,言(yan)(yan)为(wei)《尚(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,史家(jia)只此(ci)二事(shi)(shi)。太史公撰(zhuan)史事(shi)(shi)绍发《春秋(qiu)》,八(ba)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)自(zi)当是(shi)(shi)仿(fang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)《尚(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》了(le)。之(zhi)二是(shi)(shi)《尚(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》与(yu)(yu)(yu)八(ba)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)都名(ming)为(wei)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),内容又(you)有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)仿(fang)佛(fo)处(chu),如(ru)《禹贡》之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)《河渠书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,《尧典》之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)《天(tian)官书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》等(deng)。其(qi)(qi)实都是(shi)(shi)敷会。《尚(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》是(shi)(shi)上古档(dang)案,非(fei)独(du)纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan);八(ba)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)中(zhong),如(ru)《封禅》、《河渠》等(deng)篇亦(yi)非(fei)纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan),可见与(yu)(yu)(yu)纪(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)、纪(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)无(wu)关。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)说《尧典》与(yu)(yu)(yu)《天(tian)官书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》形似(si)(si)(si),《禹贡》与(yu)(yu)(yu)《河渠书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》形似(si)(si)(si),更是(shi)(shi)郢书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)燕说、鲁鱼亥豕之(zhi)谈了(le)。史以(yi)纪(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi),事(shi)(shi)关人(ren)物及其(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)论、行动者,司(si)(si)马(ma)迁分别以(yi)本(ben)纪(ji)(ji)、列传、表、世家(jia)贯穿之(zhi),此(ci)外不能及者,按(an)类分篇,以(yi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)名(ming)之(zhi)。若(ruo)从按(an)类分篇看,与(yu)(yu)(yu)诸子书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)颇相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)(si)(si),但内容绝不能侔;若(ruo)从内容与(yu)(yu)(yu)《礼(li)经(jing)(jing)》、《尚(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《尔(er)雅》有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)(si)(si)处(chu)看,其(qi)(qi)轻重,繁简(jian)、体例又(you)绝不相(xiang)(xiang)同。
因而,只能说(shuo)史之(zhi)有书(shu)体,创自司马迁,仅此而已。与之(zhi)形似(si)者虽(sui)多,都不能说(shuo)是八书(shu)的原形。
八(ba)书(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)内(nei)容清人(ren)赵翼说是(shi)(shi)(shi)“以(yi)(yi)纪(ji)朝(chao)章(zhang)国(guo)典”,这是(shi)(shi)(shi)历(li)代(dai)定论。仔细(xi)推敲,似不尽然。八(ba)书(shu)(shu)(shu)中的(de)礼、乐(le)、律、天官四篇(pian)主要(yao)内(nei)容都不是(shi)(shi)(shi)纪(ji)朝(chao)章(zhang)国(guo)典。有人(ren)说,前三(san)篇(pian)系后(hou)人(ren)所(suo)(suo)补(bu),非太(tai)(tai)史(shi)公(gong)(gong)原著,不足凭据(ju)。亦有可疑,以(yi)(yi)《礼书(shu)(shu)(shu)》论,皆(jie)知是(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)《荀子(zi)》文补(bu)之(zhi)(zhi),两相对照便知,《史(shi)记》多(duo)有增删改(gai)(gai)易处,大多(duo)虽仅一(yi)字二字,必中肯棨,若非太(tai)(tai)史(shi)公(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)为,世(shi)间更那有如此手(shou)笔?《历(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》一(yi)篇(pian),太(tai)(tai)史(shi)公(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)初(chu)改(gai)(gai)历(li)的(de)主持(chi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),所(suo)(suo)载又(you)偏偏缺(que)少(shao)太(tai)(tai)初(chu)历(li)法(书(shu)(shu)(shu)中的(de)《历(li)术甲子(zi)篇(pian)》后(hou)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)为系褚先生所(suo)(suo)补(bu)),实在(zai)令人(ren)不解。由(you)此似可认为八(ba)书(shu)(shu)(shu)中的(de)礼、乐(le)、律、天官四篇(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)学术专论,系司马迁(qian)杂取时论而(er)为之(zhi)(zhi)。其余四篇(pian)旨在(zai)指责(ze)汉(han)代(dai),特别(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)汉(han)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)时代(dai)的(de)政事(shi),如《封(feng)禅书(shu)(shu)(shu)》专论武(wu)(wu)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)淫祀;《河渠书(shu)(shu)(shu)》讥武(wu)(wu)帝(di)屡信浅陋之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),工程劳而(er)无功;《平准书(shu)(shu)(shu)》责(ze)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)无故兴(xing)兵开边,财用不给,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)刻民侵商,致国(guo)困(kun)民贫。惟武(wu)(wu)帝(di)太(tai)(tai)初(chu)改(gai)(gai)历(li)为一(yi)代(dai)盛(sheng)事(shi),《历(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》于(yu)太(tai)(tai)初(chu)历(li)法又(you)缺(que)而(er)不书(shu)(shu)(shu)。当时便以(yi)(yi)《史(shi)记》为谤书(shu)(shu)(shu),大约主要(yao)由(you)于(yu)这些缘故。自《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》改(gai)(gai)书(shu)(shu)(shu)体(ti)为志,专记朝(chao)章(zhang)国(guo)典,虽是(shi)(shi)(shi)受《史(shi)记》启发,却不是(shi)(shi)(shi)司马迁(qian)创立书(shu)(shu)(shu)体(ti)的(de)本意。
八(ba)(ba)书之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《礼(li)(li)书》。专门(men)探讨有关礼(li)(li)的若干理论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。礼(li)(li),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)维系世间万(wan)物等(deng)级、秩序的规定或制度。司(si)马迁列为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)书之(zhi)(zhi)首,反映(ying)了他对社会(hui)等(deng)级、秩序重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)的认(ren)识。本(ben)篇以“礼(li)(li)由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)起”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)界,分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)部分(fen)(fen),以前(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)序录(lu),简(jian)述(shu)礼(li)(li)的特征、功(gong)能和沿革。以下是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)详说,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)删截《荀子》“礼(li)(li)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)”、“议兵”二(er)篇文(wen)字(zi)(zi)而(er)成。又(you)可分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七个层(ceng)次:序论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)二(er),详说五(wu)。前(qian)二(er)个自然(ran)段为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)层(ceng),论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)“沿人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情而(er)制礼(li)(li)”。“沿人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情”的意思包括(kuo)(kuo)“顺(shun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情”、“节人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)欲(yu)(yu)”二(er)个方面。第(di)(di)(di)三(san)、四、五(wu)自然(ran)段为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)层(ceng),述(shu)礼(li)(li)制沿革。第(di)(di)(di)六、七、八(ba)(ba)自然(ran)段载(zai)自“礼(li)(li)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)层(ceng),内(nei)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)层(ceng)的深化,惟把“顺(shun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情”概括(kuo)(kuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“养”人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情,“节人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)欲(yu)(yu)”概括(kuo)(kuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“礼(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)辨(bian)”。进而(er)指出(chu)后者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儒、墨两家(jia)理论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的分(fen)(fen)界线,即(ji)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)墨家(jia)主(zhu)张“一(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)于情性(xing)”,儒者(zhe)则主(zhu)张人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)欲(yu)(yu)按等(deng)级加以节制。第(di)(di)(di)四层(ceng)包括(kuo)(kuo)九、十(shi)两个自然(ran)段,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“议兵”篇中(zhong)文(wen)字(zi)(zi),内(nei)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以实例证明礼(li)(li)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)。以下至篇末(mo)均(jun)出(chu)自“礼(li)(li)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)”,其中(zhong)第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)、十(shi)二(er)、十(shi)三(san)自然(ran)段为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)层(ceng),论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)礼(li)(li)的另一(yi)(yi)特征是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“贵本(ben)亲用”。先述(shu)“礼(li)(li)有三(san)本(ben)”:天(tian)地、先祖和君师。次以实例说明辨(bian)尊(zun)卑大小是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“贵本(ben)”的具体表现。末(mo)述(shu)“贵本(ben)亲用”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)的最高形式。第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)四自然(ran)段为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)六层(ceng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以上(shang)内(nei)容(rong)的综述(shu)。余为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)七层(ceng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太史公评语(也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)载(zai)取“礼(li)(li)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)”中(zhong)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)而(er)成),重(zhong)(zhong)申(shen)了礼(li)(li)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性(xing),提出(chu)“礼(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道之(zhi)(zhi)极”、礼(li)(li)贵适中(zhong)的观点。
对此篇(pian)(pian)出处有(you)三(san)(san)说(shuo):一如《索(suo)隐》、《正义(yi)(yi)》,认为(wei)(wei)(wei)“是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)褚(chu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)取荀卿(qing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)论兼为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)”;二(er)如日·泷川资言(yan)《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)会注考证》卷二(er)十三(san)(san)所(suo)说(shuo),自(zi)(zi)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)人(ren)(ren)起”(第六自(zi)(zi)然段(duan))以(yi)下为(wei)(wei)(wei)后人(ren)(ren)妄增(zeng),但(dan)未必便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)褚(chu)少(shao)(shao)孙;三(san)(san)如清·郭嵩涛《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)札记(ji)(ji)(ji)》卷三(san)(san)所(suo)说(shuo):第一部分为(wei)(wei)(wei)“太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)草创之(zhi)(zhi)文”,不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)定本(ben);第二(er)部分取荀子(zi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)足(zu)之(zhi)(zhi),“史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于此,有(you)深意(yi)焉”。意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)”出自(zi)(zi)太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong),但(dan)非完书(shu)(shu)(shu)。今(jin)观《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)·龟策列传(chuan)(chuan)》,“正义(yi)(yi)”说(shuo):“史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)至元(yuan)成(cheng)间十篇(pian)(pian)有(you)录(lu)无(wu)书(shu)(shu)(shu),而(er)(er)褚(chu)少(shao)(shao)孙补(bu)《景(jing)》、《武纪》、《将相(xiang)(xiang)年表》、《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《乐书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《律书(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《三(san)(san)王(wang)世家(jia)》、《蒯成(cheng)侯》、《日者(zhe)》、《龟册列传(chuan)(chuan)》。《日者(zhe)》、《龟册》言(yan)词最(zui)卑陋,非太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)意(yi)也”。其中(zhong)说(shuo)“元(yuan)成(cheng)间十篇(pian)(pian)己(ji)有(you)录(lu)无(wu)书(shu)(shu)(shu),不知(zhi)所(suo)本(ben)。”至于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否褚(chu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)补(bu),则(ze)大有(you)斟酌余(yu)地。其中(zhong)以(yi)有(you)“褚(chu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)曰(yue)”字样,可(ke)确认为(wei)(wei)(wei)褚(chu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)补(bu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe)只有(you)《三(san)(san)王(wang)世家(jia)》、《日者(zhe)》、《龟册》三(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)。此外《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》、《乐》二(er)书(shu)(shu)(shu)系取他书(shu)(shu)(shu)文字而(er)(er)成(cheng)者(zhe),《律》书(shu)(shu)(shu)各段(duan)文字不相(xiang)(xiang)连属,这三(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)仅略(lve)有(you)补(bu)缀痕迹,实难断言(yan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)褚(chu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)手笔。盖缘史(shi)(shi)无(wu)足(zu)征,则(ze)取他书(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古人(ren)(ren)著书(shu)(shu)(shu)通例,不独《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)然。像《汉书(shu)(shu)(shu)》整篇(pian)(pian)抄(chao)录(lu)《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》,医书(shu)(shu)(shu)《灵》、《素》多有(you)同(tong)(tong)文,农(nong)书(shu)(shu)(shu)更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)传(chuan)(chuan)抄(chao)。《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)”皆知(zhi)录(lu)自(zi)(zi)《荀子(zi)》“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)论”,但(dan)又与(yu)《大戴礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)本(ben)”篇(pian)(pian)雷同(tong)(tong),可(ke)见《荀子(zi)》、《大戴礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》亦相(xiang)(xiang)抄(chao)录(lu),实不足(zu)由(you)此撼作(zuo)者(zhe)。另《太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)自(zi)(zi)序》说(shuo):“维三(san)(san)代之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li),所(suo)损益(yi)各殊务,然要以(yi)近性情,通王(wang)道,故礼(li)(li)(li)(li)因(yin)人(ren)(ren)质为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)节文,略(lve)协古今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)。作(zuo)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》第一”。由(you)前述段(duan)略(lve)大义(yi)(yi),《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》虽录(lu)自(zi)(zi)《荀子(zi)》,通篇(pian)(pian)内容既不悖太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)初衷,且由(you)略(lve)到详,层(ceng)次分明,自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)一严密整体(ti),抄(chao)录(lu)时已经过匠心斧斫,故谓系太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)自(zi)(zi)补(bu)亦未尝不可(ke)。
【译文】
太史公说:“礼(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)品(pin)格、功能,实在博大众多而又盛(sheng)美啊(a)!它主宰万物、驱(qu)策群品(pin),岂(qi)是人(ren)力所能做到(dao)的(de)(de)?我曾到(dao)大行礼(li)(li)(li)官(guan)那里(li),研究夏、商、周(zhou)三代礼(li)(li)(li)制的(de)(de)演变,才知(zhi)道,按照人(ren)情制定礼(li)(li)(li),依据(ju)人(ren)性制定仪,是由来已(yi)久(jiu)的(de)(de)事了(le)。
做(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)道(dao)理,千条(tiao)万条(tiao),无不贯穿一条(tiao)基本(ben)准则,就(jiu)是诱导人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)们,使知仁义,并以(yi)刑罚(fa)相约束。所以(yi),德厚(hou)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),地位尊显(xian)贵(gui)重;俸禄多(duo)的(de)享(xiang)受荣耀恩宠,以(yi)此来(lai)统一天下(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)意识,整齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)身体(ti)乘车马感到(dao)(dao)舒适,就(jiu)以(yi)金饰车,又(you)(you)雕(diao)镂车衡,镶金错银,加(jia)(jia)上(shang)繁(fan)琐的(de)装饰;眼(yan)睛爱看(kan)五(wu)彩(cai)美色,就(jiu)设计了黼黻文章等(deng)(deng)花纹,使外表形态更美好(hao);人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)耳(er)乐闻钟磬等(deng)(deng)动听的(de)声音,就(jiu)调(diao)谐各(ge)种(zhong)乐器以(yi)激(ji)荡(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心;人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口喜欢吃美味食物(wu)(wu)(wu),就(jiu)烹(peng)调(diao)出嘉肴(yao)异馔(zhuan),或(huo)酸或(huo)咸,各(ge)尽其(qi)美;人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情喜爱珍贵(gui)善美的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi),就(jiu)以(yi)美玉制(zhi)成圭璧,又(you)(you)加(jia)(jia)琢磨,以(yi)顺人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)意。这(zhei)样(yang)下(xia)去,如(ru)何(he)得(de)了?于(yu)是,又(you)(you)制(zhi)造了大路越(yue)席、皮弁(bian)布(bu)裳、朱弦洞越(yue)、大羹玄酒等(deng)(deng),防止(zhi)过分奢侈(chi),挽救衰败。所以(yi),上(shang)至君臣等(deng)(deng)朝廷中(zhong)的(de)尊卑贵(gui)贱秩序,下(xia)到(dao)(dao)黎民百姓衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶的(de)等(deng)(deng)级,事(shi)事(shi)皆(jie)有适宜之度,物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)文饰皆(jie)有节(jie)制(zhi)。孔子说(shuo):“禘祭(ji)自灌以(yi)后,次序颠(dian)倒,我不愿(yuan)再(zai)看(kan)了。”
周朝(chao)衰(shuai)落后,礼(li)制(zhi)废弃,乐制(zhi)破坏,大小不按等级,以(yi)至(zhi)管(guan)仲家中娶三姓妇女为妻。世上遵(zun)法(fa)律、守(shou)正道(dao)的(de)人受侮辱,奢侈逾制(zhi)的(de)人名显(xian)身荣(rong)。
上(shang)自子(zi)夏这(zhei)样的(de)孔门高弟,犹且说(shuo):“出门见到纷(fen)纭华丽盛美的(de)事物而(er)欢喜(xi)(xi),回来听到夫子(zi)的(de)学(xue)说(shuo)而(er)欢喜(xi)(xi),二者常在(zai)心(xin)中斗争,不能(neng)决定取(qu)舍”。更(geng)何况(kuang)中材以(yi)下的(de)人,长期处(chu)在(zai)失于教(jiao)导的(de)习俗、环(huan)境中了(le)?孔子(zi)论卫(wei)国政治说(shuo):“必先(xian)正其名分。”但在(zai)卫(wei)国终于无(wu)法做(zuo)到。孔子(zi)死(si)后(hou),受业门人沉沦星散(san),有的(de)到了(le)齐、楚,有的(de)遁入河北、海内。岂不令(ling)人痛(tong)惜!
至(zhi)秦(qin)统一天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia),全部收罗六(liu)国(guo)礼(li)仪(yi)制度,择(ze)其善者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)用之(zhi),虽(sui)与先(xian)圣先(xian)贤的制度不(bu)合,却(que)也尊(zun)君抑臣(chen),使朝廷威仪(yi),庄严肃穆(mu),与古代(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)同。到汉(han)(han)高祖光复四(si)海,拥有(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia),儒者(zhe)(zhe)叔孙(sun)通(tong)增损秦(qin)制,制定了(le)(le)汉(han)(han)代(dai)制度。主(zhu)体(ti)却(que)是沿袭秦(qin)制,上自天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)称号,下(xia)至(zhi)僚佐(zuo)和宫殿、官名,都很少变更(geng)。孝(xiao)文帝(di)即位后(hou),政府有(you)关部门(men)建(jian)议,要重定礼(li)仪(yi)制度,那时孝(xiao)文帝(di)喜爱(ai)道家学说,以为(wei)繁琐的礼(li)节(jie)只(zhi)能粉饰外表(biao),无益于天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)治乱(luan),没(mei)有(you)采纳。孝(xiao)景帝(di)时期(qi),御史大(da)夫(fu)晁错明于世(shi)务,深通(tong)刑名之(zhi)学,屡屡建(jian)议说:“诸侯(hou)(hou)是天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)的屏藩、辅佐(zuo),与臣(chen)子(zi)相(xiang)(xiang)同,古往今来(lai)都是如此(ci)(ci)。如今却(que)是诸侯(hou)(hou)大(da)国(guo)专治其境,与朝廷政令不(bu)同,诸事又不(bu)向京城禀报(bao),此(ci)(ci)事断然不(bu)可持续(xu)下(xia)去,流毒后(hou)世(shi)。”孝(xiao)景帝(di)采纳他的计策,削(xue)弱诸侯(hou)(hou),导(dao)致(zhi)了(le)(le)六(liu)国(guo)叛乱(luan),首(shou)以诛晁错为(wei)名,天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)不(bu)得己(ji),杀晁错以解时局的危难。此(ci)(ci)事详载(zai)于《袁盎列传》中。自此(ci)(ci)以后(hou),为(wei)官者(zhe)(zhe)但务结交诸侯(hou)(hou)、安享俸(feng)禄(lu)而(er)已,无人敢再复倡此(ci)(ci)议。
今上(shang)(shang)(汉武帝(di))即位(wei)后(hou)(hou),招纳(na)罗致通儒学的(de)人才(cai),命他们(men)共同制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定礼(li)仪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),搞了十(shi)余年(nian),不(bu)能成功。有人说:古(gu)时天下太平,万民和乐欢(huan)喜,感应上(shang)(shang)天,降下各种祥瑞征兆,才(cai)能够采择风俗,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。如(ru)今不(bu)具(ju)备这些条件。皇帝(di)向御史(shi)下诏书道:“历朝受(shou)天命而为(wei)王,虽然各有其兴(xing)盛的(de)原因,却是殊途而同归,即因民心而起,随民俗确定制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。如(ru)今议者都厚古(gu)而薄(bo)今,百姓还(hai)有何指望?汉朝也是一家(jia)帝(di)王,典法制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)不(bu)能流(liu)传(chuan),如(ru)何对(dui)(dui)后(hou)(hou)世子(zi)孙解释?治(zhi)化隆(long)盛的(de)对(dui)(dui)后(hou)(hou)世影响也自博大闳深,治(zhi)化浅(qian)的(de)影响就偏窄狭小(xiao),怎可不(bu)自勉励!”于(yu)是,以(yi)“太初”为(wei)元年(nian)改定历法,变易服(fu)色,封(feng)祭(ji)泰山(shan),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定宗庙、百官(guan)礼(li)仪,作为(wei)不(bu)变的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),流(liu)传(chuan)后(hou)(hou)世。
礼(li)是(shi)由人(ren)(ren)产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de),人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)而有欲望(wang),欲望(wang)达不(bu)到则不(bu)能(neng)没有怨愤,愤而不(bu)止就要争(zheng)斗,争(zheng)斗就生(sheng)祸乱。古代帝王厌(yan)恶祸乱,才制定礼(li)仪来(lai)滋(zi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)欲望(wang),满(man)足人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)需求,使(shi)欲望(wang)不(bu)致(zhi)因(yin)物不(bu)足而受(shou)抑制,物也(ye)不(bu)致(zhi)因(yin)欲望(wang)太大而枯竭(jie),物、欲二者相得而长(zhang),这样(yang)礼(li)就产(chan)生(sheng)了。所以(yi),礼(li)就是(shi)养(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。稻梁等(deng)五味(wei)是(shi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)口(kou)的(de)(de);椒、兰、芬芳的(de)(de)芷草,是(shi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)鼻的(de)(de);钟、鼓及各种管弦(xian)乐器的(de)(de)音(yin)声是(shi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)耳的(de)(de);雕刻花纹是(shi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)眼(yan)目的(de)(de);宽敞的(de)(de)房屋以(yi)及床箦几席,是(shi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)身体的(de)(de)。所以(yi)说礼(li)就是(shi)养(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。
君子欲望既得到滋养(yang)而满足(zu),又愿(yuan)受到“辨”的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。所谓辨,就是(shi)辨别(bie)贵贱使(shi)有等级,长少(shao)使(shi)有差别(bie),贫富轻重都能(neng)得到相(xiang)称的(de)(de)(de)(de)待遇。因(yin)此(ci),天子以大(da)路越(yue)席(xi)保养(yang)身体(ti);身旁放着(zhe)香草,用(yong)来(lai)养(yang)鼻;前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)车衡(heng)经过嵌错装饰,用(yong)来(lai)养(yang)目(mu);车动时,鸾铃叮,节(jie)奏缓(huan)和如(ru)《武》、《象》二舞(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐曲,急骤如(ru)《韶》、《濩》舞(wu)曲,是(shi)用(yong)来(lai)养(yang)耳的(de)(de)(de)(de);龙旗下,九旒低垂,是(shi)用(yong)来(lai)养(yang)信用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。战阵(zhen)上,以兕(si)牛皮(pi)为席(xi),车上手(shou)握(wo)处,雕(diao)成虎文(wen),用(yong)鲛鱼皮(pi)蒙(meng)马腹,雕(diao)龙文(wen)饰车轭,是(shi)用(yong)来(lai)养(yang)威(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。驾驭大(da)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)马,之所以必须调教顺驯,才能(neng)乘坐,是(shi)为了(le)养(yang)安。谁能(neng)知(zhi)道,士人出生(sheng)入死(si),邀立名节(jie),正(zheng)是(shi)为了(le)养(yang)护他们的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命?谁能(neng)知(zhi)道,轻财好(hao)施,挥金如(ru)土,是(shi)为了(le)养(yang)护钱(qian)财?谁知(zhi)谦恭辞(ci)让(rang)、循循多礼,是(shi)为了(le)养(yang)护平(ping)安?谁知(zhi)道知(zhi)书达礼,温(wen)文(wen)儒雅,是(shi)可以安养(yang)性情的(de)(de)(de)(de)?
人若一(yi)意苟且(qie)求生,如(ru)此(ci)必(bi)死;一(yi)意苟且(qie)图利(li),如(ru)此(ci)必(bi)受害(hai)(hai);安于懈怠、懒惰的(de)必(bi)危,固执(zhi)情性(xing)的(de)必(bi)亡。因此(ci),圣人一(yi)概处之(zhi)以礼义,就能获(huo)生避死、近利(li)远害(hai)(hai)、居安离危,事事得两(liang)全其美(mei)了。反之(zhi),若一(yi)概任(ren)情尽性(xing),就会两(liang)者齐失(shi)。而儒者的(de)学说(shuo)使人两(liang)全其美(mei),墨家(jia)学说(shuo)使人两(liang)皆有失(shi),这(zhei)是儒墨两(liang)家(jia)的(de)分别。
礼是(shi)(shi)治世(shi)辨惑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)极点(dian),强国(guo)固家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本,威力施(shi)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本方(fang)法,事(shi)功名位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)总表现。王(wang)公奉行(xing)它(ta),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)统(tong)(tong)一天下,臣服诸侯;不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)奉行(xing)就(jiu)会捐(juan)弃社稷,破家亡国(guo)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),坚韧(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲胄、犀利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵器,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)获(huo)得胜利(li)(li),高大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城墙、宽(kuan)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沟池(chi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)险(xian)固,严(yan)酷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)号令、繁(fan)苛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑罚,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)增加威严(yan)。按(an)礼办事(shi),就(jiu)事(shi)事(shi)成(cheng)功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)礼办事(shi),就(jiu)诸事(shi)皆(jie)废。楚(chu)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)鲛鱼革,犀牛(niu)(niu)、兕牛(niu)(niu)皮为(wei)(wei)衣(yi)甲,坚韧(ren)如同(tong)金石;又(you)有宛城制造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)铁(tie)矛,钻(zuan)刺时犀利(li)(li)如锋虿之(zhi)尾;军队轻利(li)(li)飘速(su),士卒像(xiang)疾风骤雨般(ban)迅捷。然而,兵败于(yu)垂涉(she),将军唐昧战死;庄蹻起兵,楚(chu)国(guo)分而为(wei)(wei)四。这(zhei)能(neng)(neng)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)没有坚甲利(li)(li)兵吗?是(shi)(shi)统(tong)(tong)领的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)对(dui)头啊(a)。楚(chu)国(guo)以(yi)(yi)汝水、颖(ying)水为(wei)(wei)险(xian)阻,以(yi)(yi)岷江、汉水为(wei)(wei)沟池(chi),以(yi)(yi)邓林(lin)与中原相阻隔,以(yi)(yi)方(fang)城山为(wei)(wei)边境。然而,秦国(guo)军队直(zhi)攻(gong)到鄢郢,一路如摧枯拉朽(xiu)。怎能(neng)(neng)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)因它(ta)无险(xian)可(ke)守呢?是(shi)(shi)统(tong)(tong)驭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)对(dui)啊(a)。殷纣王(wang)剖比干(gan)之(zhi)心,囚禁箕子(zi),造炮烙刑具,杀害无罪之(zhi)人(ren),当(dang)时臣民懔(lin)然畏(wei)惧,生死不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)保。周朝军队一到,纣王(wang)命令无人(ren)奉行(xing),百姓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)所(suo)用,怎能(neng)(neng)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)号令不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)严(yan)、刑罚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)峻呢?是(shi)(shi)统(tong)(tong)领的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)对(dui)头啊(a)。
古时的兵器,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过戈(ge)、矛、弓矢罢(ba)了,然(ran)而(er)(er)(er),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)待使用敌国已窘迫屈(qu)服。城(cheng)(cheng)郊百(bai)(bai)姓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须聚集起来(lai)守城(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)外也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须挖掘防守用的沟池(chi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须建立坚固(gu)的阨塞要地(di),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用兵机(ji)谋略(lve),而(er)(er)(er)国家平安,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)畏外敌,坚固(gu)异常(chang)。没(mei)(mei)有(you)其他(ta)原(yuan)因(yin),只不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过是(shi)懂得(de)(de)礼义(yi)之(zhi)道(dao),对百(bai)(bai)姓分财能均,役使有(you)时,并且推诚相(xiang)爱。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi),百(bai)(bai)姓听命,如(ru)影附形,如(ru)响附声(sheng)。间有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)服从(cong)命令的,以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)罚处治(zhi)他(ta),老百(bai)(bai)姓也(ye)就知罪了。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi),一(yi)人(ren)受刑(xing),天(tian)下(xia)皆服。犯罪的人(ren)对上级无怨无尤,知道(dao)是(shi)自己罪有(you)应得(de)(de)。因(yin)而(er)(er)(er),刑(xing)罚简省而(er)(er)(er)威令推行无阻。没(mei)(mei)有(you)其他(ta)原(yuan)因(yin),按礼义(yi)之(zhi)道(dao)办事罢(ba)了。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi),遵行礼义(yi)之(zhi)道(dao),万事能行;不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遵此道(dao),诸事皆废。古时帝尧治(zhi)理天(tian)下(xia),杀一(yi)人(ren)、刑(xing)二人(ren)而(er)(er)(er)天(tian)下(xia)大治(zhi),书(shu)传说是(shi)“威虽猛厉而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)使,刑(xing)罚厝置而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用。”
天(tian)地是(shi)生(sheng)命(ming)的本(ben)原,先(xian)祖(zu)(zu)是(shi)宗族种(zhong)类的本(ben)原,君(jun)主与业(ye)师(shi)(shi)是(shi)国家治理(li)、安定的本(ben)原。无(wu)(wu)天(tian)地那里(li)会有(you)生(sheng)命(ming)?无(wu)(wu)先(xian)祖(zu)(zu)你如(ru)何能来到(dao)这个世上(shang)?无(wu)(wu)君(jun)主和业(ye)师(shi)(shi),国家怎(zen)能得到(dao)治理(li)?三(san)者缺一,则(ze)无(wu)(wu)人能安。所以,礼(li)上(shang)奉事天(tian),下奉事地,尊敬先(xian)祖(zu)(zu)而隆遇恩师(shi)(shi),是(shi)礼(li)的三(san)项根本(ben)问题。
所以(yi)(yi),帝王得以(yi)(yi)太(tai)祖(zu)(zu)配天(tian)(tian)而祭(ji)之,诸侯不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)怀想,大(da)(da)夫(fu)、士也(ye)各有(you)常宗,不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)祭(ji)先祖(zu)(zu),以(yi)(yi)此来(lai)区别贵贱。贵贱有(you)别,就得到礼(li)的(de)(de)根(gen)本了(le)。只有(you)天(tian)(tian)子有(you)郊天(tian)(tian)、祭(ji)太(tai)祖(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)权力,自(zi)立社以(yi)(yi)祭(ji)地则至于诸侯,下及(ji)士大(da)(da)夫(fu)各有(you)定制,以(yi)(yi)此表现尊(zun)者奉(feng)(feng)事尊(zun)者、卑者奉(feng)(feng)事卑者,应大(da)(da)则大(da)(da),应小则小的(de)(de)原则。所以(yi)(yi),统治天(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)奉(feng)(feng)事七(qi)世(shi)宗庙(miao),有(you)二乘(cheng)采地的(de)(de)奉(feng)(feng)事二世(shi)宗庙(miao),待耕(geng)而食的(de)(de)人不(bu)(bu)得立宗庙(miao),以(yi)(yi)此来(lai)表现积德厚的(de)(de),恩(en)泽(ze)流布广,德薄的(de)(de)流布狭的(de)(de)原则。
大(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)飨(xiang)神,樽(zun)酒(jiu)崇尚(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu),俎(zu)实崇尚(shang)腥鱼(yu),羹(geng)(geng)以大(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)为(wei)(wei)先,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)饮(yin)(yin)食贵本(ben)原的(de)意(yi)思。飨(xiang)神虽崇尚(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu),饮(yin)(yin)用(yong)的(de)却(que)(que)(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)薄酒(jiu);食尚(shang)黍稷,所饭(fan)还(hai)要(yao)加(jia)(jia)稻粱;祭(ji)(ji)(ji)尸(shi)(shi)先上大(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng),饱(bao)腹的(de)却(que)(que)(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)种肴核杂(za)饍(shan),这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贵本(ben)亲用(yong)的(de)意(yi)思。贵本(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形式,所以叫做文;亲用(yong)符(fu)合实际,所以叫做理(li)(li)。两者相合还(hai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文。只有(you)再(zai)加(jia)(jia)入礼(li)(li)的(de)初始(shi)状态那种质(zhi)(zhi)朴(po)性,才算(suan)有(you)文有(you)质(zhi)(zhi),达到礼(li)(li)最(zui)隆(long)盛完美的(de)阶段(duan)了,称为(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)隆(long)。因此,樽(zun)酒(jiu)尚(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu),俎(zu)实尚(shang)腥鱼(yu),羹(geng)(geng)尚(shang)大(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng),道理(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一样的(de)。祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)时(shi),佐食不啐(cui)酒(jiu),一饮(yin)(yin)而尽;卒(zu)哭之(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)献无酢,参加(jia)(jia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)的(de)人(ren)除尸(shi)(shi)之(zhi)外,不尝俎(zu)实;祝与佐食劝尸(shi)(shi)用(yong)饭(fan),因礼(li)(li)成于三,三劝之(zhi)后,礼(li)(li)数已(yi)成,尸(shi)(shi)停止用(yong)饭(fan),虽再(zai)劝侑,亦不再(zai)食。以上三事道理(li)(li)相同(tong),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表示礼(li)(li)好(hao)其(qi)辨(bian)、有(you)节(jie)制、贵本(ben)原的(de)意(yi)思。大(da)(da)婚时(shi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)神以前,祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)时(shi)迎尸(shi)(shi)入太庙以前,丧(sang)礼(li)(li)从(cong)始(shi)绝(jue)气到小敛之(zhi)间,礼(li)(li)的(de)性质(zhi)(zhi)相同(tong),都保(bao)留了原始(shi)的(de)质(zhi)(zhi)朴(po)性。天子(zi)大(da)(da)路用(yong)素色帷盖,郊祭(ji)(ji)(ji)时(shi)服麻布冕(mian),丧(sang)服最(zui)重(zhong)散麻带,道理(li)(li)相同(tong),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)尚(shang)质(zhi)(zhi)不尚(shang)文的(de)意(yi)思。斩衰(读(du)如崔)之(zhi)丧(sang),哭声哀痛,不重(zhong)形式;《清庙》这(zhei)首祭(ji)(ji)(ji)歌,一人(ren)唱,三人(ren)叹和,情(qing)致殷殷,溢于歌辞之(zhi)外;乐(le)钟在架,却(que)(que)(que)有(you)时(shi)悬而不击(ji),拊击(ji)钟架以为(wei)(wei)节(jie)拍;大(da)(da)瑟练丝制成朱红色弦,音质(zhi)(zhi)清越,却(que)(que)(que)于瑟底(di)穿孔,使声音重(zhong)浊(zhuo),道理(li)(li)也都相同(tong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)情(qing)不重(zhong)声,亦重(zhong)本(ben)原的(de)意(yi)思。
凡礼(li)都始于(yu)简略疏脱,加上(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)彩(cai),才算完(wan)(wan)成(cheng),文(wen)(wen)(wen)彩(cai)又不可过盛(sheng),终须加以(yi)取舍,以(yi)合实用。所以(yi),完(wan)(wan)备(bei)(bei)之极的(de)礼(li),是情文(wen)(wen)(wen)并茂的(de);次一(yi)等(deng)的(de)是文(wen)(wen)(wen)胜于(yu)情,或者(zhe)情胜于(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),二者(zhe)具其(qi)一(yi);最(zui)下等(deng)的(de)违背情性,混(hun)混(hun)噩噩,有(you)如同(tong)无,回复(fu)到了(le)太一(yi)原始的(de)状态。完(wan)(wan)备(bei)(bei)的(de)礼(li)能(neng)使天地(di)合谐,日月光明,四(si)时有(you)秩序,星辰运行(xing),江河(he)流(liu)动,万物昌盛(sheng),好恶有(you)所节(jie)制(zhi),喜怒(nu)无不适(shi)当。在下位者(zhe)则顺从,处上(shang)位者(zhe)则贤明。
太(tai)史公说:完(wan)美极了!树立(li)隆(long)盛完(wan)备的(de)礼(li)作为人道的(de)最高准则(ze),天下(xia)无人能有(you)所增损(sun)。它情(qing)文相符,首尾呼应,富于(yu)文彩而不繁缛(ru)、有(you)节制,明察秋(qiu)毫而不苛细、使人心悦服。天下(xia)遵从就能得到治理,否则(ze)就生祸乱;遵从者(zhe)得安定,不从则(ze)危(wei)亡。平民(min)百(bai)姓靠自身是(shi)不能守礼(li)的(de)。
礼(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)身实在深奥啊,“坚(jian)白同(tong)异”理(li)论的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辨析入(ru)微(wei),与(yu)(yu)它相比(bi),就会(hui)丧败破灭。礼(li)(li)(li)本(ben)身实在太(tai)博(bo)大了(le),那些擅自(zi)制作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)章制度(du),及狭(xia)隘、浅陋(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)论,与(yu)(yu)它相比(bi),就会(hui)自(zi)愧渺小,望尘莫及。礼(li)(li)(li)本(ben)身太(tai)高(gao)尚了(le),那些粗暴、傲慢、放(fang)纵、浅露而(er)又轻俗自(zi)高(gao)之徒,与(yu)(yu)之相比(bi),就会(hui)自(zi)坠形象,显(xian)露出(chu)浮薄来。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说,绳(sheng)墨(mo)既设,则(ze)(ze)不能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)曲直(zhi)相欺(qi)(qi);秤(cheng)(cheng)锤已悬,则(ze)(ze)不能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)轻重(zhong)相欺(qi)(qi);圆(yuan)(yuan)规(gui)和角(jiao)尺摆在那里了(le),就不能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)方圆(yuan)(yuan)相欺(qi)(qi);君子精审于礼(li)(li)(li),人(ren)们(men)就不能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)狡诈虚伪相欺(qi)(qi)。因为,绳(sheng)墨(mo)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)(biao)准(zhun);秤(cheng)(cheng)锤是(shi)(shi)轻重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)(biao)准(zhun);圆(yuan)(yuan)规(gui)和角(jiao)尺是(shi)(shi)方圆(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)(biao)准(zhun);礼(li)(li)(li)则(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)。但是(shi)(shi),不守礼(li)(li)(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)不值得(de)(de)待之以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li),称为不守法术之民;守礼(li)(li)(li)者才(cai)配以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)相待,称为守法术之士(shi)。能(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)之中道,不偏不倚(yi),又能(neng)(neng)事事思索,不违情理(li),叫做(zuo)能(neng)(neng)虑(lv)(lv)(lv);能(neng)(neng)虑(lv)(lv)(lv)而(er)又不变易礼(li)(li)(li)法,叫做(zuo)能(neng)(neng)固(gu)(gu)。能(neng)(neng)虑(lv)(lv)(lv)能(neng)(neng)固(gu)(gu),加(jia)上(shang)对礼(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无(wu)(wu)比(bi)喜好,就是(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)人(ren)了(le)。天(tian)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)极(ji)点,地(di)是(shi)(shi)低下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)极(ji)点,日月是(shi)(shi)明亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)极(ji)点,无(wu)(wu)究(jiu)是(shi)(shi)广大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)极(ji)点,圣(sheng)人(ren)则(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)义(yi)之道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)极(ji)点。
礼(li)以(yi)(yi)应用财物为(wei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)现(xian)形式,以(yi)(yi)区别(bie)贵贱为(wei)文(wen)彩(cai),以(yi)(yi)多(duo)少(shao)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示等(deng)级(ji)的(de)(de)(de)差异,以(yi)(yi)繁简(jian)为(wei)要领。文(wen)彩(cai)繁多(duo)而人情淡薄的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)过盛(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)礼(li);文(wen)彩(cai)不(bu)(bu)足而人情浓厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)简(jian)易之礼(li);文(wen)彩(cai)和人情互为(wei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)里,揉合(he)适中(zhong)(zhong),才是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)流。君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)能(neng)上得过盛(sheng)之礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)彩(cai),下得简(jian)易之礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)人情,中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)离中(zhong)(zhong)流之礼(li)那样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)情适中(zhong)(zhong),缓(huan)急左右不(bu)(bu)失于礼(li)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说,君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)性就是(shi)(shi)(shi)守中(zhong)(zhong)道,不(bu)(bu)偏激。能(neng)严格以(yi)(yi)礼(li)义的(de)(de)(de)范畴作为(wei)行动范畴的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)士君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)。此外的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)平(ping)民百姓。在(zai)士君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)和平(ping)民百姓之间,既(ji)不(bu)(bu)象士君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)那样(yang)拘泥,也不(bu)(bu)像平(ping)民百姓那样(yang)不(bu)(bu)守礼(li)范,而是(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)徘徊(huai)周(zhou)旋,随事曲直而变化,总(zong)不(bu)(bu)失礼(li)之次序(xu)的(de)(de)(de),便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)圣人。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),圣人道德深厚(hou),是(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)行礼(li)义,积(ji)累(lei)所(suo)致;恢弘博大,是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)义拓广的(de)(de)(de)结果;道德高尚,是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)义隆盛(sheng)原(yuan)因;心智聪(cong)明,是(shi)(shi)(shi)事事尽礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)缘故。
【原文及注释】
太史公曰<1>:洋洋美(mei)德乎<2>!宰(zai)制万物,役(yi)使群众(zhong),岂人力也哉<3>?余至大行(xing)礼官<4>,观三代(dai)损益(yi)<5>,乃知缘(yuan)人情而制礼<6>,依(yi)人性而作仪<7>,其(qi)所(suo)由来尚矣<8>。
人道经纬万端<9>,规(gui)矩无所不(bu)贯<10>,诱进以(yi)仁义(yi),束缚以(yi)刑(xing)罚,故德(de)厚者位尊,禄重者宠荣,所以(yi)总一海内而整齐(qi)万民也<11>。人体安驾乘(cheng)<12>,为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)舆错衡以(yi)繁(fan)其(qi)(qi)饰(shi)<13>;目好五色<14>,为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)黼(fu)黻文章(zhang)以(yi)表(biao)其(qi)(qi)能<15>;耳乐钟磬,为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)调(diao)谐(xie)八音以(yi)荡其(qi)(qi)心<16>;口甘五味(wei)<17>,为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)庶羞<18>,酸(suan)咸以(yi)致其(qi)(qi)美<19>;情好珍(zhen)善,为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)琢磨圭璧以(yi)通(tong)其(qi)(qi)意<20>。故大(da)(da)路越席<21>,皮弁(bian)布裳<22>,朱弦洞(dong)越<23>,大(da)(da)羹玄(xuan)酒<24>,所以(yi)防其(qi)(qi)淫侈<25>,救其(qi)(qi)雕敝<26>。是以(yi)君臣(chen)朝廷尊卑贵贱(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)序<27>,下及黎庶车舆衣服宫室饮(yin)食嫁(jia)娶丧祭之(zhi)(zhi)分<28>,事(shi)皆(jie)有宜(yi)适(shi),物有节(jie)文<29>。仲尼曰:“禘自既灌而往者<30>,吾不(bu)欲(yu)观之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)”。
〔注释〕
<1>太(tai)史公:《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》书(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)对(dui)汉代(dai)(dai)太(tai)史令官职的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)呼,这(zhei)(zhei)里是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)司马(ma)迁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)称(cheng)(cheng)。另有(you)(you)(you)不同(tong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi),略。 <2>洋(yang)洋(yang):众多(duo)、盛美貌(mao)。《诗(shi)·鲁颂·闵公》:“万(wan)(wan)舞(wu)洋(yang)洋(yang)”,毛注(zhu)(zhu):“洋(yang)洋(yang),众多(duo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。又《索隐》说:“洋(yang)洋(yang),美盛貌(mao)”。德:品(pin)格,功能(neng)。 <3>由(you)于把礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范围扩大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)类(lei)社(she)会(hui)以(yi)(yi)外,凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)客观(guan)世界中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu)、规律、都称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)、功能(neng)、非人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力所(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)赋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其实,这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)神圣化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法。自(zi)然界中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”,与(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)类(lei)社(she)会(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)两(liang)码(ma)事:前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)非关人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力,后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)完全是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力造(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <4>余:我。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)行:秦官名(ming),主管礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仪。 <5>三(san)代(dai)(dai):指夏、商、周(zhou)三(san)个朝代(dai)(dai)。损益:减少为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)损,增加(jia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)益。 <6>乃:于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。缘:缘故,因由(you)。这(zhei)(zhei)里作(zuo)动词(ci)用(yong)(yong),可(ke)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“沿”字。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing):人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)种(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)感。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)运》:“何(he)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing)?喜(xi)、怒、哀(ai)、惧、爱(ai)、恶(e)、欲。七者(zhe)(zhe)不学而(er)(er)能(neng)”。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li):就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)维(wei)护社(she)会(hui)等(deng)级(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)规定或(huo)制(zhi)度。古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)许多(duo)种(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi),《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·正义》说:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)地位,日(ri)月(yue)明,四(si)(si)时序(xu)(xu),阴阳(yang)和(he)(he),风(feng)雨节(jie),群品(pin)滋(zi)茂,万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)宰制(zhi),君(jun)臣(chen)朝廷(ting)尊(zun)卑贵(gui)(gui)贱有(you)(you)(you)序(xu)(xu),咸(xian)(xian)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。”把礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)扩大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)到了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)类(lei)社(she)会(hui)以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通客体(ti)(ti),这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儒者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍(bian)认识(shi)。又如(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)》说:“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe),犹体(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。在《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·序(xu)(xu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),孔(kong)(kong)颖达(da)引贺(he)瑒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说:这(zhei)(zhei)有(you)(you)(you)两(liang)种(zhong)(zhong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si),一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指物(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti),“言万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)贵(gui)(gui)贱、高下、小(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)质(zhi),各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)其体(ti)(ti)”;二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)体(ti)(ti),“言圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制(zhi)法,体(ti)(ti)此万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu),使(shi)高下贵(gui)(gui)贱各(ge)得其宜。”前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区(qu)别(bie)(bie),或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)说是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu)、等(deng)级(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)客观(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)指维(wei)护这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)区(qu)别(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。儒者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)把礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)固定化(hua)(hua),神圣化(hua)(hua),才(cai)故意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)事物(wu)(wu)固有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区(qu)别(bie)(bie)相(xiang)(xiang)混(hun)淆(xiao)。 <7>人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性:古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)先天(tian)(tian)(tian)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen),叫做(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性。如(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》说:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)性”。 <8>尚:久(jiu)远。 <9>人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao):做(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理(li)。这(zhei)(zhei)个道(dao)理(li)究竟是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么?古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)许多(duo)说法:《易经·说卦》说:“立(li)天(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)曰(yue)阴与(yu)阳(yang),立(li)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)曰(yue)柔(rou)与(yu)刚,立(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)曰(yue)仁(ren)与(yu)义”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指仁(ren)义;《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·丧(sang)服(fu)小(xiao)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》说:亲(qin)亲(qin)、尊(zun)尊(zun)、长长、男(nan)女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)别(bie)(bie),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。又有(you)(you)(you)“君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”,小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)等(deng)等(deng)。《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)书(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指《丧(sang)服(fu)小(xiao)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)那种(zhong)(zhong)关乎人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)际(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间等(deng)级(ji)(ji)关系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)。经纬:即纵横,方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)面面。 <10>规矩:准则(ze)、标(biao)准。贯(guan):贯(guan)穿。 <11>这(zhei)(zhei)句话的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),使(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)共同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)识(shi)和(he)(he)行动。海(hai)内(nei),四(si)(si)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)。 <12>驾(jia)乘:即车(che)(che)马(ma)。驾(jia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)车(che)(che),乘为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)马(ma)。 <13>金(jin)(jin)舆:古(gu)代(dai)(dai)车(che)(che)由(you)三(san)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)组成(cheng),上为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)车(che)(che)盖(gai),下为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)车(che)(che)轮,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舆(参见(jian)(jian)《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)工(gong)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》“舆人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)车(che)(che)”条)。舆就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俗话说的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)架子(zi)或(huo)车(che)(che)盘,此处泛(fan)(fan)指车(che)(che)。金(jin)(jin)舆就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)金(jin)(jin)装饰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)子(zi)。错衡(heng):车(che)(che)辕头(tou)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)横木(mu)叫做(zuo)衡(heng),又名(ming)车(che)(che)轭(e)(《论语·卫灵公》:“在舆则(ze)见(jian)(jian)其倚于衡(heng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”邢(xing)昺疏:“衡(heng),轭(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”)。镶(xiang)嵌花(hua)纹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)轭(e),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)错衡(heng)。 <14>五色(se):青(qing)、黄、赤、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)、黑(hei)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五色(se)。此处泛(fan)(fan)指一(yi)(yi)切漂亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩(cai)。 <15>黼(fu)(fu)(fu)黻(fu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang):《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)工(gong)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》说:“青(qing)与(yu)赤谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),赤与(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)与(yu)黑(hei)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黼(fu)(fu)(fu),黑(hei)与(yu)青(qing)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黻(fu)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)、赤、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)、黑(hei)四(si)(si)种(zhong)(zhong)色(se)彩(cai),两(liang)两(liang)组合(he)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)纹,分(fen)(fen)别(bie)(bie)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黼(fu)(fu)(fu)黻(fu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。又《尚书(shu)·益稷》“黼(fu)(fu)(fu)黻(fu)”孔(kong)(kong)疏说:“黼(fu)(fu)(fu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)如(ru)斧形,盖(gai)半(ban)(ban)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)半(ban)(ban)黑(hei)似斧,刃(ren)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)而(er)(er)身(shen)黑(hei);黻(fu)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两(liang)‘已’相(xiang)(xiang)背,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刺绣(xiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)‘已’字,两(liang)‘已’字相(xiang)(xiang)背也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)纹也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)固定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如(ru)《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·司服(fu)》注(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)说:“古(gu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)冕服(fu)十(shi)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)”,日(ri)、月(yue)、星辰、山、龙、华、虫、藻、火、粉、米(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)。表:动词(ci),表而(er)(er)出(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。能(neng):之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),同(tong)“态”字。 <16>八音:八类(lei)乐(le)器(qi)(qi)发出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)音,这(zhei)(zhei)里泛(fan)(fan)指乐(le)声(sheng)。八类(lei)乐(le)器(qi)(qi)名(ming)见(jian)(jian)《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)师》:“播之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)八音:金(jin)(jin)、石、土、草,丝、木(mu)、匏、竹”。 <17>五味:酸(suan)、辣、苦、甜、咸(xian)(xian),合(he)称(cheng)(cheng)五味,此处泛(fan)(fan)指各(ge)种(zhong)(zhong)美好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滋(zi)味。 <18>庶羞(xiu):泛(fan)(fan)指美味食品(pin)。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·膳夫(fu)》“羞(xiu)用(yong)(yong)百(bai)二十(shi)品(pin)”,郑注(zhu)(zhu):“羞(xiu)出(chu)(chu)于牲及禽(qin)兽(shou);以(yi)(yi)备滋(zi)味,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庶羞(xiu)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),肉(rou)类(lei)食品(pin)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羞(xiu);各(ge)种(zhong)(zhong)滋(zi)味齐备的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羞(xiu)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庶羞(xiu)。庶,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)众多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。 <19>酸(suan)咸(xian)(xian):酸(suan)味、咸(xian)(xian)味。这(zhei)(zhei)里泛(fan)(fan)指滋(zi)味,可(ke)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)或(huo)酸(suan)或(huo)咸(xian)(xian)。 <20>琢磨:玉(yu)(yu)、石的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)法。《尔(er)(er)雅(ya)·释(shi)器(qi)(qi)》说:“玉(yu)(yu)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)琢,石谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磨”。圭(gui)(gui)璧(bi):玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)圭(gui)(gui)又名(ming)珽,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)笏板。璧(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)圆片形玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)圆孔(kong)(kong)。璧(bi)径称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羡(xian),孔(kong)(kong)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好(hao)(hao),边(bian)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)肉(rou)。《尔(er)(er)雅(ya)·释(shi)器(qi)(qi)》说:“肉(rou)倍(bei)好(hao)(hao)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)璧(bi),好(hao)(hao)倍(bei)肉(rou)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑗(yuan)(yuàn,院),肉(rou)好(hao)(hao)若(ruo)一(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)环”。即只有(you)(you)(you)边(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)径尺寸(cun)(cun)二倍(bei)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)璧(bi)。如(ru)《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)工(gong)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·玉(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)》说:“璧(bi)羡(xian)度尺,好(hao)(hao)三(san)寸(cun)(cun)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)度”。又解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie):圭(gui)(gui)璧(bi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)名(ming)。如(ru)《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·玉(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)》说:“圭(gui)(gui)璧(bi)五寸(cun)(cun),以(yi)(yi)祀日(ri)月(yue)星辰”。按郑玄(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi),圭(gui)(gui)璧(bi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“其邸(即“底”字,指圭(gui)(gui)下部(bu)(bu))为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)璧(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圭(gui)(gui)。 <21>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路(lu)(lu)(lu):相(xiang)(xiang)传(chuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殷(yin)王使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)(che)子(zi),木(mu)制(zhi),以(yi)(yi)其简质(zhi)近古(gu),周(zhou)朝以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)祭(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)时使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·明堂位》说:“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路(lu)(lu)(lu),殷(yin)路(lu)(lu)(lu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。郑玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu):“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路(lu)(lu)(lu),木(mu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”“汉祭(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)乘殷(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)也(ye)(ye)(ye),今谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑根车(che)(che)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。古(gu)书(shu)对(dui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)很多(duo),除(chu)木(mu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,又有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、金(jin)(jin)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、革路(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng),还有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)凡天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)赐于臣(chen)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)车(che)(che),都称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(参见(jian)(jian)《左(zuo)传(chuan)》“僖28”、“定4”、“襄19”注(zhu)(zhu)等(deng))。越席:即蒲草席。 <22>皮(pi)弁布裳:以(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)鹿皮(pi)做(zuo)冠,白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)缯布为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裳,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)朝服(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。与(yu)皮(pi)弁相(xiang)(xiang)配的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衣裳(上身(shen)所(suo)着(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衣,下身(shen)所(suo)着(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裳)都用(yong)(yong)素(su)缯布。不加(jia)染色(se),也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表示俭朴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。 <23>朱(zhu)弦(xian)洞越:《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》引郑玄(xuan)语:“朱(zhu)弦(xian),练朱(zhu)丝弦(xian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。越,瑟底孔(kong)(kong)。”“练朱(zhu)丝弦(xian)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指用(yong)(yong)经过捣(dao)练的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熟丝,染成(cheng)朱(zhu)红色(se),制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弦(xian)。熟丝制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弦(xian),柔(rou)软坚(jian)韧,弹性好(hao)(hao)。 <24>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng):又作(zuo)泰羹(geng)。淡肉(rou)汤。玄(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu):祭(ji)祀时用(yong)(yong)酒(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)尊(zun)贵(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)水代(dai)(dai)替的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)(jiu)。 <25>淫侈(chi)(chi):《尔(er)(er)雅(ya)·释(shi)诂》:“淫,大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。侈(chi)(chi)即奢侈(chi)(chi)。故淫侈(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)奢侈(chi)(chi),或(huo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)奢侈(chi)(chi)、过分(fen)(fen)奢侈(chi)(chi)。 <26>雕敝:即因雕零而(er)(er)破敝,可(ke)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衰败。 <27>序(xu)(xu):次序(xu)(xu)、秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu),即等(deng)级(ji)(ji)。 <28>黎庶:黎民(min)、庶民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)称(cheng)(cheng)。分(fen)(fen):分(fen)(fen)别(bie)(bie),分(fen)(fen)野。 <29>节(jie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),有(you)(you)(you)节(jie)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)饰。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)采、装饰。 <30>禘:四(si)(si)时祭(ji)名(ming)。灌(guan):祭(ji)祀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)个步骤,指以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)灌(guan)地。
周衰(shuai),礼废乐坏<1>,大(da)小相逾,管仲之家,兼备三归<2>。循法守(shou)正者见侮于(yu)世,奢溢僭差者谓之显荣(rong)<3>。自子夏(xia),门(men)人之高弟也(ye)<4>,犹云“出(chu)见纷(fen)华(hua)盛丽而说<5>,入闻夫子之道而乐<6>,二者心战,未能自决”,而况(kuang)中(zhong)庸以下<7>,渐(jian)渍于(yu)失教(jiao)<8>,被(bei)服于(yu)成俗乎<9>?孔(kong)子曰“必也(ye)正名”<10>,于(yu)卫所居不合。仲尼没后<11>,受业(ye)之徒沈湮而不举<12>,或适齐、楚<13>,或入河(he)海<14>,岂(qi)不痛哉!
〔注释〕
<1>乐(le)(le):古人所(suo)谓(wei)乐(le)(le),除了(le)指如今所(suo)说的(de)(de)音乐(le)(le)之(zhi)乐(le)(le)外,还包括舞及舞所(suo)执器(qi)具,如干戚羽旄之(zhi)类,参见(jian)下(xia)篇《乐(le)(le)书(shu)》。儒者(zhe)变为(wei)(wei)(wei)礼、乐(le)(le)、刑(xing)、政,为(wei)(wei)(wei)治国四项根本,故乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)兴废十分重要(yao)。 <2>此语(yu)(yu)出《论(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)·八佾》:“管氏(shi)有(you)三归(gui)(gui)(gui)”。何晏注(zhu):“三归(gui)(gui)(gui),娶三姓(xing)女。妇人谓(wei)嫁曰(yue)归(gui)(gui)(gui)”。邢昺(bing)(bing)疏:“礼:大(da)夫虽有(you)妾媵,嫡妻(qi)惟娶一姓(xing)。今管仲娶三姓(xing)之(zhi)女”,不合(he)礼法。 <3>奢(she)溢:奢(she)侈超(chao)过(guo)限度。满而外流称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)溢。僭差:指差失、错谬(miu)。《尚(shang)书(shu)·大(da)诰》:“天命(ming)不僭”,孔(kong)安(an)国注(zhu)说:“以卜吉之(zhi)故,大(da)以汝众(zhong)东征四国,天命(ming)不僭差。”意(yi)(yi)(yi)思是(shi):卜既得了(le)吉兆,这(zhei)是(shi)天命(ming),必无(wu)差错。 <4>高弟(di)、弟(di)子中次(ci)第高者(zhe)。 <5>说:通“悦”。 <6>夫子:先生、长者(zhe)尊(zun)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)夫子。这(zhei)里(li)是(shi)对孔(kong)子的(de)(de)尊(zun)称(cheng)(cheng)。 <7>中庸(yong):中等材(cai)能的(de)(de)平常人。庸(yong)作用或常解(见(jian)《说文》:“庸(yong),用也(ye)(ye)”;《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》:“庸(yong),常也(ye)(ye)”), <8>渍(zi):浸(jin)渍(zi)、濡染(ran)。 <9>被服(fu):被子和(he)衣服(fu),作用是(shi)复盖和(he)包裹。本句(ju)中被服(fu)二字做(zuo)动词使(shi)用,词意(yi)(yi)(yi)与其作用意(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)。 <10>必也(ye)(ye)正名(ming)(ming):必须把名(ming)(ming)分与实(shi)际不合(he)者(zhe)纠正过(guo)来(lai)。语(yu)(yu)出《论(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)·子路》。名(ming)(ming)分即身分、等级。 <11>没:通殁,意(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)死亡(wang)。 <12>沈湮:沈通沉,沉沦;湮,湮灭、埋没。 <13>适齐、楚(chu)(chu):去(qu)齐国和(he)楚(chu)(chu)国。事见(jian)《论(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)·微(wei)子》:“大(da)师挚适齐,亚饭(fan)干适楚(chu)(chu)”。大(da)师、亚饭(fan),乐(le)(le)官(guan)名(ming)(ming);挚、干,人名(ming)(ming)。 <14>入(ru)河(he)(he)海(hai):事见(jian)《论(lun)(lun)(lun)语(yu)(yu)·微(wei)子》:“鼓(gu)方(fang)叔(shu)入(ru)于河(he)(he)”,“少师阳、击(ji)(ji)磬襄(xiang)(xiang)入(ru)于海(hai)。”包咸解释(shi)(shi)说:“鼓(gu),击(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)者(zhe);方(fang)叔(shu),名(ming)(ming);入(ru)谓(wei)居其河(he)(he)内(nei)”。古以河(he)(he)北为(wei)(wei)(wei)河(he)(he)内(nei),河(he)(he)南为(wei)(wei)(wei)河(he)(he)外。又孔(kong)安(an)国解释(shi)(shi)说:“阳、襄(xiang)(xiang)皆(jie)名(ming)(ming)”,那未少师、击(ji)(ji)磬为(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)官(guan)名(ming)(ming)。海(hai),邢昺(bing)(bing)解释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)海(hai)内(nei),地(di)域不详。大(da)约是(shi)指四海(hai)之(zhi)内(nei),谓(wei)其居无(wu)定(ding)址的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思。
至秦(qin)有天(tian)(tian)下,悉内(nei)六国(guo)(guo)礼仪(yi)<1>,采择其善,虽不合圣(sheng)制,其尊君抑臣,朝(chao)廷济济<2>,依古以来。至于(yu)高(gao)祖(zu),光有四海,叔孙通颇有所增(zeng)益(yi)减损,大(da)(da)抵(di)皆袭秦(qin)故。自天(tian)(tian)子称号<3>,下至佐僚及宫(gong)室(shi)官(guan)名,少所变改。孝(xiao)文(wen)即位,有司议欲定仪(yi)礼,孝(xiao)文(wen)好(hao)道家之(zhi)学<4>,以为繁(fan)礼饰貌,无益(yi)于(yu)治(zhi),躬化(hua)谓何(he)耳<5>?故罢去之(zhi)。孝(xiao)景(jing)时,御史大(da)(da)夫(fu)晁错(cuo)明于(yu)世务刑名<6>,数(shu)干谏孝(xiao)景(jing)曰<7>:“诸侯藩辅,臣子一(yi)例,古今之(zhi)制也。今大(da)(da)国(guo)(guo)专治(zhi)异政,不禀京师,恐(kong)不可传后(hou)。”孝(xiao)景(jing)用其计,而(er)六国(guo)(guo)畔(pan)逆<8>,以错(cuo)首名<9>,天(tian)(tian)子诛(zhu)错(cuo)以解难。事在(zai)《袁盎》语中(zhong)<10>。是后(hou)官(guan)者养交安(an)禄(lu)而(er)已,莫敢(gan)复议。
〔注释〕
<1>悉:都、尽、全部。内:同纳(na)。 <2>济(ji)济(ji):盛多貌。 <3>天子(zi)称号:即皇(huang)帝。古有三皇(huang)五帝之(zhi)号,秦始(shi)皇(huang)统一(yi)(yi)后,于(yu)三皇(huang)三帝各取一(yi)(yi)字,合为皇(huang)帝,作为天子(zi)称号(见《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)·始(shi)皇(huang)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》)。 <4>道家之(zhi)学(xue)(xue):主(zhu)张清静(jing)无(wu)为、不(bu)事更张、因(yin)俗而(er)治、与民休息的(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)说,哲学(xue)(xue)上崇尚虚无(wu),属(shu)唯心主(zhu)义(yi)范畴。《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)·太史(shi)(shi)公自序》说:“道家无(wu)为,又曰无(wu)不(bu)为,其实(shi)易行,其辞(ci)难知。其术以(yi)虚无(wu)为本(ben)(ben),以(yi)因(yin)循为用”。 <5>躬(gong)化(hua):躬(gong)自实(shi)行。全句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是:为什么要实(shi)行它呢? <6>刑名(ming)(ming):又作形名(ming)(ming),战国(guo)(guo)百家之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),即名(ming)(ming)家。 <7>干谏(jian):干预或(huo)触及(ji)(犯)别(bie)人(ren)(君)的(de)(de)心意(yi),并告诉他(ta)善或(huo)不(bu)善。本(ben)(ben)句(ju)中的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)就是向(xiang)孝(xiao)景帝提(ti)出劝告。 <8>六国(guo)(guo)叛逆:梁玉绳《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)志疑(yi)》认为“六”乃“七(qi)”字之(zhi)误。七(qi)国(guo)(guo)指:吴、楚、赵、济(ji)南、菑川、胶西(xi)、胶东。《集解》说是上述(shu)前六国(guo)(guo),另有齐孝(xiao)王狐疑(yi)城守,故不(bu)与七(qi)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)数(shu),谬(miu)甚。七(qi)国(guo)(guo)本(ben)(ben)来不(bu)包(bao)括(kuo)齐,《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)·吴王濞列(lie)传》所载甚明。 <9>首(shou)名(ming)(ming):名(ming)(ming)子(zi)放在前面(mian)。全句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是把晁错(cuo)的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)子(zi)作为反(fan)叛的(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)条理(li)由(you)。如晁错(cuo)本(ben)(ben)传所说,七(qi)国(guo)(guo)反(fan),“以(yi)诛错(cuo)为名(ming)(ming)”。 <10>《袁(yuan)盎》:指《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)·袁(yuan)盎晁错(cuo)列(lie)传》。
今上(shang)即位(wei),招致儒(ru)术之(zhi)士(shi),令共定仪,十余年(nian)不就。或言古者太(tai)(tai)平,万民(min)和(he)喜,瑞(rui)应(ying)辨至<1>,乃采风(feng)俗,定制作(zuo)。上(shang)闻之(zhi),制诏御史曰<2>:“盖受命而王<3>,各(ge)有(you)所由兴,殊路(lu)而同归,谓因民(min)而作(zuo),追俗为(wei)制也(ye)。议(yi)者咸(xian)称(cheng)太(tai)(tai)古<4>,百姓何(he)望(wang)?汉亦一(yi)家之(zhi)事,典法(fa)不传,谓子孙何(he)?化隆者闳(hong)博(bo)<5>,治浅者褊狭,可不勉与!”乃以太(tai)(tai)初之(zhi)元改正朔<6>,易服色<7>,封太(tai)(tai)山<8>,定宗庙百官之(zhi)仪,以为(wei)典常<9>,垂之(zhi)于后云。
〔注释〕
<1>瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)应(ying):祥(xiang)瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)的(de)反(fan)(fan)应(ying)。瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)字的(de)本意(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)“信(xin)”,瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)应(ying)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)天(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)君(jun)有(you)德(de)(de)(de),将(jiang)赐福于天(tian)(tian)下(xia),先降此(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)信(xin)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)对人(ren)君(jun)德(de)(de)(de)政的(de)反(fan)(fan)应(ying)。瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)应(ying)名(ming)目很多:《春(chun)秋左传序》说(shuo)(shuo):“麟凤(feng)五(wu)灵,王(wang)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)也(ye)(ye)”。孔颖(ying)达疏说(shuo)(shuo),五(wu)灵是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)“麟、凤(feng)与龟、龙、白虎,五(wu)者神(shen)灵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鸟兽,王(wang)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)也(ye)(ye)”。王(wang)充《论衡·是(shi)(shi)应(ying)篇》说(shuo)(shuo):“儒(ru)者论太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)应(ying),皆(jie)言(yan)气物卓异,朱(zhu)草、醴泉、翔凤(feng)、甘露、景星、嘉禾(he)、胙(zuo)脯、蓂(ming)荚、屈秩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属;又言(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)出车、泽出舟、……风不(bu)鸣(ming)条、雨(yu)不(bu)破块、五(wu)日(ri)(ri)一(yi)风、十日(ri)(ri)一(yi)雨(yu)……”,都是(shi)(shi)瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)应(ying)。辨至(zhi):《正(zheng)义》:辨音遍。《集韻》谓:意(yi)(yi)亦与遍同:辨,“帀(za)也(ye)(ye)”。帀(za)亦匝字。故(gu)辨至(zhi)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遍至(zhi),或(huo)轮番而至(zhi)的(de)意(yi)(yi)思。 <2>制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·高后(hou)纪》:“太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)临朝(chao)称制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。颜师(shi)古注说(shuo)(shuo):“天(tian)(tian)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)一(yi)曰制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu),二曰诏(zhao)(zhao)书(shu)(shu)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)者,谓为(wei)(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)也(ye)(ye)”。诏(zhao)(zhao):《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·高帝(di)(di)纪下(xia)》:“诏(zhao)(zhao)曰”,如(ru)(ru)淳注说(shuo)(shuo):“诏(zhao)(zhao),告也(ye)(ye)。自秦(qin)汉(han)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia),唯天(tian)(tian)子独称之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。御(yu)(yu)史(shi):官名(ming)。周(zhou)官御(yu)(yu)史(shi),职佐冢宰,掌文(wen)书(shu)(shu)、法令。汉(han)有(you)侍御(yu)(yu)史(shi)、符玺御(yu)(yu)史(shi)、治书(shu)(shu)御(yu)(yu)史(shi)等。合以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)三(san)款知此(ci)句意(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi):“皇帝(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)告诉御(yu)(yu)史(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)”。 <3>受命(ming):受天(tian)(tian)命(ming)。盖:语前助词。 <4>咸:都、皆(jie)。 <5>化:治化、教(jiao)化。指(zhi)政治所(suo)(suo)教(jiao)变为(wei)(wei)民俗。隆(long):丰大(da)(da)、盛(sheng),为(wei)(wei)隆(long),中(zhong)高为(wei)(wei)隆(long);闳,大(da)(da)。博(bo):《玉篇》:“广也(ye)(ye)”。合以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)四款,知此(ci)句的(de)意(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi):治化盛(sheng)的(de)影响(xiang)广大(da)(da)。 <6>太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元:《尔(er)雅·释(shi)诂》说(shuo)(shuo):“元,始也(ye)(ye)”。新帝(di)(di)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)位或(huo)有(you)祥(xiang)瑞(rui)(rui)(rui),为(wei)(wei)了表示(shi)初(chu)受天(tian)(tian)命(ming),与民更(geng)(geng)始,往往改(gai)变年(nian)(nian)(nian)号,称为(wei)(wei)改(gai)元。汉(han)武帝(di)(di)所(suo)(suo)改(gai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)号名(ming)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)纪年(nian)(nian)(nian),如(ru)(ru)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)……等),称太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元。改(gai)正(zheng)朔:正(zheng)为(wei)(wei)历(li)(li)法年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始,如(ru)(ru)天(tian)(tian)正(zheng)、地正(zheng)、人(ren)正(zheng)等,朔为(wei)(wei)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始。改(gai)正(zheng)朔就是(shi)(shi)改(gai)定历(li)(li)法。汉(han)代太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前用(yong)秦(qin)正(zheng)朔,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十月为(wei)(wei)岁(sui)首,自大(da)(da)初(chu)元年(nian)(nian)(nian),用(yong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)初(chu)历(li)(li),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)正(zheng)月为(wei)(wei)岁(sui)首。 <7>易(yi)(yi)服(fu)色(se)(se)(se):按(an)五(wu)德(de)(de)(de)终始说(shuo)(shuo)(五(wu)行性质各异,称为(wei)(wei)五(wu)德(de)(de)(de)),每个朝(chao)代受天(tian)(tian)命(ming)而为(wei)(wei)王(wang),各占(zhan)一(yi)德(de)(de)(de),朝(chao)代更(geng)(geng)迭符合五(wu)行相胜说(shuo)(shuo),终而复始。比如(ru)(ru)《礼(li)记·檀弓》说(shuo)(shuo):夏后(hou)氏尚(shang)(shang)黑,殷人(ren)尚(shang)(shang)白,周(zhou)人(ren)尚(shang)(shang)赤(chi)(chi)。孔颖(ying)达说(shuo)(shuo),这叫做三(san)统。周(zhou)为(wei)(wei)火德(de)(de)(de),故(gu)服(fu)色(se)(se)(se)尚(shang)(shang)赤(chi)(chi);秦(qin)灭周(zhou),自以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)水(shui)德(de)(de)(de)(水(shui)能(neng)(neng)灭火),服(fu)色(se)(se)(se)尚(shang)(shang)黑;汉(han)灭秦(qin),起初(chu)沿(yan)用(yong)秦(qin)朝(chao)的(de)服(fu)色(se)(se)(se),后(hou)加(jia)更(geng)(geng)正(zheng),认为(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)土德(de)(de)(de)(土能(neng)(neng)灭火),土于五(wu)色(se)(se)(se)为(wei)(wei)黄,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)服(fu)色(se)(se)(se)尚(shang)(shang)黄,由尚(shang)(shang)黑变为(wei)(wei)尚(shang)(shang)黄,称为(wei)(wei)易(yi)(yi)服(fu)色(se)(se)(se)(参(can)见(jian)(jian)《史(shi)记·封(feng)禅书(shu)(shu)》)。 <8>封(feng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan):太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan),范晔撰《后(hou)汉(han)书(shu)(shu)》,避家讳(hui)(其父(fu)(fu)名(ming)泰(tai))改(gai)为(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。儒(ru)者认为(wei)(wei),帝(di)(di)王(wang)受命(ming),应(ying)该封(feng)(祭(ji))太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan),即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)(shang)筑坛祭(ji)天(tian)(tian),另(ling)在(zai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)的(de)梁(liang)父(fu)(fu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)祭(ji)地,称为(wei)(wei)禅梁(liang)父(fu)(fu),合称封(feng)禅。据说(shuo)(shuo),禅梁(liang)父(fu)(fu)易(yi)(yi),封(feng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)难(nan),只有(you)皇帝(di)(di)(或(huo)王(wang))中(zhong)的(de)圣(sheng)人(ren)才能(neng)(neng)登(deng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)顶,行此(ci)大(da)(da)礼(li)。此(ci)后(hou)便能(neng)(neng)成神(shen)仙、登(deng)天(tian)(tian)而去(参(can)见(jian)(jian)《史(shi)记·封(feng)禅书(shu)(shu)》)。 <9>典常(chang):典制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、纲常(chang)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)变的(de)重大(da)(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。
礼(li)由(you)人(ren)(ren)起。人(ren)(ren)生有欲(yu)(yu),欲(yu)(yu)而不得(de)则(ze)不能无(wu)忿<1>,忿而无(wu)度量(liang)则(ze)争,争则(ze)乱(luan)。先王(wang)恶其乱(luan)<2>,故制礼(li)义以(yi)养(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)欲(yu)(yu),给人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)求,使欲(yu)(yu)不究于(yu)(yu)物<3>,物不屈于(yu)(yu)欲(yu)(yu)<4>,二者(zhe)相待而长,是礼(li)之(zhi)所(suo)起也(ye)。故礼(li)者(zhe)养(yang)(yang)也(ye)。稻粱五味(wei)<5>,所(suo)以(yi)养(yang)(yang)口也(ye);椒兰芬茞<6>,所(suo)以(yi)养(yang)(yang)鼻也(ye);钟(zhong)鼓管弦(xian),所(suo)以(yi)养(yang)(yang)耳也(ye);刻镂文章(zhang)<7>,所(suo)以(yi)养(yang)(yang)目也(ye);疏(shu)房床第几(ji)席<8>,所(suo)以(yi)养(yang)(yang)体也(ye):故礼(li)者(zhe)养(yang)(yang)也(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>忿(fen):同愤,愤怒、愤恨。 <2>恶(wù,误):厌恶、憎恶。 <3>穷:尽,困(kun)窘,窘迫(po)。全句的意思(si)是(shi):欲(yu)望不致(zhi)因(yin)物不足而感困(kun)窘,受到限制(zhi)。 <4>屈:同诎。也(ye)是(shi)穷、尽的意思(si)。 <5>指稻粱(liang)等五(wu)(wu)味(wei)食品(pin)。古人以五(wu)(wu)谷(gu)配五(wu)(wu)味(wei)。五(wu)(wu)味(wei):五(wu)(wu)种滋味(wei),指咸(xian)、苦、酸、辛(辣)、甘。 <6>椒:香料名。有多种。兰(lan):香草(cao)。茞:即(ji)白芷,也(ye)是(shi)香草(cao)。 <7>刻镂:在器具上加工花纹(wen)的方(fang)法。文章(zhang):花纹(wen)。 <8>疏(shu)房(fang):疏(shu)朗、宽敞的房(fang)屋。床第(di)(zǐ,子),第(di)为床上竹席(xi),床第(di)即(ji)床铺。几席(xi):凭倚所用的条形(xing)矮(ai)桌叫(jiao)做几。《急就篇》说:“簟(dian)谓之席(xi)”,就是(shi)说铺垫用具叫(jiao)做席(xi)。
君子(zi)既得其养(yang)(yang)(yang),又好其辨也(ye)(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)谓辨者(zhe),贵贱(jian)有等,长少(shao)有差,贫富轻重皆有称也(ye)(ye)(ye)<1>。故天(tian)子(zi)大路(lu)越席,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)体(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye);侧载臭茞(chen)<2>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)鼻也(ye)(ye)(ye);前(qian)有错(cuo)衡,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)目也(ye)(ye)(ye);和鸾之(zhi)声<3>,步中《武(wu)》、《象》<4>,骤中《韶》、《濩》<5>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)耳(er)也(ye)(ye)(ye);龙旂九斿<6>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)信(xin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<7>;寝(qin)兕持虎<8>,鲛(jiao)弥龙<9>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)威也(ye)(ye)(ye)<10>。故大路(lu)之(zhi)马<11>,必(bi)信(xin)至教顺<12>,然(ran)后(hou)乘之(zhi),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)安也(ye)(ye)(ye)。孰(shu)知(zhi)夫(fu)出死要节之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)生也(ye)(ye)(ye)<13>,孰(shu)知(zhi)夫(fu)轻费用(yong)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)财也(ye)(ye)(ye),孰(shu)知(zhi)夫(fu)恭(gong)敬辞(ci)让之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)安也(ye)(ye)(ye),孰(shu)知(zhi)夫(fu)礼义文理之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)情(qing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<14>。
〔注释〕
<1>称:相(xiang)称。 <2>侧:身旁。臭:香。《易·系辞》:“其(qi)臭如兰”。 <3>和鸾:车(che)马(ma)铃(ling)(ling)(ling)。 <4>步(bu):步(bu)伐,缓曰步(bu)。《武(wu)》《象》:乐舞名(ming)。 <5>骤:疾行。《韶》《旂》,乐舞名(ming)。 <6>龙(long)(long)(long)(long)旂:《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)天》:“有铃(ling)(ling)(ling)早旂”。郭璞注说(shuo):“悬(xuan)铃(ling)(ling)(ling)于(yu)(yu)竿头,画蛟龙(long)(long)(long)(long)于(yu)(yu)旒”。旒就是(shi)(shi)(shi)旂下垂的(de)(de)(de)饰物(wu)。邢昺解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)说(shuo):“《司常》云,‘交龙(long)(long)(long)(long)为(wei)(wei)旂’,又曰‘诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)建(jian)(jian)旂’。然则旂者,画二(er)龙(long)(long)(long)(long)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang),一(yi)升一(yi)降相(xiang)交,又悬(xuan)铃(ling)(ling)(ling)于(yu)(yu)竿,是(shi)(shi)(shi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)所(suo)建(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。九斿:旌旗(qi)的(de)(de)(de)旒叫做(zuo)斿,即(ji)旗(qi)子(zi)下垂的(de)(de)(de)镶边。此处说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)龙(long)(long)(long)(long)旂九斿,是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)旂。 <7>养信(xin)(xin)也(ye)(ye)(ye):信(xin)(xin)作(zuo)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)、凭(ping)据(ju)。全(quan)句的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)了确立(li)、保护诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)用(yong),制造了龙(long)(long)(long)(long)旂,并(bing)配以(yi)(yi)(yi)九旂,做(zuo)为(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)号(hao)令的(de)(de)(de)标志或凭(ping)据(ju)。 <8>寝兕(si)(sì,寺):《索(suo)隐(yin)(yin)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兕(si)牛皮为(wei)(wei)席,《周礼·春(chun)官·司几(ji)筵》所(suo)掌五(wu)(wu)席之(zhi)中无兕(si)牛皮席。持(chi)虎(hu):《索(suo)隐(yin)(yin)》说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)猛兽(shou)皮文饰倚(yi)较(jiao)(按:即(ji)輢较(jiao)。较(jiao),指(zhi)车(che)两旁扶(fu)手(shou)木,立(li)者为(wei)(wei)輢,横者为(wei)(wei)较(jiao),较(jiao)在(zai)輢上(shang)(shang))及伏轼(shi)(按:车(che)前横木为(wei)(wei)轼(shi)。古的(de)(de)(de)车(che)多立(li)乘(cheng),平时倚(yi)靠(kao)在(zai)輢较(jiao)上(shang)(shang),为(wei)(wei)表(biao)敬意,向前探身,以(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)扶(fu)轼(shi),称为(wei)(wei)伏轼(shi))。 <9>鲛(jiao)(xiǎn,显):鲛(jiao),《荀子(zi)·礼论(lun)》作(zuo)蛟,古字(zi)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)。为(wei)(wei)马(ma)肚带(dai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)鲛(jiao)鱼皮制成(cheng)。一(yi)说(shuo)装饰成(cheng)蛟龙(long)(long)(long)(long)形,皆通(tong)(tong)。弥(mi)(mi)龙(long)(long)(long)(long):弥(mi)(mi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)复盖(gai)的(de)(de)(de)意思(si),弥(mi)(mi)龙(long)(long)(long)(long)指(zhi)复盖(gai)着龙(long)(long)(long)(long)纹,仍然是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)车(che)饰。 <10>养威也(ye)(ye)(ye):养,指(zhi)保持(chi)、增(zeng)加。用(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)这些(xie)猛兽(shou)纹饰,保持(chi)并(bing)增(zeng)加王者的(de)(de)(de)威武(wu)气势(shi)。 <11>大路之(zhi)马(ma):驾(jia)驶大路(天子(zi)五(wu)(wu)路之(zhi)一(yi))的(de)(de)(de)马(ma)。 <12>信(xin)(xin)至(zhi)(zhi)教顺(shun)(shun):信(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)至(zhi)(zhi),教能(neng)(neng)顺(shun)(shun)。或者说(shuo)能(neng)(neng)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin),顺(shun)(shun)于(yu)(yu)教。前一(yi)种解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi),信(xin)(xin)、教都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)驾(jia)车(che)的(de)(de)(de)人对于(yu)(yu)马(ma)发出的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)号(hao)、指(zhi)令;至(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)示信(xin)(xin)号(hao)能(neng)(neng)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)马(ma)身上(shang)(shang),即(ji)被马(ma)感(gan)知,顺(shun)(shun)表(biao)示顺(shun)(shun)从。后一(yi)种解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)信(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)信(xin)(xin)用(yong),其(qi)余与第一(yi)种解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)相(xiang)同(tong)。 <13>出死(si)(si):出生入死(si)(si)。要(邀(yao))节:希(xi)求(qiu)名(ming)节。要作(zuo)邀(yao)解(jie)(jie)。 <14>文理(li):即(ji)礼。理(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼之(zhi)质,文是(shi)(shi)(shi)礼之(zhi)饰。
人苟(gou)生之为见(jian)<1>,若者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)死<2>;苟(gou)利之为见(jian),若者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)害;怠惰之为安,若者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)危;情(qing)胜之为安<3>,若者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)灭。故圣人一之于(yu)礼义<4>,则两得(de)之矣;一之于(yu)情(qing)性,则两失之矣。故儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)将使(shi)人两得(de)之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也,墨者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)将使(shi)人两失之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也<5>。是儒墨之分。
〔注释〕
<1>苟(gou)生:苟(gou)即苟(gou)且,意为(wei)(wei)草(cao)率,得过(guo)且过(guo)。苟(gou)生即为(wei)(wei)了求生,一(yi)切(qie)都从(cong)简(jian),引伸为(wei)(wei)一(yi)意求生。为(wei)(wei)见(jian):作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)见(jian)解,目的。 <2>若(ruo)者(zhe):若(ruo)是者(zhe),像这样(yang)的。 <3>情(qing)胜(sheng):情(qing)胜(sheng)理(li)(li)。即感情(qing)胜(sheng)于理(li)(li)智。 <4>一(yi)之(zhi)于礼义(yi):一(yi)切(qie)从(cong)礼义(yi)出发(fa),按礼义(yi)办事。 <5>《史(shi)(shi)记·太(tai)史(shi)(shi)公自序》说,儒者(zhe)“列君臣父子(zi)之(zhi)礼,序夫妇长(zhang)幼之(zhi)别(bie),虽百家弗能(neng)易也(ye)”。是说儒者(zhe)重礼,既合(he)(he)情(qing),又(you)合(he)(he)理(li)(li),百家不能(neng)改易。墨者(zhe)自奉(feng)俭薄,“必(bi)以此为(wei)(wei)万(wan)民(min)之(zhi)率。使天下法若(ruo)此,则尊卑(bei)无别(bie)也(ye)。……故(gu)曰‘俭而(er)难(nan)(nan)遵’”。尊卑(bei)无别(bie),言(yan)其(qi)不合(he)(he)理(li)(li);俭而(er)难(nan)(nan)遵,言(yan)其(qi)不合(he)(he)人(ren)情(qing)。所以说,儒者(zhe)使人(ren)两得之(zhi),墨者(zhe)使人(ren)两失(shi)之(zhi)。
治辨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye),强(qiang)固(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)也(ye),威(wei)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye),功名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)总(zong)也(ye)。王公由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<1>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)一天下(xia)(xia),臣(chen)诸侯也(ye);弗由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)<2>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)捐<3>社稷也(ye)。故(gu)坚(jian)革利兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)为(wei)胜,高(gao)城(cheng)深池(chi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)为(wei)固(gu)<4>,严令繁刑不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)为(wei)威(wei)。由(you)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)则行(xing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)则废。楚人鲛革犀兕(si)<5>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)甲<6>,坚(jian)如(ru)金石;宛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巨(ju)铁施<7>,钻如(ru)蜂虿<8>;轻利剽(piao)遫<9>,卒(zu)如(ru)熛风(feng)<10>。然(ran)而兵殆于垂(chui)涉<11>,唐昧死(si)焉<12>;庄蹻起,楚分而为(wei)四(si)参<13>。是岂无坚(jian)革利兵哉(zai)?<14>其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)统(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)故(gu)也(ye)。汝(ru)颍以(yi)(yi)为(wei)险(xian),江(jiang)汉以(yi)(yi)为(wei)池(chi),阻(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)邓林,缘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)方城(cheng)。然(ran)而秦(qin)师至鄢郢,举若振槁<15>。是岂无固(gu)塞险(xian)阻(zu)哉(zai)?其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)统(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)故(gu)也(ye)。纣剖比干,囚箕子,为(wei)炮烙<16>,刑杀无辜<17>,时臣(chen)下(xia)(xia)懔然(ran)<18>,莫必其(qi)(qi)命<19>。然(ran)而周师至,而令不(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)乎(hu)下(xia)(xia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能用其(qi)(qi)民。是岂令不(bu)(bu)(bu)严,刑不(bu)(bu)(bu)陖哉(zai)<20>?其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)统(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)故(gu)也(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):由(you)其道,奉行,按着它做。 <2>弗:不。 <3>捐:抛弃。 <4>池(chi):城池(chi)。 <5>鲛:指(zhi)蛟鱼皮(pi)。革(ge)(ge):皮(pi)革(ge)(ge)。犀(xi)(xi)、兕:指(zhi)犀(xi)(xi)牛与兕牛的(de)皮(pi)革(ge)(ge)。 <6>甲(jia)(jia):衣甲(jia)(jia),战阵所服,以(yi)防矢石兵(bing)刃。 <7>施:同(tong)鍦,即(ji)矛。 <8>钻:钻刺。蜂(feng)(feng)虿(chai)(chai):犹言蜂(feng)(feng)虿(chai)(chai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尾(wei)。虿(chai)(chai),蝎(xie)类毒虫。 <9>剽遬(su):剽悍迅捷(jie)。遬(su),当作遬(su),同(tong)速(su)。 <10>卒(zu):士兵(bing)。熛(biao)(biāo,标)风(feng):火(huo)飞(fei)为(wei)熛(biao),熛(biao)风(feng)即(ji)谓如火(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飞(fei),如风(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扬,极(ji)言其迅捷(jie)。 <11>殆:危。此(ci)言兵(bing)败(bai),几(ji)乎灭亡。垂(chui)涉(she):一(yi)作垂(chui)沙(sha),地名(ming)。 <12>唐昧(mei):楚(chu)将。昧(mei)或(huo)作蔑。 <13>参(can):即(ji)“三”字(zi)。四参(can),《荀子·议兵(bing)》作三四。分为(wei)四参(can),犹言四分五(wu)裂(lie)(lie),国(guo)家大乱的(de)意思。 <14>坚(jian)革(ge)(ge)利兵(bing):革(ge)(ge)是制甲(jia)(jia)的(de)材料,所以(yi)说成坚(jian)甲(jia)(jia)利兵(bing)亦通。兵(bing)指(zhi)兵(bing)刃器械(xie)。 <15>举:拿(na)下来。指(zhi)攻陷鄢郢二(er)城。振(zhen)槁:《广韻》:振(zhen),“裂(lie)(lie)也”,又“动也”;槁,指(zhi)槁木及(ji)其他朽腐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,动、裂(lie)(lie)或(huo)摧败(bai)槁木及(ji)其他朽腐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,是极(ji)言其易(yi)。 <16>炮烙:亦炮烙,刑(xing)具(ju)名(ming)。 <17>辜:《说文(wen)》:“辜,罪也”。刑(xing)杀无(wu)辜,谓将无(wu)罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人刑(xing)而杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 <18>懔然:畏(wei)惧貌(mao)。 <19>莫必其命:不敢自言其性命必然如何,是朝(chao)不保夕的(de)意思。 <20>陖:同(tong)峻。即(ji)险。峻刑(xing)就(jiu)是严(yan)刑(xing)。
古者(zhe)之兵,戈矛弓矢而(er)(er)已,然(ran)而(er)(er)敌(di)国不(bu)(bu)待试(shi)而(er)(er)诎<1>。城(cheng)郭不(bu)(bu)集<2>,沟池(chi)不(bu)(bu)掘,固塞(sai)不(bu)(bu)树<3>,机变(bian)不(bu)(bu)张<4>,然(ran)而(er)(er)国晏然(ran)不(bu)(bu)畏(wei)外(wai)而(er)(er)固者(zhe)<5>,无(wu)他(ta)故(gu)(gu)(gu)焉(yan),明道(dao)而(er)(er)均分之<6>,时使而(er)(er)诚爱之<7>,则(ze)下(xia)应之如景响<8>。有(you)不(bu)(bu)由(you)命者(zhe),然(ran)后俟(si)之以刑(xing)<9>,则(ze)民知罪(zui)(zui)矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)刑(xing)一人而(er)(er)天(tian)下(xia)服。罪(zui)(zui)人不(bu)(bu)尤其(qi)上<10>,知罪(zui)(zui)之在已也。是故(gu)(gu)(gu)刑(xing)罚省而(er)(er)威(wei)行(xing)如流,无(wu)他(ta)故(gu)(gu)(gu)焉(yan),由(you)其(qi)道(dao)故(gu)(gu)(gu)也。故(gu)(gu)(gu)由(you)其(qi)道(dao)则(ze)行(xing),不(bu)(bu)由(you)其(qi)道(dao)则(ze)废。古者(zhe)帝尧之治天(tian)下(xia)也,盖杀一人刑(xing)二人而(er)(er)天(tian)下(xia)治<11>。《传》曰:“威(wei)厉而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)试(shi)<12>,刑(xing)措而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)”<13>。
〔注释〕
<1>诎(qū,屈(qu)),屈(qu)服(fu)、败退(tui)。 <2>集(ji):召(zhao)集(ji)、集(ji)合(he)。 <3>固塞(sai):险(xian)固、要塞(sai)。 <4>机变:机谋(mou)变化,指(zhi)对(dui)敌(di)方略。张(zhang):施、设。 <5>晏(yan)然:安然。 <6>明(ming)道(dao):明(ming)白礼(li)仪之道(dao)。均分:《筍子·议兵》作(zuo)(zuo)“分钧”。钧与均字(zi)通,都(dou)是指(zhi)财产不要过分集(ji)中。 <7>时使:役使以时,如同(tong)说使民以时。 <8>景响(xiang):即(ji)影响(xiang)。 <9>俟(si)(sì,四):等待(dai)。 <10>尤:责(ze)怪(guai)、埋怨。 <11>荀子·议兵》杨倞(jing)注说:“杀一人(ren)谓殛(jí,极。诛杀的意思(si))鲧于羽山(shan);刑(xing)二人(ren)谓流共工于幽州,放(fang)(fang)驩兜于崇山(shan)”。 <12>传:书传。厉:《左(zuo)传·定12》释(shi)为猛。威厉就是威猛。试(shi):试(shi)用。 <13>措(cuo):《荀子·议兵》作(zuo)(zuo)错(cuo),都(dou)可释(shi)为措(cuo)置(zhi)、委放(fang)(fang)设立。
天地者,生之(zhi)本(ben)也(ye)(ye)<1>;先(xian)(xian)(xian)祖者,类之(zhi)本(ben)也(ye)(ye)<2>;君(jun)师者<3>,治之(zhi)本(ben)也(ye)(ye)。无天地恶(e)生<4>?无先(xian)(xian)(xian)祖恶(e)出<5>?无君(jun)师恶(e)治?三者偏(pian)亡<6>,则无安人(ren)。故礼(li),上事(shi)(shi)天,下事(shi)(shi)地,尊先(xian)(xian)(xian)祖而隆君(jun)师,是礼(li)之(zhi)三本(ben)也(ye)(ye)。
故王者天太祖<7>,诸(zhu)侯不敢怀(huai)<8>,大(da)夫(fu)士有(you)常宗<9>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)辨(bian)贵贱。贵贱治<10>,得(de)之本(ben)也。郊(jiao)畴乎天子<11>,社至于诸(zhu)侯<12>,函及士大(da)夫(fu)<13>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)辨(bian)尊者事(shi)尊<14>,卑者事(shi)卑,宜(yi)巨者巨,宜(yi)小(xiao)者小(xiao)。故有(you)天下(xia)者事(shi)七世(shi)<15>,有(you)一国者事(shi)五世(shi)<16>,有(you)五乘之地者事(shi)三(san)世(shi)<17>,有(you)三(san)乘之地者事(shi)二(er)世(shi),有(you)特牲而食者不得(de)立宗庙<18>,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)辨(bian)积(ji)厚者流泽广<19>,积(ji)薄者流泽狭也。
〔注释〕
<1>生:生命,亦可作有(you)(you)生命之物解释。本(ben):本(ben)原、根本(ben)。 <2>类(lei):《正(zheng)义》释为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)种类(lei)。或(huo)(huo)作门(men)类(lei)、宗(zong)族。 <3>君师(shi)(shi):君指(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)封(feng)地、长民者(zhe)(zhe)。师(shi)(shi),《礼记·文王世子(zi)(zi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“师(shi)(shi)也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe),教之以(yi)事(shi)而(er)(er)喻诸德者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)”。 <4>恶:怎样、何。 <5>出(chu):出(chu)生。 <6>偏亡:亡为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)失(shi)落,偏亡失(shi)去一(yi)部分(fen),缺一(yi)条或(huo)(huo)二条。 <7>天太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu):祭(ji)天时,以(yi)太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)配天而(er)(er)祭(ji)之。太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),指(zhi)(zhi)始封(feng)者(zhe)(zhe),或(huo)(huo)别子(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)者(zhe)(zhe)。 <8>怀(huai):怀(huai)想。 <9>常宗(zong):“集解”引《礼记·丧服小记》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“别子(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),继别为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)”。大夫、士(shi)虽各(ge)自(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),但自(zi)有(you)(you)常宗(zong),不(bu)能越宗(zong)而(er)(er)祭(ji)。 <10>治:前(qian)已释治为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)理,贵浅治就是(shi)贵贱(jian)得理,剖分(fen)明白,不(bu)相(xiang)混(hun)淆。 <11>畴(chou):范畴(chou)。词意(yi)与下句:“至”字(zi)相(xiang)对,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)也(ye)是(shi)“至”的意(yi)思(si)。全句意(yi)思(si)是(shi)郊祭(ji)天的范畴(chou)只限于天子(zi)(zi)。 <12>社(she):祭(ji)地神为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社(she)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓“社(she)至于诸侯”,就是(shi)只有(you)(you)诸侯以(yi)上(shang)(shang)才(cai)得自(zi)立社(she)的意(yi)思(si)。 <13>函:包含。 <14>事(shi):奉(feng)事(shi)。指(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)祀。 <15>事(shi)七(qi)世:指(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)七(qi)世宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)。周(zhou)朝礼制(zhi),王(天子(zi)(zi))七(qi)庙(miao)(miao):太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(后(hou)稷)一(yi),文王、武(wu)王各(ge)一(yi),亲(qin)(qin)庙(miao)(miao)四(si)(高(gao)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、曾(ceng)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、考(kao)(kao));诸侯五庙(miao)(miao);太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(非(fei)后(hou)稷,指(zhi)(zhi)始封(feng)者(zhe)(zhe))一(yi),亲(qin)(qin)庙(miao)(miao)四(si)(同(tong)样是(shi)高(gao)、曾(ceng)、祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、考(kao)(kao)四(si)代);大夫三(san)(san)庙(miao)(miao):太祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(始受爵为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大夫者(zhe)(zhe))一(yi),亲(qin)(qin)庙(miao)(miao)二(祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、考(kao)(kao));上(shang)(shang)士(shi)(适士(shi))二庙(miao)(miao)(祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、考(kao)(kao));中士(shi)、下士(shi)(官师(shi)(shi))一(yi)庙(miao)(miao)(考(kao)(kao)庙(miao)(miao)。祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、祢共祭(ji)于此庙(miao)(miao));庶人无(wu)庙(miao)(miao),祭(ji)于寝。 <16>有(you)(you)一(yi)国者(zhe)(zhe):指(zhi)(zhi)诸侯,有(you)(you)一(yi)侯国。 <17>五乘之地:下大夫采地之数(shu),由注 <15>知其有(you)(you)庙(miao)(miao)三(san)(san)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)“事(shi)三(san)(san)世”。下一(yi)句有(you)(you)三(san)(san)乘之地为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)士(shi)采地,有(you)(you)二庙(miao)(miao),即事(shi)二世。 <18>有(you)(you)特牲(sheng)而(er)(er)食:《荀子(zi)(zi)·礼论》作“持(chi)手而(er)(er)食”。日(ri)、泷川资言《史记汇注考(kao)(kao)证》谓有(you)(you)特牲(sheng)而(er)(er)食的意(yi)思(si)是(shi)“有(you)(you)一(yi)牛(niu)而(er)(er)耕者(zhe)(zhe)”。特牲(sheng)即牛(niu),可以(yi)成解。牛(niu)耕而(er)(er)食者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庶人,“庶人祭(ji)于寝”,故(gu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“不(bu)得立宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)”。 <19>积(ji)厚:积(ji)德厚。儒者(zhe)(zhe)的说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法是(shi)位高(gao)者(zhe)(zhe)德厚。泽:福泽、恩泽。
大(da)(da)(da)(da)飨上玄尊<1>,俎(zu)上腥鱼<2>,先(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)羹<3>,贵食饮之(zhi)本也(ye)<4>。大(da)(da)(da)(da)飨上玄尊而(er)用薄酒<5>,食先(xian)(xian)(xian)黍稷而(er)饭稻粱<6>,祭哜先(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)羹而(er)饱(bao)庶羞<7>,贵本而(er)亲用也(ye)<8>。贵本之(zhi)谓(wei)文(wen)<9>,亲用之(zhi)谓(wei)理(li)<10>,两者合(he)而(er)成文(wen)<11>,以归(gui)太一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)<12>,是谓(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)隆<13>。故尊之(zhi)上玄尊也(ye),俎(zu)之(zhi)上腥鱼也(ye),豆(dou)之(zhi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)羹,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)<14>。利爵弗啐(cui)也(ye)<15>,成事俎(zu)弗尝(chang)也(ye)<16>,三侑(you)之(zhi)弗食也(ye)<17>,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)<18>。大(da)(da)(da)(da)昏(hun)之(zhi)未(wei)废齐也(ye)<19>,大(da)(da)(da)(da)庙之(zhi)未(wei)内尸也(ye)<20>,始绝之(zhi)未(wei)小敛(lian)<21>,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)<22>。大(da)(da)(da)(da)路之(zhi)素(su)帱也(ye)<23>,郊之(zhi)麻絻<24>,丧服之(zhi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)散麻<25>,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)<26>。三年(nian)哭(ku)之(zhi)不反也(ye)<27>,《清庙》之(zhi)歌(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)倡而(er)三叹<28>,县(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)尚拊膈<29>,朱弦(xian)而(er)洞越<30>,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)<31>。
〔注释〕
<1>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨:以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劳人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)叫做(zuo)(zuo)飨。场面大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)而(er)(er)(er)隆(long)(long)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飨为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang):崇(chong)尚(shang)。玄(xuan)(xuan)尊(zun):盛(sheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)樽,又(you)(you)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水尊(zun),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(水)。 <2>腥鱼(yu):即(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)鱼(yu)。凡肉(rou)(rou)类(lei)(lei),未(wei)熟(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腥。俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)腥鱼(yu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)腥鱼(yu)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)。 <3>先大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng):《仪(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》说(shuo)(shuo):“泰(大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da))羹(geng)(geng)(geng)湆(qi)(qì,泣(qi)。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汁)自(zi)(zi)门(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)入(ru)(ru),设(she)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)铏南”。铏是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)盛(sheng)菜(cai)(cai)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)具(同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)篇(pian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“设(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)铏于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)豆(dou)南”语(yu),郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注说(shuo)(shuo):“铏,菜(cai)(cai)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)也(ye)(ye)”实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)际是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肉(rou)(rou)羹(geng)(geng)(geng))。羹(geng)(geng)(geng)类(lei)(lei)只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)和(he)(he)铏(即(ji)(ji)肉(rou)(rou)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)和(he)(he)菜(cai)(cai)羹(geng)(geng)(geng))二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)既(ji)在(zai)(zai)铏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南,古(gu)(gu)代南北相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比,南为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),位尊(zun),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“先大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)”。 <4>贵(gui)(gui)(gui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)饮(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben):上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、生(sheng)(sheng)鱼(yu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),贵(gui)(gui)(gui)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、生(sheng)(sheng)鱼(yu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、尊(zun)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)先的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。 <5>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨时(shi)(shi)虽(sui)然(ran)崇(chong)尚(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),仅用(yong)(yong)(yong)它表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示敬意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)(yi),并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)饮(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong),饮(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)薄(bo)味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。 <6>食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先黍稷,表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示对五(wu)谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍视(shi),而(er)(er)(er)把(ba)稻(dao)粱作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”。 <7>哜先大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng):哜,尝(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)啐(cui)(cui)(cui),羹(geng)(geng)(geng)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尝(chang)(chang)(chang),鼎(ding)、豆(dou)、俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)哜,庶(shu)(shu)羞(xiu)及(ji)敦实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。除饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)时(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尝(chang)(chang)(chang))。尸(shi)(shi)(shi)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)湆(qi)先入(ru)(ru),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)把(ba)豆(dou)、俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)摆(bai)(bai)好(hao),祝(zhu)劝食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)鼎(ding)、俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、豆(dou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品及(ji)庶(shu)(shu)羞(xiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)来,直到(dao)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)、或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)九(jiu)(jiu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)、十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)毕(bi),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)湆(qi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)终(zhong)摆(bai)(bai)在(zai)(zai)那里(li)(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)酢。按(an)(an)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)最先摆(bai)(bai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)来,填饱尸(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肚子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)却(que)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)庶(shu)(shu)羞(xiu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)而(er)(er)(er)饱庶(shu)(shu)羞(xiu)。 <8>贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)(er)(er)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既(ji)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)而(er)(er)(er)又(you)(you)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)近(jin)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)玄(xuan)(xuan)尊(zun)”、“先黍稷”、“先大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)(geng)(geng)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben);“用(yong)(yong)(yong)薄(bo)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”、“饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)稻(dao)粱”、“饱庶(shu)(shu)羞(xiu)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。 <9>贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)何(he)(he)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)?因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)需,纯是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达某(mou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)观念(nian)强加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)在(zai)(zai)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)饰。 <10>亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)近(jin)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)所(suo)(suo)(suo)应(ying)当(dang),理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)。但(dan)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)还(hai)(hai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“质(zhi)(zhi)”,礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)维(wei)护等(deng)(deng)(deng)级(ji)、秩序。 <11>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)句话意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),文(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起叫做(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi):“贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)在(zai)(zai)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)外(wai)(wai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)际是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“纹(wen)(wen)(wen)”字(zi),好(hao)像事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)外(wai)(wai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花纹(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)样。普(pu)通(tong)客(ke)体为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)外(wai)(wai)观美(mei)才(cai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)花纹(wen)(wen)(wen),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)外(wai)(wai)观美(mei)才(cai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)项内(nei)(nei)(nei)容。理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)内(nei)(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脉(mai)络、纹(wen)(wen)(wen)路,所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)“在(zai)(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纹(wen)(wen)(wen),在(zai)(zai)内(nei)(nei)(nei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”,但(dan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)论在(zai)(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)在(zai)(zai)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花纹(wen)(wen)(wen)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)饰,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)都(dou)叫做(zuo)(zuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。 <12>太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi):又(you)(you)名(ming)(ming)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)质(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)界形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)始(shi)(shi)(shi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai),即(ji)(ji)元(yuan)气。按(an)(an)古(gu)(gu)代说(shuo)(shuo)法,元(yuan)气生(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《吕氏春秋·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)乐》所(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)出两仪(yi)(yi)(天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)),两仪(yi)(yi)出阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)”。儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)气,如(ru)(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)运》说(shuo)(shuo):“夫(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)必本(ben)(ben)(ben)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),分(fen)(fen)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),此(ci)(ci)句中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。归(gui)(gui)(gui):归(gui)(gui)(gui)向、归(gui)(gui)(gui)附。“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)归(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)合(he)(he)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)归(gui)(gui)(gui)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)(le),而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)结合(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)归(gui)(gui)(gui)向太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),即(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)再(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 <13>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)隆(long)(long):隆(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极。隆(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隆(long)(long)盛(sheng),隆(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)形(xing)式。因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),本(ben)(ben)(ben)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)质(zhi)(zhi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)质(zhi)(zhi),得(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)最盛(sheng)。《论语(yu)·雍也(ye)(ye)》说(shuo)(shuo)“质(zhi)(zhi)胜(sheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)则野,文(wen)(wen)(wen)胜(sheng)质(zhi)(zhi)则史”。刘宝楠正义(yi)说(shuo)(shuo):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)质(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen):质(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),本(ben)(ben)(ben)也(ye)(ye);礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)无(wu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立;无(wu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)。能(neng)立能(neng)行(xing)(xing),斯谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)”。 <14>此(ci)(ci)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。 <15>利(li)(li)(li)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)弗(fu)(fu)啐(cui)(cui)(cui):《索隐(yin)》说(shuo)(shuo):“按(an)(an):仪(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)毕(bi)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),祝(zhu)西面(注者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)按(an)(an):由(you)(you)《仪(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·特牲(sheng)馈(kui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》,西当(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)东(dong)(dong)字(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误)告成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)利(li)(li)(li)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)。祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)未(wei)行(xing)(xing)无(wu)算(suan)(suan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue),故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)啐(cui)(cui)(cui)入(ru)(ru)口(kou)(kou)也(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)告成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)没(mei)(mei)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)无(wu)算(suan)(suan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)利(li)(li)(li)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)。告成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)行(xing)(xing)无(wu)算(suan)(suan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)时(shi)(shi),酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)才(cai)得(de)入(ru)(ru)口(kou)(kou)。然(ran)则何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“利(li)(li)(li)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)啐(cui)(cui)(cui)”,而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo)(shuo)“无(wu)利(li)(li)(li)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)啐(cui)(cui)(cui)”?所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)错误的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。利(li)(li)(li)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)弗(fu)(fu)啐(cui)(cui)(cui),利(li)(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),即(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)中(zhong)助尸(shi)(shi)(shi)进食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。规模较小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si),如(ru)(ru)(ru)士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、特牲(sheng)馈(kui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丧(sang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)祢)等(deng)(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)利(li)(li)(li);大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)如(ru)(ru)(ru)少牢馈(kui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)祢)等(deng)(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、下(xia)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)利(li)(li)(li)。祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)时(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),每(mei)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)别把(ba)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、肉(rou)(rou)(俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))等(deng)(deng)(deng)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)给尸(shi)(shi)(shi)、祝(zhu),佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),尸(shi)(shi)(shi)、祝(zhu)接(jie)过(guo)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)肉(rou)(rou),要(yao)(yao)先祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)啐(cui)(cui)(cui)(尝(chang)(chang)(chang))酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),再(zai)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉(rou)(rou)(俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu))、哜(也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尝(chang)(chang)(chang))肉(rou)(rou),把(ba)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)喝完(卒(zu)(zu)爵(jue)(jue)(jue))。只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)属于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)执事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)级(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)员,与(yu)(yu)参加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)朋(peng)、宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)友相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比,身分(fen)(fen)较低,在(zai)(zai)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)堂(tang)(tang)(称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庙(miao)(miao))上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)摆(bai)(bai)放(fang)盛(sheng)肉(rou)(rou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)),叫做(zuo)(zuo)“佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)”,他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)仆(pu)从(cong)(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起摆(bai)(bai)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)堂(tang)(tang)外(wai)(wai)阶间(jian)(jian),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)接(jie)过(guo)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)爵(jue)(jue)(jue),祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)无(wu)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)可(ke)(ke)尝(chang)(chang)(chang),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饮(yin)而(er)(er)(er)尽了(le)(le)(le)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·少牢馈(kui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)述此(ci)(ci)过(guo)程(cheng)说(shuo)(shuo):“主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)酌献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(下(xia)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))”,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“坐受(shou)(shou)(shou)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)”,“祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),卒(zu)(zu)爵(jue)(jue)(jue),拜”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)啐(cui)(cui)(cui)而(er)(er)(er)卒(zu)(zu)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贱(jian),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)略(lve)”。《特牲(sheng)馈(kui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))所(suo)(suo)(suo)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),贾公彦(yan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)祝(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),此(ci)(ci)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)经言执事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)陈于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阶间(jian)(jian)”,“佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦在(zai)(zai)内(nei)(nei)(nei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。”总(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)身分(fen)(fen)贱(jian)则礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)简(jian)。 <16>成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)弗(fu)(fu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang):《索隐(yin)》说(shuo)(shuo):“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),故(gu)(gu) <记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)>曰(yue)‘卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)曰(yue)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)’。既(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),始(shi)(shi)(shi)从(cong)(cong)吉(ji)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),故(gu)(gu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)胙(zuo)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)也(ye)(ye)。” <记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)>指(zhi)(zhi)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·檀弓》。卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)既(ji)葬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),先于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)当(dang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)中(zhong)午祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)殡宫,称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。隔(ge)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)再(zai)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时(shi)(shi)把(ba)死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)牌(pai)位祔(fu)(fù,付(fu))于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)庙(miao)(miao)。初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、再(zai)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)柔(rou)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)名(ming)(ming)干支号为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)偶数(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柔(rou)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),奇(qi)数(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刚(gang)(gang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),如(ru)(ru)(ru)甲为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刚(gang)(gang),乙(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)柔(rou),丙为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刚(gang)(gang),丁为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)柔(rou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(吉(ji)、凶(xiong)、军(jun)、宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)、嘉)中(zhong)属凶(xiong)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)刚(gang)(gang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)丁日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),己日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)再(zai)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),庚日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)),表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示已(yi)(yi)由(you)(you)阴(yin)(yin)转阳(yang),由(you)(you)凶(xiong)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)向吉(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)转化。卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)属吉(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、主(zhu)(zhu)妇(fu)(fu)、宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)长)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。按(an)(an)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),设(she)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)荐东(dong)(dong),主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、主(zhu)(zhu)妇(fu)(fu)、宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)长分(fen)(fen)别献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)尸(shi)(shi)(shi),尸(shi)(shi)(shi)左手持(chi)爵(jue)(jue)(jue),右手执俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),“振祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),哜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,哜就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尝(chang)(chang)(chang),尝(chang)(chang)(chang)过(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),剩余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仍放(fang)回到(dao)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),再(zai)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),奠(dian)(dian)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)毕(bi),佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)回竹筐(kuang)(篚)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)送出大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)门(men)(men),丈(zhang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(丈(zhang)夫(fu))在(zai)(zai)庙(miao)(miao)门(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)脱(tuo)去(qu)经带(头上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)缠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孝布(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经,腰(yao)间(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)带),妇(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)经留(liu)带,礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)毕(bi)。与(yu)(yu)虞(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)时(shi)(shi),尸(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)还(hai)(hai)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)酢),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)弗(fu)(fu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)参加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、主(zhu)(zhu)妇(fu)(fu)、宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)长等(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)个(ge)(ge)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)字(zi)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)专用(yong)(yong)(yong)字(zi):如(ru)(ru)(ru)啐(cui)(cui)(cui)、哜、尝(chang)(chang)(chang)(各(ge)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)步(bu)(bu)骤)等(deng)(deng)(deng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尝(chang)(chang)(chang),而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)普(pu)通(tong)口(kou)(kou)语(yu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尝(chang)(chang)(chang),意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)与(yu)(yu)“吃”字(zi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。因有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酢,通(tong)常祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)肉(rou)(rou)(称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)福醴,福牲(sheng))都(dou)散(san)(san)(san)(san)给参加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)客(ke)、亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)朋(peng)。(散(san)(san)(san)(san)福),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)无(wu)酢,宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)朋(peng)吃不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉(rou)(rou),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)弗(fu)(fu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)”。卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)何(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)无(wu)酢?郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)终(zhong)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),卒(zu)(zu)哭(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)已(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丧(sang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)终(zhong),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)逐渐减杀,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)求(qiu)反朴(po)归(gui)(gui)(gui)真,入(ru)(ru)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)(shi)(shi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)。 <17>三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)弗(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):《索隐(yin)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必立侑(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劝尸(shi)(shi)(shi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),至(zhi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)止。每(mei)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),故(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)。既(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劝尸(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)”。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)酢不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng),因献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、酢者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)献(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)、酢宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)主(zhu)(zhu),本(ben)(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”还(hai)(hai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)什么(me)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)?而(er)(er)(er)且(qie)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祝(zhu),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming),并(bing)(bing)无(wu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)论》侑(you)(you)(you)(you)作(zuo)臭(chou)(chou),杨倞解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受(shou)(shou)(shou)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)牢、肺、正脊(ji),加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)肵(同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祈(qi),指(zhi)(zhi)肵俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu))。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)臭(chou)(chou)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)歆其(qi)气,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)毕(bi)也(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)毕(bi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)余(yu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)肵俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)嗅(xiu)其(qi)气味,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)臭(chou)(chou)。然(ran)则何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)臭(chou)(chou)?若说(shuo)(shuo)每(mei)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)把(ba)余(yu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)肵俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)共为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)臭(chou)(chou),那么(me),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)臭(chou)(chou)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)臭(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)还(hai)(hai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)臭(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)臭(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),便不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)说(shuo)(shuo)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)臭(chou)(chou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)句话主(zhu)(zhu)语(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尸(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)每(mei)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)已(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),祝(zhu)虽(sui)仍加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)劝侑(you)(you)(you)(you),尸(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)了(le)(le)(le)(酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、豆(dou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)还(hai)(hai)要(yao)(yao)继续吃)。可(ke)(ke)举《仪(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·特牲(sheng)馈(kui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)证,其(qi)中(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)“告饱,祝(zhu)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,又(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),告饱,祝(zhu)再(zai)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),复三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),尸(shi)(shi)(shi)第三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)次“告饱,祝(zhu)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)”。尸(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),佐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)把(ba)助尸(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牲(sheng)肩、兽(shou)、鱼(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)放(fang)回到(dao)肵俎(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(指(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)(jiu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)(ye)”。士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)九(jiu)(jiu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)十(shi)五(wu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。按(an)(an)贾公彦(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi),食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)名(ming)(ming)(总(zong)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)数(shu)(shu),“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),九(jiu)(jiu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)侑(you)(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)饭(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合(he)(he)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu),已(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)。 <18>中(zhong)华书(shu)局标点本(ben)(ben)(ben)漏,据《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)论》补(bu)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)条分(fen)(fen)别讲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)贱(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)终(zhong)始(shi)(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),贱(jian)、终(zhong)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)则有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)节制,趋于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)简(jian)易,也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)归(gui)(gui)(gui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)好(hao)其(qi)辨(bian)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。 <19>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)昏(同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)婚(hun)):婚(hun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)六:依次是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)纳采(cai)、问名(ming)(ming)、纳吉(ji)(定(ding)(ding)婚(hun))、纳征(送定(ding)(ding)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li))、请期(qi)(定(ding)(ding)喜日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri))、亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)迎(ying)(ying)。亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)迎(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)婚(hun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)最隆(long)(long)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu),称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)婚(hun)。废齐(qi)(qi):祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)神为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)斋(zhai)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》“立如(ru)(ru)(ru)齐(qi)(qi)”,郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注说(shuo)(shuo):“齐(qi)(qi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)”,“本(ben)(ben)(ben)亦作(zuo)斋(zhai),音同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)注同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。”《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)论》废作(zuo)发。“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)昏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)发齐(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)”,指(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)昏开始(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)妇(fu)(fu)入(ru)(ru)门(men)(men)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)段(duan)时(shi)(shi)间(jian)(jian)内(nei)(nei)(nei),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)状(zhuang)(zhuang)况(kuang)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)过(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)婿(xu)率二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)辆(liang)车(che),到(dao)女(nv)家迎(ying)(ying)娶,火(huo)把(ba)在(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引路。新(xin)(xin)妇(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)堂(tang)(tang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)候,新(xin)(xin)妇(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父候于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)门(men)(men)外(wai)(wai),新(xin)(xin)夫(fu)到(dao)女(nv)家后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),在(zai)(zai)家庙(miao)(miao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)行(xing)(xing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)新(xin)(xin)妇(fu)(fu)接(jie)到(dao)车(che)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),新(xin)(xin)夫(fu)乘另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辆(liang)车(che)在(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引路,到(dao)家门(men)(men)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),新(xin)(xin)夫(fu)向新(xin)(xin)妇(fu)(fu)施(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),接(jie)她(ta)下(xia)车(che),来到(dao)洞(dong)房(fang)(寝(qin))门(men)(men)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时(shi)(shi)媵(女(nv)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陪嫁,由(you)(you)新(xin)(xin)妇(fu)(fu)侄娣充(chong))在(zai)(zai)洞(dong)房(fang)内(nei)(nei)(nei)铺好(hao)了(le)(le)(le)席(xi)(xi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(古(gu)(gu)无(wu)桌凳,席(xi)(xi)地(di)(di)而(er)(er)(er)坐),新(xin)(xin)夫(fu)妇(fu)(fu)登(deng)(deng)席(xi)(xi)、盥洗后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)开始(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)过(guo)程(cheng)简(jian)单实(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),朴(po)素(su)(su)(su)无(wu)华,保留(liu)着(zhe)(zhe)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)始(shi)(shi)(shi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)。 <20>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)从(cong)(cong)始(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)到(dao)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)太(tai)(tai)(tai)庙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian),礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)过(guo)程(cheng)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)庙(miao)(miao),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)读(du)如(ru)(ru)(ru)太(tai)(tai)(tai)。始(shi)(shi)(shi)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)庙(miao)(miao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)庙(miao)(miao)。名(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)(shi)(shi)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)受(shou)(shou)(shou)封之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)某(mou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)(shou)(shou)封为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)),其(qi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)嫡系子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)世(shi)袭为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)),便奉某(mou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)(shi)(shi)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立庙(miao)(miao),称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)庙(miao)(miao);尸(shi)(shi)(shi),代替死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)受(shou)(shou)(shou)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)尸(shi)(shi)(shi),“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)使贱(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)男,其(qi)嫡长孙(sun)(sun)(sun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尸(shi)(shi)(shi),无(wu)嫡长孙(sun)(sun)(sun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)庶(shu)(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun);死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)女(nv),用(yong)(yong)(yong)嫡长孙(sun)(sun)(sun)媳为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尸(shi)(shi)(shi),无(wu)嫡长孙(sun)(sun)(sun)媳,用(yong)(yong)(yong)庶(shu)(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)媳,女(nv)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)姓。太(tai)(tai)(tai)庙(miao)(miao)未(wei)内(nei)(nei)(nei)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)部仪(yi)(yi)式包(bao)括:主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卜筮决(jue)定(ding)(ding)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri);祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)再(zai)卜,决(jue)定(ding)(ding)由(you)(you)某(mou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否吉(ji)利(li)(li)(li),吉(ji)则从(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)吉(ji)另择(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)率子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)姓兄弟请求(qiu)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)答允祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)时(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尸(shi)(shi)(shi);请求(qiu)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)客(ke)参加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si);都(dou)得(de)到(dao)承诺(nuo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)晚,与(yu)(yu)宗人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟、宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)客(ke)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)察看(kan)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)牲(sheng)醴准备得(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否齐(qi)(qi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)、洁净,得(de)众人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)满意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),第二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、主(zhu)(zhu)妇(fu)(fu)很早就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)起床督视(shi)仆(pu)从(cong)(cong),杀牲(sheng)、炊黍,摆(bai)(bai)列鼎(ding)豆(dou),迎(ying)(ying)接(jie)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)客(ke)入(ru)(ru)门(men)(men),随后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)庙(miao)(miao)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虽(sui)繁(fan)琐(suo),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)务(wu)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)繁(fan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)缛礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 <21>指(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)自(zi)(zi)始(shi)(shi)(shi)死(si)(si)(si)(si)到(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)。包(bao)括招魂(hun)、缀足(zu)、设(she)奠(dian)(dian)、帷(wei)堂(tang)(tang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。招魂(hun)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)复,拿着(zhe)(zhe)死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)冠(guan)(guan)服(fu),在(zai)(zai)死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)时(shi)(shi)常游之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)复于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)门(men)(men)、四(si)(si)郊(jiao)(jiao),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)门(men)(men)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)内(nei)(nei)(nei),卿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)复于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)家庙(miao)(miao)和(he)(he)寝(qin)堂(tang)(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)),来回走动(dong)(dong),边走边呼唤死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)(ming)讳(多是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)登(deng)(deng)房(fang)而(er)(er)(er)呼),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)此(ci)(ci)冠(guan)(guan)服(fu)复在(zai)(zai)死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);缀足(zu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕尸(shi)(shi)(shi)体僵硬(ying)变形(xing),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)时(shi)(shi)穿(chuan)鞋困(kun)难,始(shi)(shi)(shi)绝(jue)气便把(ba)双足(zu)固定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)矮几腿上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);设(she)奠(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)体东(dong)(dong)侧摆(bai)(bai)放(fang)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)案,供上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)香蜡礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品,使死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)魂(hun)灵有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)凭依;帷(wei)堂(tang)(tang),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)体用(yong)(yong)(yong)帷(wei)幔四(si)(si)周围起来。始(shi)(shi)(shi)绝(jue):始(shi)(shi)(shi)绝(jue)气;小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)敛(lian),敛(lian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殓(lian)(lian)。丧(sang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)殓(lian)(lian)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)衣,大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)殓(lian)(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)棺。即(ji)(ji)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)给尸(shi)(shi)(shi)体穿(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)寿衣;入(ru)(ru)棺名(ming)(ming)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)殓(lian)(lian)。 <22>指(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)项事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情况(kuang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。婚(hun)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)斋(zhai)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)迎(ying)(ying)尸(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)太(tai)(tai)(tai)庙(miao)(miao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),丧(sang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)敛(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),仪(yi)(yi)式简(jian)朴(po)无(wu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),带有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)始(shi)(shi)(shi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)貌(mao)。 <23>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路车(che)用(yong)(yong)(yong)素(su)(su)(su)色车(che)帷(wei)。帱(chóu,仇):帐子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)训》:“帱谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帐”。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)车(che)帷(wei)。素(su)(su)(su)帱就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)施(shi)丹(dan)漆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)帷(wei)。素(su)(su)(su)车(che)又(you)(you)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)素(su)(su)(su)帷(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)象征天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)朴(po)。 <24>郊(jiao)(jiao):祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)郊(jiao)(jiao),故(gu)(gu)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郊(jiao)(jiao)。麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)絻(mian):即(ji)(ji)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)冕。麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)布(bu)冠(guan)(guan)服(fu)。《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)论》杨倞注说(shuo)(shuo):“麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)絻(mian),缉麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)冕,所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu)而(er)(er)(er)冕,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)衮龙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)”。古(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)冠(guan)(guan)命服(fu)名(ming)(ming),如(ru)(ru)(ru)缁(zi)冠(guan)(guan)、衮冕、玄(xuan)(xuan)端、皮(pi)弁等(deng)(deng)(deng)。冕即(ji)(ji)冠(guan)(guan),但(dan)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)冕并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)单指(zhi)(zhi)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)布(bu)帽子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)还(hai)(hai)指(zhi)(zhi)配套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)装(zhuang)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)裘(qiu),见(jian)(jian)《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)官·司裘(qiu)》,说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“祀(si)(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)众解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黑(hei)羔裘(qiu);贾公彦(yan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo),“无(wu)采(cai)章(zhang)”,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)杨倞说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)衮龙属”。衮龙是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“采(cai)章(zhang)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),衮指(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月星辰(chen)形(xing)状(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)绣,龙是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龙纹(wen)(wen)(wen)采(cai)绣。总(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郊(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)冕是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)郊(jiao)(jiao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)时(shi)(shi),穿(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)绣花纹(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)色麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)布(bu)皮(pi)裘(qiu)和(he)(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)布(bu)冠(guan)(guan)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周朝服(fu)制,鲁(lu)国郊(jiao)(jiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)服(fu)装(zhuang)与(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(参见(jian)(jian)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·郊(jiao)(jiao)特牲(sheng)》),从(cong)(cong)略(lve)。 <25>这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)句话的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丧(sang)服(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)最先著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。“最先著(zhu)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),尚(shang)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)服(fu)(还(hai)(hai)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)穿(chuan)正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孝服(fu)),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)属就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)先缠上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)带。丧(sang)服(fu):居丧(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)穿(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孝服(fu),按(an)(an)照(zhao)与(yu)(yu)死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)关(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)疏,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)五(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng):斩衰(cuī,崔(cui))、齐(qi)(qi)衰、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)功、缌麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)服(fu)。散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),即(ji)(ji)散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)带,又(you)(you)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)散(san)(san)(san)(san)带。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对绞(jiao)带而(er)(er)(er)言。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)绳作(zuo)带为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绞(jiao)带。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)坯子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))做(zuo)(zuo)带称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)(san)(san)(san)带(麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma))。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·杂(za)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo):“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)散(san)(san)(san)(san)带”。又(you)(you)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丧(sang)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》说(shuo)(shuo):“散(san)(san)(san)(san)带垂(chui)长三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)尺”。又(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“要(yao)(yao)(即(ji)(ji)腰(yao)字(zi))绖”,即(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作(zuo)腰(yao)带。因此(ci)(ci)知小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)服(fu),死(si)(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)先要(yao)(yao)束(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根(gen)散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)腰(yao)带,下(xia)垂(chui)约三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)尺长,束(shu)腰(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)名(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要(yao)(yao)绖,下(xia)垂(chui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)名(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)(san)(san)(san)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)殓(lian)(lian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)服(fu)(大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)殓(lian)(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)服(fu))则绞(jiao)(改(gai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)绳带)。 <26>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情况(kuang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),说(shuo)(shuo)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),即(ji)(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)质(zhi)(zhi)朴(po),也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。 <27>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至(zhi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(斩衰服(fu))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang)哭(ku)(ku)声(sheng)(sheng)哀(ai)痛无(wu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),重(zhong)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)讲究声(sheng)(sheng)音曲折动(dong)(dong)听(ting)(ting)(ting)。《集解(jie)(jie)》引《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo):“斩衰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哭(ku)(ku),若往而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反”。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)曲折。《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)论》“反”作(zuo)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)”。杨倞解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)曲折也(ye)(ye)”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)曲折,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)固定(ding)(ding)腔(qiang)调的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年,指(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang)期(qi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斩衰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),斩衰见(jian)(jian)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)注 <25>“丧(sang)服(fu)”。 <28>清庙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge):指(zhi)(zhi)《诗(shi)经·清庙(miao)(miao)》篇(pian)。见(jian)(jian)《诗(shi)·周颂》。诗(shi)序说(shuo)(shuo):“清庙(miao)(miao),祀(si)(si)(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)也(ye)(ye),周公既(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)洛邑,朝诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou),率以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祀(si)(si)(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)焉(yan)”。即(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周公祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)时(shi)(shi),乐工唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)曲。倡(chang):同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)唱。叹(tan)(tan):咏(yong)叹(tan)(tan),与(yu)(yu)唱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)倡(chang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)叹(tan)(tan):即(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)唱,三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)。语(yu)出《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》,原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)倡(chang)而(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)叹(tan)(tan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)遗(yi)音者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣”。遗(yi)音,音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)遗(yi),指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)歌(ge)唱,三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)从(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咏(yong)叹(tan)(tan),情致绵(mian)绵(mian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)超出歌(ge)辞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。总(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)歌(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。 <29>县(xian)(xian):同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)悬。拊(fu)(fu)(fu):有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)义(yi):一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)拍击(ji),作(zuo)动(dong)(dong)词(ci);一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐器(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming),作(zuo)名(ming)(ming)词(ci)。见(jian)(jian)《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)师》:“帅瞽登(deng)(deng)歌(ge),令奏(zou)击(ji)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)众以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)即(ji)(ji)付(fu),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)抚。击(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)发声(sheng)(sheng),抚以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)止声(sheng)(sheng),与(yu)(yu)登(deng)(deng)歌(ge)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“贵(gui)(gui)(gui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)声(sheng)(sheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐器(qi)(qi),其(qi)“形(xing)如(ru)(ru)(ru)鼓(gu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)韦(即(ji)(ji)皮(pi)革)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),著(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)穅”。膈:《索隐(yin)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)悬钟格,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)悬钟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木架。综(zong)合(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)诸(zhu)(zhu)义(yi),“县(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)钟尚(shang)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)膈”,可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):虽(sui)然(ran)悬挂(gua)着(zhe)(zhe)声(sheng)(sheng)音美(mei)妙动(dong)(dong)听(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐器(qi)(qi)——钟,演奏(zou)时(shi)(shi)尚(shang)且(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免时(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)击(ji)钟架以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节制音响;其(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):虽(sui)然(ran)悬挂(gua)着(zhe)(zhe)声(sheng)(sheng)音美(mei)妙动(dong)(dong)听(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐器(qi)(qi)——钟,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)崇(chong)尚(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)却(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)声(sheng)(sheng)音难听(ting)(ting)(ting)得(de)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)膈,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)膈来节制钟声(sheng)(sheng)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)皆(jie)通(tong)。 <30>朱弦(xian)而(er)(er)(er)洞(dong)越(yue)(yue):前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)与(yu)(yu)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)路越(yue)(yue)席(xi)(xi)”相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对,表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示重(zhong)质(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si);此(ci)(ci)处与(yu)(yu)“县(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尚(shang)拊(fu)(fu)(fu)膈”相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对,意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朱弦(xian)华美(mei),声(sheng)(sheng)音清越(yue)(yue)动(dong)(dong)听(ting)(ting)(ting),偏偏要(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)破(po)洞(dong)(洞(dong)越(yue)(yue)),使其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)浊,也(ye)(ye)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)专重(zhong)音声(sheng)(sheng)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)懂(dong)制器(qi)(qi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)产生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 <31>“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)年哭(ku)(ku)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)四(si)(si)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),道(dao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),都(dou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)贵(gui)(gui)(gui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),即(ji)(ji)重(zhong)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。
凡礼始乎(hu)(hu)脱<1>,成乎(hu)(hu)文(wen)<2>,终乎(hu)(hu)税(shui)<3>。故至备<4>,情文(wen)俱尽(jin)<5>;其次,情文(wen)代胜<6>;其下,复情以归太(tai)一<7>。天地以合<8>,日月以明,四时(shi)以序,星辰以行,江河以流(liu),万物以昌,好恶以节<9>,喜怒以当。以为下则(ze)顺,以为上则(ze)明。
〔注释〕
<1>脱:疏脱,简略的意(yi)思。 <2>文(wen)(wen)(wen):文(wen)(wen)(wen)彩。 <3>《荀子(zi)·礼论》作(zuo)“终(zhong)乎悦(yue)(yue)校”。杨倞(jing)释说:校当作(zuo)恔,恔者快也(ye)。谓(wei)礼的终(zhong)极(ji)目的是(shi)娱悦(yue)(yue)人(ren)情(qing),使(shi)人(ren)心快慰(wei)。《史(shi)记(ji)》改“悦(yue)(yue)校”为(wei)“税”,《尔雅·释诂(gu)下》:“税,舍(she)也(ye)”。有(you)(you)所舍(she)弃的意(yi)思。礼虽成于(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),文(wen)(wen)(wen)彩不可过盛,盛极(ji)则终(zhong)须有(you)(you)所剪裁取舍(she),以合(he)实用。《索隐(yin)》读税为(wei)悦(yue)(yue),是(shi)牵合(he)《荀子(zi)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)而敷会之,非《史(shi)记(ji)》本意(yi)。 <4>至备(bei)(bei):完备(bei)(bei)之至。 <5>情(qing)文(wen)(wen)(wen):情(qing)指(zhi)人(ren)情(qing)味,文(wen)(wen)(wen)指(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)彩。尽(jin),无缺漏,尽(jin)善(shan)尽(jin)美。 <6>代胜:《索隐(yin)》谓(wei)“更(geng)代相胜”。意(yi)思是(shi)或者情(qing)胜于(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen),或者文(wen)(wen)(wen)胜于(yu)(yu)情(qing)。有(you)(you)一(yi)胜必有(you)(you)一(yi)失,二者不尽(jin)善(shan)美的意(yi)思。 <7>复(fu):《正韵》:复(fu),除(chu)也(ye)。复(fu)情(qing)就是(shi)除(chu)去(qu)人(ren)情(qing),即不计人(ren)情(qing),违背人(ren)情(qing)。 <8>合(he):合(he)谐。 <9>恶:憎厌。
太(tai)史公曰:至矣哉<1>!立隆(long)以为极(ji)<2>,而天(tian)下(xia)莫之(zhi)能益(yi)损也。本末(mo)相(xiang)顺<3>,终始相(xiang)应,至文有(you)(you)以辨<4>,至察(cha)有(you)(you)以说<5>。天(tian)下(xia)从(cong)之(zhi)者治,不(bu)从(cong)者乱(luan);从(cong)之(zhi)者安(an),不(bu)从(cong)者危。小(xiao)人不(bu)能则也<6>。
〔注释〕
<1>至:神圣、善美、极(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)意思。太史(shi)公(gong)所言(yan)“至矣(yi)哉(zai)”是(shi)(shi)赞(zan)美礼(li)“之至极(ji)(ji)”,至善至美,用之也(ye)能“崇德广业(ye)”。 <2>隆:隆盛。指礼(li)。极(ji)(ji):极(ji)(ji)点(dian),指最(zui)高境(jing)界或(huo)准则(ze)。 <3>本(ben)末:指礼(li)之本(ben)末。篇首(shou)言(yan)“缘人(ren)情(qing)而制礼(li)”,又(you)说“礼(li)有三(san)本(ben):事天(tian)地,尊先祖(zu)而隆君师,是(shi)(shi)人(ren)情(qing)之常(chang)。所以礼(li)之本(ben)是(shi)(shi)指人(ren)情(qing)。又(you)说礼(li)始乎脱,成乎文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”,所以礼(li)之末指的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩(cai)。合(he)而言(yan)之,本(ben)末二字指的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)礼(li)之情(qing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。顺:符合(he)不孛,不相(xiang)冲突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)意思。《荀子·礼(li)论(lun)》中杨(yang)倞引俞樾语,说顺是(shi)(shi)巡的(de)(de)(de)假(jia)借字,亦(yi)通。 <4>至文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen):指礼(li)极(ji)(ji)富文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩(cai)。辨:指能辨别(bie)贵贱等(deng)级(ji),分(fen)别(bie)尊卑。全(quan)句的(de)(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)礼(li)虽(sui)极(ji)(ji)富文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩(cai),但并不繁(fan)缛(ru)以至失去了辨别(bie)贵贱等(deng)级(ji)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)功(gong)能。 <5>至察(cha):明察(cha)。谓察(cha)之“至”。说:同悦(yue)。全(quan)句意思是(shi)(shi)虽(sui)然明察(cha)秋毫,纤介无(wu)隐,但不苛求,能委(wei)屈以顺人(ren)情(qing),使人(ren)心悦(yue)服。 <6>小人(ren):士(shi)、君子的(de)(de)(de)对文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),古文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中多指平民百姓。则(ze):取(qu)为法则(ze),即不能自行遵(zun)从礼(li)法的(de)(de)(de)意思。
礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌诚(cheng)(cheng)深矣(yi)<1>,坚白(bai)同(tong)异(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察(cha)<2>,入(ru)焉而弱<3>。其貌诚(cheng)(cheng)大矣(yi),擅作典制褊陋(lou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)<4>,入(ru)焉而望<5>。其貌诚(cheng)(cheng)高矣(yi),暴慢恣睢<6>,轻俗(su)以(yi)为高之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,入(ru)焉而队<7>。故(gu)绳诚(cheng)(cheng)陈<8>,则(ze)不(bu)可(ke)欺以(yi)曲直;衡诚(cheng)(cheng)县,则(ze)不(bu)可(ke)欺以(yi)轻重<9>;规(gui)矩诚(cheng)(cheng)错<10>,则(ze)不(bu)可(ke)欺以(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)员(yuan)<11>;君子审礼(li)(li)(li)<12>,则(ze)不(bu)可(ke)欺以(yi)诈伪(wei)。故(gu)绳者(zhe),直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)(ye);衡者(zhe),平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)(ye);规(gui)矩者(zhe),方(fang)(fang)(fang)员(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)(ye);礼(li)(li)(li)者(zhe),人道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然而不(bu)法礼(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)不(bu)足(zu)礼(li)(li)(li)<13>,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无方(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民<14>;法礼(li)(li)(li)足(zu)礼(li)(li)(li),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有方(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士。礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,能思索,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能虑;能虑勿易(yi),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能固。能虑能固,加好(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焉,圣矣(yi)。天(tian)者(zhe),高之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye);地者(zhe),下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye);日月者(zhe),明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye);无穷者(zhe),广大之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye);圣人者(zhe),道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>貌(mao):外貌(mao)、本体。指礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)种表(biao)现(xian)形式。深:深奥。指礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)现(xian)形式所(suo)(suo)反(fan)映的(de)(de)(de)(de)道理(li)。 <2>坚白同(tong)异(yi):是(shi)战国时辩论(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)两个(ge)著名(ming)命题。坚白论(lun)(lun)主要是(shi)赵国人公孙龙提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),他著有(you)(you)《守白论(lun)(lun)》,认(ren)为(wei)(wei)坚石(shi)非(fei)(fei)石(shi),白马(ma)(ma)非(fei)(fei)马(ma)(ma)。同(tong)异(yi)论(lun)(lun)是(shi)惠施的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要论(lun)(lun)点(dian)。认(ren)为(wei)(wei)物(wu)有(you)(you)大(da)同(tong)、小同(tong)之分(fen),从(cong)大(da)同(tong)观之,万物(wu)皆同(tong);从(cong)小同(tong)观之,万物(wu)皆异(yi)。进而提出(chu)了“万物(wu)毕同(tong)毕异(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)命题。参见(jian)《庄子(zi)·天下(xia)篇(pian)》、《墨子(zi)·经说(shuo)下(xia)》等(deng)。察(cha):明(ming)(ming)察(cha)入(ru)(ru)微。 <3>入(ru)(ru):进入(ru)(ru)。因与礼相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)(bi),渺小得很,不能用比(bi)(bi)、并等(deng)语,故谓(wei)之入(ru)(ru)。弱:《荀子(zi)·礼论(lun)(lun)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)溺,淹没于(yu)(yu)其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。弱有(you)(you)丧败意(yi)。坚白同(tong)异(yi)之小智(zhi)小术(shu),入(ru)(ru)于(yu)(yu)礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)畴之中(zhong),自(zi)然丧败无疑。意(yi)亦(yi)通(tong)。 <4>褊(bian)陋(lou)(lou):狭(xia)隘、浅陋(lou)(lou)。 <5>望(wang):《索(suo)隐》释为(wei)(wei)嗛)(通(tong)歉)望(wang),意(yi)为(wei)(wei)因不自(zi)满足而怨望(wang)、自(zi)惭。 <6>恣睢:《索(suo)隐》谓(wei):“犹毁(hui)訾(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)”。毁(hui)訾(zi)(zi),即訾(zi)(zi)毁(hui)。訾(zi)(zi)议、诋毁(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。另《说(shuo)文》:“恣,纵也(ye)(ye)”。“睢,仰(yang)目(mu)也(ye)(ye)”。仰(yang)目(mu)为(wei)(wei)怒貌(mao)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi),恣睢二字相(xiang)(xiang)合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)放纵、暴慢无礼解(jie)(jie)。 <7>队:通(tong)坠。失落也(ye)(ye)。《索(suo)隐》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)坠灭解(jie)(jie),亦(yi)通(tong)。 <8>绳(sheng):墨绳(sheng),又(you)称(cheng)准绳(sheng)。即今(jin)木(mu)匠所(suo)(suo)用墨斗中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)牵绳(sheng),为(wei)(wei)取直(zhi)器(qi)。陈(chen):陈(chen)设。 <9>衡:秤(cheng),量(liang)轻(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)具。古(gu)衡制如今(jin)之天平(ping),一边是(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)物(wu)名(ming)叫重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);另一边为(wei)(wei)秤(cheng)锤,名(ming)为(wei)(wei)权(quan)。每一衡具配有(you)(you)轻(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一组权(quan),调节权(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小,使衡平(ping),则权(quan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就是(shi)物(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。参见(jian)《墨子(zi)·经说(shuo)》。 <10>规(gui)矩(ju)(ju):规(gui)即圆规(gui),划圆器(qi)具;矩(ju)(ju),划方器(qi)具,如今(jin)之角尺。《周髀算经》:“圆出(chu)于(yu)(yu)方,方出(chu)于(yu)(yu)矩(ju)(ju)”。又(you)《孟(meng)子(zi)·离娄上》:“不以(yi)规(gui)矩(ju)(ju)不能成方员”。错:措置。 <11>员:同(tong)圆。 <12>审:审察(cha),对照(zhao)。 <13>法:古(gu)称(cheng)数(shu)学(xue)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)除数(shu)为(wei)(wei)法,作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用是(shi)把被除数(shu)平(ping)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)与它相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)若干部(bu)分(fen)。由此引伸为(wei)(wei)法则、准绳(sheng)。此处作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)动词用,意(yi)思(si)是(shi)以(yi)某(mou)某(mou)为(wei)(wei)法则,效(xiao)法某(mou)某(mou)。 <14>方:《集解(jie)(jie)》解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo):“方犹道也(ye)(ye)”。道之意(yi)不甚明(ming)(ming)瞭。方指法术(shu)之类。《左传·昭29》:“官修(xiu)其(qi)方”。杜预注(zhu):“方,法术(shu)”。无方之民(min)就是(shi)不守法术(shu)之民(min)。
以(yi)(yi)财物为用<1>,以(yi)(yi)贵贱为文<2>,以(yi)(yi)多(duo)少为异<3>,以(yi)(yi)隆(long)杀为要<4>。文貌(mao)繁<5>,情(qing)(qing)欲省(sheng),礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆(long)也(ye)(ye);文貌(mao)省(sheng),情(qing)(qing)欲繁,礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杀也(ye)(ye);文貌(mao)情(qing)(qing)欲相为内(nei)外(wai)表里,并行而杂<6>,礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中流也(ye)(ye)<7>。君子(zi)上致(zhi)其(qi)隆(long)<8>,下尽其(qi)杀<9>,而中处其(qi)中<10>。步(bu)骤驰骋广(guang)骛不外(wai)<11>,是以(yi)(yi)君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性守宫庭也(ye)(ye)<12>。人域是域<13>,士君子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。外(wai)是<14>,民也(ye)(ye)。于是中焉<15>,房皇周浃(jia)<16>,曲(直)得(de)其(qi)次(ci)序,圣人也(ye)(ye)。故厚者(zhe)<17>,礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积也(ye)(ye);大者(zhe),礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)广(guang)也(ye)(ye);高者(zhe),礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆(long)也(ye)(ye);明者(zhe),礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尽也(ye)(ye)。
〔注释〕
<1>指礼是通过使用财物表现出来的。如下级对上级有贡献,平辈之间有相互赠遗,礼的各种仪式都需要使用物品等。 <2>意思是礼的文彩主要表现在如何区分贵贱等级。 <3>《荀子·礼论》杨倞解此句说是“多少异制,所以别上下也”。多少指礼之繁简,异并非指礼多少之异,而是指施礼对象的等级差异。所以,应译为礼由上下等级的差异定其繁简多少,或由礼多少表其上下等级差异。 <4>隆杀:隆盛、减杀。也是繁简、多少的意思。要,指要领。 <5>文貌:文彩和表面形式,究其质还是指礼的文彩。下文“情欲”,是指感情和欲望,都属于人情。 <6>杂:揉合混杂。 <7>中流:不偏不倚,不左不右,谓为中流。 <8>致:求得、达到,或释为至,至就是达到。《礼记·大学》:“致知在格物”。郑玄注:“致或为至”。 <9>尽:极尽,即不留余地。 <10>前一个中字是相对上致、下尽而言,后一个中字指礼之中流。 <11>步骤:指行动、趋步。驰骋:相对步骤而言,前为缓行,驰骋为急行。合在一起的意思是或缓或急。广骛(wù,务):《汉书音义》:“直骋为驰,乱驰曰骛”。意思是左右东西,随意驰骋,叫做骛。广有远大意。广骛为大范围内的驰骛。不外:不外于礼,即不超越礼之外。全句的意思是举手投足、随意所之,无论怎样做都不会失礼。 <12>宫庭:《索隐》释为“守正不远行”,就是守宫庭;《正义》以为“宫庭,听朝处”。“常守礼义,若宫庭焉”。是以礼义喻宫庭,均不妥。古代建筑,“前朝后市,左祖右社”,宫庭居中;天文以紫宫喻宫庭,又称中宫。《索隐》引《元包命》说:“紫之言此也,宫之言中也”。所以,宫庭就是中的意思,常守宫庭就是常居中道,不偏不倚。 <13>人域:人活动的区域,就是人道或礼的范围。全句是说严格以礼义的范畴作为活动的范畴,绝不超越。 <14>外是:意思是行动超出礼义的范围。 <15>于是:于以上两者(士君子和民)。中焉:在以上两者的正中间,既不同于士君子那样严守礼的规范,而是能随事变通;也不同于民那样不守礼法,虽加变通而不失于礼。 <16>房皇:房,《集韵》、《正韵》均读如傍,房皇即傍徨(同徬徨),徘徊还复的意思。周浃:《荀子·礼论》为周挟。杨倞释说“挟读为浃,匝也”。又释全句说:“言于是礼之中,徘徊周匝,委曲皆得其次序而不乱”。 <17>厚:《荀子·礼论》杨倞释为厚重。指道德深厚。
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